Artykuły w czasopismach: „Electron-Ion Collider (EIC)”

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Oliveira, C. P., D. Hadjimichef i M. V. T. Machado. "Compton-like dark photon production in electron–nucleus collisions". Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 49, nr 3 (31.01.2022): 035001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/ac3dcc.

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Abstract The Compton-like production of massive dark photons is investigated in ultrarelativistic electron–ion collisions by considering the kinetic mixing between the dark photon and the standard model photon. The quasi-real photons in the heavy ion are described by the equivalent photon approximation, and the model is employed to calculate the integrated cross section and event rates as a function of the dark photon mass, m γ′, and mixing parameter, ɛ. Predictions are shown for electron–ion colliders (EICs) in the mass range 100 ⩽ m γ′ ⩽ 500 MeV. Numerical results are provided within the kinematic coverage of the planned machines: an EIC in China (EicC), a polarized EIC at Jefferson Lab (JLEIC), an EIC/USA (EIC), a large hadron electron collider (LHeC) and a future circular collider (FCC-eA). It complements existing search strategies for dark photons in the considered mass interval.

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Yang, Shuailiang, Qi Xu, Yateng Zhang i Xiaoyu Wang. "The Collins Asymmetry in Λ Hyperon Produced SIDIS Process at Electron–Ion Colliders". Symmetry 15, nr 4 (31.03.2023): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15040841.

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We investigate Collins asymmetry in the Λ hyperon produced semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) process based on the kinematical region of Electron-ion collider in China (EicC) and Electron–ion collider (EIC) within the transverse momentum dependence (TMD) factorization framework at next-to-leading-logarithmic order. The asymmetry is contributed by the convolution of the target proton transversity distribution function and the Collins function of the final-state Λ hyperon. The TMD evolution effect of the corresponding parton distribution functions (PDFs) and fragmentation functions (FFs) is considered with the help of parametrization of the non-perturbative Sudakov form factors for the proton PDFs and Λ fragmentation functions. We apply the parametrization of the collinear proton transversity distribution function and the model results of Λ Collins function from the diquark spectator model as the inputs of the TMD evolution to numerically calculate Collins asymmetry in Λ produced SIDIS process at the kinematical configurations of EIC and EicC. It can be shown that the asymmetry is significant and can be measured at EIC and EicC. The flavor dependence of transversity distribution functions could be further constrained by studying the Λ hyperon produced SIDIS process in the future to improve our understanding of the spin structure within nucleons.

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Banks, Michael. "Electron-ion collider hits milestone". Physics World 37, nr 5 (1.05.2024): 16ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/37/05/18.

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Qiu, Jian-Wei. "Electron-Ion Collider — Taking us to the Next QCD Frontier". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 37 (styczeń 2015): 1560020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194515600204.

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In this talk, I demonstrate that the proposed Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) will be an ideal and unique future facility to address many overarching questions about QCD and strong interaction physics at one place. The EIC will be the world's first polarized electron-proton (and light ion), as well as the first electron-nucleus collider at flexible collision energies. With its high luminosity and beam polarization, the EIC distinguishes itself from HERA and the other fixed target electron-hadron facilities around the world. The EIC is capable of taking us to the next QCD frontier to explore the glue that binds us all.

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GUZEY, VADIM. "3D IMAGING OF SEA QUARKS AND GLUONS AT AN ELECTRON-ION COLLIDER". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 04 (styczeń 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194511001504.

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We outline key objectives and capabilities of an Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) — a high-energy and high-luminosity electron-proton/nucleus collider with polarized electron and proton beams. One of goals of a future EIC is to map the 3D (in configuration and momentum spaces) structure of sea quarks and gluons in the nucleon and nuclei. We briefly present and discuss key observables and measurements pertaining to the program of 3D imaging at an EIC.

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Li, Xuan, Ivan Vitev, Melynda Brooks, Lukasz Cincio, J. Matthew Durham, Michael Graesser, Ming X. Liu i in. "A New Heavy Flavor Program for the Future Electron-Ion Collider". EPJ Web of Conferences 235 (2020): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023504002.

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The proposed high-energy and high-luminosity Electron–Ion Collider (EIC) will provide one of the cleanest environments to precisely determine the nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) in a wide x–Q2 range. Heavy flavor production at the EIC provides access to nPDFs in the poorly constrained high Bjorken-x region, allows us to study the quark and gluon fragmentation processes, and constrains parton energy loss in cold nuclear matter. Scientists at the Los Alamos National Laboratory are developing a new physics program to study heavy flavor production, flavor tagged jets, and heavy flavor hadron-jet correlations in the nucleon/nucleus going direction at the future EIC. The proposed measurements will provide a unique way to explore the flavor dependent fragmentation functions and energy loss in a heavy nucleus. They will constrain the initial-state eﬀects that are critical for the interpretation of previous and ongoing heavy ion measurements at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider. We show an initial conceptual design of the proposed Forward Silicon Tracking (FST) detector at the EIC, which is essential to carry out the heavy flavor measurements. We further present initial feasibility studies/simulations of heavy flavor hadron reconstruction using the proposed FST.

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Staśto, Anna. "The physics of the EIC". EPJ Web of Conferences 296 (2024): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202429601032.

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In this presentation I will give brief overview of the main physics topics which will be explored at the new Deep Inelastic Scattering facility, the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), planned for the construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory in the United States.

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Kim, Yongjun. "Simulation study of Dual-Readout Calorimeter for a forward calorimeter at the Electron-Ion Collider". EPJ Web of Conferences 276 (2023): 05006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202327605006.

