Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Electron heat engine

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Electron heat engine”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 1 lutego 2022

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Electron heat engine"

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Ding, Zemin, Lingen Chen i Fengrui Sun. "Ecological optimization of energy selective electron (ESE) heat engine". Applied Mathematical Modelling 35, nr 1 (styczeń 2011): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2010.06.003.

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ZHANG, YAN-CHAO, JI-ZHOU HE, YU-LING XIAO i HONG-NI LIANG. "A NANOTHERMOELECTRIC HEAT ENGINE WORKING WITH TWO-LEVEL QUANTUM SYSTEM". Modern Physics Letters B 28, nr 03 (23.01.2014): 1450018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984914500183.

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In this paper, we establish a nanothermoelectric engine consisting of two discrete energy levels embedded between two reservoirs at different temperatures and chemical potentials. Based on master equation, the expressions for the power output and efficiency of the nanothermoelectric engine are derived. The characteristic curves between the power output and the efficiency are plotted. Moreover, the optimal performance parameters are obtained by the numerical calculation. The influence of the strength of variations in electron–electron interactions on the optimal performance parameters is analyzed in detail.
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Wang, HaiLong, Hui Pan i RongMing Wang. "Quantum heat engine cycle working with a strongly correlated electron system". Science China Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy 55, nr 5 (16.03.2012): 792–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11433-012-4678-9.

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Su, Shanhe, Juncheng Guo, Guozhen Su i Jincan Chen. "Performance optimum analysis and load matching of an energy selective electron heat engine". Energy 44, nr 1 (sierpień 2012): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.05.044.

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Ding, ZeMin, LinGen Chen, YanLin Ge i ZhiHui Xie. "Optimal performance regions of an irreversible energy selective electron heat engine with double resonances". Science China Technological Sciences 62, nr 3 (10.12.2018): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-018-9357-5.

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Strangman, T. E., i J. L. Schienle. "Tailoring Zirconia Coatings for Performance in a Marine Gas Turbine Environment". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 112, nr 4 (1.10.1990): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906200.

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Zirconia coatings represent an advanced materials technology that offers significant durability and performance benefits for marine gas turbines. Thin zirconia coatings offer superior resistance to hot corrosion attack from fuel (sulfur, vanadium, and sodium) and air (sea salt) impurities present in marine engine environments. Thicker zirconia coatings reduce transient thermal stresses and heat transferred into air-cooled components. This paper describes the development of zirconia coatings, applied by the electron beam evaporation-physical vapor deposition process, that are tailored to provide superior durability in a marine engine environment.
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Huang, Jiang Lin, Jean Christophe Gebelin, Richard Turner i Roger C. Reed. "A Process Model for Electron Beam Welding with Variable Thickness". Materials Science Forum 762 (lipiec 2013): 538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.762.538.

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A process model for electron beam (EB) welding with a variable thickness weld joint has been developed. Based on theoretical aspects and experimental calibration of electron beam focusing, welding parameters including beam power, focus current, working distance and welding speed were formulated in the heat source model. The model has been applied for the simulation of assembly of components in a gas turbine engine compressor. A series of metallographic weld sections with different welding thickness were investigated to validate the predicted thermal results. The workpieces were scanned both prior to-and after welding, using automated optical metrology (GOM scanning) in order to measure the distortion induced in the welding process. The measured result was compared with predicted displacement. This work demonstrates the attempts to improve the EB welding process modelling by connecting the heat input directly from the actual welding parameters, which could potentially reduce (or even remove) the need for weld bead calibrations from experimental observation.
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Ding, Zemin, Lingen Chen i Fengrui Sun. "Performance optimization of a total momentum filtered energy selective electron (ESE) heat engine with double resonances". Mathematical and Computer Modelling 54, nr 9-10 (listopad 2011): 2064–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2011.05.015.

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Ding, ZeMin, LinGen Chen i FengRui Sun. "Modeling and performance analysis of energy selective electron (ESE) engine with heat leakage and transmission probability". Science China Physics, Mechanics and Astronomy 54, nr 11 (12.09.2011): 1925–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11433-011-4473-z.

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Yu, Youhong, Zemin Ding, Lingen Chen, Wenhua Wang i Fengrui Sun. "Power and efficiency optimization for an energy selective electron heat engine with double-resonance energy filter". Energy 107 (lipiec 2016): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.04.006.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Electron heat engine"

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Humphrey, Tammy Ellen Physics Faculty of Science UNSW. "Mesoscopic quantum ratchets and the thermodynamics of energy selective electron heat engines". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Physics, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19186.

