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Mur, Miranda José Oscar 1972. "Electrostatic vibration-to-electric energy conversion". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16609.
Pełny tekst źródłaIncludes bibliographical references (p. 193-197).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Ultra-Low-Power electronics can perform useful functions with power levels as low as 170 nW. This makes them amenable to powering from ambient sources such as vibration. In this case, they can become autonomous. Motivated by this application, this thesis provides the necessary tools to analyze, design and fabricate MEMS devices capable of electrostatic vibration-to-electric energy conversion at the microwatt level. The fundamental means of en- ergy conversion is a variable capacitor that is excited through a generating energy conversion cycle with every vibration cycle of the converter. This thesis presents a road map on how to design MEMS electrostatic vibration-to- electric energy converters. A proposed converter is designed to illustrate the design process, and is based on vibration levels typical of rotating machinery, which are around 2% of the acceleration of gravity from 1-5 kHz. The converter consists of a square centimeter with a 195 mg proof mass which travels ±200 pm. This mass and travel can couple to a sinusoidal acceleration source of 0.02g at 2.5 kHz, typical of rotating machinery, so as to capture 24 nJ per cycle. This moving proof mass is designed to provide a variable capacitor ranging from 1 pF to 80 pF. Adding a capacitor of 88 pF in parallel with this device will result in a capacitance change from 168 pF to 89 pF that is required to extract 24 nJ using a charge-constrained cycle.
(cont.) This device can be attached to power electronics that implement a charge-constrained cycle and deliver 0.5 nJ back to the reservoir for a total power output of 1.3 [mu]/W at 2.5 kHz. The efficiency of the electrical conversion is 2%. Including packaging, the power per volume would be 0.87 [mu]W/cm3 and the power per mass would be 1.3 [mu]W/g. System improvements are also identified such as those that address the principal sources of loss. For example, decreasing the output capacitance of the MOSFET switches from 10 pF to 1 pF, while keeping the energy conversion cycle the same, results in an energy output of 13 nJ out of 24 nJ, for an efficiency of 54% and a power output of 33 [mu]W. This argues strongly for the use of integrated circuits in which the output capacitance of the MOSFET switches can be reduced for this application.
José Oscar Mur Miranda.
Ph.D.
Niu, Feifei. "Dynamic analysis of an electrostatic energy harvesting system". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82843.
Pełny tekst źródłaCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 97-99).
Traditional small-scale vibration energy harvesters have typically low efficiency of energy harvesting from low frequency vibrations. Several recent studies have indicated that introduction of nonlinearity can significantly improve the efficiency of such systems. Motivated by these observations we have studied the nonlinear electrostatic energy harvester using a combination of analytical and numerical approaches. The analytical approach was based on the normal vibration mode analysis around an equilibrium point. The numerical model was implemented and tested using Modelica language. It was found that the efficiency of energy transfer strongly depends on three parameters: the ratio between the maximal electrical and mechanical energies in the system and ratio of natural frequencies of electric and mechanical modes, and finally the dimensionless degree of nonlinearity in the system. The dependence of the transfer factor on these three parameters was studied and characterized both theoretically and numerically. It was found that the transfer factor Tr has a sharply pronounced peak as a function of e providing a possibility of efficient energy conversion between modes with highly different normal frequencies.
by Feifei Niu.
S.M.
Aljadiri, R. T. "Modelling and design of electrostatic based wind energy harvester". Thesis, Coventry University, 2014. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/9ee6a6e1-bd1d-4717-b48d-ee48fefb4657/1.
Pełny tekst źródłaKarami, Armine. "Study of electrical interfaces for electrostatic vibration energy harvesting". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS134/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaElectrostatic vibration energy harvesters (e-VEHs) are systems that convert part of their surroundings' kinetic energy into electrical energy, in order to supply small-scale electronic systems. Inertial E-VEHs are comprised of a mechanical subsystem that revolves around a mobile mass, and of an electrical interface. The mechanical and electrical parts are coupled by an electrostatic transducer. This thesis is focused on improving the performances of e-VEHs by the design of their electrical interface. The first part of this thesis consists in the study of a family of electrical interfaces called charge-pumps conditioning circuits (CPCC). It starts by building a formal theory of CPCCs. State-of-the-art reported conditioning circuits are shown to belong to this family. This family is then completed by a new CPCC topology. An electrical domain comparison of different CPCCs is then reported. Next, a semi-analytical tool allowing for the comparison of CPCC-based e-VEHs accounting for electromechanical effects is reported. The first part of the thesis ends by presenting a novel method for the measurement of e-VEHs' built-in electret potential. The second part of the thesis presents a radically different design approach than what is followed in most of state-of-the-art works on e-VEHs. It advocates for e-VEHs that actively synthesize the dynamics of their mobile mass through their electrical interface. We first show that this enables to convert energy in amounts approaching the physical limits, and from arbitrary types of input vibrations. Then, a complete architecture such an e-VEH is proposed and tested in simulations submitted to human body vibrations
Karami, Armine. "Study of electrical interfaces for electrostatic vibration energy harvesting". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS134.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaElectrostatic vibration energy harvesters (e-VEHs) are systems that convert part of their surroundings' kinetic energy into electrical energy, in order to supply small-scale electronic systems. Inertial E-VEHs are comprised of a mechanical subsystem that revolves around a mobile mass, and of an electrical interface. The mechanical and electrical parts are coupled by an electrostatic transducer. This thesis is focused on improving the performances of e-VEHs by the design of their electrical interface. The first part of this thesis consists in the study of a family of electrical interfaces called charge-pumps conditioning circuits (CPCC). It starts by building a formal theory of CPCCs. State-of-the-art reported conditioning circuits are shown to belong to this family. This family is then completed by a new CPCC topology. An electrical domain comparison of different CPCCs is then reported. Next, a semi-analytical tool allowing for the comparison of CPCC-based e-VEHs accounting for electromechanical effects is reported. The first part of the thesis ends by presenting a novel method for the measurement of e-VEHs' built-in electret potential. The second part of the thesis presents a radically different design approach than what is followed in most of state-of-the-art works on e-VEHs. It advocates for e-VEHs that actively synthesize the dynamics of their mobile mass through their electrical interface. We first show that this enables to convert energy in amounts approaching the physical limits, and from arbitrary types of input vibrations. Then, a complete architecture such an e-VEH is proposed and tested in simulations submitted to human body vibrations
Su, Yi-chuan. "Theoretical and experimental characterisation of energy in an electrostatic discharge". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/63476/1/Yi-chuan_Su_Thesis.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaMcLellan, P. G. "Control of rectifier equipment used for electrostatic precipitation". Thesis, Open University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375938.