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The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is a future particle accelerator to be built at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, and the primary purpose of experiments at the EIC is to resolve the question of partonic structure of nucleons and nuclei. To achieve the physics goals of the EIC, a hadron calorimeter of high energy resolution is required at forward rapidity. A Dual-readout Calorimeter (DRC) which has been developed for future collider experiments is considered as an upgrade option of the forward hadron calorimeter for the ECCE experiment at the EIC. The DRC consisting of two types of optical fiber, Cherenkov and Scintillation fibers, can achieve high energy resolution by measuring a fraction of electromagnetic shower in a hadronic shower. A performance study of DRC for the EIC such as geometry, material, and energy resolution is ongoing based on the existing simulation framework for high energy experiments, and the DRC simulation details will be transported to the EIC simulation framework. In this presentation, we will introduce the simulation study of the DRC for the EIC.

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Zheng, Liang, E. C. Aschenauer, J. H. Lee, Bo-Wen Xiao i Zhong-Bao Yin. "Measuring Gluon Sivers Function at a Future Electron-Ion Collider". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 46 (styczeń 2018): 1860021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194518600212.

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In this work, we present a systematic study on the feasibility of probing the largely unexplored gluon Sivers function (GSF) based on the open charm production, charged dihadron and dijet method at a future high energy, high luminosity Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). Sivers function describes the anisotropy of parton distributions inside a transversely polarized nucleon in the momentum space and provides us a complete picture of the 2+1D structure of the nucleons. It is proposed that the GSF can be studied through the single spin asymmetry (SSA) measurement in the photon-gluon fusion channel with electron proton collisions at the EIC. Using a well tuned Monte Carlo model for deep inelastic scatterings, we estimate the possible constraints of the gluon Sivers effect one can draw from the future EIC data. Comparisons of all the possible measurements further illustrate that the dijet method is the most promising way to demonstrate the presence of GSF and pin down its evolution effect.

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Radici, Marco. "Electron Ion Collider: 3D-Imaging the Nucleon". EPJ Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818202062.

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The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is the project for a new US-based, high-energy, high-luminosity facility, capable of a versatile range of beam energies, polarizations, and ion species. Its primary goal is to precisely image quarks and gluons and their interactions inside hadrons, in order to investigate their confined dynamics and elucidate how visible matter is made at its most fundamental level. I will introduce the main physics questions addressed by such a facility, and give some more details on the topic of Transverse Momentum Dependent parton distributions (TMDs).

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Radici, Marco. "Electron Ion Collider: 3D-Imaging the Nucleon". EPJ Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818202103.

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The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is the project for a new US-based, high-energy, high-luminosity facility, capable of a versatile range of beam energies, polarizations, and ion species. Its primary goal is to precisely image quarks and gluons and their interactions inside hadrons, in order to investigate their confined dynamics and elucidate how visible matter is made at its most fundamental level. I will introduce the main physics questions addressed by such a facility, and give some more details on the topic of Transverse Momentum Dependent parton distributions (TMDs).

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Scimemi, Ignazio. "A Short Review on Recent Developments in TMD Factorization and Implementation". Advances in High Energy Physics 2019 (13.05.2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3142510.

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In the latest years the theoretical and phenomenological advances in the factorization of several collider processes using the transverse momentum dependent distributions (TMD) have greatly increased. I attempt here a short resume of the newest developments discussing also the most recent perturbative QCD calculations. The work is not strictly directed to experts in the field and it wants to offer an overview of the tools and concepts which are behind the TMD factorization and evolution. I consider both theoretical and phenomenological aspects, some of which have still to be fully explored. It is expected that actual colliders and the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) will provide important information in this respect.

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Deshpande, A. "Science and status of the Electron Ion Collider". International Journal of Modern Physics E 26, nr 01n02 (styczeń 2017): 1740007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301317400079.

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The US Nuclear Science Advisory Committee (NSAC) recently recommended the construction of a high-luminosity, high-energy Electron Ion Collider (EIC), with polarized beams capable of colliding polarized electrons with polarized proton and light ion beams, and with any nucleus. The [Formula: see text] range between 40[Formula: see text]GeV and 140[Formula: see text]GeV, and luminosity range from [Formula: see text] were recommended. It is anticipated that under the current guidance from the DOE, the collider could become operational in the second half of the 2020’s. This paper summarizes its science and the scope of this over all project.

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Suresh, Karthik, Neeltje Kackar, Luke Schleck i Cristiano Fanelli. "Towards a RAG-based summarization for the Electron Ion Collider". Journal of Instrumentation 19, nr 07 (1.07.2024): C07006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/07/c07006.

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Abstract The complexity and sheer volume of information — encompassing documents, papers, data, and other resources — from large-scale experiments demand significant time and effort to navigate, making the task of accessing and utilizing these varied forms of information daunting, particularly for new collaborators and early-career scientists. To tackle this issue, a Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)-based Summarization AI for EIC (RAGS4EIC) is under development. This AI-Agent not only condenses information but also effectively references relevant responses, offering substantial advantages for collaborators. Our project involves a two-step approach: first, querying a comprehensive vector database containing all pertinent experiment information; second, utilizing a Large Language Model (LLM) to generate concise summaries enriched with citations based on user queries and retrieved data. We describe the evaluation methods that use RAG assessments (RAGAs) scoring mechanisms to assess the effectiveness of responses. Furthermore, we describe the concept of prompt template based instruction-tuning which provides flexibility and accuracy in summarization. Importantly, the implementation relies on LangChain [1], which serves as the foundation of our entire workflow. This integration ensures efficiency and scalability, facilitating smooth deployment and accessibility for various user groups within the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) community. This innovative AI-driven framework not only simplifies the understanding of vast datasets but also encourages collaborative participation, thereby empowering researchers. As a demonstration, a web application has been developed to explain each stage of the RAG Agent development in detail. The application can be accessed at https://rags4eic-ai4eic.streamlit.app.[A tagged version of the source code can be found in https://github.com/ai4eic/EIC-RAG-Project/releases/tag/AI4EIC2023_PROCEEDING.]