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A ratchet is an asymmetric, non-equilibrated system that can produce a directed current of particles without the need for macroscopic potential gradients. In rocked quantum electron ratchets, tunnelling and wave-reflection can induce reversals in the direction of the net current as a function of system parameters. An asymmetric quantum point contact in a GaAs/GaAlAs heterostructure has been studied experimentally as a realisation of a quantum electron ratchet. A Landauer model predicts reversals in the direction of the net current as a function of temperature, amplitude of the rocking voltage, and Fermi energy. Artifacts such as circuit-induced asymmetry, also known as self-gating, were carefully removed from the experimental data, which showed net current and net differential conductance reversals, as predicted by the model. The model also predicts the existence of a heat current where the net electron current changes sign, as equal numbers of high and low energy electrons are pumped in opposite directions. An idealised quantum electron ratchet is studied analytically as an energy selective electron heat engine and refrigerator. The hypothetical device considered consists of two electron reservoirs with different temperatures and Fermi energies. The reservoirs are linked via a resonant state in a quantum dot, which functions as an idealised energy filter for electrons. The efficiency of the device approaches the Carnot value when the energy transmitted by the filter is tuned to that where the Fermi distributions in the reservoirs are equal. The maximum power regime, where the filter transmits all electrons that contribute positively to the power, is also examined. Analytic expressions are obtained for the power and efficiency of the idealised device as both a heat engine and as a refrigerator in this regime of operation. The expressions depend on the ratio of the voltage to the difference in temperature of the reservoirs, and on the ratio of the reservoir temperatures. The energy selective electron heat engine is shown to be non-endoreversible, and to operate in an analogous manner to the three-level amplifier, a laser based quantum heat engine. Implications for improving the efficiency of thermionic refrigerators and power generators are discussed.
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Kalua, Tisaye Bertram. "Analysis of factors affecting performance of a low-temperature Organic Rankine Cycle heat engine". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17844.

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Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) heat engines convert low-grade heat to other forms of energy such as electrical and mechanical energy. They achieve this by vaporizing and expanding the organic fluid at high pressure, turning the turbine which can be employed to run an alternator or any other mechanism as desired. Conventional Rankine Cycles operate with steam at temperatures above 400 ℃. The broad aspect of the research focussed on the generation of electricity to cater for household needs. Solar energy would be used to heat air which would in turn heat rocks in an insulated vessel. This would act as an energy storage in form of heat from which a heat transfer fluid would collect heat to supply the ORC heat engine for the generation of electricity. The objective of the research was to optimize power output of the ORC heat engine operating at temperatures between 25℃ at the condenser and 90 to 150℃ at the heat source. This was achieved by analysis of thermal energy, mechanical power, electrical power and physical parameters in connection with flow rate of working fluid and heat transfer fluids.
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Johansson, Anton, i Martin Drangel. "Measurements and Modelling for Heat Transfer Corrected Exhaust Gas Temperatures in a Gasoline Engine". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157637.

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This thesis is treating the modelling of a thermocouple (tc) to compensate forheat transfers due to convection, radiation and conduction when performingtemperature measurements in an SI-engine. An experiment plan was developedwhich covered experiments in an stc-rig and on a 4-cylinder SI-engine. The measurementsin the stc-rig was mainly to develop the model, while the measurementsin the engine lab was mainly to examine the characteristics of the engineand evaluate the modelled tc.Measurements with an exposed thin tip tc in the stc-rig showed a symmetricaltemperature profile in the pipe. By examining how the 1.5 mm tc behaved inthis environment with known gas temperature profile, the obtained knowledgecould be applied to cross-sectional measurements in the SI-engine. It was foundthat the temperature profile in the engine deviated from the temperature profilemeasured in the stc-rig. The temperature was higher near the top of the pipethan in the center and lower part. In the horizontal direction, the temperaturewas found to be constant.Conclusions drawn from measurements in the engine lab points to that the crosssectionaltemperature and mass flow profiles have a strong connection with theengine’s operation point. The cross-sectional profiles, along with respective profileover time, is crucial when estimating the energy content of an exhaust gaspulse.The inverted sensor model with optimized parameters could estimate the meanvalue of the measured gas temperature during stationary runs within 6 degC.
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Ahmed, Mahbub. "Investigation on the flame dynamics of meso-combustors". To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Farrall, Simon. "A study in the use of fuzzy logic in the management of an automotive heat engine/electric hybrid vehicle powertrain". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387380.

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Thornberg, Nils, i Kraft Jonas Eriksson. "Physically Based Modelling for Knock Prediction in SI Engines". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-149020.

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The high demand for an increase in performance and at the same time loweringthe emissions is forcing the automotive industry to increase the efficiency of thevehicles. This demand lead to a problem called knock, which often is the limitingfactor when increasing the efficiency of the engine. Knock occurs when theunburned gases inside the combustion chamber self-ignites due to the increasingpressure and temperature.This thesis investigates if it is possible to predict knock with a physicallybased knock model. The model consist of several sub-models such as pressuremodel, temperature model and knock model. The models are built by using measureddata and the goal is to get an independent knock prediction model that canfind the limited ignition angle that will cause knock.The results shows that an analytic pressure model can simulate a measuredpressure curve. But when it comes to predicting knock, there is an uncertaintywhich can be improved by changing the modelling strategy and making the modelsmore accurate.
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Cruz, Ricardo Wilson Aguiar da. "Avaliação da introdução de cogeração no sistema isolado do interior do estado do Amazonas". [s.n.], 2004. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265238.

