Artykuły w czasopismach: „ELECTRON LASER”

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Prasad, Vinod, Rinku Sharma i Man Mohan. "Laser Assisted Electron - Alkali Atom Collisions". Australian Journal of Physics 49, nr 6 (1996): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph961109.

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Lasar assisted inelastic scattering of electrons by alkali atoms is studied theoretically. The non-perturbative quasi-energy method, which is generalised for many atomic states, is used to describe the laser–atom interaction, and the electron–atom interaction is treated within the first Born approximation. We have calculated the total cross section for the excitation of sodium atoms due to simultaneous electron–photon collisions. We show the effect of laser and collision parameters, e.g. laser intensity, polarisation and incident electron energy, on the excitation process.

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MALKA, V., A. F. LIFSCHITZ, J. FAURE i Y. GLINEC. "GeV MONOENERGETIC ELECTRON BEAM WITH LASER PLASMA ACCELERATOR". International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, nr 03n04 (10.02.2007): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207042057.

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Laser plasma accelerators produce today ultra short, quasi-monoenergetic and collimated electron beams with potential applications in material science, chemistry and medicine. The laser plasma accelerator used to produce such an electron beam is presented. The design of a laser based accelerator designed to produce more energetic electron beams with a narrow relative energy spread is also proposed here. This compact approach should permit a miniaturization and cost reduction of future accelerators and associated X-Free Electrons Lasers (XFEL).

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Nicks, B. S., T. Tajima, D. Roa, A. Nečas i G. Mourou. "Laser-wakefield application to oncology". International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, nr 34 (10.12.2019): 1943016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19430164.

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Recent developments in fiber lasers and nanomaterials have allowed the possibility of using laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) as the source of low-energy electron radiation for endoscopic and intraoperative brachytherapy, a technique in which sources of radiation for cancer treatment are brought directly to the affected tissues, avoiding collateral damage to intervening tissues. To this end, the electron dynamics of LWFA is examined in the high-density regime. In the near-critical density regime, electrons are accelerated by the ponderomotive force followed by an electron sheath formation, resulting in a flow of bulk electrons. These low-energy electrons penetrate tissue to depths typically less than 1 mm. First a typical resonant laser pulse is used, followed by lower-intensity, longer-pulse schemes, which are more amenable to a fiber-laser application.

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Li, Kai, i Wen Yi Huo. "The nonlocal electron heat transport under the non-Maxwellian distribution in laser plasmas and its influence on laser ablation". Physics of Plasmas 30, nr 4 (kwiecień 2023): 042702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0130888.

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The electron heat transport plays an important role in laser driven inertial confinement fusion. For the plasmas created by intense laser, the traditional Spitzer–Härm theory cannot accurately describe the electron heat transport process mainly due to two physical effects. First, the electron distribution function would significantly differ from the Maxwellian distribution because of the inverse bremsstrahlung heating. Second, the long mean free paths of heat carrying electrons relative to the temperature scale length indicate that the electron heat flux has the nonlocal feature. In 2020, we have developed a nonlocal electron heat transport model based on the non-Maxwellian electron distribution function (NM-NL model) to describe the electron heat flux in laser plasmas. Recently, this model is successfully incorporated into our radiation hydrodynamical code RDMG. In this article, we numerically investigated the electron heat flux in laser plasmas, especially the nonlocal feature of heat flux and the influence of the non-Maxwellian distribution. The influence of electron heat transport on laser ablation is also discussed. The simulated plasma conditions based on different electron heat transport models are presented and compared with experiments. Our results show that the nonlocal feature of heat flux and the influence of non-Maxwellian distribution function are considerable in plasmas heated by intense lasers.

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MIZUNO, Koji, Kunioki MIMA i Shoichi ONO. "Tunable lasers. Free electron laser." Review of Laser Engineering 17, nr 11 (1989): 749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.17.11_749.

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CHAUHAN, P. K., S. T. MAHMOUD, R. P. SHARMA i H. D. PANDEY. "Effect of laser ripple on the beat wave excitation and particle acceleration". Journal of Plasma Physics 73, nr 1 (luty 2007): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002237780600465x.

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Abstract.This paper presents the effect of ripple on the plasma wave excitation process and acceleration of electrons in a laser produced plasma. The plasma wave is generated by the beating of two coaxial lasers of frequencies ω1 and ω2, such that ω1-ω2≅ωp. One of the main laser beams also has intensity spikes. The nonlinearity due to the relativistic mass variation depends not only on the intensity of one laser beam but also on the second laser beam. Therefore the behavior of the first laser beam affects the second laser beam, hence cross-focusing takes place. Owing to the interaction of ripple and the main laser beams, the ripple grows inside the plasma. The behavior of the ripple in the plasma affects the excitation of the electron plasma wave as well as the electron acceleration. The amplitude of the electron plasma wave and the electron energy are calculated, in the presence of ripple.

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7

Joachain, C. J. "Laser-Assisted Electron-Atom Collisions". Laser Chemistry 11, nr 3-4 (1.01.1991): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/lc.11.273.

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The theoretical methods which have been developed to analyze laser-assisted electron-atom collisions are reviewed. Firstly, the scattering of an electron by a potential in the presence of a laser field is considered. The analysis is then generalized to laser-assisted collisions of electrons with “real” atoms having an internal structure. Two methods are discussed: a semi-perturbative approach suitable for fast incident electrons and a fully non-perturbative theory—the R-matrix-Floquet method—which is applicable to the case of slow incident electrons. In particular it is shown how the dressing of the atomic states by the laser field can affect the collision cross sections.

