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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Electronic measurements”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 30 lipca 2024

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1

Meshcheriak, Oleh, i Oleh Velychko. "CALIBRATION OF QUARTZ ELECTRONIC STOPWATCHERS COMPARISON METHOD USING A DIGITAL CAMERA". Measuring Equipment and Metrology 83, nr 3 (2022): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcmtm2022.03.023.

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Measurement of time intervals with low accuracy on intervals from a few seconds to several hours or days is relevant for some broad applications in various fields of activity. Such measurements are widely used in the technological processes of various enterprises during the preparation and quality control of the preparation of medicines, during the maintenance of technical equipment and mechanisms, chemical technological processes, etc. For such measurements, manual electronic quartz stopwatches are widely used, which, despite their not too high measurement accuracy, must guarantee users the accuracy of measurements within the tolerance established by the technical documentation, since the risks of using untested measuring equipment are quite high, or generally unacceptable especially in the medical field. The issue of calibrating quartz electronic stopwatches by various methods remains relevant for many of their applications. The article discusses the calibration of quartz electronic stopwatches by the method of comparison using a digital camera. A calibration scheme for stopwatches was developed and a calibration measurement model was created based on the developed calibration scheme. The contribution of each component of the measurement model to the calibration result and the corresponding uncertainties of the model components were determined. The measurement uncertainty budget was made based on the proposed stopwatch calibration model. The influence of the most significant influential values on the accuracy of measurement results was analyzed. The content of quantitative and qualitative correction indicators, which must be taken into account during calibration to achieve the highest accuracy of measurements, is revealed. The method of calibrating stopwatches described in the article can be used in calibration laboratories that have the appropriate equipment and standards.

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Schüür, Jens, Lukas Oppermann, Achim Enders, Rafael R. Nunes i Carl-Henrik Oertel. "Emission analysis of large number of various passenger electronic devices in aircraft". Advances in Radio Science 14 (28.09.2016): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-14-129-2016.

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Abstract. The ever increasing use of PEDs (passenger or portable electronic devices) has put pressure on the aircraft industry as well as operators and administrations to reevaluate established restrictions in PED-use on airplanes in the last years. Any electronic device could cause electromagnetic interference to the electronics of the airplane, especially interference at receiving antennas of sensitive wireless navigation and communication (NAV/COM) systems. This paper presents a measurement campaign in an Airbus A320. 69 test passengers were asked to actively use a combination of about 150 electronic devices including many attached cables, preferentially with a high data load on their buses, to provoke maximal emissions. These emissions were analysed within the cabin as well as at the inputs of aircraft receiving antennas outside of the fuselage. The emissions of the electronic devices as well as the background noise are time-variant, so just comparing only one reference and one transmission measurement is not sufficient. Repeated measurements of both cases lead to a more reliable first analysis. Additional measurements of the absolute received power at the antennas of the airplane allow a good estimation of the real interference potential to aircraft NAV/COM systems. Although there were many measured emissions within the cabin, there were no disturbance signals detectable at the aircraft antennas.

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Harris, Stuart A., i John H. Pedersen. "Comparison of three methods of calculating air temperature from electronic measurements". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 39, nr 2 (29.06.1995): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/39/1995/203.

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Asadi, Farzin, i Kei Eguchi. "Electronic Measurements: A Practical Approach". Synthesis Lectures on Electrical Engineering 4, nr 1 (22.02.2021): 1–170. http://dx.doi.org/10.2200/s01079ed1v01y202102eel007.

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Walach, Tadeusz. "Emissivity measurements on electronic microcircuits". Measurement 41, nr 5 (czerwiec 2008): 503–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2007.07.001.

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6

da Fonseca, Joao Quinta, Michael Preuss, P. Ryan i Philip J. Withers. "Mechanical Property Mapping Using Image Correlation and Electronic Speckle Interferometry". Applied Mechanics and Materials 1-2 (wrzesień 2004): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.1-2.147.

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By combining modern surface strain measurement techniques with the traditional tensile test mechanical test, a method has been developed whereby the mechanical properties of a test sample with a heterogeneous microstructure such can be characterised in one test. In this paper the applicability to such a method of two such surface strain measurement techniques, image correlation (IC) and electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), is assessed. Two commercially available systems were used to monitor, simultaneously, the surface strain on tensile test specimens during testing. Measurements on homogeneous samples were compared with measurements made using strain gauges and excellent agreement was found. Elastic modulus and proof stress values measured in these standard samples showed that the uncertainty in the measurements was below 10%. The method was then applied to an inertia friction weld, whose strength varied linearly as a function of distance from the weld line. The values of proof stress obtained were compared with micro-hardness measurements.