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Orientadores: Silvia Azucena Nebra e Elizabeth Ferreira Cartaxo
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual se Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Neste trabalho procurou-se apresentar um panorama da geração isolada de energia elétrica pelo Sistema CEAM, quanto às suas características técnicas e econômicas, e do mercado de conservação de pescado do interior do Estado do Amazonas, como bases para desenvolver um método que permita avaliações da introdução de cogeração nessas usinas, visando a produção de mo e gelo, como forma de elevação da lucratividade. Para tanto é mostrado que uma usina autônoma produzindo apenas energia elétrica no cenário interiorano amazonense não tem como ser lucrativa no cenário atual. Foi utilizado como ferramentas básicas elementos da teoria dos motores de combustão interna sob carga variável, teoria das máquinas de remgeração por absorção água-amônia e métodos termoeconômicos baseados na primeira e segunda lei da Termodinâmica. O quadro típico das usinas do interior é mostrado por dados coletados em visitas a cinco usinas, sendo duas delas de outros estados que não o Amazonas, mas que conservam características comuns com as usinas amazonenses. O mercado de pescado é discutido sobre dados bibliográficos. E, do cruzamento desses quadros, são inferidas características da interdependência entre remgeração industrial e energia elétrica
Abstract: This investigation shows a panorama of the isolated power generation of the Amazon State CEAM System regarding its technical and economic characteristics, as well as the problems of the refrigeration facilities of the tishing industry of inland the State, focusing to develop methods to evaluate the introduction of cogeneration in the generation system to the enhance its protitability. Meanwhile, it is shown that a autonomous power station can not expect to become protitable in the Amazonian nowadays scenario if it uniquely produces electric energy. To achieve this objective the main theoretical background were elements of the theory of internal combustion engines under variable charge, the theory of aquammonia absorption refiigeration devices, and methods belonging to thermoeconomics based on tirst law and second law of thermodynamics. A typical profile of the stations of the CEAM System is showed by collected data on tive autonomous power stations among the Northern Brazilian autonomous power grid. The tive power stations preserve common characteristics among them. The market of the tishing industry is showed by bibliography surveyed data. These data made possible to infer the profound relationship between refiigeration and electric energy
Doutorado
Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos
Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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Reis, Joaquim Antônio dos [UNESP]. "Projeto e montagem de um sistema compacto de cogeração: aplicação da análise exergoeconômica". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106421.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho desenvolve o projeto, aqui entendido como a seleção das unidades que atendam às exigências de obtenção de eletricidade, calor e frio, e a montagem de um sistema de cogeração que usa um motor de pequeno porte associado a uma máquina de absorção e trocadores de calor que satisfarão tais exigências de uma maneira a mais econômica possível, isto é, otimizado em termos de custos. Aplicando-se um método de obtenção dos custos associados à exergia, cria-se um quadro de custos exergéticos para a obtenção de cada produto, e a soma de cada custo constitui o que chama-se de custo de manufatura exergética. O estudo demonstra que é possível aplicar esse método e identificar os pontos de deficiência de um sistema térmico como o mostrado e ,com isso, tomar medidas que venham a melhorar seu desempenho. Essa otimização física não se utiliza de conhecidos algoritmos de otimização matemática, utilizando-se de dados físicos e termodinâmicos medidos, O método permite identificar a forma operacional (basicamente a rotação do motor) que apresente os menores custos. A compreensão dos aspectos gerais da cogeração, das tecnologias envolvidas, com suas vantagens e desvantagens, torna possível aplicar a avaliação exergética associada a conceitos econômicos,e, com essa análise, tomar-se medidas que melhorem o desempenho do sistema em estudo.
This work develop the design of a cogeneration system with a small internal combustion engine coupled with an absorption refrigeration unit utilised in the production of a refrigeration effect, heating effect and electrical power generation with the utilization of exhaust waste heat, in a most possible economic way, i.e., optimized within limits of costs. By developing a method of costs associated to exergy, raises an exergetic costs for each unit, and the total costs is called manufacture exergetic cost. This study demonstrate that the appliance of this method identify the failures in the system and indicate where applies measures that improves its performance. This optimization do not utilizes mathematical algorithms, it is a physical optimization that use thermodynamics and physical data. The objective of this method is to identify the operational form that introduces the smaller cost. This compact cogeneration system have an internal combustion engine coupled with two heat exchangers and an absorption engine. The comprehension of general aspects of cogeneration technologies, its advantages and disadvantages turn possible to apply the exergetic evaluation associated with economic concepts to improve the performance of the system.
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Reis, Joaquim Antônio dos. "Projeto e montagem de um sistema compacto de cogeração : aplicação da análise exergoeconômica /". Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106421.