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Masters, AT, RT Sang, WR MacGillivray i MC Standage. "New Data from Laser Interrogation of Electron-Atom Collisions Experiments". Australian Journal of Physics 49, nr 2 (1996): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph960499.

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Recent data from two methods in which high resolution laser radiation is used to assist in determining electron-atom collision parameters are presented. The electron superelastic method has yielded the first measurement of Stokes parameters for electron de-excitation of the 32D5/2–32P3/2,1/2 transition of atomic Na, the upper level having been optically prepared by resonant, stepwise excitation from the 32S1/2 ground level via the 32P3/2 level using two single mode lasers. As well, we report on the development of a model to determine the optical pumping parameters for superelastic scattering from the 32P3/2 level when it is prepared by two lasers exciting from the F = 1 and F = 2 states respectively of the 32S1/ 2 ground level. Data are also presented for collision parameters for the excitation of the 61So–61 PI transition of the I = 0 isotope of Hg by electrons of 50 eV incident energy. The technique employed for these measurements is the stepwise electron–laser excitation coincidence method, in which the electron excited atom is further excited by resonant laser radiation, and fluorescence photons emitted by relaxation from the laser excited state are detected in coincidence with the scattered electron.

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9

Huang, Kai, Zhan Jin, Nobuhiko Nakanii, Tomonao Hosokai i Masaki Kando. "Experimental demonstration of 7-femtosecond electron timing fluctuation in laser wakefield acceleration". Applied Physics Express 15, nr 3 (14.02.2022): 036001. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/ac5237.

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Abstract We report on an experimental investigation of the jitter of electrons from laser wakefield acceleration. The relative arrival timings of the generated electron bunches were detected via electro-optic spatial decoding on the coherent transition radiation emitted when the electrons pass through a 100 μm thick stainless steel foil. The standard deviation of electron timing was measured to be 7 fs at a position outside the plasma. Preliminary analysis suggested that the electron bunches might have durations of a few tens of femtoseconds. This research demonstrated the potential of laser wakefield acceleration for femtosecond pump–probe studies.

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WANG, P. X., Y. K. HO, Q. KONG, X. Q. YUAN, N. CAO i L. FENG. "CHARACTERISTICS OF GeV ELECTRON BUNCHES ACCELERATED BY INTENSE LASERS IN VACUUM". Modern Physics Letters B 14, nr 19 (20.08.2000): 693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984900000902.

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This paper studies the characteristics of GeV electron bunches driven by ultra-intense lasers in vacuum based on the mechanism of capture and violent acceleration scenario [CAS, see, e.g. J. X. Wang et al., Phys. Rev.E58, 6575 (1998)], which shows an interesting prospect of becoming a new principle of laser-driven accelerators. It has been found that the accelerated GeV electron bunch is a macro-pulse composed of a lot of micro-pulses, which is analogous to the structure of the bunches produced by conventional linacs. The macro-pulse corresponds to the duration of the laser pulse while the micro-pulse corresponds to the periodicity of the laser wave. Therefore, provided that the incoming electron bunch with comparable sizes as that of the laser pulse synchronously impinges on the laser pulse, the total fraction of electrons captured and accelerated to GeV energy can reach more than 20%. These results demonstrate that the mechanisms of CAS is a relatively effective accelerator mechanism.

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Parmigiani, Fulvio, i Daniel Ratner. "Seeded Free-Electron Lasers and Free-Electron Laser Applications". Synchrotron Radiation News 29, nr 3 (3.05.2016): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940886.2016.1174035.

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Keefer, Dennis, Ahad Sedghinasab, Newton Wright i Quan Zhang. "Laser propulsion using free electron lasers". AIAA Journal 30, nr 10 (październik 1992): 2478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.11250.

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13

Bingham, Robert. "Basic concepts in plasma accelerators". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, nr 1840 (luty 2006): 559–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1722.

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In this article, we present the underlying physics and the present status of high gradient and high-energy plasma accelerators. With the development of compact short pulse high-brightness lasers and electron and positron beams, new areas of studies for laser/particle beam–matter interactions is opening up. A number of methods are being pursued vigorously to achieve ultra-high-acceleration gradients. These include the plasma beat wave accelerator (PBWA) mechanism which uses conventional long pulse (∼100 ps) modest intensity lasers ( I ∼10 14 –10 16 W cm −2 ), the laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA) which uses the new breed of compact high-brightness lasers (<1 ps) and intensities >10 18 W cm −2 , self-modulated laser wakefield accelerator (SMLWFA) concept which combines elements of stimulated Raman forward scattering (SRFS) and electron acceleration by nonlinear plasma waves excited by relativistic electron and positron bunches the plasma wakefield accelerator. In the ultra-high intensity regime, laser/particle beam–plasma interactions are highly nonlinear and relativistic, leading to new phenomenon such as the plasma wakefield excitation for particle acceleration, relativistic self-focusing and guiding of laser beams, high-harmonic generation, acceleration of electrons, positrons, protons and photons. Fields greater than 1 GV cm −1 have been generated with monoenergetic particle beams accelerated to about 100 MeV in millimetre distances recorded. Plasma wakefields driven by both electron and positron beams at the Stanford linear accelerator centre (SLAC) facility have accelerated the tail of the beams.

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GUPTA, D. N., i H. SUK. "Electron acceleration to high energy by using two chirped lasers". Laser and Particle Beams 25, nr 1 (28.02.2007): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303460707005x.