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Fanelli, C. "Design of detectors at the electron ion collider with artificial intelligence". Journal of Instrumentation 17, nr 04 (1.04.2022): C04038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/04/c04038.

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Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) for design is a relatively new but active area of research across many disciplines. Surprisingly when it comes to designing detectors with AI this is an area at its infancy. The electron ion collider is the ultimate machine to study the strong force. The EIC is a large-scale experiment with an integrated detector that extends for about ±35 meters to include the central, far-forward, and far-backward regions. The design of the central detector is made by multiple sub-detectors, each in principle characterized by a multidimensional design space and multiple design criteria also called objectives. Simulations with Geant4 are typically compute intensive, and the optimization of the detector design may include non-differentiable terms as well as noisy objectives. In this context, AI can offer state of the art solutions to solve complex combinatorial problems in an efficient way. In particular, one of the proto-collaborations, ECCE, has explored during the detector proposal the possibility of using multi-objective optimization to design the tracking system of the EIC detector. This document provides an overview of these techniques and recent progress made during the EIC detector proposal. Future high energy nuclear physics experiments can leverage AI-based strategies to design more efficient detectors by optimizing their performance driven by physics criteria and minimizing costs for their realization.

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Kumar, Shyam, Annalisa Mastroserio i Domenico Elia. "Tracking performance studies for the Experimental Setup at the Electron-Ion Collider". EPJ Web of Conferences 270 (2022): 00027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202227000027.

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The US Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is a future facility to be built at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to study the collisions of polarized electrons with polarized protons and ions. It will provide the answers to fundamental questions on quark and gluon interactions such as: how colored partons and colorless jets travel in the nuclear medium, the properties of the state of matter in high gluon density (low-x) regime, distribution of quarks, gluons, and their spin inside a nucleon. EIC is expected to run at the luminosity of 1032-1034 cm-2 sec-1 and center-of-mass energy 20-140 GeV [1]. ATHENA (A Totally Hermetic Electron Nucleus Apparatus) is one of the detector designs provided as the response to the call for the proposal issued by the EIC Project in 2021. It consists of a tracking system with wide pseudorapidity coverage (|η|<3.5), high granularity (pixel size of inner layers ~10 μm), and low material budget (0.05% of X0 per layer) for the innermost silicon layers to achieve good tracking and vertexing performances.

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Qiang, J., Y. Hao, Y. Luo, C. Montag, D. Xu i F. Willeke. "Strong-strong simulations of coherent beam-beam effects in the EIC". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012060.

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Abstract The high luminosity electron ion collider (EIC) will provide great opportunities in nuclear physics study and is under active design. The coherent effects due to the beam-beam interaction of two colliding beams can cause beam size blow-up and degrade the luminosity in the EIC. In this paper, we report on the study of coherent beam-beam effects in the EIC design using self-consistent strong-strong simulations. These simulations show the coherent dipole and quadrupole mode instabilities in the tune working point scan and bunch intensity scan.

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Higinbotham, D. W. "EIC detector overview". Journal of Instrumentation 17, nr 02 (1.02.2022): C02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/c02018.

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Abstract The Electron Ion Collider will have two interaction regions that can be instrumented with detectors. The first region will be instrumented as part of the project and needs to be capable of delivering the physics that has been outlined by the National Academy of Sciences and ready at the start of beam commissioning near the end of this decade. Plans for a second complementary detector to be located at a second interaction region are already in progress and will hopefully come to fruition just few years after the first detector comes online. While the basic parameters of these detectors are being selected using conventional approaches, the optimization of the detectors is already being enhanced by making use of advanced optimization techniques.

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Shi, Zhaozhong, Craig Woody, Ian Delk i John Lajoie. "Development of Future Electromagnetic Calorimeter Technologies and Applications for the Electron-Ion Collider with GEANT4 Simulations". EPJ Web of Conferences 276 (2023): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202327605001.

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The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is a future collider planned to be built at BNL in about a decade. It will provide physicists with high luminosity and highly polarized beams with a wide range of nuclei species at different energies, covering an extensive kinematic range. The EIC physics goals include measuring the Generalized Parton Distribution (GPD) from Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) and Deeply Virtual Meson Production (DVMP) experiments, performing precision 3D imaging of the nuclei structure, studying color confinement and hadronization mechanisms, and understanding the spin structure of the proton. In order to meet the physics goals of EIC, a highresolution electromagnetic calorimeter (EMCAL) is required to measure electrons and photons and to achieve good particle identification. We propose to develop a tungsten/shashlik (W/shashlik) EMCAL with better readout configuration to achieve better energy and position resolution. In this work, we will present the GEANT4 detector simulation results ofWand Pb shashlik EMCAL to study π0 merging probability as a function of π0 energy and the performance of position and energy resolutions of the EMCAL for ECCE design.

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Xu, D., Y. Luo, J. Scott Berg, H. Lovelace, S. Tepikian, Q. Wu, B. Xiao i in. "Detector solenoid compensation in the EIC electron storage ring". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012012.

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Abstract The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) uses crab cavities to restore the geometrical luminosity loss associated with the large crossing angle. Due to space limitations, the detector solenoid cannot be compensated locally. This paper presents the lattice design to compensate the detector solenoid effects without interfering with the crab cavities. Skew quadrupoles are employed to avoid additional crab cavities. The correction scheme is checked by beam-beam simulation.

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Surrow, B. "Low-x physics at a future electron-ion collider (EIC) facility". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 110, nr 2 (1.05.2008): 022049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/110/2/022049.

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Luo, Y., D. Xu, Y. Hao, J. Qiang, J. S. Berg, M. Blaskiewicz, W. Fischer i in. "Summary of numerical noise studies for Electron-Ion Collider strong-strong beam-beam simulation". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012008.