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7

Ptak, P., T. Prauzner, H. Noga i P. Migo. "Testing of inductors using the NI Multisim simulation program". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2408, nr 1 (1.12.2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2408/1/012007.

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Abstract The article describes the possibilities of using the NI Multisim simulation program to measure the parameters of inductors. The content describes 3 electronic circuits used in the laboratory during didactic classes on the testing of inductors. After measurements of the actual measurement systems, the same electronic systems were designed in the NI Multisim simulation program. In this program, measurements were made on the basis of simulated electronic circuits. Then, the measurements made in real conditions and those measurements made in the NI Multisim smulation program were compared.

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8

Steinkamp, John A., i Richard D. Hiebert. "Signal processing electronics for multiple electronic and optical measurements on cells". Cytometry 2, nr 4 (8.03.2005): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.990020406.

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9

Araújo, Isaac De Sousa, Anamim Larissa Querendo de Oliveira i Cirdes Ferreira Borges. "Avaliação in vitro da acurácia de um novo localizador eletrônico foraminal". Journal of Dentistry & Public Health 11, nr 2 (15.12.2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17267/2596-3368dentistry.v11i2.3097.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, in vitro condition, the accuracy of the electronic readings obtained through the foraminal electronic locator iRoot Apex. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Thirty-one uniradicular human mandibular premolars had their accesses, cervical enlargement and real length measurement performed in a standardized way. Electronic measurements were performed at points 1.0, 0.5 and 0.0 marked on the device's dispaly and compared to the actual measurements at 1mm, 0.5mm and at the apical foramen, respectively. The data were tabulated and analyzed using the ANOVA and Bonferroni tests with a 5% significance. RESULTS: The results were calculated as a function of the absolute values of the average errors and the accuracy (± 0.5 mm) in each measurement reference, obtaining respectively: 0.19 mm and 96.8% (0.0), 0, 21 mm and 96.8% (0.5), 0.34 mm and 74.1% (1.0). Significant differences were observed only between the most apical points (0.0 and 0.5) and the measurements made in marking 1.0 (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: in the conditions of this study, the iRoot Apex® device showed high accuracy, however, the electronic measurements performed in point 1.0 of the device are less accurate than the electronic measurements obtained in the foramen or close to this anatomical point.

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10

Strehl, Claudine, Timo Heepenstrick, Peter Knuschke i Marc Wittlich. "Bringing Light into Darkness—Comparison of Different Personal Dosimeters for Assessment of Solar Ultraviolet Exposure". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 17 (27.08.2021): 9071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179071.

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(1) Measuring personal exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) poses a major challenges for researchers. Often, the study design determines the measuring devices that can be used, be it the duration of measurements or size restrictions on different body parts. It is therefore of great importance that measuring devices produce comparable results despite technical differences and modes of operation. Particularly when measurement results from different studies dealing with personal UV exposure are to be compared with each other, the need for intercomparability and intercalibration factors between different measurement systems becomes significant. (2) Three commonly used dosimeter types—(polysulphone film (PSF), biological, and electronic dosimeters)—were selected to perform intercalibration measurements. They differ in measurement principle and sensitivity, measurement accuracy, and susceptibility to inaccuracies. The aim was to derive intercalibration factors for these dosimeter types. (3) While a calibration factor between PSF and electronic dosimeters of about 1.3 could be derived for direct irradiation of the dosimeters, this was not the case for larger angles of incidence of solar radiation with increasing fractions of diffuse irradiation. Electronic dosimeters show small standard deviation across all measurements. For biological dosimeters, no intercalibration factor could be found with respect to PSF and electronic dosimeters. In a use case, the relation between steady-state measurements and personal measurements was studied. On average, persons acquired only a small fraction of the ambient radiation.

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11

Boogers, Eric, Alessandro Borella i Riccardo Rossa. "Improved electronics for 3He based neutron counters". EPJ Web of Conferences 225 (2020): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022505002.