Pełny tekst źródłaSakalli, Ilkay [Verfasser]. "Robust Finite Element Solver for Molecular Electrostatic Energy Computations / Ilkay Sakalli". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1074139518/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaKundrapu, Madhusudhan, Michael Keidar i Charles Jones. "Electrostatic Approach for Mitigation of Communication Attenuation During Directed Energy Testing". International Foundation for Telemetering, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/606128.
Pełny tekst źródłaElectrostatic approach is considered for mitigation of communication attenuation during the testing of laser powered directed energy weapon. Mitigation analysis is carried out for two target materials Al and Ti. Plasma parameters are obtained using one dimensional coupled analysis of laser-target interaction. Influence of laser beam frequency on plasma parameters is addressed. Sheath thickness is obtained using transient sheath calculations. It is found that uninterrupted telemetry can be achieved | using a maximum bias voltage of 10 kV, through Al plasma for fluences below 5 J/cm² and through Ti plasma for fluences below 2 J/cm².
Lee, Lee-Peng 1969. "Optimization of electrostatic binding free energy : application to barnase and barstar". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/85331.
Pełny tekst źródłaHolguín, Weber Eduardo Javier. "IP for electrostatic MEMS-based integrated energy harvester in GaN-on-Sitechnology". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS672.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study involves a comprehensive research and design of an energy harvesting system using a electrostatic transducer based on microelectromechanical system (MEMS). The research focuses on integrating autonomous systems, with an emphasis on developing efficient techniques to power them using MEMS energy harvesters. The research extensively investigates the potential of GaN and Silicon technologies for energy harvesting, including a detailed analysis of its material properties, optimization of fabrication techniques, and characterization of device performance. In addition, the study undertakes an evaluation of various wafer substrates, with a special focus on their microscaling capabilities, while emphasizing the critical importance of wafer selection.This study presents a detailed analysis of the selection, characterization, and behavior of a special MEMS device designed for energy harvesting. This selected MEMS device, termed a comb drive resonator with linear springs that closes the gap, exhibits exceptional characteristics. Significantly, it has a wide operating bandwidth that spans the low-frequency spectrum from 10-100 Hz, allowing electrical energy to be harvested even at excitation amplitudes below 1g.The fabrication of MEMS is typically performed in a clean-room environment using silicon-on-glass (SOG) wafers as the base. This approach offers the advantage of reducing parasitic capacitance and increasing motional capacitance due to the thick layers of material. Additionally, in this work, we utilize an analytical model to explain the behavior of MEMS, including the assumptions, parameters, and techniques used, without directly fabricating them.The performance evaluation of the study uncovers innovative opportunities for autonomous systems, thereby establishing a fundamental platform for the design and optimization of vibration-based energy harvesting devices. The investigation includes extensive simulation and response analysis of the system, providing a holistic representation of the computational model. Specifically, the study describes the design of a charge pump and the careful selection of system components, incorporating both discrete methods and the use of commercially available components.Particular focus of the research focuses on the electronic design of a vibrational energy harvester, particularly the charge pump system based on an electrostatic MEMS device. The circuit's capability to convert the transducer's dynamic capacitance changes into electrical energy makes it suitable for low-power energy harvesting applications. Furthermore, the relationship between load resistance and system performance is thoroughly examined. These findings demonstrate the advantages of incorporating gallium nitride (GaN) technology and optimizing component integration to improve energy efficiency and system performance.This paper presents a comprehensive approach to the design and implementation of a power management unit (PMU) tailored for vibrational energy harvesting MEMS systems. This PMU consists of two key components: an isolation unit and an ultra-low-power comparator. It is implemented using two different technologies: a 180nm silicon PDK and a GaN PDK in SOI for high-voltage applications. The voltage comparator, the foundation of the system, guarantees a constant DC output voltage between 2 and 5 volts for silicon and 1.9V to 2.4 volts for GaN. It also controls the charging and discharging cycles of the system, which fulfills the needs of the downstream circuits. This operating profile makes it suitable for applications that require specific operating parameters. Through a sophisticated analysis, optimal performance is achieved for two different technology paradigms: silicon-based and GaN-based harvester systems, each with its own set of advantages and limitations
Chen, Yizhou. "Adhesion of Spider Glue on Different Surface Energy and Surface Potential Surfaces". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1462227997.
Pełny tekst źródłaTorres, Erick Omar. "An electrostatic CMOS/BiCMOS Li ion vibration-based harvester-charger IC". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34823.
Pełny tekst źródłaGorur, Murat. "ECC-D4 Electostatic Oil Cleaner Design for Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine Applications". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanisk värmeteori och strömningslära, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-58523.