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Abstract The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) presently under construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory will collide polarized high energy electron beams with hadron beams with design luminosities up to 1 × 1034cm−2s−1 in center mass energy range of 20-140 GeV. We studied the planned electron-proton collisions using a Particle-In-Cell (PIC) based Poisson solver in strong-strong beam-beam simulation. We observed a much larger proton emittance growth rate than in weak-strong simulation. To understand the numerical noise and its impact on strong-strong simulation results, we carried out extensive studies to identify all possible causes for artificial emittance growth and quantify their contributions. In this article, we summarize our study activities and findings. This work will help us better understand the simulated emittance growth and the limits of the PIC based strong-strong beam-beam simulation.

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Marx, D., JS Berg, Y. Cai, BRP Gamage, GH Hoffstaetter, J. Kewisch, Y. Li i in. "Designing the EIC electron storage ring lattice for a wide energy range". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012010.

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Abstract The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) will collide electrons with hadrons at center-of-mass energies up to 140 GeV (in the case of electron-proton collisions). A 3.8-kilometer electron storage ring is being designed, which will store electrons with a range of energies up to 18 GeV for collisions at one or two interaction points. At energies up to 10 GeV the arcs will be tuned to provide 60 degree phase advance per cell in both planes, whereas at top energy of 18 GeV a 90 degree phase advance per cell will be used, which largely compensates for the horizontal emittance increase with energy. The optics must be matched at three separate energies, and the different phase-advance requirements in both the arc cells and the straight sections make this challenging. Moreover, the spin rotators must fulfill requirements for polarization and spin matching at widely different energies while satisfying technical constraints. In this paper these challenges and proposed solutions are presented and discussed.

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Royon, Christophe, i Cristian Baldenegro. "Diffraction and photon exchange processes at the LHC and parton saturation". International Journal of Modern Physics A 35, nr 08 (20.03.2020): 2030004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x20300045.

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We present a review of the recent theoretical and experimental developments related to the field of diffraction, parton saturation, and forward physics. We first discuss our present understanding of the proton structure in terms of quarks and gluons, the degrees of freedom of quantum chromodynamics. We then focus on some of the main results on diffraction at the HERA electron–proton collider in DESY, Germany, at the Tevatron proton–antiproton collider at Fermilab, Batavia, US, and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) proton–proton and nucleus–nucleus collider, which is located in Geneva, Switzerland. We also present a selected amount of results on diffraction and photon exchanges that can be done at the LHC experiments and at a future Electron Ion Collider (EIC) to be built in the US at Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York.

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He, X. "Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector Technologies for Particle Identification in the Electron-Ion Collider Experiments". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 46 (styczeń 2018): 1860080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194518600807.

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In the proposed Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) experiments, particle identification (PID) of the final state hadrons in the semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering allows the measurement of flavor-dependent gluon and quark distributions inside nucleons and nuclei. The EIC PID consortium (eRD14 Collaboration) has been formed for identifying and developing PID detectors using Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) techniques for the EIC experiments. A modular Ring Imaging Cherenkov (mRICH) detector has been designed for particle identification in the momentum coverage from 3 GeV/c to 10 GeV/c. The mRICH detector consists of an aerogel radiator block, a Fresnel lens, a mirror-wall and a photosensor plane. The first prototype of this detector was successfully tested at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in April 2016 for verifying the detector working principles. This talk will highlight the mRICH beam test results and their comparison with GEANT4-based detector simulations. An implementation of the mRICH detector concept in the Forward Angle sPHENIX spectrometer at BNL will also be mentioned in this talk.

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Luo, Y., I. Blackler, M. Blaskiewicz, W. Fischer, A. Marusic, C. Montag, T. Shrey i D. Xu. "Fine decoupling test and simulation study to maintain a large transverse emittance ratio in hadron storage rings". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012009.

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Abstract In previous and existing hadron storage rings, the horizontal and vertical emittances are normally the same or very close. For the Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) of the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), the design proton transverse emittance ratio is 10:1. To maintain this large emittance ratio, we need to have an online fine decoupling system to prevent transverse emittance exchange. For this purpose, we carried out fine decoupling experiments in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and reviewed its previous operational data. Analytical prediction and numerical simulation are preformed to estimate how small the global coupling coefficient should be to maintain a 10:1 emittance ratio.

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Poblaguev, A. A. "Polarization Measurements of p↑ and 3He↑ Beams at RHIC and Future EIC Using the Polarized Atomic Hydrogen Gas Jet Target". Universe 10, nr 1 (11.01.2024): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe10010032.

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At the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the Polarized Atomic Hydrogen Gas Jet Target polarimeter (HJET) is employed for the precise measurement of the absolute transverse (vertical) polarization of proton beams, achieving low systematic uncertainties of approximately σPsyst/P≤0.5%. The acquired experimental data not only facilitated the determination of single AN(t) and double ANN(t) spin analyzing powers for 100 and 255 GeV proton beams, but also revealed a non-zero Pomeron spin-flip contribution through a Regge fit. Preliminary results obtained for forward inelastic p↑p and elastic p↑A analyzing powers will be discussed. The success of the HJET at RHIC suggests its potential application for proton beam polarimetry at the upcoming Electron–Ion Collider (EIC), aiming for an accuracy of 1%. Moreover, the provided analysis indicates that the RHIC HJET target can serve as a tool for the precision calibration, with the required accuracy, of the 3He beam polarization at the EIC.

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Guskov, Alexey, Amaresh Datta, Anton Karpishkov, Igor Denisenko i Vladimir Saleev. "Probing Gluons with the Future Spin Physics Detector". Physics 5, nr 3 (27.06.2023): 672–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/physics5030044.