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Resumo: Este trabalho desenvolve o projeto, aqui entendido como a seleção das unidades que atendam às exigências de obtenção de eletricidade, calor e frio, e a montagem de um sistema de cogeração que usa um motor de pequeno porte associado a uma máquina de absorção e trocadores de calor que satisfarão tais exigências de uma maneira a mais econômica possível, isto é, otimizado em termos de custos. Aplicando-se um método de obtenção dos custos associados à exergia, cria-se um quadro de custos exergéticos para a obtenção de cada produto, e a soma de cada custo constitui o que chama-se de custo de manufatura exergética. O estudo demonstra que é possível aplicar esse método e identificar os pontos de deficiência de um sistema térmico como o mostrado e ,com isso, tomar medidas que venham a melhorar seu desempenho. Essa otimização física não se utiliza de conhecidos algoritmos de otimização matemática, utilizando-se de dados físicos e termodinâmicos medidos, O método permite identificar a forma operacional (basicamente a rotação do motor) que apresente os menores custos. A compreensão dos aspectos gerais da cogeração, das tecnologias envolvidas, com suas vantagens e desvantagens, torna possível aplicar a avaliação exergética associada a conceitos econômicos,e, com essa análise, tomar-se medidas que melhorem o desempenho do sistema em estudo.
Abstract: This work develop the design of a cogeneration system with a small internal combustion engine coupled with an absorption refrigeration unit utilised in the production of a refrigeration effect, heating effect and electrical power generation with the utilization of exhaust waste heat, in a most possible economic way, i.e., optimized within limits of costs. By developing a method of costs associated to exergy, raises an exergetic costs for each unit, and the total costs is called manufacture exergetic cost. This study demonstrate that the appliance of this method identify the failures in the system and indicate where applies measures that improves its performance. This optimization do not utilizes mathematical algorithms, it is a physical optimization that use thermodynamics and physical data. The objective of this method is to identify the operational form that introduces the smaller cost. This compact cogeneration system have an internal combustion engine coupled with two heat exchangers and an absorption engine. The comprehension of general aspects of cogeneration technologies, its advantages and disadvantages turn possible to apply the exergetic evaluation associated with economic concepts to improve the performance of the system.
Orientador: José Luz Silveira
Coorientador: Edson Bazzo
Banca: Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho
Banca: Julio Santana Antunes
Banca: Jose Rui Camargo
Banca: Newton Galvão de Campos Leite
Doutor
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Šaroun, Josef. "Projektové řízení výstavby technologického celku". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230034.

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The target of this master thesis is specify the requirements, which come up while summing the investment aim of a new 40MW energetic unit, and show the overall project management. Thesis is divided into two parts. First part deals with project management from the investors point of view. There is also detailed concept study, technological description of piston co-generation units and combined cycle, concept design of calculated variations and their economical analysis. Second part is taken from the point of view of the main supplier. There is defined the range of operations, documents and official permissions needed for successful finish of the civil part of the energetic unit project.
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Książki na temat "Electron heat engine"

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Rose, David M. Modelling, validation and analysis of a hybrid heat engine/electric powertrain. [s.l.]: typescript, 1994.

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American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Internal Combustion Engine Division. Technical Conference. New engine technology for cogeneration: Presented at the Internal Combustion Engine Division Technical Conference, Kansas City, Missouri, October 4-7, 1987. New York, N.Y. (345 E. 47th St., New York 10017): American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987.

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Shaltens, Richard K. Preliminary designs for 25 kWe advanced Stirling conversion systems for dish electric applications. [Washington, D.C.?: National Aeronautics and Space Administration], 1990.

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Compressor application engineering. Houston: Book Division, Gulf Pub. Co., 1986.

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Binchi, Kabushiki Kaisha Da. Heisei 23-nendo rōtarī netsu enjin hatsuden shisutemu no jitsuyōka kenkyū kaihatsu itaku gyōmu seika hōkokusho. [Nara-ken Yamatotakada-shi]: Kabushiki Kaisha Da Binchi, 2012.

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Pichot, Pierre. Compressor application engineering. Houston: Gulf Pub. Co., Book Division, 1986.

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Chŏng, Hŏn-saeng. Yŏnso panŭngpŏp e ŭihan chŏnyŏlgwan ŭi seramik pʻibok kisul kaebal =: Ceramic lining of pipe for electric heating by combustion reaction process : chʻoejong pogosŏ. [Seoul]: Sanŏp Chawŏnbu, 2006.

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Chŏng, Hŏn-saeng. Yŏnso panŭngpŏp e ŭihan chŏnyŏlgwan ŭi seramik pʻibok kisul kaebal =: Ceramic lining of pipe for electric heating by combustion reaction process : chʻoejong pogosŏ. [Seoul]: Sanŏp Chawŏnbu, 2006.

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Farrall, Simon. A study in the use of fuzzy logic in the management of an automotive heat engine/electric hybrid vehicle powertrain. [s.l.]: typescript, 1993.

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International Joint Power Generation Conference (1997 Denver, Colorado). Proceedings of the 1997 International Joint Power Generation Conference: Presented at the 1997 International Joint Power Generation Conference, November 2-5, 1997, Denver, Colorado. New York, N.Y: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996.

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Części książek na temat "Electron heat engine"

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Gusarov, Valentin, Leonid Yuferev, Zahid Godzhaev i Aleksandr Parachnich. "Gas Turbine Power Plant of Low Power GTP-10S". W Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 85–106. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9420-8.ch004.

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Currently, there is an increase in the use of gas turbines. Today they are used in the energy sector: aviation, armed forces, and the navy. The introduction of a new manufacturing technology developed by the authors will make it possible to manufacture cheap and reliable installations and thus ensure an exceptional position on the Russian market for goods and technologies, and taking into account the use of intellectual rights, abroad. The scientific novelty of the sample is the method of calculating small engines with a centrifugal compressor, a centripetal turbine and a combustion chamber with a negative thrust vector of the air flow. It is shown that the developed microgas turbine cogeneration power generator consists of a microturbine engine with a periphery, a free power turbine necessary for the selection of mechanical power, a high-speed electric generator with permanent magnets, an electronic power conversion system, exhaust heat energy recovery system and an automatic control system.
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Davis, Howard. "25. Article 3 of the First Protocol: right to free elections". W Human Rights Law Directions, 488–99. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198871347.003.0025.