Pełny tekst źródłaMahmood, Paracha Ayyaz. "Design and fabrication of Mems-based, vibration powered energy harvesting device using electrostatic transduction". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584339.
Pełny tekst źródłaKieseritzky, Gernot [Verfasser]. "Shaping electrostatic energy computations in proteins : the ClC‐type proton‐chloride antiporter function / Gernot Kieseritzky". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1025354222/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaAono, Shinji. "Theoretical Study of Electrostatic Solvent Effects within Free Energy Expression and Application to Solvated Reaction". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/126827.
Pełny tekst źródłaJi, Ming Chao. "Molecular relaxation dynamics of Anthracene cations studied in an electrostatic storage ring". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10051.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules have been considered as possible carrier of the unidentified infrared emission bands from the interstellar medium (ISM) for about thirty years. The cooling dynamics of the PAH molecules which is essential to estimate their photostability and therefore their lifetime and size distributions in the ISM, has attracted numerous theoretical and experimental studies. In recent years, electrostatic storage devices (ESD) became powerful tool to investigate the cooling regime of molecules and clusters in a large time range from microseconds to seconds. Generally speaking, the decay of the emitted neutral yields due to dissociation of molecular cations or electron detachment of anions in such experiments carries information on the internal energy of the stored molecular ions. In this thesis work, the cooling regimes of anthracene cations are studied by following the time evolution of the internal energy distribution (IED) of the stored anthracene cations. A spontaneous neutral yield curve obtained from the stored molecular ions as a function of the storage time shows three distinguishable regions. The three regions indicate different cooling regimes at corresponding storage time range, i.e., the dissociation mechanism of the molecule dominates at storage time t < 1 ms, quenching of the dissociation by radiative cooling processes occurs during 1 < t < 3 ms and radiative cooling governs at t > 3 ms
Godbout, Lynda. "Atomic force microscopy studies on the electrostatic environment and energy levels of self-assembled quantum dots". Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96933.
Pełny tekst źródłaLa propriété qu'ont les points quantiques de confiner des charges élémentaires à des niveaux discrets d'énergie en font une plate-forme prometteuse pour la conception de nouveaux appareils électroniques et opto-électroniques. Les points quantiques auto-assemblés sont d'autant plus intéressants puisque leur taille, forme et matériau peuvent être contrôlés lors de leur croissance. Ces propriétés influencent le potentiel de confinement modifiant ainsi les niveaux d'énergies du point quantique. Toutefois, cette méthode de croissance ne permet pas de positionner les points quantiques et ceux-ci se retrouvent distribués aléatoirement sur la surface de l'échantillon. Cela rend difficile l'accès aux points quantiques par des techniques lithographiques pour effectuer des mesures de transport ou de détection de charge permettant d'en déterminer les propriétés.Un microscope à force atomique (AFM) permet d'accéder spatialement à des points quantiques individuels et en appliquant une tension électrique entre la pointe du cantilever et une électrode arrière, leurs niveaux d'énergies peuvent être mesurés au fur et à mesure que des électrons sont ajoutés dans un régime de blocage de Coulomb. Dans ces expériences, le cantilever oscillant est responsable simultanément du chargement des points par l'application d'une tension de grille et de la détection du passage d'électron par « effet tunnel » par un changement de fréquence de résonance et/ou de dissipation du cantilever.Nous utilisons un AFM pour mesurer les niveaux d'énergie dans des points quantiques à quelques électrons d'InAs auto-assemblés. L'énergie de chargement, l'espacement des niveaux et la configuration électronique de points individuels sont obtenus expérimentalement. Nous comparons nos résultats à un modèle théorique qui décrit en détail le mécanisme derrière l'interaction électrostatique dissipative due au passage d'électrons par « effet tunnel ».Des exemples de l'influence électrostatique de l'environnement sur les points quantiques sont aussi présentés, ainsi qu'une méthode pour utiliser l'AFM pour caractériser le bruit électrostatique. Les fluctuations de charge sont connues pour compromettre le bon fonctionnement des appareils électroniques et particulièrement des composants micro et nanométriques. L'irradiation de larges bandes d'énergie interdites produit un bruit de génération et de recombinaison à la surface de l'échantillon, mais pas sur les points quantiques auto-assemblés. Nous mesurons ce bruit avec un AFM et comparons les résultats obtenus sur la surface du point quantique et en dehors en démontrant qu'une résolution spatiale inférieure à 20 nm est réalisée. Nous démontrons ainsi qu'un AFM permet de caractériser le bruit provenant des fluctuations de charge d'un échantillon avec une haute résolution spatiale.
Peters-Libeu, Clare Ann. "Structural and electrostatic contributions to differences in oxidation-reduction potentials of two mutants of the copper protein, pseudoazurin /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5683.
Pełny tekst źródłaDhanabalan, Abirami. "Tin Oxide Based Composites Derived Using Electrostatic Spray Deposition Technique as Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries". FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/801.
Pełny tekst źródłaMukai, Toshifumi. "Study of Hemispherical Electrostatic Analyzers and Its Application to Rocket and Satellite Observations of Low Energy Electrons". Kyoto University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/162202.
Pełny tekst źródłaRahman, M. Shafiqur. "A Hybrid Technique of Energy Harvesting from Mechanical Vibration and Ambient Illumination". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2016. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2220.
Pełny tekst źródłaWilhelm, Patrick Udo [Verfasser], i Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Wolf. "First Studies of Low-Energy Electron Cooling of keV Energy Ion Beams at the Electrostatic Cryogenic Storage Ring CSR / Patrick Udo Wilhelm ; Betreuer: Andreas Wolf". Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1191758532/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaGreen, David Francis 1975. "Optimization of electrostatic binding free energy : applications to the analysis and design of ligand binding in protein complexes". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16888.