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A scheme for electron acceleration by two crossing chirped lasers has been proposed. An important effect of a frequency chirp of the laser is investigated. Two high intensity chirped lasers, with the same amplitude and frequency, crossing at an arbitrary angle in a vacuum, interfere, causing modulation of laser intensity. An electron experiences a ponderomotive force due to the resultant field of lasers and gains considerable energy. For a certain crossing angle, the electron gains maximum energy due to the constructive interference. A frequency chirp of the laser plays an important role during the electron acceleration in a vacuum. The electron momentum increases due to the frequency chirp. Hence, the electron energy is enhanced during acceleration.

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15

HORA, HEINRICH, FREDERICK OSMAN, REYNALDO CASTILLO, MATTHEW COLLINS, TIMOTHY STAIT-GARDENER, WAI-KIM CHAN, MANUEL HÖLSS, WERNER SCHEID, JIA-XIANG WANG i YU-KUN HO. "Laser-generated pair production and Hawking–Unruh radiation". Laser and Particle Beams 20, nr 1 (styczeń 2002): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034602201111.

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Laser-produced electron–positron pair production has been under discussion in the literature since 1969. Large numbers of positrons have been generated by lasers for a few years in studies which are also related to the studies of the physics of the fast ignitor laser fusion concept. For electron–positron pair production in vacuum due to vacuum polarization as predicted by Heisenberg (1934) with electrostatic fields, high-frequency laser fields with intensities around 1028 W/cm2 are necessary and may be available within a number of years. A similar electron acceleration by gravitation near black holes denoted as Hawking–Unruh radiation was discussed in 1985 by McDonald. The conditions are considered in view of the earlier work on pair production, change of statistics for electrons in relativistic black body radiation, and an Einstein recoil mechanism with a consequence of a physical foundation of the fine structure constant.

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Kim, Hyung Taek, Vishwa Bandhu Pathak, Calin Ioan Hojbota, Mohammad Mirzaie, Ki Hong Pae, Chul Min Kim, Jin Woo Yoon, Jae Hee Sung i Seong Ku Lee. "Multi-GeV Laser Wakefield Electron Acceleration with PW Lasers". Applied Sciences 11, nr 13 (23.06.2021): 5831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135831.

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Laser wakefield electron acceleration (LWFA) is an emerging technology for the next generation of electron accelerators. As intense laser technology has rapidly developed, LWFA has overcome its limitations and has proven its possibilities to facilitate compact high-energy electron beams. Since high-power lasers reach peak power beyond petawatts (PW), LWFA has a new chance to explore the multi-GeV energy regime. In this article, we review the recent development of multi-GeV electron acceleration with PW lasers and discuss the limitations and perspectives of the LWFA with high-power lasers.

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Singh, K. P., D. N. Gupta i V. Sajal. "Electron energy enhancement by a circularly polarized laser pulse in vacuum". Laser and Particle Beams 27, nr 4 (6.10.2009): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034609990474.

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AbstractEnergy enhancement by a circularly polarized laser pulse during acceleration of the electrons by a Gaussian laser pulse has been investigated. The electrons close to the temporal peak of the laser pulse show strong initial phase dependence for a linearly polarized laser pulse. The energy gained by the electrons close to the rising edge of the pulse does not show initial phase dependence for either linearly- or circularly-polarized laser pulse. The maximum energy of the electrons gets enhanced for a circularly polarized in comparison to a linearly polarized laser pulse due to axial symmetry of the circularly polarized pulse. The variation of electron energy with laser spot size, laser intensity, initial electron energy, and initial phase has been studied.

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Shukla, Padma Kant, i Bengt Eliasson. "Localization of intense electromagnetic waves in plasmas". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, nr 1871 (24.01.2008): 1757–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.2184.

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We present theoretical and numerical studies of the interaction between relativistically intense laser light and a two-temperature plasma consisting of one relativistically hot and one cold component of electrons. Such plasmas are frequently encountered in intense laser–plasma experiments where collisionless heating via Raman instabilities leads to a high-energetic tail in the electron distribution function. The electromagnetic waves (EMWs) are governed by the Maxwell equations, and the plasma is governed by the relativistic Vlasov and hydrodynamic equations. Owing to the interaction between the laser light and the plasma, we can have trapping of electrons in the intense wakefield of the laser pulse and the formation of relativistic electron holes (REHs) in which laser light is trapped. Such electron holes are characterized by a non-Maxwellian distribution of electrons where we have trapped and free electron populations. We present a model for the interaction between laser light and REHs, and computer simulations that show the stability and dynamics of the coupled electron hole and EMW envelopes.

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Kiani, Leily, Tong Zhou, Seung-Whan Bahk, Jake Bromage, David Bruhwiler, E. Michael Campbell, Zenghu Chang i in. "High average power ultrafast laser technologies for driving future advanced accelerators". Journal of Instrumentation 18, nr 08 (1.08.2023): T08006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/08/t08006.

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Abstract Large scale laser facilities are needed to advance the energy frontier in high energy physics and accelerator physics. Laser plasma accelerators are core to advanced accelerator concepts aimed at reaching TeV electron electron colliders. In these facilities, intense laser pulses drive plasmas and are used to accelerate electrons to high energies in remarkably short distances. A laser plasma accelerator could in principle reach high energies with an accelerating length that is 1000 times shorter than in conventional RF based accelerators. Notionally, laser driven particle beam energies could scale beyond state of the art conventional accelerators. LPAs have produced multi GeV electron beams in about 20 cm with relative energy spread of about 2 percent, supported by highly developed laser technology. This validates key elements of the US DOE strategy for such accelerators to enable future colliders but extending best results to date to a TeV collider will require lasers with higher average power. While the per pulse energies envisioned for laser driven colliders are achievable with current lasers, low laser repetition rates limit potential collider luminosity. Applications will require rates of kHz to tens of kHz at Joules of energy and high efficiency, and a collider would require about 100 such stages, a leap from current Hz class LPAs. This represents a challenging 1000 fold increase in laser repetition rates beyond current state of the art. This whitepaper describes current research and outlook for candidate laser systems as well as the accompanying broadband and high damage threshold optics needed for driving future advanced accelerators.