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Several non-destructive assays techniques have been developed for the measurement of fissile materials in the fields of dismantling, decommissioning, nuclear security, and nuclear safeguards. Among these techniques, neutron coincidence counting is based on the detection of time-correlated neutrons from induced and spontaneous fissions. 3He Tubes have been the primary choice for neutron coincidence counting due to their high detection efficiency, rather low sensitivity to gamma-rays and proven field reliability. This paper covers the implementation of a new electronic setup to a Canberra WM3400 neutron coincidence counter. First we describe the properties of the used detectors, with focus on the characteristics of the default electronics and highlight its limitations such as the high input capacitance, short shaping time and the necessity for selected tubes. We then propose the new electronic setup to overcome these limitations. This setup includes a dedicated preamp for every tube , the possibility to adjust for gain differences between the tubes and a better optimised shaping time for 3He detectors. We carried out measurements with the two electronic systems to compare their performances in terms of gamma-ray sensitivity, efficiency and die-away time. The gamma ray sensitivity was measured with calibrated 137Cs and a 60Co sources at the Laboratory for Nuclear Calibration of the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre with dose rates between 10 μSv/h and 50 mSv/h. Measurements with a 252Cf source were used to determine the die-away time of the system and the total measurement efficiency for the considered geometry. The measurements showed that, with the default electronics, neutron count-rates are already affected by gamma radiation at a dose rate of 10÷30 μSv/h. On the other hand the neutron coincidence counter equipped with the new electronics proved to be insensitive to gamma-radiation up to a dose rate of at least 20 mSv/h. The high-voltage set with the new electronics is lower than in the case of the default electronics and is within the range recommended by the tubes manufacturer. The die-away time was not affected by the used electronics. A reduction of about 20% in the neutron detection efficiency due to the used discriminator threshold was observed.

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12

Garcia, E., C. Bales, W. Patterson, A. Zaslavsky i V. F. Mitrović. "Cryogenic probe for low-noise, high-frequency electronic measurements". Review of Scientific Instruments 93, nr 10 (1.10.2022): 103902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0106239.

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The design and performance of a low-noise, modular cryogenic probe, which is applicable to a wide range of measurements over a broad range of working frequencies, temperatures, and magnetic fields, is presented. The design of the probe facilitates the exchange of sample holders and sample-stage amplifiers, which, combined with its characteristic low transmission and reflection loss, make this design suitable for high precision or low sensitivity measurements. The specific example of measuring the shot noise of magnetic tunnel junctions is discussed. We highlight various design characteristics chosen specifically to expand the applicability of the probe to measurement techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance.

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13

Montes-Cebrián, Yaiza, Albert Álvarez-Carulla, Jordi Colomer-Farrarons, Manel Puig-Vidal i Pere Ll Miribel-Català. "Self-Powered Portable Electronic Reader for Point-of-Care Amperometric Measurements". Sensors 19, nr 17 (27.08.2019): 3715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173715.

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In this work, we present a self-powered electronic reader (e-reader) for point-of-care diagnostics based on the use of a fuel cell (FC) which works as a power source and as a sensor. The self-powered e-reader extracts the energy from the FC to supply the electronic components concomitantly, while performing the detection of the fuel concentration. The designed electronics rely on straightforward standards for low power consumption, resulting in a robust and low power device without needing an external power source. Besides, the custom electronic instrumentation platform can process and display fuel concentration without requiring any type of laboratory equipment. In this study, we present the electronics system in detail and describe all modules that make up the system. Furthermore, we validate the device’s operation with different emulated FCs and sensors presented in the literature. The e-reader can be adjusted to numerous current ranges up to 3 mA, with a 13 nA resolution and an uncertainty of 1.8%. Besides, it only consumes 900 µW in the low power mode of operation, and it can operate with a minimum voltage of 330 mV. This concept can be extended to a wide range of fields, from biomedical to environmental applications.

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14

Zhang, Xinyue, Zhonglin Bu, Xuemin Shi, Zhiwei Chen, Siqi Lin, Bing Shan, Maxwell Wood i in. "Electronic quality factor for thermoelectrics". Science Advances 6, nr 46 (listopad 2020): eabc0726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc0726.

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Development of thermoelectrics usually involves trial-and-error investigations, including time-consuming synthesis and measurements. Here, we identify the electronic quality factor BE for determining the maximum thermoelectric power factor, which can be conveniently estimated by a single measurement of Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of only one sample, not necessarily optimized, at an arbitrary temperature. We demonstrate that thousands of experimental measurements in dozens of materials can all be described by a universal curve and a single material parameter BE for each class of materials. Furthermore, any deviation in BE with temperature or doping indicated new effects such as band convergence or additional scattering. This makes BE a powerful tool for evaluating and guiding the development of thermoelectrics. We demonstrate the power of BE to show both p-type GeTe alloys and n-type Mg3SbBi alloys as highly competitive materials, at near room temperature, to state-of-the-art Bi2Te3 alloys used in nearly all commercial applications.