Pełny tekst źródłaVita.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 279-298).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Electrostatic interactions play an important role in determining the energetics of association in biomolecular complexes. Previous work has shown that, within a continuum electrostatic model, for any given complex there exists a ligand charge distribution which optimizes the electrostatic binding free energy - the electrostatic complement of the target receptor. This electrostatic affinity optimization procedure was applied to several systems both in order to understand the role of electrostatic interactions in natural systems and as a tool in the design of ligands with improved affinity. Comparison of the natural and optimal charges of several ligands of glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase from E. coli, an enzyme with a strong natural requirement for specificity, shows remarkable similarity in many areas, suggesting that the optimization of electrostatic interactions played a role in the evolution of this system. The optimization procedure was also applied to the design of improvements to two inhibitors of HIV-1 viral-cell membrane fusion. Two tryptophan residues that are part of a D-peptide inhibitor were identified as contributing most significantly to binding, and a novel computational screening procedure based on the optimization methodology was developed to screen a library of tryptophan derivatives at both positions. Additionally, the optimization methodology was used to predict four mutations to standard amino acids at three positions on 5-Helix, a protein inhibitor of membrane fusion. All mutations were computed to improve the affinity of the inhibitor, with a five hundred-fold improvement calculated for one triple mutant.
(cont.) In the complex of b-lactamase inhibitor protein with TEM1 b-lactamase, a novel type of electrostatic interaction was identified, with surface exposed charged groups on the periphery of the binding interface projecting significant energetic effects through as much as 10 A of solvent. Finally, a large number of ab initio methods for determining partial atomic charges on small molecules were evaluated in terms of their ability to reproduce experimental values in continuum electrostatic calculations, with several preferred methods identified.
by David Francis Green.
Ph.D.
Vogel, Stephen [Verfasser], i Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Wolf. "Developments at an Electrostatic Cryogenic Storage Ring for Electron-Cooled keV Energy Ion Beams / Stephen Vogel ; Betreuer: Andreas Wolf". Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1180610571/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaSilva, Ruy Pepe da. "Transporte de partículas e energia no plasma do tokamak TBR-1: diagnósticos e estudo experimental". Universidade de São Paulo, 1989. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43131/tde-16122013-153129/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe study of the plasma edge in Tokamak machines has increased in recent last years, since the recognition that the behavior of the plasma core is influenced by the Physical processes that occur in the edge region. This work develops an experimental stud) of plasma transport properties in the shadow region of TBR-l limiter. TBR-l is a small Tokamak in operation in the Physics Institute of São Paulo University. We have also determined the global confinement time of particles and energy. We have used three diagnostics: a Langmuir probe, an ion sensitive probe, and a microwave interferometer. Initially we discuss the use of Langmuir probes in Tokamak machines to obtain temporal and radial profiles of electron temperature, plasma density and potential; we show also the experimental arrangement used in the TBR-l for this diagnostic. Then, we discuss the design and construction of an ion sensitive probe associated with an electronic system, that was used to obtain, simultaneously, local ion and electron temperature. Finally we discuss a microwave interferometry system that has been built for the TBR-1. The microwave generator is a reflex Klystron (f = 65 GHz), and with the interferometer we obtained electron density time profiles of the center of TBR-l plasma column. All the electronics associated with the interferometer were designed and built in our laboratory. The results obtained with the probes are discussed with the help of a collisionless model for Tokamak scrape-off plasma. With the radial e-foldings of electron temperature (e 2.6 cm) and density (n 1.4 cm), and the sheath electron transmission coefficient (e 4) we have determined the cross-field diffusion coefficient (D1 6 m2s-1) and the electron cross-field thermal diffusivity (e1 8 m2s-1). These results indicate values near those predicted by the Bohm model. The measurements of electron and ion temperature shows a clear thermal decoupling between ions and electrons (T1/Te 2). The measurements of plasma parameters in the center of the plasma column, with that obtained with the probes permitted the determination of the particle (p 1.8 x 10-3s) and energy (e 1.2 x10-4s) global confinement times. These results were compared with those predicted by scaling laws.
Kuzema, O. S., i P. O. Kuzema. "Ion Probe with Primary ion Beam Prism Mass Separator". Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35627.
Pełny tekst źródłaTran, Ngoc Quang. "Optimisation of indoor environmental quality and energy consumption within office buildings". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/64114/1/Ngoc%20Quang_Tran_Thesis.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaWei, Jie. "Circuits de récupération d’énergie très basse puissance pour transducteurs à capacité variable". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS220.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe mechanic vibration energy harvesting using variable capacitance transducers leads to the study of complex nonlinear systems but has very promising application perspectives. Our work focused on the study of a new family of interface circuits for capacitive transducers. Among all the advantages, these circuits are achievable with high efficiencies at very low power, typically a few tens of nanowatts average power, which distinguishes them from the solutions presented in the state of the art. Moreover, the circuits studied in this thesis do not contain any magnetic components, which is a considerable asset in terms of miniaturization and integration and also allows compatibility with magnetic resonance imaging. The various structures which constitute the family of circuits proposed make it possible to satisfy various constraints imposed by the capacitive transducer, in particular, the ratio of the maximum and minimum capacities Cmax / Cmin. For a given output voltage, the voltage applied to the capacitive transducer can be varied by using different circuits or by using a single circuit whose topology is modified by the operation of an electronic switch. In order to describe the overall behavior of the studied systems, the electromechanical coupling of the transducer is taken into account in the developed theoretical models. The studied circuits have been validated experimentally with two capacitive transducers of different structure. In practice, the output of these circuits is close to 80% for converted powers as low as the hundred nanowatts
Deterre, Martin. "Toward an energy harvester for leadless pacemakers". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00868838.