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Shi, Yin, David R Blackman i Alexey Arefiev. "Electron acceleration using twisted laser wavefronts". Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63, nr 12 (15.11.2021): 125032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ac318d.

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Abstract Using plasma mirror injection we demonstrate, both analytically and numerically, that a circularly polarized helical laser pulse can accelerate highly collimated dense bunches of electrons to several hundred MeV using currently available laser systems. The circular-polarized helical (Laguerre–Gaussian) beam has a unique field structure where the transverse fields have helix-like wave-fronts which tend to zero on-axis where, at focus, there are large on-axis longitudinal magnetic and electric fields. The acceleration of electrons by this type of laser pulse is analyzed as a function of radial mode number and it is shown that the radial mode number has a profound effect on electron acceleration close to the laser axis. Using three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations a circular-polarized helical laser beam with power of 0.6 PW is shown to produce several dense attosecond bunches. The bunch nearest the peak of the laser envelope has an energy of 0.47 GeV with spread as narrow as 10%, a charge of 26 pC with duration of ∼ 400 as, and a very low divergence of 20 mrad. The confinement by longitudinal magnetic fields in the near-axis region allows the longitudinal electric fields to accelerate the electrons over a long period after the initial reflection. Both the longitudinal E and B fields are shown to be essential for electron acceleration in this scheme. This opens up new paths toward attosecond electron beams, or attosecond radiation, at many laser facilities around the world.

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Palleschi, V., D. P. Singh, M. A. Harith i M. Vaselli. "Thermal effects of hot electron halo in a laser-imploded Z-layered plasma pellet". Laser and Particle Beams 8, nr 3 (wrzesień 1990): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600008661.

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Coupling of the core with the surrounding corona of hot electrons produced around the plasma critical surface in a spherically symmetric laser-imploded Z-layered plasma target has been analyzed. Considering that the energy equipartition exists between the cold electrons of the core and the hot coronal electrons in the core–corona overlapping region, the analytic expression for core–corona coupling has been derived. The efficiency of heat transfer from the hot corona to the cold core depends on the laser wavelength, mean electron temperature in the ablation region, and the width of the Z-layer in the plasma pellet. Numerical results indicate that short wavelength lasers are favorable for efficient heating of the core by the surrounding hot corona. The core-corona coupling increases primarily with the mean electron temperature up to a certain extent and beyond that further laser flux transfer to the hot corona results in decoupling of the core from the corona. The presence of Z-layer is likely to reduce the electron mean free path in the ablation region and affects the laser wavelength scaling of the core-corona coupling. It is also found to have positive influence on the maximum coupling efficiency of the core with the hot corona.

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SAKAI, KEI, SHUJI MIYAZAKI, SHIGEO KAWATA, SHOTARO HASUMI i TAKASHI KIKUCHI. "High-energy-density attosecond electron beam production by intense short-pulse laser with a plasma separator". Laser and Particle Beams 24, nr 2 (czerwiec 2006): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303460606040x.

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An attosecond electron beam generation is studied by an intense short-pulse TEM (1,0) + TEM (0,1)-mode laser with a plasma separator in vacuum. The TEM (1,0) + TEM (0,1)-mode laser has a ring-shaped intensity peak in the radial direction. Electrons are accelerated and compressed near the focus point of the TEM (1,0) + TEM (0,1)-mode laser. However, after the focus point, some electrons move to its deceleration phase of the laser pulse and are decelerated. As a result, a longitudinal velocity deference of electrons generated causes a density lowering. In order to suppress the deceleration and the density lowering, we set an overdense plasma-foil separator before the electrons move to the deceleration phase of the laser pulse. Since only the laser is reflected by the plasma separator, the electrons do not experience the deceleration phase and the density of the electron bunch is kept high after passing through the plasma separator. Consequently, a high-density electron beam is generated and at the same time, the pulse length of the electron bunch becomes sub-femto second.

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Xiang, Ran, Xin Yu Tan i Hui Li Wei. "Influence of Electron-Phonon Coupling Coefficient on Properties in Femtosecond Laser Ablation". Materials Science Forum 814 (marzec 2015): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.814.144.

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Thermodynamics effects generated by femtosecond laser ablation are very important. In this work, the numerical simulation of high-energy femtosecond laser ablation especially the electro-phonon coupling coefficient influence of high-energy femtosecond laser ablation on metal target was studied. A new two-temperature model (TTM) which considered the effects of electron density of states (DOS) on electron-phonon coupling coefficient was first established, then the temperature evolvement for electron and lattice in different electro-phonon coupling coefficient G, and the effect of G on electron temperature and lattice temperature and electron-phonon coupling time were emphatically analyzed. The results showed that the electron-phonon coupling coefficient strongly affected the surface electron temperature and coupling time in the femtosecond laser ablation. The smaller the electron-phonon coupling coefficient was, the more the energy transmission from electronic to ion subsystem. As a result, the smaller the value of electron-phonon coupling coefficient, a more rapid decline for the temperature of electronic sub-system achieved. This work will offer help for the future investigation of material fabrication by femtosecond laser ablation.