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15

Judish, R. M. "Quality control of measurements—Measurement assurance". Proceedings of the IEEE 74, nr 1 (1986): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/proc.1986.13394.

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Di-Stefano, B. "Book reviews - Electronic instrumentation and measurements". IEEE Communications Magazine 24, nr 6 (czerwiec 1986): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.1986.1093106.

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17

Ratzmann, Anja, Thomas Klinke, Christian Schwahn, Anja Treichel i Tomasz Gedrange. "Reproducibility of electronic tooth colour measurements". Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering 53, nr 5 (1.01.2008): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt.2008.036.

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Tjeerd Strydom, J., J. D. van Wyk i J. A. Ferreira. "Dielectric measurements for power electronic applications". IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 37, nr 3 (2001): 829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.924765.

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Mitov, M., A. Bankova, M. Dimitrova, P. Ivanova, K. Tutulkov, N. Djermanova, R. Dejarnac, J. Stöckel i Tsv K. Popov. "Electronic system for Langmuir probe measurements". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 356 (29.03.2012): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/356/1/012008.

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Terzioglu, C., O. Ozturk, A. Kilic, R. G. Goodrich i Z. Fisk. "Magnetic and electronic measurements in CeB6". Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 298, nr 1 (marzec 2006): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2005.03.011.

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Chowienczyk, P. J., C. P. Lawson, J. Morris, A. Kermani i G. M. Cochrane. "Electronic diary to record physiological measurements". Lancet 339, nr 8787 (styczeń 1992): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)90061-7.

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Lukyanchuk, I., N. Kirova, F. Rachdi, C. Goze, P. Molinie i M. Mehring. "Electronic localization inRb4C60from bulk magnetic measurements". Physical Review B 51, nr 6 (1.02.1995): 3978–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.51.3978.

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Gregori, G., S. H. Glenzer, F. J. Rogers, S. M. Pollaine, O. L. Landen, C. Blancard, G. Faussurier, P. Renaudin, S. Kuhlbrodt i R. Redmer. "Electronic structure measurements of dense plasmas". Physics of Plasmas 11, nr 5 (maj 2004): 2754–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1689664.

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Han, Melinda, Barbaros Ozyilmaz, Y. Zhang, P. Jarillo-Herero i Philip Kim. "Electronic transport measurements in graphene nanoribbons". physica status solidi (b) 244, nr 11 (listopad 2007): 4134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200776197.

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Peretto, L., S. Rapuano, M. Riccio i D. Bonatti. "Distance learning of electronic measurements by means of measurement set-up models". Measurement 41, nr 3 (kwiecień 2008): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2006.11.013.

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Kuriata, M., V. Vasylenko, O. Ivanova, M. Kramarenko, L. Lytvynets, V. Morozov, L. Misсhenko i in. "RECONSTRUCTION, VERIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF WBC MEASUREMENTS DATED 1986 THAT WERE INPUTTED TO ELECTRONIC DATABASE IN 2019–2021". Проблеми радіаційної медицини та радіобіології = Problems of Radiation Medicine and Radiobiology 26 (2021): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.33145/2304-8336-2021-26-199-218.