Pełny tekst źródłaBorany, Johannes von, i Jochen Teichert. "Entwicklung einer Niederenergie-Implantationskammer mit einem neuartigen Bremslinsensystem". Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-29706.
Pełny tekst źródłaBorany, Johannes von, i Jochen Teichert. "Entwicklung einer Niederenergie-Implantationskammer mit einem neuartigen Bremslinsensystem". Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, 2001. https://hzdr.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21797.
Pełny tekst źródłaBedier, Mohammed. "Circuits d’interface intégrés sur silicium pour une gestion optimale de la puissance dans les récupérateurs d’énergie vibratoire à transduction capacitive". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066376/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaVibrational energy is an attractive power source for self-powered wireless sensors. A mainstream harvesting technique for vibrational energy is electrostatic MEMS harvesters. Various circuit architectures have already been introduced with many successful implementation, yet a load interface that efficiently manages the harvested energy has rarely been reported. In this work a load interface is proposed which is suited for any condition circuit (CC) implementing rectangular QV cycles. In general, a rectangular QV conditioning circuit has an optimum interval of which the energy harvested is maximised, thus the harvested energy should be periodically removed to maintain maximising the harvested energy. This is achieved through the load interface (LI). The LI proposed is a switched inductor capacitive architecture with a LI controller allowing the extraction of the energy in a multiple energy shot fashion. The LI controller incorporate an ultra low power clock for switching events and low power comparator for switching decision. Power consumption is reduced by operating at a low supply voltage (1.1V). The LI is implemented in AMS0.35HV technology with a mixed high voltage-low power control blocks. It takes into account the harvester operation to maximise its extracted energy. It overcomes the constrained limited biasing power, tackles resistive losses and power handling transistor long channels by transferring the energy in a multiple shots fashion. A CMOS implementation is proposed along with simulation results showing an average consumed power of the controller less than 100nW allowing the system to operate with input power levels as low as few hundreds of nano-watts
Wijngaart, Wouter van der. "Designing Microfluidic Control Components". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Signals, Sensors and Systems, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3352.
Pełny tekst źródłaKumar, Pushpendra. "Impact of 14/28nm FDSOI high-k metal gate stack processes on reliability and electrostatic control through combined electrical and physicochemical characterization techniques". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT114/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis Ph.D. thesis is focused on the impact of the 14 and 28 nm FDSOI technologies HKMG stack processes on the electrical performance of MOS transistors. It concerns specifically the reliability aspect and the engineering of effective workfunction (WFeff ), through diffusion of lanthanum (La) and aluminum (Al) additives. This work combines electrical and physicochemical characterization techniques, and their development. The impact of La and Al incorporation, in the MOS gate stack, on reliability and device lifetime has been studied. La addition has a significant negative impact on device lifetime related to both NBTI and TDDB degradations. Addition of Al has a significant negative impact on lifetime related to PBTI, but on the contrary improves the lifetime for TDDB degradation. These impacts on device lifetime have been well correlated to the material changes inside the gate oxides. Moreover, diffusion of these additives into the HKMG stack with annealing temperature and time has been studied on different high-k materials. The diffused dose has been compared with the resulting shift in effective workfunction (WFeff), evidencing clear correlation. In addition, impact of TiN metal gate RF-PVD parameters on its crystal size and orientation, and device electrical properties has been studied. XRD technique has been used to obtain the crystal size and orientation information. These properties are significantly modulated by TiN process, with a low grain size and a unique crystal orientation obtained in some conditions. However, the WFeff modulations are rather correlated to the Ti/N ratio change, suggesting a change in the dipole at SiO2/high-k interface. Lastly, using specific test structures and a new test methodology, a robust and accurate XPS under bias technique has been developed to determine the relative band energy positions inside the HKMG stack of MOS devices. Using this technique, we demonstrated that WFeff shift induced by La and Al or by variations in gate thickness originates due to modifications of the dipole at SiO2/high-k interface
Hartmann, R. (Robert). "Flotation using cellulose-based chemicals". Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526219806.
Pełny tekst źródłaTiivistelmä Vaahdotus on kaivannaisteollisuudessa laajasti käytössä oleva prosessi, jonka avulla saadaan erotettua tehokkaasti pieniä, alle 250 µm kokoisia partikkeleita. Vaahdotuksen apuaineena käytetään erilaisia synteettisiä kemikaaleja, jotka voivat aiheuttaa harmia ympäristölle. Siksi niiden korvaaminen ympäristöystävällisemmillä vaihtoehdoilla on tärkeää. Yksi lupaava vaihtoehto korvaavaksi materiaaliksi on selluloosa. Selluloosa on uusiutuva ja ympäristöystävällinen luonnonpolymeeri, josta voidaan valmistaa kemiallisesti ja fysikaalisesti käsittelemällä erilaisia biokemikaaleja. Näitä voidaan soveltaa erilaisissa prosesseissa, myös vaahdotuksessa. Tässä työssä keskitytään selluloosapohjaisten kemikaalien käyttöön vaahdotuksessa tavanomaisten, usein haitallisten synteettisten kemikaalien korvaamiseksi. Selluloosan fysikaaliskemialliset ominaisuudet eroavat synteettisten vaahdotuskemikaalien ominaisuuksista, mikä vaikuttaa niiden vuorovaikutukseen mineraalien ja veden kanssa. Erityisesti selluloosan kemiallinen ja morfologinen heterogeenisuus on keskeinen tekijä. Selluloosan hyödyntäminen tulevaisuuden vaahdotuskemikaalina edellyttää selluloosan ja mineraalien vuorovaikutuksen syvällistä ymmärtämistä. Tässä työssä tutkitaan selluloosan ja mineraalien vuorovaikutusta sekä IGC-menetelmän avulla, että DLVO-teorian että pintavarausmittausten avulla. Lisäksi tutkitaan selluloosan ja mineraalien vuorovaikutusvoimien yhteyttä vaahdotusprosessin onnistumiseen ja saavutettuja tuloksia verrataan kaupallisten reagenssien toimintaan
Stoyanov, Hristiyan. "Soft nanocomposites with enhanced electromechanical response for dielectric elastomer actuators". Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5119/.