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LAPPAS, D. G., R. GROBE i J. H. EBERLY. "IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRON–ELECTRON INTERACTION FOR HARMONIC GENERATION". Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 04, nr 03 (lipiec 1995): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863595000252.

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We compute the spectrum of the high-order harmonic radiation that is emitted during the interaction of a short laser pulse with a one-dimensional two-electron system. The flexibility of our numerical approach allows us to determine the relative importance of the e–e interaction for the scattered light by coupling only one of the two electrons to the field. The harmonic emission from each electron can then be determined. The e–e interaction appears to be at least as important as the coupling of one electron to the laser field. The coupling of both electrons to the field enhances the nonlinear response of the system.

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Torrisi, Lorenzo, Mariapompea Cutroneo i Alfio Torrisi. "SiC Measurements of Electron Energy by fs Laser Irradiation of Thin Foils". Micromachines 14, nr 4 (2.04.2023): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14040811.

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SiC detectors based on a Schottky junction represent useful devices to characterize fast laser-generated plasmas. High-intensity fs lasers have been used to irradiate thin foils and to characterize the produced accelerated electrons and ions in the target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) regime, detecting their emission in the forward direction and at different angles with respect to the normal to the target surface. The electrons’ energies have been measured using relativistic relationships applied to their velocity measured by SiC detectors in the time-of-flight (TOF) approach. In view of their high energy resolution, high energy gap, low leakage current, and high response velocity, SiC detectors reveal UV and X-rays, electrons, and ions emitted from the generated laser plasma. The electron and ion emissions can be characterized by energy through the measure of the particle velocities with a limitation at electron relativistic energies since they proceed at a velocity near that of the speed of light and overlap the plasma photon detection. The crucial discrimination between electrons and protons, which are the fastest ions emitted from the plasma, can be well resolved using SiC diodes. Such detectors enable the monitoring of the high ion acceleration obtained using high laser contrast and the absence of ion acceleration using low laser contrast, as presented and discussed.

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Melikian, Robert. "Acceleration of electrons by high intensity laser radiation in a magnetic field". Laser and Particle Beams 32, nr 2 (14.02.2014): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303461300092x.

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AbstractWe consider the acceleration of electrons in vacuum by means of the circularly-polirized electromagnetic wave, propagating along a magnetic field. We show that the electron energy growth, when using ultra-short and ultra-intense laser pulses (1 ps, 1018 W/cm2, CO2 laser) in the presence of a magnetic field, may reach up to the value 2,1 GeV. The growth of the electron energy is shown to increase proportionally with the increase of the laser intensity and the initial energy of the electron. We find that for some direction of polarization of the wave, the acceleration of electrons does not depend on the initial phase of the electromagnetic wave. We estimate the laser intensity, necessary for the electron acceleration. In addition, we find the formation length of photon absorption by electrons, due to which one may choose the required region of the interaction of the electrons with the electromagnetic wave and magnetic field. We also show that as a result of acceleration of electrons in the vacuum by laser radiation in a magnetic field one may obtain electron beam with small energy spread of the order δε/ε ≤ 10−2.

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Kazuhisa Nakajima, Kazuhisa Nakajima, Haiyang Lu Haiyang Lu, Xueyan Zhao Xueyan Zhao, Baifei Shen Baifei Shen, Ruxin Li Ruxin Li i Zhizhan Xu Zhizhan Xu. "100-GeV large scale laser plasma electron acceleration by a multi-PW laser". Chinese Optics Letters 11, nr 1 (2013): 013501–13515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201311.013501.

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Luan, Shixia, Wei Yu, Masakatsu Murakami, Hongbin Zhuo, Mingyang Yu, Guangjin Ma i Kunioki Mima. "Time evolution of solid-density plasma during and after irradiation by a short, intense laser pulse". Laser and Particle Beams 30, nr 3 (25.05.2012): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034612000249.

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AbstractA two-dimensional theoretical model for the evolution of solid-density plasma irradiated by short, intense laser pulse is introduced. The electrons near the target surface are pushed inward by the radiation pressure, leading to a receding electron density jump where the laser is reflected. The electrostatic field of the resulting charge separation eventually balances the radiation pressure at the laser peak. After that the charge separation field becomes dominant. It accelerates and compresses the ions that are left behind until they merge with the compressed electrons, resulting in a high-density plasma peak. The laser pulse reflected from the receding electron density jump loses energy in plasma and suffers Doppler frequency red-shift, which can provide valuable information on the laser absorption rate and the speed of the receding electrons. Electron oscillations, including the u × B oscillations across the density jump at twice the laser frequency during the laser action, as well as the low-frequency oscillations appearing after laser action, are identified.

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Haglund, Richard F. "Damage Mechanisms in Optical Materials For High-Power, Short-Wavelength Laser Systems". MRS Bulletin 11, nr 3 (czerwiec 1986): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s088376940005483x.