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Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. It discusses European Convention law and relates it to domestic law under the HRA. Questions, discussion points, and thinking points help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress and knowledge can be tested by self-test questions and exam questions at the chapter end. This chapter deals with Article 3 of the First Protocol which imposes on states a duty to hold elections. At the heart of Article 3 is the view that the best way to uphold human rights is through upholding an ‘effective political democracy’. Human rights require states to respect various rights and freedoms that are necessary for any system if it is to be democratic. Though Article 3 of the First Protocol appears to provide only a collective right to fair elections, it has been interpreted to also provide for individual rights to vote, to stand, and to sit, if elected. Article 3 does not, however, provide wide rights to participate in political processes. Its scope is confined to elections for ‘the legislature’, which do not include local elections or referendums. The controversy over prisoners’ voting rights is discussed in this chapter.
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Puhan, Debashis. "Lubricant and Lubricant Additives". W Tribology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93830.

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Lubricants have been used by humans for thousands of years in their simple machines such as wheel-axle bearings and sledges. Modern machines are much more complicated and are composed of many different machine elements which are in relative motion under varying loads, speeds and temperatures. Industrial lubricants are significant for all kinds of industries whether machine building, chemical, textile, wood, food-processing, automotive, or wind power. Today’s lubricants have evolved to a complex mixture of chemical structures that ensure not only lower friction but also provide various other functionality such as lower wear, improved heat transfer, sealing, as well as control of soot, impurities, sludge and deposit formation in the mechanical equipment. Lubricant research and development has become indispensable in automotive engines and drive trains as these have been rapidly advancing towards smaller sizes, increased power, better fuel economy and lesser emissions. Development of lubricant additives and lubricant formulation has led to extended service intervals, enhanced fuel efficiency and improved machine durability. Future trends of lubricant development and use in the Industry 4.0 era and rise of electric vehicles look promising where several stakeholders already have taken their first steps.
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Moloney, Maria, i Gary Coyle. "Next Generation E-Government". W Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 124–46. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6082-3.ch006.

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The evolving model of the Future Internet has, at its heart, the users of the Internet. Web 2.0 and Government 2.0 initiatives help citizens communicate even better with their governments. Such initiatives have the potential to empower citizens by giving them a stronger voice in both the traditional sense and in the digital society. Pressure is mounting on governments to listen to the voice of the public expressed through these technologies and incorporate their needs into public policy. On the other hand, governments still have a duty to protect their citizens' personal information against unlawful and malicious intent. This responsibility is essential to any government in an age where there is an increasing burden on citizens to interact with governments via electronic means. This chapter examines this dual agenda of modern governments to engage with its citizens, on the one hand, to encourage transparency and open discussion, and to provide digitally offered public services that require the protection of citizens' private information, on the other. In this chapter, it is argued that a citizen-centric approach to online privacy protection that works in tandem with the open government agenda will provide a unified mode of interaction between citizens, businesses, and governments in digital society.
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Avery, William H., i Chih Wu. "Introduction and Overview". W Renewable Energy from the Ocean. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195071993.003.0008.

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The sunlight that falls on the oceans is so strongly absorbed by the water that effectively all of its energy is captured within a shallow “mixed layer” at the surface, 35 to 100 m (100 to 300 ft) thick, where wind and wave actions cause the temperature and salinity to be nearly uniform. In the regions of the tropical oceans between approximately 15° north and 15° south latitude, the heat absorbed from the sun warms the water in the mixed layer to a value near 28°C (82°F) that is nearly constant day and night and from month to month. The annual average temperature of the mixed layer throughout the region varies from about 27°C to about 29°C (80 to 85°F). Beneath the mixed layer, the water becomes colder as depth increases until at 800 to 1000 m (2500 to 3300 ft), a temperature of 4.4°C (40°F) is reached. Below this depth, the temperature drops only a few degrees further to the ocean bottom at an average depth of 3650 m (12,000 ft). Thus, a huge reservoir of cold water exists below a depth of 3000 ft. This cold water is the accumulation of ice-cold water that has melted from the polar regions. Because of its higher density and minimal mixing with the warmer water above, the cold water flows along the ocean bottom from the poles toward the equator, displacing the lower-density water above. The result of the two physical processes is to create an oceanic structure with a large reservoir of warm water at the surface and a large reservoir of cold water at the bottom, with a temperature difference between them of 22 to 25 degrees Celsius (40 to 45 degrees Fahrenheit); this structure is found throughout the entire area of the tropical oceans where the depth exceeds 1000 m (3300 ft). The temperature difference is maintained throughout the year, with variations of a few degrees Fahrenheit due to the seasonal effects and weather, and day-to-night changes on the order of one degree. The ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) process uses this temperature difference to operate a heat engine, which produces electric power.
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Copeland, Jack. "Machine against Machine". W Colossus. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192840554.003.0012.