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Objective of research is to improve the electronic database of WBC measurements dated 1986 by inputting of new information from paper carriers, reconstruction of information gaps, verification and analysis of new entered data, revision of internal exposure doses that are based on results of WBC measurements dated 1986. Materials and methods. In 2013–2015 during a revision of databases (DB) of WBC measurements results dated 1986–2014, it was discovered a great amount of paper carriers with information about WBC measurements, including the ones dated 1986, that were not inputted to the electronic DB. The paper carriers were systematized and ordered by the following indicators: place of residence of a person and place of WBC measurement, institution and operator that made the measurement, measurement device and date of measurement. For a comfortable inputting of the information to the electronic DB, it was additionally created a form which exists as an option in existing program complex Silbody (Version 19.0.9). In the revised DB of WBC measurements dated 1986 internal exposure doses from radio-cesium of Chornobyl origin were computed based on an ecological and dosimetric model for radio-cesium migration in environment and a model for radio-cesium metabolism in human body. In the work, mathematical and statistical methods of research were used. Results. In 2019–2021 additionally 35,319 notes were inputted to the electronic DB of WBC measurement dated 1986, and as a result its volume increased in 2.2 times. Mostly those are data on results concerning residents of Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Donetsk, Cherkasy, Odessa, Ivano-Frankivsk, and Rivne Oblasts. It was established the information on measurement devices and respectively on the minimal detected activity (MDA) for 27,119 notes (76.7 % of all new entered). Information is reconstructed about the body mass of all persons under investigation. Evaluation is made for values of intake of incorporated radionuclides 137Cs and 134Cs for all new entered to DB. Quality of reconstructed information was analyzed. To group 1, «qualitative», it was classified 18,598 notes (53 % of all new entered), measurements in 1986 (including new entered). Dose not exceeding 1 mSv was obtained by 80 % of adults (older than 20), as well as 73 % of persons younger than 20. Conclusion. To DB of WBC measurements, it was additionally inputted 35,319 notes on results of measurements dated 1986. New entered information is verified and distributed by the quality groups. Individual exposure doses evaluated based on those data can be used for further scientific research. Key words: database; whole body counter of exposure; results of WBC measurement; Chornobyl accident; internal exposure dose.

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Solberg, Larry C., Linda A. Hoag i Laura Beals. "Clinical Measurement of Fundamental Frequency in Normal and Dysphonic Voices Using Electronic Tuners". American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 3, nr 3 (wrzesień 1994): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0303.96.

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether fundamental frequency measurements made with two portable electronic tuners, relatively inexpensive devices used by musicians for fast-tuning their instruments, were comparable to those made with the Visi-Pitch (Model 6097) when analyzing both normal and dysphonic voices. Voice recordings of vowel prolongations and connected speech (oral reading) of 40 adult subjects (10 normal females, 10 dysphonic females, 10 normal males, 10 dysphonic males) were analyzed. Results indicated that measurements of connected speech samples made with the tuners correlated very highly with those made by the Visi-Pitch. The measurements of vowel samples made with the tuners also correlated very highly with those made with the Visi-Pitch with the exception of the dysphonic female voices. Measurement differences of approximately one octave for two severely dysphonic female voices contributed to the lower but nevertheless significant correlations for dysphonic female voices. Regression analyses indicated that the tuners underestimated the measurements made with the Visi-Pitch by approximately 4 Hz or less. The results support the use of the tuners for clinical measurement of fundamental frequency when more sophisticated equipment is unavailable and when users are aware of the devices’ limitations.

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Pereira, Iokanam, Henrique Mendonça do Nascimento, Matheus Boni Vicari, Mathias Disney, Evan DeLucia, Tomas Domingues, Bart Kruijt i in. "Performance of Laser-Based Electronic Devices for Structural Analysis of Amazonian Terra-Firme Forests". Remote Sensing 11, nr 5 (2.03.2019): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11050510.

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Tropical vegetation biomass represents a key component of the carbon stored in global forest ecosystems. Estimates of aboveground biomass commonly rely on measurements of tree size (diameter and height) and then indirectly relate, via allometric relationships and wood density, to biomass sampled from a relatively small number of harvested and weighed trees. Recently, however, novel in situ remote sensing techniques have been proposed, which may provide nondestructive alternative approaches to derive biomass estimates. Nonetheless, we still lack knowledge of the measurement uncertainties, as both the calibration and validation of estimates using different techniques and instruments requires consistent assessment of the underlying errors. To that end, we investigate different approaches estimating the tropical aboveground biomass in situ. We quantify the total and systematic errors among measurements obtained from terrestrial light detection and ranging (LiDAR), hypsometer-based trigonometry, and traditional forest inventory. We show that laser-based estimates of aboveground biomass are in good agreement (<10% measurement uncertainty) with traditional measurements. However, relative uncertainties vary among the allometric equations based on the vegetation parameters used for parameterization. We report the error metrics for measurements of tree diameter and tree height and discuss the consequences for estimated biomass. Despite methodological differences detected in this study, we conclude that laser-based electronic devices could complement conventional measurement techniques, thereby potentially improving estimates of tropical vegetation biomass.

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Pyurbeeva, Eugenia, Jan A. Mol i Pascal Gehring. "Electronic measurements of entropy in meso- and nanoscale systems". Chemical Physics Reviews 3, nr 4 (grudzień 2022): 041308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0101784.