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In this paper, we review the physics studies to be performed with the Spin Physics Detector (SPD) at the Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) which is a multi-purpose experiment designed to study nucleon spin structure in the three dimensions. With capabilities to collide polarized protons and deuterons with center-of-mass energy up to 27 GeV and luminosity up to 1032cm−2s−1 for protons (an order of magnitude less for deuterons), the experiment is considered to allow measurements of cross-sections and spin asymmetries of hadronic processes sensitive to the unpolarized and various polarized (helicity, Sivers, Boer-Mulders) gluon distributions inside the nucleons. Results from the SPD will be complimentary to the present high-energy spin experiments at the RHIC (Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider) facility or future experiments such as the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) at BNL (Brookhaven National Laboratory) and the AFTER experiment at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) in understanding the spin structure of the basic building blocks of visible matter. Monte Carlo simulation-based results presented here demonstrate the impact of the SPD asymmetry measurements on gluon helicity parton distribution function (PDF) and gluon Sivers functions. With polarized deuteron collisions, the SPD is expected to be the unique laboratory for probing tensor-polarized gluon distributions. Additionally, there are possibilities of colliding other light nuclei, such as carbon, at reduced collision energy and luminosity during the first stage of the experiment.

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29

Tong, Xuan-Bo, Bo-Wen Xiao i Yuan-Yuan Zhang. "Harmonics of parton saturation in inclusive and diffractive Lepton-jet correlation at EIC". EPJ Web of Conferences 296 (2024): 16004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202429616004.

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We study the harmonic coefficient of both inclusive and diffractive azimuthal angle dependent lepton-jet correlations in Hadron-Electron Ring Accelerator and the future electron-ion collider. Numerical calculations for inclusive and diffractive harmonics and the ratio of harmonics in e + Au and e + p reveal their strong discriminating power for non-saturation model and saturation model. Moreover, we demonstrate that the t-dependent diffractive harmonics are innovative observables for nuclear density profile.

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30

Fanelli, C., i A. Mahmood. "Artificial Intelligence for imaging Cherenkov detectors at the EIC". Journal of Instrumentation 17, nr 07 (1.07.2022): C07011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/07/c07011.

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Abstract Imaging Cherenkov detectors form the backbone of particle identification (PID) at the future Electron Ion Collider (EIC). Currently all the designs for the first EIC detector proposal use a dual Ring Imaging CHerenkov (dRICH) detector in the hadron endcap, a Detector for Internally Reflected Cherenkov (DIRC) light in the barrel, and a modular RICH (mRICH) in the electron endcap. These detectors involve optical processes with many photons that need to be tracked through complex surfaces at the simulation level, while for reconstruction they rely on pattern recognition of ring images. This proceeding summarizes ongoing efforts and possible applications of AI for imaging Cherenkov detectors at EIC. In particular we will provide the example of the dRICH for the AI-assisted design and of the DIRC for simulation and particle identification from complex patterns and discuss possible advantages of using AI.

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31

Latif, Imran, Shigeki Misawa i Alexandr Zaytsev. "Finalizing Construction of a New Data Center at BNL". EPJ Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 02069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125102069.

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Computational science, data management and analysis have been key factors in the success of Brookhaven National Laboratory’s scientific programs at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), the Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN), and in biological, atmospheric, and energy systems science, Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD) and Materials Science, as well as our participation in international research collaborations, such as the ATLAS experiment at Europe’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN (Switzerland) and the Belle II experiment at KEK (Japan). The construction of a new data center is an acknowledgement of the increasing demand for computing and storage services at BNL in the near term and enable the Lab to address the needs of the future experiments at the High-Luminosity LHC at CERN and the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) at BNL in the long term.

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32

Morreale, Astrid. "Nuclear Physics at the Energy Frontier: Recent Heavy Ion Results from the Perspective of the Electron Ion Collider". Universe 5, nr 5 (28.04.2019): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5050098.

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Quarks and gluons are the fundamental constituents of nucleons. Their interactions rather than their mass are responsible for 99 % of the mass of all visible matter in the universe. Measuring the fundamental properties of matter has had a large impact on our understanding of the nucleon structure and it has given us decades of research and technological innovation. Despite the large number of discoveries made, many fundamental questions remain open and in need of a new and more precise generation of measurements. The future Electron Ion Collider (EIC) will be a machine dedicated to hadron structure research. It will study the content of protons and neutrons in a largely unexplored regime in which gluons are expected to dominate and eventually saturate. While the EIC will be the machine of choice to quantify this regime, recent surprising results from the heavy ion community have begun to exhibit similar signatures as those expected from a regime dominated by gluons. Many of the heavy ion results that will be discussed in this document highlight the kinematic limitations of hadron–hadron and hadron–nucleus collisions. The reliability of using as a reference proton–proton (pp) and proton–ion (pA) collisions to quantify and disentangle vacuum and Cold Nuclear Matter (CNM) effects from those proceeding from a Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) may be under question. A selection of relevant pp and pA results which highlight the need of an EIC will be presented.

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33

Sayed, Hisham Kamal, S. A. Bogacz i G. Krafft. "Design studies for the next generation electron ion colliders". International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, nr 09 (8.04.2014): 1450053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14500535.

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The next generation Electron Ion Collider (EIC) at Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLAB) utilizes a figure-8 shaped ion and electron rings. EIC has the ability to preserve the ion polarization during acceleration, where the electron ring matches in footprint with a figure-8 ion ring. The electron ring is designed to deliver a highly polarized high luminous electron beam at interaction point (IP). The main challenges of the electron ring design are the chromaticity compensation and maintaining high beam polarization of 70% at all energies 3–11 GeV without introducing transverse orbital coupling before the IP. The very demanding detector design limits the minimum distance between the final focus quadrupole and the interaction point to 3.5 m which results in a large β function inside the final focus quadrupoles leading to increased beam chromaticity. In this paper, we present a novel chromaticity compensation scheme that mitigates IP chromaticity by a compact chromaticity compensation section with multipole magnet components. In addition, a set of spin rotators are utilized to manipulate the polarization vector of the electron beam in order to preserve the beam polarization. The spin rotator solenoids introduce undesired coupling between the horizontal and vertical betatron motion of the beam. We introduce a compact and modular orbit decoupling insert that can fit in the limited space of the straight section in the figure-8 ring. We show a numerical study of the figure-8 ring design with the compact straight section, which includes the interaction region, chromaticity compensation section, and the spin rotators, the figure-8 design performance is evaluated with particle tracking.