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As explained in the preceding chapter, Tutte invented a way of finding the settings of the Tunny’s chi-wheels, but the rub was that his method seemed impractical. It involved calculations which, if done by hand, would consume a vast amount of time—probably as much as several hundred years for a single, long message, Newman once estimated. The necessary calculations were straightforward enough, consisting basically of comparing two streams made up of dots and crosses, and counting the number of times that each had a dot, or cross, in the same position. Today, of course, we turn such work over to electronic computers. When Tutte shyly explained his method to Newman, Newman suggested using high-speed electronic counters to mechanise the process. It was a brilliant idea. Within a surprisingly short time, Newman’s factory of monstrous electronic computers, dedicated to breaking Tunny, was affording a glimpse of the future. Electronic counters had been developed in Cambridge before the war. Used for counting emissions of subatomic particles, these had been designed by C. E. Wynn-Williams, then like Newman a Cambridge don. Newman knew of Wynn-Williams’ work, and in a moment of inspiration he saw that the same idea could be applied to the Tunny problem. Tutte invented his method in November 1942 and the following month Newman was given the job of developing the necessary machinery. Newman worked out the cryptanalytical requirements for the planned machine and called in Wynn-Williams to design the electronic counters. Wynn-Williams was by then involved in wartime research at the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) in Malvern. Newman and TRE approached an expert on teleprinter equipment, F. O. Morrell, head of the telegraph and teleprinter group of the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill in North London, to engineer the other parts of the machine. Construction of Newman’s machine started in January 1943 and a prototype began operating in June of that year, in the newly formed Newmanry. The Newmanry consisted initially of Newman himself, Michie, two engineers, and 16 ‘Wrens’—members of the Women’s Royal Naval Service. The section was housed in a two-roomed hut, Hut 11, originally the first Bombe room.
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Bentley, Peter J. "Your Life in Binary Digits". W Digitized. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199693795.003.0008.

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Your ideas, money, memories, and entertainment are dreams in the minds of computers. But the thoughts of each computer are not simple, they are layered like our own minds. Their lowest, most primitive layers are the instincts of the machine. Middle layers perform more general functions of its silicon mind. Higher layers think about overall concepts. Unlike us, the computer has languages for every layer. We can teach it new ideas by changing any one or all of its layers of thought. We can tell it to consider vast and convoluted concepts. But if we make a single mistake in our instructions, the mind of our digital slave may crash in a virtual epileptic fit. When our silicon students are so pedantic, how can we engineer their thoughts to make them reliable and trustworthy assistants? And if their thoughts become more complicated than anything we can imagine, how can we guarantee they will do what we want them to? . . . Light poured in through the large windows of the lecture room. The sound of scratching pens from nearly thirty distinguished engineers and scientists accompanied every word spoken by John Mauchly. One fellow by the name of Gard from the Wright Field’s Armament Laboratory seemed to be especially diligent, writing hundreds of pages of notes. It was Monday morning, a warm mid-summer day of 1946, some three years after his stimulating tea-time discussions with Turing. Claude Shannon was three weeks into the eight-week course at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering, in the University of Pennsylvania. It had been an honour to be one of the select few invited to hear lectures on designing electronic digital computers. This was the first ever course to be taught on computer science, and Shannon was finding many of the ideas highly stimulating. He’d recently learned a new word from Mauchly: ‘program’ used as a verb. To program an electronic computer was an interesting concept. He was also hearing about some of the politics: apparently two of the lecturers, Mauchly and his colleague Eckert, had resigned from the university just four months ago because of some form of disagreement.
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van Santen, Rutger, Djan Khoe i Bram Vermeer. "Managing Failures". W 2030. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195377170.003.0023.

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Computers are the engines that drive our society. We get paid via computer, and we use them to vote in elections; computers decide whether to deploy the airbags in our car; and doctors use them to help identify a patient’s injuries. Computers are embedded in all sorts of processes nowadays, and that can make us vulnerable. Because of a single computer glitch, large payment systems can grind to a halt. When computers malfunction, we risk losing our power supply, our railway links, and our communications. Worst of all, we habitually shift responsibility to computers and blindly follow their advice. This is why patients occasionally receive ridiculously high doses of a powerful drug or a car driver who blindly follows his satnav may end up in a ditch. Ubiquitous computer use can cause otherwise responsible people to leave their common sense at home. We’re all too familiar with poorly designed software, computer errors, or—worse still—programs that flatly refuse to function properly no matter what we do. It is hardly surprising then that computer failures cost the world hundreds of billions of dollars a year. In the United States alone, failed computer projects are believed to waste $55 billion annually. And the media only report the tip of the iceberg— the foul-ups that cost millions or result in fatalities. For instance, in the 1980s, several cancer patients were killed by a programming error that caused the Therac 25 radiotherapy unit to deliver excessive doses of radiation. In 1996, Europe’s first Ariane 5 rocket had to be blown up a mere 37 seconds after launch in what might be the costliest software failure in history. In 2007, six F-22 aircraft experienced multiple computer crashes as they crossed the date line, disabling all navigation and communication systems. The list can be extended endlessly, and there are many more failures that we never hear about. Only about a third of all computer projects can be described as successful, and even these are hardly error-free. Why can’t we prevent programming mistakes? Could we improve computers and their software to protect society from the “moods”’ of its digital machines?
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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Electron heat engine"

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Ding, Zemin, Lingen Chen, Yanlin Ge i Zhihui Xie. "EXPLORING THE OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE OF AN IRREVERSIBLE DOUBLE RESONANCE ENERGY SELECTIVE ELECTRON HEAT ENGINE". W Second Thermal and Fluids Engineering Conference. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/tfec2017.fna.018310.