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Entropy is one of the most fundamental quantities in physics. For systems with few degrees of freedom, the value of entropy provides a powerful insight into its microscopic dynamics, such as the number, degeneracy, and relative energies of electronic states, the value of spin, degree of localization and entanglement, and the emergence of exotic states such as non-Abelian anyons. As the size of a system decreases, the conventional methods for measuring entropy, based on heat capacity, quickly become infeasible due to the requirement of increasingly accurate measurements of heat. Several methods to directly measure entropy of mesoscopic quantum systems have recently been developed. These methods use electronic measurements of charge, conductance and thermocurrent, rather than heat, and have been successfully applied to a wide range of systems, from quantum dots and molecules, to quantum Hall states and twisted bilayer graphene. In this Review, we provide an overview of electronic direct entropy measurement methods, discuss their theoretical background, compare their ranges of applicability and look into the directions of their future extensions and applications.

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García-Orellana, Carlos J., Miguel Macías-Macías, Horacio M. González-Velasco, Antonio García-Manso i Ramón Gallardo-Caballero. "Low-Power and Low-Cost Environmental IoT Electronic Nose Using Initial Action Period Measurements". Sensors 19, nr 14 (19.07.2019): 3183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143183.

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In this work, we present a complete hardware development and current consumption study of a portable electronic nose designed for the Internet-of-Things (IoT). Thanks to the technique of measuring in the initial action period, it can be reliably powered with a moderate-sized battery. The system is built around the well-known SoC (System on Chip) ESP8266EX, using low-cost electronics and standard sensors from Figaro’s TGS26xx series. This SoC, in addition to a powerful microcontroller, provides Wi-Fi connectivity, making it very suitable for IoT applications. The system also includes a precision analog-to-digital converter for the measurements and a charging module for the lithium battery. During its operation, the designed software takes measurements periodically, and keeps the microcontroller in deep-sleep state most of the time, storing several measurements before uploading them to the cloud. In the experiments and tests carried out, we have focused our work on the measurement and optimization of current consumption, with the aim of extending the battery life. The results show that taking measurements every 4 min and uploading data every five measurements, the battery of 750 mAh needs to be charged approximately once a month. Despite the fact that we have used a specific model of gas sensor, this methodology is quite generic and could be extended to other sensors with lower consumption, increasing very significantly the duration of the battery.

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Fritz, Helmuth F., Roy V. Jutzy, Ramesh Bansal i Linda Housten-Feenstra. "Validation of an Automated Computerized Analyzing System for Measuring Common Carotid Artery Intima–Media Thickness by Brightness Mode Ultrasound". Journal for Vascular Ultrasound 29, nr 1 (marzec 2005): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154431670502900103.

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Background and Purpose Evaluation of subclinical atherosclerosis by B-mode carotid ultrasound intima–media thickness (IMT) is an endorsed technique whose ease and precision is improved by use of automated IMT measurement algorithms. We report results of a validation study of SonoCalc, an automated IMT software program. Methods Three vascular sonographers measured the mean common carotid artery IMT twice of 120 near and far wall CCA segments from 30 subjects by manual electronic instrument calipers and with SonoCalc. Results Accuracy analysis indicated the equivalence of SonoCalc IMT measurements to those with manual electronic instrument calipers ( p < 0.0001). The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for each set of duplicate SonoCalc and manual electronic instrument calipers measurements. The average SonoCalc-manual electronic instrument calipers CV differences significantly favored SonoCalc ( p < 0.0001). Conclusion This study demonstrated that the use of the SonoCalc and the manual electronic instrument calipers produced measurements whose differences were statistically insignificant. Furthermore, the analysis to assess reproducibility of the two methods showed that the SonoCalc method was significantly more reproducible than the manual electronic instrument calipers methods.

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Ingebrethsen, Bradley J., Stephen K. Cole i Steven L. Alderman. "Electronic cigarette aerosol particle size distribution measurements". Inhalation Toxicology 24, nr 14 (grudzień 2012): 976–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2012.744781.

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Bastawros, A. F., i A. S. Voloshin. "Transient thermal strain measurements in electronic packages". IEEE Transactions on Components, Hybrids, and Manufacturing Technology 13, nr 4 (1990): 961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/33.62569.

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Moewes, A., A. V. Postnikov, B. Schneider, E. Z. Kurmaev, M. Matteucci, V. M. Cherkashenko, D. Hartmann, H. Hesse i M. Neumann. "Electronic structure ofKNbO3: NbM4,5x-ray-fluorescence measurements". Physical Review B 60, nr 7 (15.08.1999): 4422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.60.4422.