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34

Gardner, S., R. Tyson, D. Glazier i K. Livingston. "Object condensation for track building in a backward electron tagger at the EIC". Journal of Instrumentation 19, nr 05 (1.05.2024): C05052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/c05052.

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Abstract At the Electron Ion Collider, quasi-real photoproduction measurements involve tracking scattered electrons at small angles relative to the beamline. These electrons act as effective beams of tagged almost-real photons, with a high flux compared to larger Q2 interactions. However, the proximity of the detector to the electron beam results in a very high flux of electrons from the bremsstrahlung process (about 10 electrons per 12 ns electron/ion bunch crossing over an area of approximately 100 cm2). Consequently, the tracking detector systems experience high occupancy. To address this, we propose using machine learning algorithms, specifically object condensation methods, which excel at track building in the quasi-real photon tagger. These algorithms achieve track finding efficiency of 95% or higher and purity of 90% or higher, even in the presence of noise and hit detection inefficiencies.

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35

Klest, Henry T. "A Compact TPC for the sPHENIX Experiment". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, nr 1 (1.11.2022): 012147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012147.

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The sPHENIX detector to be installed at RHIC in 2022 is designed to precisely measure jets, jet correlations, and dilepton pairs in heavy-ion collisions. With these measurements in mind, sPHENIX will employ a compact TPC covering 20cm < r < 78 cm and |η| < 1.1 as the central tracker. Utilizing an optimized Ne-CF4 gas mixture, zigzag readout pads, a 1.4 T solenoid, and a modified SAMPA chip for streaming readout, the TPC will provide a position resolution sufficient for measuring target observables in a high event rate environment. The sPHENIX TPC, with some modifications, could be a mid-rapidity tracking component in a day-one Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) detector. The design of the TPC will be discussed, as well as test beam data and applicability to the EIC.

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36

Li, Xuan. "Exploration of hadronization through heavy flavor production at the future Electron-Ion Collider". EPJ Web of Conferences 296 (2024): 16001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202429616001.

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The future Electron-Ion Collider will utilize high-luminosity highenergy electron+proton (e + p) and electron+nucleus (e + A) collisions to solve several fundamental questions in the high energy nuclear physics field. Heavy flavor products play an important role in constraining the initial-state nucleon/nucleus parton distribution functions especially in the high and low Bjorken-x (xBJ) region and exploring the final-state parton propagation and hadronization processes under different nuclear medium conditions. Latest simulation studies of heavy flavor hadron and jet measurements with the EIC project detector conceptual design will be discussed. The projected statistical accuracy of heavy flavor jet and heavy flavor hadron inside jet measurements in comparison with latest theoretical calculations will be presented.

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37

Xu, D., Y. Luo, D. Holmes, C. Montag, F. Willeke, Y. Hao i J. Qiang. "Beam-beam interaction for tilted storage rings". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012011.

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Abstract In the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) design, to avoid vertical orbit bumps in the Electron Storage Ring (ESR) at some crossing points with Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) to preserve the electron polarization, we plan to tilt the ESR plane by 200 μrad with an axis connecting IP6 and IP8. In this article, we study the beam-beam interaction when two rings are not in the same plane. The Lorentz boost formula is derived and the required vertical crabbing strength is calculated to compensate the dynamic effect. The beam-beam simulations are performed to validate the theory.

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38

Arratia, Miguel, Bruce Bagby, Peter Carney, Jiajun Huang, Ryan Milton, Sebouh J. Paul, Sean Preins, Miguel Rodriguez i Weibin Zhang. "Beam Test of the First Prototype of SiPM-on-Tile Calorimeter Insert for the EIC Using 4 GeV Positrons at Jefferson Laboratory". Instruments 7, nr 4 (17.11.2023): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments7040043.

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We recently proposed a high-granularity calorimeter insert for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) that uses plastic scintillator tiles read out by SiPMs. Among its features are an ASIC-away-from-SiPM strategy for reducing cooling requirements and minimizing space use, along with employing 3D-printed frames to reduce optical crosstalk and dead areas. To evaluate these features, we built a 40-channel prototype and tested it using a 4 GeV positron beam at Jefferson Laboratory. The measured energy spectra and 3D shower shapes are well described by simulations, confirming the effectiveness of the design, construction techniques, and calibration strategy. This constitutes the first use of SiPM-on-tile technology in an EIC detector design.

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39

Arratia, Miguel, Luis Garabito Ruiz, Jiajun Huang, Sebouh J. Paul, Sean Preins i Miguel Rodriguez. "Studies of time resolution, light yield, and crosstalk using SiPM-on-tile calorimetry for the future Electron-Ion Collider". Journal of Instrumentation 18, nr 05 (1.05.2023): P05045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/05/p05045.

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Abstract We recently proposed a high-granularity calorimeter insert for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) that is based on plastic scintillator tiles readout with silicon photomultipliers. In this work, we concretize its design by characterizing its building blocks with measurements of light yield, optical crosstalk, and timing resolutions using cosmic-rays, an LED, and a beta source. We also compared two approaches for the optical isolation of cells: “megatiles” with grooved boundaries between cells, and a 3D-printed plastic frame hosting individual cells. We found that the latter suppresses optical crosstalk to negligible levels while providing an easier assembly method. Overall, these performance studies can help inform calorimeter design and realistic simulations of 5D showers (time, energy, position) for the EIC and other experiments.

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40

Micolon, F., D. Bruno, C. Mi, D. Holmes, B. Lambiase, R. Than i J. Tuozzolo. "Reengineering the RHIC helium cooled current leads for EIC". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1301, nr 1 (1.05.2024): 012155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1301/1/012155.