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Damage to optical materials under intense photon irradiation has always been a major problem in the design and operation of high-energy and high-average-power lasers. In short-wavelength lasers, operating at visible and ultraviolet wavelengths, the problem appears to be especially acute; presently attainable damage thresholds seriously compromise the engineering design of laser windows and mirrors, pulsed power trains and oscillator-amplifier systems architecture. Given the present interest in ultraviolet excimer lasers and in short-pulse, high-power free-electron lasers operating at visible and shorter wavelengths, the “optical damage problem” poses a scientific and technological challenge of significantdimensions. The solution of this problem even has significant implications outside the realm of lasers, for example, in large space-borne systems (such as the Hubble Telescope) exposed to intense ultraviolet radiation.The dimensions of the problem are illustrated by the Large-Aperture krypton-fluoride laser amplifier Module (LAM) shown schematically in Figure 1. This device, now operating at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, is typical of current and planned large excimer lasers for fusion applications. The LAM has an active volume of some 2 m3, and optical surfaces (resonator mirror and windows) exceeding 1 m2 in size; the fabrication of these optical elements was the most expensive and time-consuming single item in the construction of the laser. During laser operation, a population inversion in an Ar-Kr-F2 mix ture is created through electron-beam excitation of the laser gas by two 400 kA beams of 650 keV electrons from a cold cathode discharge. The electron trajectories in the gas are constrained by a 4 kG magnetic field transverse to the optical axis produced by a pair of large Helmholtzcoils.

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30

Lipp, Vladimir, Igor Milov i Nikita Medvedev. "Quantifying electron cascade size in various irradiated materials for free-electron laser applications". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 29, nr 2 (15.02.2022): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577522000339.

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Studying electron- and X-ray-induced electron cascades in solids is essential for various research areas at free-electron laser facilities, such as X-ray imaging, crystallography, pulse diagnostics or X-ray-induced damage. To better understand the fundamental factors that define the duration and spatial size of such cascades, this work investigates the electron propagation in ten solids relevant for the applications of X-ray lasers: Au, B4C, diamond, Ni, polystyrene, Ru, Si, SiC, Si3N4 and W. Using classical Monte Carlo simulation in the atomic approximation, we study the dependence of the cascade size on the incident electron or photon energy and on the target parameters. The results show that an electron-induced cascade is systematically larger than a photon-induced cascade. Moreover, in contrast with the common assumption, the maximal cascade size does not necessarily coincide with the electron range. It was found that the cascade size can be controlled by careful selection of the photon energy for a particular material. Photon energy, just above an ionization potential, can essentially split the absorbed energy between two electrons (photo- and Auger), reducing their initial energy and thus shrinking the cascade size. This analysis suggests a way of tailoring the electron cascades for applications requiring either small cascades with a high density of excited electrons or large-spread cascades with lower electron densities.

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31

Karmakar, A., i A. Pukhov. "Collimated attosecond GeV electron bunches from ionization of high-Z material by radially polarized ultra-relativistic laser pulses". Laser and Particle Beams 25, nr 3 (5.07.2007): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034607000249.

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Three dimensional Particle-in-Cell (3D-PIC) simulations of electron acceleration in vacuum with radially polarized ultra-intense laser beams have been performed. It is shown that single-cycle laser pulses efficiently accelerate a single attosecond electron bunch to GeV energies. When multi-cycle laser pulses are used, one has to employ ionization of high-Z materials to inject electrons in the accelerating phase at the laser pulse maximum. In this case, a train of highly collimated attosecond electron bunches with a quasi-monoenergetic spectra is produced. A comparison with electron acceleration by Gaussian laser pulses has been done. It is shown that the radially polarized laser pulses are superior both in the maximum energy gain and in the quality of the produced electron beams.

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32

Zhang, Yingchao, Xun Shi, Wenjing You, Zhensheng Tao, Yigui Zhong, Fairoja Cheenicode Kabeer, Pablo Maldonado i in. "Coherent modulation of the electron temperature and electron–phonon couplings in a 2D material". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, nr 16 (2.04.2020): 8788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917341117.

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Ultrashort light pulses can selectively excite charges, spins, and phonons in materials, providing a powerful approach for manipulating their properties. Here we use femtosecond laser pulses to coherently manipulate the electron and phonon distributions, and their couplings, in the charge-density wave (CDW) material 1T-TaSe2. After exciting the material with a femtosecond pulse, fast spatial smearing of the laser-excited electrons launches a coherent lattice breathing mode, which in turn modulates the electron temperature. This finding is in contrast to all previous observations in multiple materials to date, where the electron temperature decreases monotonically via electron–phonon scattering. By tuning the laser fluence, the magnitude of the electron temperature modulation changes from ∼200 K in the case of weak excitation, to ∼1,000 K for strong laser excitation. We also observe a phase change of π in the electron temperature modulation at a critical fluence of 0.7 mJ/cm2, which suggests a switching of the dominant coupling mechanism between the coherent phonon and electrons. Our approach opens up routes for coherently manipulating the interactions and properties of two-dimensional and other quantum materials using light.

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33

Mima, Kunioki, i Kazuo Imasaki. "Free Electron Laser". Kakuyūgō kenkyū 59, nr 5 (1988): 311–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1585/jspf1958.59.311.

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34

Imasaki, Kazuo. "Free Electron Laser". JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR LASER SURGERY AND MEDICINE 9, nr 3 (1988): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2530/jslsm1980.9.3_17.

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35

Singer, Sidney. "Free-Electron Laser". Science 255, nr 5050 (13.03.1992): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.255.5050.1335.c.

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MIMA, KUNIOKI. "Free electron laser." Review of Laser Engineering 21, nr 1 (1993): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.21.119.

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SINGER, S. "Free-Electron Laser". Science 255, nr 5050 (13.03.1992): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.255.5050.1335-b.

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38

MIMA, Kunioki. "Free electron laser." Review of Laser Engineering 15, nr 6 (1987): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.15.375.

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39

Poole, M. W. "Laser physics: Advances in free-electron lasers". Nature 316, nr 6026 (lipiec 1985): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/316300a0.