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Lindsay, Stuart. "Single-Molecule Electronic Measurements with Metal Electrodes". Journal of Chemical Education 82, nr 5 (maj 2005): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed082p727.

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Bouhadda, I., O. De Sagazan i F. Le Bihan. "Electronic Sensor for pH Measurements in Nanoliters". Procedia Engineering 87 (2014): 915–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.304.

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Golygin, N. Kh, V. G. Lysenko i V. A. Khizhnyakov. "Metrological Support for Opto-Electronic Coordinate Measurements". Measurement Techniques 59, nr 10 (styczeń 2017): 1073–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-017-1094-6.

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Krivitsky, Leonid A., Ulrik L. Andersen, Ruifang Dong, Alexander Huck, Christoffer Wittmann i Gerd Leuchs. "Electronic noise-free measurements of squeezed light". Optics Letters 33, nr 20 (14.10.2008): 2395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.33.002395.

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Jäger‐Waldau, R., N. Stücheli, M. Braun, M. Lux Steiner, E. Bucher, R. Tenne, H. Flaisher, W. Kerfin, R. Braun i W. Koschel. "Thin‐film CdSe: Photoluminescence and electronic measurements". Journal of Applied Physics 64, nr 5 (wrzesień 1988): 2601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341649.

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Muranov, Ivan Dmitrievich, Elizaveta Nikolaevna Bahtarova, Dmirtriy Andreevich Gura i Grittel Gennadievna Shevchenko. "PROVIDING HIGH-PRECISION MEASUREMENTS BY ELECTRONIC TACHEOMETERS". Theoretical & Applied Science 48, nr 04 (30.04.2017): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2017.04.48.10.

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Bezotosnyi, P. I., K. A. Dmitrieva, S. Yu Gavrilkin, K. S. Pervakov, A. Yu Tsvetkov, V. P. Martovitski, A. G. Rybkin, O. Yu Vilkov i V. M. Pudalov. "ARPES measurements of SnAs electronic band structure". JETP Letters 106, nr 8 (październik 2017): 514–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0021364017200024.

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Toliński, T., M. Pugaczowa-Michalska, G. Chełkowska i A. Kowalczyk. "YNi4Cu: XPS measurements and electronic structure calculation". Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 151, nr 1 (marzec 2006): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2005.09.008.

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Tamulevičius, S., L. Augulis, G. Laukaitis i M. Žadvydas. "Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry for Micromechanical Measurements". Advanced Engineering Materials 4, nr 8 (6.08.2002): 546–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1527-2648(20020806)4:8<546::aid-adem546>3.0.co;2-6.

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Arsent'ev, V. G., i G. I. Krivolapov. "On the compensation method in electronic measurements". Herald of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics 16, nr 4 (4.01.2023): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55648/1998-6920-2022-16-4-3-9.

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Yusupbekov, N. R., i N. M. Zakhidov. "ФОТОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИЙ СТВОРОФИКСАТОР С ОПТИКО-ЭЛЕКТРОННЫМ АНАЛИЗАТОРОМ". Journal of Science and Innovative Development 6, nr 2 (14.04.2023): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36522/2181-9637-2023-2-6.

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The article discusses a technical solution for improvement of alignment measurement tools by means of a laser beam as a reference baseline and photoelectrical recorder of high accuracy, wide range and capacity. It also provides a brief review of classifications of modern primary transducers of alignment measurements which forms the basis for a patented design and an electronic block diagram of a photoelectric alignment fixer with an opto-electronic analyzer. The proposed device, in contrast to modern analogs, has small weight and size parameters and provides high efficiency of retrieval of data re straightness deviations. The electronic block diagram and the mechanical design of the device are based on linear, transverse scanning with photoelectric fixation relative to the energy center of the laser beam and registration using the signal decay method.

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Donchenko, S. I., O. V. Denisenko, I. S. Silvestrov, A. V. Mazurkevich i V. I. Lesnichenko. "State primary special standard of the unit of length GET 199-2024: ensuring the uniformity of measurements of high-precision total stations and their analogues in the mode of three-dimensional measurements". Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, nr 1 (8.03.2024): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2024-1-12-18.