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Abstract The electron ion collider (EIC) Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) will reuse most of the existing superconducting magnets (SC) from the RHIC storage ring. However, for some sectors of the machine, a modification of the accelerators optics will be required. To do this, the existing RHIC magnet electrical circuits will have to be modified and some superconducting current leads will need to be used at higher current. A work has been conducted to understand the current leads design parameters and their operational flexibility around these parameters, in particular for use at higher current. This paper details the study of the existing RHIC current leads, their potential for use at higher current and where required the modifications to extend their operational range.

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41

Qiang, Ji, i Erdong Wang. "Simulation of shot noise effects in the EIC strong hadron cooling accelerator using real number of electrons". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2687, nr 6 (1.01.2024): 062020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2687/6/062020.

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Abstract In the electron ion collider design, in order to achieve the peak luminosity 1034/cm 2/s with a reasonable lifetime, an efficient coherent electron cooling scheme was proposed to reduce the hadron beam emittance growth. Such a cooling scheme requires a good electron beam quality with a small energy spread. However, the shot noise in the electron beam through the accelerator might be amplified due to the microbunching instability and degrades the electron beam quality in the modulator section of the strong hadron cooling channel and correspondingly cooling rate. In this study, we report on self-consistent simulations of these effects using a real number of electrons to capture the details of shot noise and analysis of the shot noise growth through the accelerator.

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42

Micolon, F., J. Bellon, B. Gallagher, C. Hetzel, D. Holmes, V. Ptitsyn, J. Tuozzolo i S. Verdú-Andrés. "FELICIA - A probe to survey the RHIC magnet beampipe diameter for EIC beam screen insertion". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2687, nr 8 (1.01.2024): 082042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2687/8/082042.

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Abstract The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) will reuse many of the existing superconducting (SC) magnets of the RHIC storage rings. To comply with the beamline vacuum requirements in more demanding operational scenarios, the beampipe of the RHIC SC magnets will be equipped with low surface impedance, low secondary electron yield (SEY) beam screens. The installation of these beam screens will be done with the SC magnets as installed today, thus making it a critical operation for a timely EIC installation. The beam screen inner dimensions must be maximized to retain enough aperture to the beam. On the other hand, keeping enough clearance between the screen and the beampipe is critical to ensure a smooth beam screen installation. A survey probe was designed and built to measure the inner diameter of several RHIC SC magnets in-situ and provide critical data for the beam screen design optimization. This paper reports on the design of the probe and the results from the survey campaign.

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43

Rignanese, Luigi Pio, Neelima Agrawaal, Maxim Alexeev, Pietro Antonioli, Casimiro Baldanza, Luca Barion, Stefania Bufalino i in. "A readout system based on SiPM for the dRICH detector at the EIC". Journal of Instrumentation 19, nr 02 (1.02.2024): C02062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/02/c02062.

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Abstract The ePIC experiment at the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) aims to use silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) as the photodetector technology for the dual-radiator ring-imaging Cherenkov detector (dRICH). Despite their advantages for this low light application and insensitivity to high magnetic fields, SiPMs are sensitive to radiation and require rigorous testing to ensure that their single-photon counting capabilities and dark count rate are kept under control over the years of operation. The presented results show the successful use of a complete prototype readout chain based on the ALCOR chip for SiPM characterization measurements and assembled in an optical plane for test-beam measurements using the dRICH prototype.

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44

Madrid, C., R. Heller, C. San Martín, S. Nanda, A. Apresyan, W. K. Brooks, W. Chen i in. "First survey of centimeter-scale AC-LGAD strip sensors with a 120 GeV proton beam". Journal of Instrumentation 18, nr 06 (1.06.2023): P06013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/06/p06013.

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Abstract We present the first beam test results with centimeter-scale AC-LGAD strip sensors, using the Fermilab Test Beam Facility and sensors manufactured by the Brookhaven National Laboratory. Sensors of this type are envisioned for applications that require large-area precision 4D tracking coverage with economical channel counts, including timing layers for the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), and space-based particle experiments. A survey of sensor designs is presented, with the aim of optimizing the electrode geometry for spatial resolution and timing performance. Several design considerations are discussed towards maintaining desirable signal characteristics with increasingly larger electrodes. The resolutions obtained with several prototypes are presented, reaching simultaneous 18 μm and 32 ps resolutions from strips of 1 cm length and 500 μm pitch. With only slight modifications, these sensors would be ideal candidates for a 4D timing layer at the EIC.

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45

Song, Guofeng, Yiding Zhao, Ming Shao, Yi Zhou, Jianbei Liu i Zhiyong Zhang. "Construction and test of a transition-radiation detector prototype based on thick gas electron multiplier technology". Journal of Instrumentation 18, nr 01 (1.01.2023): P01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/p01024.

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Abstract A transition-radiation detector (TRD) is a powerful device for highly relativistic electron (γ ≳ 1,000) identification. Electron identification is crucial for tagging the outgoing scattered electrons in an electron-ion collider (EIC) detector. Employing a TRD at the electron forward region of an EIC detector can provide the necessary electron identification with high hadron rejection over a wide momentum range. Thick gas electron multiplier (THGEM) technology is suitable for radiation detection in modern high-energy experiments owing to its high-granularity structure, radiation hardness, high-rate capability and ease of large-area production. This study investigates a TRD prototype based on THGEM technology through soft X-ray and electron beam experiments. Geant4 simulation were extensively exploited to understand the operation of TRD prototype with different gas mixtures. Particularly, the performance of TRD prototype with an electron beam at the DESY, with argon-based gas rather than xenon-based gas, agreed well with the simulation analyses in all important aspects. Based on the consistency of the experimental and simulation results, a likelihood analysis on the simulated total energy deposit in the xenon-based working gas would suggest a pion rejection improvement with the optimization of detector design, readout electronics and identification algorithm.