Pełny tekst źródłaDie Palette von elektro-mechanischen Aktuatoren, basierend auf dem Prinzip weicher dehnbarer Kondensatoren, scheint besonders für Anwendungen in der Medizin und für biomimetische Applikationen unbegrenzt. Diese Wandler zeichnen sich sowohl durch hohe Reversibilität bei großer mechanischer Deformation als auch durch ihre Flexibilität aus, wobei die mechanischen Deformationen durch elektrische Felder induziert werden. Die Notwendigkeit von hoher elektrischer Spannung zur Erzeugung dieser mechanischen Deformationen verzögert jedoch die technisch einfache und breite Markteinführung dieser Technologie. Diesem Problem kann durch eine gezielte Materialmodifikation begegnet werden. Eine Modifikation hat das Ziel, die relative Permittivität zu erhöhen, wobei die Flexibilität und die hohe elektrische Durchbruchsfeldstärke beibehalten werden sollten. Durch eine Materialmodifikation kann die Energiedichte des Materials bedeutend erhöht und somit die notwendige Betriebsspannung des Aktuators herabgesetzt werden. Eine Verbesserung der funktionalen Materialeigenschaften kann durch die Verwendung von Nanokompositen erzielt werden, welche die fundamentalen Eigenschaften der Nanopartikel, d.h. ein gutes Verhältnis von Oberfläche zu Volumen nutzen, um eine gezielte makroskopische Materialmodifikation zu bewirken. Diese Arbeit behandelt die Anwendung innovativer Strategien für die Erzeugung von Nanomaterialien mit hoher Permittivität. Die so erzeugten Materialien und deren relevante Aktuatorkenngrößen werden durch elektrische und mechanische Experimente vollständig erfasst. Mittels der klassischen Mischansätze zur Erzeugung von Kompositmaterialen mit hoher Permittivität konnte durch nichtleitendes Titaniumdioxid TiO2 (Rutile) in einem Thermoplastischen-Block-Co-Polymer SEBS (poly-styrene-co-ethylene-cobutylene-co-styrene) die Permittivität bereits um 370 % erhöht und die elektrische Energiedichte um 570 % gesteigert werden. Diese Veränderungen führten jedoch zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der Steifigkeit des Materials. Aufgrund der positiven Rückkopplung von elektrischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften des Kompositmaterials ermöglicht bereits dieser einfache Ansatz eine Verbesserung der Aktuation, bei einer 27 %-igen Reduktion der Aktuatorbetriebsspannung. Eine direkte Verwendung von leitfähigen Nanopartikeln kann ebenso zu einem Anstieg der relativen Permittivität beitragen, wobei jedoch die Leitfähigkeit dieser Nanopartikel bedeutende Wechselwirkungen verursacht, welche somit die Energiedichte des Materials negativ beeinflusst und die praktische Verwendung dieses Kompositsystems ausschließt. Als ein völlig neuer Ansatz zur Steigerung der relativen Permittivität und Energiedichte und abweichend vom klassischen Mischverfahren, wird die Herstellung eines "Molekularen Komposits", basierend auf einem chemischen Propfverfahren, präsentiert. In diesem Ansatz wird ein π-konjugiertes leitfähiges Polymer (PANI) an die Hauptkette des Elastomers der Polymermatrix gebunden. Die daraus resultierende Ladungsverteilung entlang der Elastomerhauptkette bewirkt eine 470 %-ige Steigerung der Permittivität des "Molekularen Komposits" im Vergleich zur Permittivität des unbehandelten Elastomermaterials. Aufgrund der Verkapselung der chemischen Bindungen der PANI-Kette entstehen kaum negative Rückwirkungen auf die elektrischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften des so erzeugten Komposits. Diese Materialeigenschaften resultieren in einem signifikanten Anstieg der Energiedichte des Materials. Das mittels dieses Verfahrens erzeugte Komposit zeigt sowohl eine Steigerung der Sensitivität der elektromechanischen Antwort (Reduktion des elektrischen Felds um 83 %) als auch eine bedeutende Steigerung der maximalen Aktuation (250 %). Die Ergebnisse und Ideen dieser Arbeit stellen einen wesentlichen Sprung im Verständnis zur Permittivitätssteigerung in Polymermaterialien dar und werden deshalb in der Erforschung und Entwicklung von Elastomeraktuatoren Beachtung finden.
Schaufuß, Jörg. "Energieversorgung autarker Sensorsysteme im industriellen Umfeld durch kinetische Energiewandler mit Schwerpunkt auf dem elektrostatischen Wandlerprinzip". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-129344.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this work the development of a kinetic energy harvester using the electrostatic conversion principle is presented. The silicon microstructure is designed to work in frequency ranges below 100Hz. Its toothed electrode structure enables gap distances in the sub micrometer range and consequently high changes of capacitance. Additionally, due to the electrode geometry the frequency of the capacitance changes is higher then the frequency of the mechanical movement. Thus high power outputs and low source impedances can be reached. The electrodes geometric parameters were optimized considering manufacturing tolerances and interactions of the parameters. To reach a sufficient inertial mass, a lever mechanism manufactured by precision engineering was connected to the microstructure. This mechanism also allows the implementation of a new method of frequency tuning. In experimental tests power outputs in the single digit microwatt range under excitations of 0.3 m/s² were reached. In accordance of further optimizations of the manufacturing technology significantly higher outputs, by at least two orders of magnitude, are possible,. Furthermore an energy management system is presented, that allows the efficient transfer of the electrical energy to the consumer
Bedier, Mohammed. "Circuits d’interface intégrés sur silicium pour une gestion optimale de la puissance dans les récupérateurs d’énergie vibratoire à transduction capacitive". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066376.