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Silva, Luis O., F. Fiúza, R. A. Fonseca, J. L. Martins, S. F. Martins, J. Vieira, C. Huang i in. "Laser electron acceleration with 10 PW lasers". Comptes Rendus Physique 10, nr 2-3 (marzec 2009): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2009.03.012.

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41

Zhou, Shiyi, Zhijun Zhang, Chuliang Zhou, Zhongpeng Li, Ye Tian i Jiansheng Liu. "A high-energy electron density modulator driven by an intense laser standing wave". Laser and Particle Beams 37, nr 2 (30.04.2019): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034619000338.

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AbstractA high energy electron density modulator from a high-intensity laser standing wave field is studied herein by investigating the ultrafast motion of electrons in the field. Electrons converge at the electric field antinodes, and the discrete electron density peaks modulated by the field located at the corresponding laser phases of kx = nπ, (n = 0, 1, 2, …), that is, the modulation period is 1/2 the wavelength of the individual laser. We also discussed the influence of the laser parameters such as laser intensity and waist size on the beam modulator. It is shown that a long interaction length (waist) or sufficiently high field intensity is essential for relativistic electron density modulation.

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42

Nicks, Bradley Scott, Ernesto Barraza-Valdez, Sahel Hakimi, Kyle Chesnut, Genevieve DeGrandchamp, Kenneth Gage, David Housley i in. "High-Density Dynamics of Laser Wakefield Acceleration from Gas Plasmas to Nanotubes". Photonics 8, nr 6 (11.06.2021): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8060216.

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The electron dynamics of laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) is examined in the high-density regime using particle-in-cell simulations. These simulations model the electron source as a target of carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes readily allow access to near-critical densities and may have other advantageous properties for potential medical applications of electron acceleration. In the near-critical density regime, electrons are accelerated by the ponderomotive force followed by the electron sheath formation, resulting in a flow of bulk electrons. This behavior represents a qualitatively distinct regime from that of low-density LWFA. A quantitative entropy index for differentiating these regimes is proposed. The dependence of accelerated electron energy on laser amplitude is also examined. For the majority of this study, the laser propagates along the axis of the target of carbon nanotubes in a 1D geometry. After the fundamental high-density physics is established, an alternative, 2D scheme of laser acceleration of electrons using carbon nanotubes is considered.

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43

Sawada, H., T. Yabuuchi, N. Higashi, T. Iwasaki, K. Kawasaki, Y. Maeda, T. Izumi i in. "Ultrafast time-resolved 2D imaging of laser-driven fast electron transport in solid density matter using an x-ray free electron laser". Review of Scientific Instruments 94, nr 3 (1.03.2023): 033511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0130953.

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High-power, short-pulse laser-driven fast electrons can rapidly heat and ionize a high-density target before it hydrodynamically expands. The transport of such electrons within a solid target has been studied using two-dimensional (2D) imaging of electron-induced Kα radiation. However, it is currently limited to no or picosecond scale temporal resolutions. Here, we demonstrate femtosecond time-resolved 2D imaging of fast electron transport in a solid copper foil using the SACLA x-ray free electron laser (XFEL). An unfocused collimated x-ray beam produced transmission images with sub-micron and ∼10 fs resolutions. The XFEL beam, tuned to its photon energy slightly above the Cu K-edge, enabled 2D imaging of transmission changes induced by electron isochoric heating. Time-resolved measurements obtained by varying the time delay between the x-ray probe and the optical laser show that the signature of the electron-heated region expands at ∼25% of the speed of light in a picosecond duration. Time-integrated Cu Kα images support the electron energy and propagation distance observed with the transmission imaging. The x-ray near-edge transmission imaging with a tunable XFEL beam could be broadly applicable for imaging isochorically heated targets by laser-driven relativistic electrons, energetic protons, or an intense x-ray beam.

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44

Barzegar, S., M. Sedaghat i A. R. Niknam. "Controlled electron injection into beam driven plasma wakefield accelerators employing a co-propagating laser pulse". Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 63, nr 12 (3.11.2021): 125016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ac2e42.

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Abstract A novel technique for generating high current electron bunches in electron beam driven plasma wakefield accelerators (PWFAs) is suggested based on co-propagation of an electron beam and a laser pulse. It is observed that propagation of a laser pulse in front of an electron beam driver leads to bubble expansion and consequently electron injection into a PWFA. The acceleration structure is extensively studied in this scheme and the bubble evolution process is discussed. The difference in propagation velocity of the laser pulse and the beam driver in the plasma and variation of electron beam driver density in presence of the laser pulse cause the bubble radius grows. Using a laser pulse in a PWFA leads to the generation of an ultra short (10 fs) electron bunch with charge three times larger than the electron beam driver total charge. It is shown by altering the initial electron beam driver density and the laser pulse intensity, the external control of the amount of loaded charge is possible. The number of self-injected electrons is enhanced by increasing the laser pulse intensity and the density of the electron beam driver. The results represent that the accelerator operates in a highly loaded regime. Therefore, by raising the density of the electron beam driver and the laser pulse intensity, the final energy spread of the generated electron bunch increases. An interpretive approach to find the appropriate parameters for the laser pulse and the electron beam is proposed in this scheme.

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Liu, Huiya, Ning Kang, Shenlei Zhou, Honghai An, Zhiheng Fang, Jun Xiong, Kun Li, Anle Lei i Zunqi Lin. "Emission properties of suprathermal electrons produced by laser–plasma interactions". Laser and Particle Beams 35, nr 4 (26.10.2017): 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034617000702.