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46

CHEN, JIAN-PING. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SINGLE SPIN ASYMMETRIES AND TMDs". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 25 (styczeń 2014): 1460021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514600210.

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Single Spin Asymmetries and Transverse Momentum Dependent (TMD) distribution study has been one of the main focuses of hadron physics in recent years. The initial exploratory Semi-Inclusive Deep-Inelastic-Scattering (SIDIS) experiments with transversely polarized proton and deuteron targets from HERMES and COMPASS attracted great attention and lead to very active efforts in both experiments and theory. A SIDIS experiment on the neutron with a polarized 3 He target was performed at JLab. Recently published results as well as new preliminary results are shown. Precision TMD experiments are planned at JLab after the 12 GeV energy upgrade. Three approved experiments with a new SoLID spectrometer on both the proton and neutron will provide high precision TMD data in the valence quark region. In the long-term future, an Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) as proposed in US (MEIC@JLab and E-RHIC@BNL) will provide precision TMD data of the gluons and the sea. A new opportunity just emerged in China that a low-energy EIC (1st stage EIC@HIAF) may provide precision TMD data in the sea quark region, complementary to the proposed EIC in US.

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47

Brunbauer, F. M., C. Chatterjee, G. Cicala, A. Cicuttin, P. Ciliberti, M. L. Crespo, D. D’Ago i in. "Employment of nanodiamond photocathodes on MPGD-based HEP detector at the future EIC". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, nr 1 (1.11.2022): 012140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012140.

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In high momenta range, the construction of a Ring Imaging CHerenkov (RICH) detector for the particle identification at the future Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is a complicated task. A compact collider setup imposes to construct a RICH with a short radiator length, hence limiting the number of photons. The number of photons can be increase by choosing to work in far UV region. However, as standard fused-silica windows are opaque below 165 nm, therefore, a windowless RICH approach could be a possible choice. In the far UV range, CsI is a widely used photo-cathode (PC) to detect photons, but because of its hygroscopic nature, it is very delicate to handle. Its Quantum Efficiency (QE) degrades in high intensity ion fluxes. These are the key reasons to search a novel, less delicate PC with sensitivity in the far UV region. Hydrogenated nanodiamond films are proposed as an alternative PC material and shown to have promising characteristics. The performance of nanodiamond PC coupled to THGEM-based detectors is the objects of our ongoing R & D. The first phase of these studies includes the characterization of THGEMs coated with nanodiamont PC, the comparison of the effective QE in vacuum and in gaseous atmospheres, the hardness respect to the PC bombardment by ions from the multiplication process. The approach is described in detail as well as all the results obtained so far with these exploratory studies.

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48

KANG, ZHONG-BO, XIAOHUI LIU, SONNY MANTRY i JIANWEI QIU. "THE 1-JETTINESS EVENT-SHAPE FOR DIS WITH NNLL RESUMMATION". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 25 (styczeń 2014): 1460041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514600416.

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We propose the use of 1-jettiness, a global event shape, for exclusive single jet production in lepton-nucleus deep inelastic scattering (DIS). We derive a factorization formula, using the Soft-Collinear Effective Theory, differential in the transverse momentum and rapidity of the jet and the 1-jettiness event shape. It provides a quantitative measure of the shape of the final-state QCD radiation in the presence of the hard jet, providing a useful powerful probe of QCD and nuclear physics. For example, one expects differences in the observed pattern of QCD radiation between large and small nuclei and these can be quantified by the 1-jettiness event shape. Numerical results are given for this new DIS event shape at leading twist with resummation at the next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic (NNLL) level of accuracy, for a variety of nuclear targets. Such studies would be ideal at a future EIC or LHeC electron-ion collider, where a range of nuclear targets are planned.

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49

Xie, Huamu. "Overview of the Semiconductor Photocathode Research in China". Micromachines 12, nr 11 (9.11.2021): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12111376.

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With the growing demand from scientific projects such as the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL), ultrafast electron diffraction/microscopy (UED/UEM) and electron ion collider (EIC), the semiconductor photocathode, which is a key technique for a high brightness electron source, has been widely studied in China. Several fabrication systems have been designed and constructed in different institutes and the vacuum of most systems is in the low 10−8 Pa level to grow a high QE and long lifetime photocathode. The QE, dark lifetime/bunch lifetime, spectral response and QE map of photocathodes with different kinds of materials, such as bialkali (K2CsSb, K2NaSb, etc.), Cs2Te and GaAs, have been investigated. These photocathodes will be used to deliver electron beams in a high voltage DC gun, a normal conducting RF gun, and an SRF gun. The emission physics of the semiconductor photocathode and intrinsic emittance reduction are also studied.

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50

CHIRILLI, GIOVANNI ANTONIO. "SMALL-x EVOLUTION IN THE NEXT-TO-LEADING ORDER". Modern Physics Letters A 24, nr 35n37 (7.12.2009): 3052–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732309001261.

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After a brief introduction to Deep Inelastic Scattering in the Bjorken limit and in the Regge Limit we discuss the operator product expansion in terms of non local string operator and in terms of Wilson lines. We will show how the high-energy behavior of amplitudes in gauge theories can be reformulated in terms of the evolution of Wilson-line operators. In the leading order this evolution is governed by the non-linear Balitsky-Kovchegov (BK) equation. In order to see if this equation is relevant for existing or future deep inelastic scattering (DIS) accelerators (like Electron Ion Collider (EIC) or Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC)) one needs to know the next-to-leading order (NLO) corrections. In addition, the NLO corrections define the scale of the running-coupling constant in the BK equation and therefore determine the magnitude of the leading-order cross sections. In Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the next-to-leading order BK equation has both conformal and non-conformal parts. The NLO kernel for the composite operators resolves in a sum of the conformal part and the running-coupling part. The QCD and [Formula: see text] kernel of the BK equation is presented.

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