Pełny tekst źródłaVibrational energy is an attractive power source for self-powered wireless sensors. A mainstream harvesting technique for vibrational energy is electrostatic MEMS harvesters. Various circuit architectures have already been introduced with many successful implementation, yet a load interface that efficiently manages the harvested energy has rarely been reported. In this work a load interface is proposed which is suited for any condition circuit (CC) implementing rectangular QV cycles. In general, a rectangular QV conditioning circuit has an optimum interval of which the energy harvested is maximised, thus the harvested energy should be periodically removed to maintain maximising the harvested energy. This is achieved through the load interface (LI). The LI proposed is a switched inductor capacitive architecture with a LI controller allowing the extraction of the energy in a multiple energy shot fashion. The LI controller incorporate an ultra low power clock for switching events and low power comparator for switching decision. Power consumption is reduced by operating at a low supply voltage (1.1V). The LI is implemented in AMS0.35HV technology with a mixed high voltage-low power control blocks. It takes into account the harvester operation to maximise its extracted energy. It overcomes the constrained limited biasing power, tackles resistive losses and power handling transistor long channels by transferring the energy in a multiple shots fashion. A CMOS implementation is proposed along with simulation results showing an average consumed power of the controller less than 100nW allowing the system to operate with input power levels as low as few hundreds of nano-watts
Svärd, Michael. "Crystal Polymorphism of Substituted Monocyclic Aromatics". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10501.
Pełny tekst źródłaSaddi, Zied. "Conception d'un dispositif de récupération d'énergie mixte vibratoire-électromagnétique pour l'alimentation des dispositifs à faible consommation". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1065/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaEnergy harvesting is an attractive solution to power supply low-power electronics and wireless communication devices avoiding the use of power sources like batteries which have a limited life, requires periodic replacements and have a cost of recycling. Among the available ambient energy sources, electromagnetic waves and mechanical vibrations are the most suitable because of their availability particularly in the urban areas. Our contribution focuses on the study and implementation of a vibrational energy harvesting device using the electrostatic transduction. This system, based on a capacitance modulation, requires a voltage pre-charge given by an auxiliary source. To avoid electret or piezoelectric materials characterized by a limited lifetime, the initialization step was provided by a rectenna (Rectifying antenna).A new structure of dual-band rectenna (2.45 GHz and 1.8 GHz) based on a hybrid ring has been proposed. It allows to increase the received RF power but also to simplify the matching circuit. It experimentally achieves 320 mV voltage and 40 % efficiency when the power densities are 1.13 and 1.87 mW/cm2 at 1.85 and 2.45 GHz, respectively. A Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier rectenna was also designed and experimentally characterized. A voltage of 1.06 V was measured at a power density of 1.55 mW/cm².A macro-scale electrostatic vibration harvester (e-VEH), wirelessly pre-charged with a 2.45 GHz Cockcroft-Walton rectenna, was studied, designed and experimentally characterized. The e-VEH uses the Bennet doubler as conditioning circuit. A voltage of 23 V across the transducer terminal has been measured when the vibration harvester is excited at 25 Hz and 1,5g of external acceleration. An energy of 275 µJ and a maximum power of 0.4 µW are available across the load. A lumped element model of the electrostatic transducer has been proposed. Based on mechanical/electrical equivalent equations, an equivalent electrical circuit is derived using the LTspice simulator to study the behavior of the system and provide the voltage and the power converted.Keywords: Energy harvesting, rectenna, microstrip antenna, RF-to-dc converter, electrostatic transduction, Bennet’s doubler, modélization
Risquez, Sarah. "Microsystème électrostatique tridimensionnel de récupération d'énergie pour alimenter un stimulateur cardiaque sans sonde". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS044/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis contributes to the medical implants field, which is stimulated by many advances in the fields of microelectronics and microsensors. However, electrical energy lifespan of implants and large size of batteries are still a problem. Our work aims at pushing back these limits. It contributes to the development of a solution based on mechanical energy harvesting from the heart motion. The objective is to sustainably power a new generation of pacemakers without lead, so-called "leadless pacemakers."The studied energy harvesting microsystem consists in a spring-mass-type mechanical resonator associated with an electrostatic transducer. Its originality comes from a three-dimensional architecture, whose shape fits pretty well with the cylindrical shape of the pacemaker capsule. The use of the third dimension combined with an original design enables to get a pseudo multiplication frequency effect. Thanks to this effect, our simulation models predict power densities significantly higher than state-of-the-art figures reported in literature. To fabricate this three-dimensional microsystem, we have developed an additive manufacturing process based on steps of micro-molding of a structural material (electroplated nickel), electroplating of a sacrificial material (copper) and planarization. Identification of imperfections related to the fabrication process and the materials used allowed us to improve the design of the transducer. Moreover, many manufacturing obstacles were overcome during this thesis through the implementation of dedicated instrumentation. This new process has enabled us to fabricate a first three-dimensional prototype of the electrostatic micro-transducer made of 10 layers of nickel. Other electroplated metals can be envisaged to achieve three-dimensional microsystems, depending on the application requirements. In order to anticipate any compatibility issue of our microsystem with magnetic resonance imaging, we have developed the electrodeposition process of a nonmagnetic material: phosphorous doped nickel
Guillemet, Raphaël. "Etude et réalisation d'un récupérateur d'énergie vibratoire par transduction électrostatique en technologie MEMS silicium". Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1082/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaA relevant solution to power isolated sensors is to harvest the energy available in their immediate environment. Among the possible sources of energy, our choice was made on ambient mechanical vibrations. We have designed and fabricated a silicon-based and batch-processed MEMS electrostatic transducer which does not use an electret. We present an analytical method to optimize the efficiency of the electrostatic generator, while a voltage limitation on the transducer's terminal is set to prevent any damage in the conditioning electronics. The proposed design also takes into account some possible variations in the amplitude of external vibration. The device was fabricated in ESIEE Paris and its volume is less than 100 mm3. The device was tested experimentally and exhibits a strong non-linear behavior. We obtained a conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy corresponding to a power of 2.3 μW at 260 Hz, with an acceleration of 1 g and a pressure of 0.15 Torr, when the system is pre-charged with a voltage of10 V. When the device is implemented in a charge pump circuit and under the same parameters of acceleration and pressure, the system can operate in autonomous mode for more than 500 seconds during which the output power varies from 1.4 μW to 940 nW when the pre-charge voltage is 10.6 V
Boisseau, Sébastien. "Récupération d'énergie vibratoire à électrets". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00644697.