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Ahmedi, A., F. Mauss i B. Sunde´n. "Analysis of an Extended Ionization Equilibrium in the Post-Flame Gases for Spark Ignited Combustion". W ASME 2004 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2004-0922.

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Constant volume combustion is studied, using a zero-dimensional model, which is a wide-ranging chemical kinetic simulation that allows a closed system of gases to be described on the basis of a set of initial conditions. The model provides an engine- or reactor-like environment in which the engine simulations allow for a variable system volume and heat transfer both to and from the system. The combustion chamber is divided into two zones as burned and unburned ones, which are separated by a thin adiabatic flame front in the combustion model used in this work. A detailed chemical mechanism is applied in each zone to calculate the temperature and pressure history. Equilibrium assumptions have been adopted for the modeling of the thermal ionization, in which Saha’s equation was derived for singly ionized molecules. The investigation is focused on the thermal ionization and electron attachment of 13 chemical species by solving a set of 6 chemical reactions dynamically, the equilibrium calculation using Saha’s equation is performed in a post process, using the temperature and pressure history from the previous model. The experiments that were used for the validation of this model were performed in constant-volume bomb. The outputs generated by the model are temperature profiles, species concentration profiles, ionization degree and an electron density for each zone. The model also predicts the pressure cycle and the ion current. The results from the simulation show good agreement with the experimental measurements and literature data.
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Humphrey, T. E. "Reversible Electron Heat Engines". W QUANTUM LIMITS TO THE SECOND LAW: First International Conference on Quantum Limits to the Second Law. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1523824.

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Aspden, Harold. "The Electronic Heat Engine". W 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (1992). 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/929474.

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Strangman, T. E., i J. Schienle. "Tailoring Zirconia Coatings for Performance in a Marine Gas Turbine Environment". W ASME 1989 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/89-gt-269.

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Zirconia coatings represent an advanced materials technology that offers significant durability and performance benefits for marine gas turbines. Thin zirconia coatings offer superior resistance to hot corrosion attack from fuel (sulfur, vanadium and sodium) and air (sea salt) impurities present in marine engine environments. Thicker zirconia coatings reduce transient thermal stresses and heat transferred into air-cooled components. This paper describes the development of zirconia coatings, applied by the electron beam evaporation - physical vapor deposition process, that are tailored to provide superior durability in a marine engine environment.
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Wang, L., R. J. K. Wood, H. E. G. Powrie, E. Streit i I. Care. "Performance Evaluation of Hybrid (Ceramic on Steel) Bearings With Advanced Aircraft Engine Oils for Lubrication". W ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53418.

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Hybrid bearings (silicon nitride rolling elements and steel raceways) are being developed for the new generation of gas turbine engines, as they offer weight savings, reduced heat rejection and can operate at higher DN (bore diameter in mm × shaft rotational speed in rpm) values than conventional steel bearings. In the present study, various advanced synthetic aviation oils were tested on a pin-on-disc tribometer. Conditions were chosen to simulate engine low load and ambient start up, where sliding is a factor. The tests used a silicon nitride ball sliding against an M50NiL bearing steel disc. Fresh oils were tested for the hybrid contacts under high sliding speed of 7 ms−1 and normal aircraft engine bearing contact pressure of 2.8 GPa [1]. The results showed that most of the synthetic aviation oils in use today would provide similar protection for the hybrid contacts against scuffing. Initial studies, aimed at identifying the influence of oil degradation and effects of additive depletion are also presented. The oils were ranked based on the contact wear rate. Electrostatic charge measurements were made along with wear, friction and surface temperature measurements to monitor the on-line wear conditions [2–3]. Electrostatic sensing shows promise as a monitoring technique for oil lubricated hybrid contacts. Polishing wear mechanisms and iron-based material transfer from disc to ball were identified by Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG-SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) as the dominant degradation process in these hybrid contacts.
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Magnani, Sandro, Alessandro Bellissima, Hiroshi Azuma i Piero Danti. "Experimental Data of a Small-Size Gas ICE Driven Heat Pump (GHP) and Comparison of the Environmental Performance with an Electric Heat Pump". W SAE/JSAE Small Engine Technology Conference. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2018-32-0070.

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Ogawa, Toshinori, i Yasuo Kawaguchi. "Performance Testing of 5cc Glow-Ignition Four-Stroke Engine". W ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32132.