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AbstractSuprathermal electrons produced by laser–plasma interactions at 0.53-μm laser wavelength have been investigated using 19 electron spectrometers. The targets were 2- and 10-μm-thick Al foils, while the laser average intensities were 2 × 1013 and 7 × 1014 W/cm2. A double temperature distribution was observed in the electron energy spectrum: the lower electron temperature was below 25 keV, whereas the higher was ~50 keV. The angular distribution of the total suprathermal electron energy approximately obeyed the Gaussian distribution, peaking along the k vector of the incident laser beam for perpendicular incidence. Furthermore, the conversion rate of laser energy into escaped suprathermal electron energy over the π sr solid angle was ~10−4 at $\sim \!\!10^{14} \; {\rm W}/{\rm c}{\rm m}^{\rm 2}$, increasing almost linearly with the laser intensity.

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46

Ghotra, Harjit Singh. "Cosh-Gaussian laser pulse influenced electron acceleration in an ion channel". Laser Physics Letters 19, nr 9 (27.07.2022): 096002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/ac8282.

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Abstract The electron acceleration in a prepared ion channel is studied theoretically by using a radially polarized (RP) cosh-Gaussian (ChG) laser pulse. The peculiar propagation properties of ChG laser cause it to focus early and over a shorter time than a Gaussian laser pulse, making it suitable for accelerating electrons to extremely high energies over a small duration. The electrostatic field formed by an ion channel prevents electrons from escaping the interaction zone due to their transverse oscillations, whereas the decentering parameter of the ChG laser pulse influences electron energy gain. This combined role of RP-ChG laser and the effect of an ion channel causes an enhancement in the electron energy gain significantly to the order of GeV with laser intensity (∼ 10 20 W c m − 2 ) in an ion density channel (∼ 10 22 m − 3 ) with decentered parameter (∼2.15) for an incident laser pulse at initial phase ( ψ 0 = π ).

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47

Fiorini, F., D. Neely, R. J. Clarke i S. Green. "Characterization of laser-driven electron and photon beams using the Monte Carlo code FLUKA". Laser and Particle Beams 32, nr 2 (19.02.2014): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034614000044.

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AbstractWe present a new simulation method to predict the maximum possible yield of X-rays produced by electron beams accelerated by petawatt lasers irradiating thick solid targets. The novelty of the method lies in the simulation of the electron refiluxing inside the target implemented with the Monte Carlo code Fluka. The mechanism uses initial theoretical electron spectra, cold targets and refiluxing electrons forced to re-enter the target iteratively. Collective beam plasma effects are not implemented in the simulation. Considering the maximum X-ray yield obtained for a given target thickness and material, the relationship between the irradiated target mass thickness and the initial electron temperature is determined, as well as the effect of the refiluxing on X-ray yield. The presented study helps to understand which electron temperature should be produced in order to generate a particular X-ray beam. Several applications, including medical and security imaging, could benefit from laser generated X-ray beams, so an understanding of the material and the thickness maximizing the yields or producing particular spectral characteristics is necessary. On the other more immediate hand, if this study is experimentally reproduced at the beginning of an experiment in which there is an interest in laser-driven electron and/or photon beams, it can be used to check that the electron temperature is as expected according to the laser parameters.

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48

Long, Cheng. "Gamma Photons and electron-pairs Generation estimation for collision of PW-class Laser and electron beams". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 38 (16.03.2023): 444–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v38i.5857.

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After the proposal of the concept of CPA techniques, the laser intensity has boosted dramatically since then. As the focusing intensity of the laser beam reaches the order above 1023 W/cm2 for multiple PW laser facilities, the laser material interaction enters the QED regime, where the gamma photons generation and electrons-positron pairs generation can be realized. This paper provides an overview of the current research in the field of electrodynamics about laser intensities and electron generation. Basic theories of the generation of e and e- pair and photons are introduced. The history of the development of major laser facilities with high-laser intensities is introduced, and the laser facilities are compared and discuss in terms of the electron generations. The results are further compared with the PIC simulation and typical generation scenarios are demonstrated. Potential limits are mentioned as the drawbacks of the models. Overall, these results shed light on guiding further exploration of laser-plasma interactions in the extremely strong intensity laser beam.

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IMASAKI, Kazuo, i Sadao NAKAI. "The Technical Bases of Lasers: IV. Free Electron Laser (Tunable Laser)." Review of Laser Engineering 26, nr 12 (1998): 895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.26.895.

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Kargarian, A., K. Hajisharifi i H. Mehdian. "Laser-driven electron acceleration in hydrogen pair-ion plasma containing electron impurities". Laser and Particle Beams 36, nr 2 (czerwiec 2018): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034618000174.

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AbstractIn this paper, the intense laser heating of hydrogen pair-ion plasma with and without electron impurities through investigation of related nonlinear phenomena has been studied in detail, using a developed relativistic particle-in-cell simulation code. It is shown that the presence of electron impurities has an essential role in the behavior of nonlinear phenomena contributing to the laser absorption including phase mixing, wave breaking, and stimulated scatterings. The inclusion of electron into an initial pure hydrogen plasma not only causes the occurrence of stimulated scattering considerably but also leads to the faster phase-mixing and wave breaking of the excited electrostatic modes in the system. These nonlinear phenomena increase the laser absorption rate in several orders of magnitude via inclusion of the electrons into a pure hydrogen pair-ion plasma. Moreover, results show that the electrons involved in enough low-density hydrogen pair-ion plasma can be accelerated to the MeV energy range.

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