Pełny tekst źródłaTERRA, FEDERICA. "Simulazione della propagazione del pacchetto di elettroni in una streak-camera ultra veloce". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/883.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research study aims at providing the guidelines to design a streak camera. Through simulations, developed with the software Simion 3-D, the parameters that most influence this tool were determined. Furthermore, since the evolution of the electron bunch inside a streak camera is influenced by numerous factors, the simulations were organized in order to obtain the trend of the dimensions and characteristics of the bunch according to the function of each parameter and in each part of such tool. The propagation of photo-electrons under the effect of the extraction mesh and later under the focusing electrostatic lens effect was simulated taking into consideration the effects of space-charge, of energy, angular and temporal initial distributions of photo-electrons and the geometrical and constructive characteristics of the photocathode-to-mesh and lens focusing systems. Each passage of light pulse, first, and of photo-electrons, later, was analyzed and carefully investigated in order to elaborate a streak camera prototype for the FASTEST-CAM project. Such detector shall be able to measure the intensity versus time or space, of ultrafast phenomena with a temporal resolution that presumably amounts to 200fs. Among the various uses of this streak camera, there will be the analysis of the radiation coming from the interaction of PLASMONX (PLasma Acceleration at Sparc and MONochromatic X-ray generation project) and SPARC (Sorgente Pulsata Auto-amplificata di Radiazione Coerente) projects: synchronised ultraintense laser pulses and high-quality electron bunches, might interact thus giving the opportunity to explore Thomson scattering physics and applications.
Xin, W. (Weidong). "Continuum electrostatics of biomolecular systems". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2008. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514287602.
Pełny tekst źródłaSvärd, Michael. "Structural, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Aspects of the Crystal Polymorphism of Substituted Monocyclic Aromatic Compounds". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Teknisk strömningslära, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33836.
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Vuković, Vedran. "Calculs électrostatiques rapides dans l'analyse énergétique : Développement de la méthode, applications aux études de cristaux organiques et organométalliques et de complexes protéine/ligand". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0163.
Pełny tekst źródłaOne usually considers the electrostatic nature of atoms to explore intermolecular interactions. The Hansen-Coppens multipolar model is widely used to bring a detailed view of electron distribution on an atomic scale. It is thus a common starting point to investigate chemical behaviour of selected systems, giving access to microscopic insights that elucidate material properties on the large scale.One such property is the electrostatic interaction energy, which tells how strongly two charges attract or repel each other. The multipolar model brings forward a clear picture of charge distributions inside molecules, so a calculation of electrostatic energy based on it provides a better estimate than by using traditional methods (simplifications like point charges). The methods already exist to calculate electrostatic interaction energy, but their weak point is that they take their time to calculate the underlying integrals.The method discussed in this thesis (analytical exact potential / pseudo-multipolar moments, aEP/pMM) replaces the slow numerical integration inherent to the older method with analytical integration. It was integrated in the program Charger. The boost of speed comes from replacing a 3D cubature with a one-dimensional integral, due to favourable mathematical properties of the underlying multipolar model. The improvement in speed goes from 4 to 200 times, and the resulting energies are almost indistinguishable from those obtained by the older method.The goal was also to see how wide one can cast the net of this new Charger approach. It was tested on protein/ligand complexes, organic molecules and metal-organic complexes involving many elements of the first three rows in the periodic table. It was also applied on an organometallic complex containing nickel atoms in its core. In all of these applications, Charger reigned supreme over the old approach in terms of computational time, while guarding exceptional accuracy.The application on the protein/ligand complex pointed to residues which are the major contributors and detractors to ligand binding. It also revealed a possible mutation candidate that could show the predictive power of the Charger approach. The metal-organic complex contained a peculiar contact: Charger helped to characterise it. Charger also unveiled the electrostatic energy of crystal packing for an organic and an organometallic compound. The author hopes that the new aEP/pMM approach will encounter a positive reception and contribute to many an interesting finding across various fields that rely on molecular modeling
Poudel, Pramod Prasad. "NOVEL AROMATIC ION–PAIRS: SYNERGY BETWEEN ELECTROSTATICS AND Π-FACE AROMATIC INTERACTIONS". UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/chemistry_etds/4.
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