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Although portable electric devices have become increasingly sophisticated and compact, the amount of energy required for their operation has increased and device performance may be restrained by the energy source in the near future. A small power source is also needed for mobile robots for home usage. Small, portable distributed power sources with higher energy density than the conventional battery are required. Since the energy density of hydrocarbon or hydrogen fuel is quite high compared to the battery, combustion micro engines that use these fuels are promising for this purpose. In this research, we focused on the small glow-ignition engine developed for model airplanes. Since the glow engine does not require an auxiliary electric circuit for ignition, it is suitable for lightweight miniature engines. However, unlike the spark-ignition engine, there is no equipment that controls the ignition timing. In the glow-ignition system, heat is supplied by the following three methods for ignition of the air-fuel mixture: (1) Heat produced from the compression of the air-fuel mixture; (2) Heat remaining in the element from the last explosion; and (3) Heat produced by the catalytic action of an ignition element. In such an ignition system, the combustion state may differ between cycles. In order to clarify the combustion process, a miniature pressure sensor was built into the cylinder head, and pressure fluctuation was measured. Analysis was conducted to detect cycle-to-cycle variation. The base engine used was a commercial glow-ignition four-stroke engine with a swept volume of 4.89 cc. This is a high-speed engine with a maximum engine speed exceeding 14,000 rpm. Although the nominal output was 368 W, the value measured by this research was much lower. Fuel consumption was measured by placing a fuel tank on an electronic balance. The fuel used for the experiment consisted of mainly methanol, nitromethane, and lubricant. Weight ratio of these components and air/fuel ratio were changed independently, and the effect on the combustion pressure was evaluated.
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Arnold, Stephan, i Markus Schatz. "Exploiting Waste Heat in Small and Medium-Sized Combined Heat and Power Plants Using Steam Injection". W ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25222.

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Combined heat and power generation (CHP) is a way of providing both electric power and thermal heat for industrial and domestic facilities at high fuel efficiencies. Often small and medium sized gas powered internal combustion (IC) engines, rated at electric power outputs of 50–600 kW, are used for such applications. During the time when the available thermal heat is used, the fuel efficiency of such CHP plants is very high, but it drops to the efficiencies of simple power generation when there is no heat demand, e.g. during summer. In these cases, the exhaust heat is blown off, especially as CHP units are mainly heat-lead, i.e. designed to cover the heat demand rather than the demand for electrical power. Moreover, as the cooling water heat rejection is also more difficult at elevated ambient temperatures, these units are then operated at part load or even switched off, hence having a lower degree of capacity utilization. The approach of the work presented here is to replace the turbocharger system commonly used for IC engines and to use an electric driven compression device instead, while the turbine serves to generate additional electric power from the exhaust gas. Furthermore, for periods with low thermal heat demand, steam is generated from the turbine exhaust heat. The steam is injected in front of the turbine in order to increase the turbine work output further. Thus, at least part of the exhaust heat available is used and the power output as well as the electric efficiency is increased. In the present work, two configurations of the described setup using a medium sized gas powered IC engine CHP unit are modeled in order to assess the impact on plant performance and the characteristics of such a facility. In both cases the engine cooling circuit is integrated. Depending on the configuration used, the plant power output increases by up to 7% only because of the power turbine. Additional steam injection to use the waste heat increases the power output further. The relative electric efficiency increase with steam injection is in the range of 3–5%. Apart from the higher output of electric power, this approach allows longer operating hours to be achieved, as the exhaust heat available is utilized and the heat load for the cooling water circuit is reduced.
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Levine, Jonathan S., Klaus S. Lackner i Vijay Modi. "Nearly Reversible Heat Engines for Thermal Storage of Excess Electric Power". W ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-14704.

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Efficient and affordable energy storage technologies would enable greater use of electricity generation with low operating but high capital cost. Such generating plants must maximize their utilization to spread capital cost over as much output as possible. Without affordable storage capacity their penetration into the market is limited to base load. Intermittent solar and wind power, which at times are simply not available, suffer even more than baseline power plants from the lack of affordable storage technologies. With the exception of pumped hydro-storage, energy storage is too expensive, suffering from low energy density in storage and low round-trip efficiency. Low grade thermal storage with temperature differences of up to about 100°C could achieve storage densities far in excess of that in most pumped storage facilities while avoiding the costs associated with high temperature operations. Roundtrip efficiency, defined as the ratio of the electric output from a heat engine driven by stored thermal energy to the electric input used to drive a heat pump to store the thermal energy, can approach 100% as the heat pump and the heat engine both approach Carnot efficiency. This theoretical limit is independent of the temperature difference between the heat reservoirs. Roundtrip efficiencies of at least 70 to 80% are necessary for energy storage to be economically competitive with higher priced electricity sources. This high round trip efficiency implies that both the heat engine and the heat pump would have to operate at 85 to 90% of the efficiency of a reversible engine. The most promising practical engines for such high efficiency are based on the Stirling cycle. This paper discusses a variation of the Stirling cycle aimed at large, slow units optimized for high efficiency far in excess of the Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency, which results from maximizing the power of the engine. This tradeoff in favor of efficiency over power output demands extreme simplicity in design, as the size of the engine is far larger than that of conventional engines optimized for power throughput. The goal of the paper is to show that low-grade thermal energy storage could provide a viable alternative to regionally limited pumped hydro-storage as long as the design challenges explained in the paper can be overcome. Given the current lack of cost-effective, scalable energy storage systems, thermal storage technology could have a profound impact on future energy infrastructures.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Electron heat engine"

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Lukens, L. Dish electric systems heat engine assessment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), czerwiec 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5537134.

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Hopman, Ulrich,, i Richard W. Kruiswyk. Diesel Engine Waste Heat Recovery Utilizing Electric Turbocompound Technology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/862432.

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Linker, K. Heat engine development for solar thermal dish-electric power plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7228892.

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Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-94-0151-2475, General Electric Aircraft Engines, Madisonville, Kentucky. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, listopad 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshheta9401512475.

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Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-2006-0239-3040, General Electric Aviation, Engine Services Distribution Center, Erlanger, Kentucky. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, marzec 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshheta200602393040.

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