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The metrological support of optical-electronic means of measuring spatial coordinates is described. To meet modern consumer requirements for the accuracy of measurements of spatial coordinates with electronic tacheometers and their analogues (laser scanners, absolute trackers), the State primary special standard of the unit of length GET 199-2024 includes technical means for reproducing, storing and transmitting the unit of length in three-dimensional measurement mode. A reference complex of three-dimensional measurements (coordinate measurements, coordinate increments) has been developed and studied. The means and methods for transmitting a unit of length are presented, as well as the metrological characteristics of the GET 199-2024 in the mode of measuring coordinate increments (length). The sources of non-excluded systematic error and the standard deviation of the measurement result are determined. As a result of the research performed, it became possible to reproduce a unit of length in the mode of measuring coordinate increments in the range of 0–60 m with a standard deviation of no more than 25 μm for 10 independent measurements and a non-excluded systematic error (with a confidence probability of 0.99) of 19 μm. The functionality of the GET 199-2024 will allow solving current problems of metrological support for high-precision electronic total stations and their analogues in three-dimensional measurement mode.

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Tang, Guojun. "Wearable Electronics for Surface and Needle Electromyography Measurements". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 45 (18.04.2023): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v45i.7310.

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Because the electromyography (EMG) signal can reflect the potential of muscle contraction controlled by neural activities, it has aroused great interest from researchers. As a result, a number of studies have been conducted around EMG. EMG-based wearable electronics are used not only in the diagnosis of neurogenic or myogenic diseases but also in sports science, rehabilitation, augmented reality, and virtual reality. This article briefly introduces the development history and background of EMG technology, then focuses on the classification of EMG and its technical mechanisms and reviews representative EMG-based wearable electronics. Finally, the challenges and development trends of EMG-based wearable electronics are also discussed. Developing devices with high specificity, adaptability, and robustness remains challenging. It has become a trend to optimize EMG signals' classification, characterization and noise cancellation algorithms for future study by combining multiple technical means. Because of the various applications of wearable electronic devices based on EMG measurements, it will have promising prospects in many fields.

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Velychko, Oleh, i Tetyana Gordiyenko. "The evaluation of the long-term drift of electrical capacitance measurement standards by two methods". Ukrainian Metrological Journal, nr 2 (25.06.2024): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24027/2306-7039.2.2024.307149.

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Measurements of electrical capacitance are essential in various fields of electrical engineering, electronics and other fields. Capacitance measurements are necessary for correct design of electrical circuits and devices. Such measurements help ensure the stability and reliability of electrical systems such as power supplies, filters, capacitors, etc. In some applications, such as radio transmitters, filters, and other electronic devices, it is needed to maintain certain frequency characteristics. It is critical and appropriate to consider various factors related to the drift of the measuring instrument or measurement standard when performing measurements to ensure the required accuracy and reliability of the measurements. The study of the time drift of the measurement standard is mandatory when carrying out comparisons of national measurement standards. The types of the drift and main methods of its evaluation for measuring instruments and measurement standards between their calibrations were analysed. A conventional method of the long-term drift analysis involves the use of regression models followed by their detailed analysis. Such models are specific mathematical functions that describe theoretical values that best represent the underlying bias in the time series for the long-term drift. Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) charts reduces the lag inherent in conventional moving averages by giving more weight to recent observations. The results of the evaluation of the long-term drift of measurement standards of electrical capacitance for high-precision calibration of measurement standards by polynomial regression diagrams and EWMA charts are given. Polynomials of the 2nd degree were sufficient to approximate the drift of electrical capacitance measurement standards under consideration. The application of EWMA charts showed greater sensitivity to drift changes over the past few years of observations compared to the regression analysis. Consistent results were obtained.

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Makuch, Jacek. "Measurements of transverse section wear of rails in tracks of tram-loop". Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2019, nr 6 (1.06.2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_19_06_01.

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In article the problems of classical methods of transverse section wear of rails replacement with new techniques based on electronic devices was concerned. Reasons of rails shape section changes were defined. Principles of rails waste inspection resulting from regulations were reminded. Review of practical measurement methods and devices were made. Shapes of nominal sections of rails used in tram tracks were analyzed. Realization of measurements executed with mechanical-electronic profile gauge and mechanical track gauge on tram-loop Sępolno in Wrocław were described. Proposal of graphic manner analysis of rail wear measurements in connection with track width measurements were proposed. In summary conclusions from effected investigations were formulated.

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Piccone, Ashley. "Entropy from electrons in nanoscale systems". Scilight 2022, nr 53 (30.12.2022): 531102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0016803.

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