Artykuły w czasopismach: „Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP)”

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Perahia, J., i C. V. Nayar. "Simulation of a Fixed Pitch Wind Turbine Powered Induction Generator in EMTP". International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 31, nr 4 (październik 1994): 362–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099403100413.

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Simulation of a fixed pitch wind turbine powered induction generator in EMTP Described are two models of a fixed pitch wind turbine drive train coupled to an induction generator compatible with the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). The models require wind speed or turbine torque changes. Model performance is studied on a 30 kW commercial arrangement.

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Natarajan, R., i D. B. Gentzler. "Adoption of electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) on personal computers". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 4, nr 4 (1989): 1550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.41708.

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Yuniarto, Yuniarto. "PROFIL SURJA HUBUNG KARENA PROSES ENERGIZED (PEMBERIAN TENAGA) PADA SALURAN TRANSMISI 500 KV". Gema Teknologi 16, nr 1 (24.10.2010): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gt.v16i1.364.

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Yuniarto, in this paper explain that transient over voltage that happened because switching surge have tobe paid attention to don't cause the damage equipments of insulation coordination system. This research aim toperceive the transient over voltage at the end of 500 kv transmission line caused energized process by using EMTP(Electromagnetic Transients Program) as toll to simulate the energized process. Data for this research was takenfrom 500 kv transmission line Ungaran-Pedan. From this research was expected can become a reference for powercompany in planning insulation coordination at transmission line.Result of research show that transient over voltage at the end of 500 kv transmission line caused energizedprocess reach more or less twice its nominal voltageKey word : energized, karateristik, transient over voltage, EMTP

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Mrvic, Jovan, Ranko Jasika, Petar Vukelja, Goran Lepovic i Ninoslav Simic. "Using alternative transient program and electromagnetic transients programs (ATP/EMTP) in lightning overvoltages analysis". Zbornik radova, Elektrotehnicki institut Nikola Tesla 26, nr 26 (2016): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zeint26-12323.

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Natarajan, R., i David B. Gentzler. "Adoption of Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) on a Personal Computer". IEEE Power Engineering Review 9, nr 11 (1989): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1989.4310391.

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Zychma, Daria, i Paweł Sowa. "Electromagnetic Transients in Multi-Voltage Transmission Lines during Non-Simultaneous Faults". Energies 15, nr 3 (30.01.2022): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15031046.

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It is vitally important that a transmission network provides a continuity of electricity to end users and that the transmission system operator prioritizes its safety and reliability. This article presents the possibilities of using multi-track overhead lines with varying levels of rated voltage, run on a common support structure. This solution would ensure safe operation of the system, reduce the area used for the construction of new overhead lines, and, at the same time increase the transmission network capacity. This article focuses on the method of modeling overhead lines for the analysis of electromagnetic transient states that occur during non-simultaneous disturbance phenomena. This article presents the idea of multi-circuit, multi-voltage lines and their validity of use in power systems. An analysis of electromagnetic transient states for non-simultaneous disturbances in multi-path, multi-voltage lines is presented. This analysis has been made on the basis of a network model, using ATP-EMTP (Alternative Transients Program-Electromagnetic Transients Program) software for solutions, for a Polish power system. Particular attention was paid to the most unfavorable phenomena appearing in the modeled system. The impact of the emerging electromagetic transients in multi-path, multi-voltage lines was evaluated. It was shown that the specificity and rapid changeability of the emerging electromagnetic transients and lack of a universal model of the overhead power line make the analyses of electromagnetic transients highly labor-intensive and time-consuming. Each change is connected with the necessity to create new line models for the study of electromagnetic transient states dependent on many factors.

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Boumous, S., Z. Boumous, Z. Anane i H. Nouri. "Comparative study of 220 kV overhead transmission lines models subjected to lightning strike simulation by using electromagnetic and alternative transients program". Electrical Engineering & Electromechanics, nr 4 (8.07.2022): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2074-272x.2022.4.10.

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Introduction. In high voltage networks intended for the transport of electrical energy, lightning can strike an electric line striking either a phase conductor, a pylon or a ground wire, causing significant overvoltage on the transmission lines classified as stresses the most dangerous for transformer stations and electro-energy systems in general. Modeling transmission lines becomes more complicated, if the frequency dependence of resistance and serial inductance due to the effect of lightning strike in the conductors and in the earth is considered. The difficulty increases the fact that the parameters of the line can be defined and calculated only in the frequency domain, while the simulation of transients is wanted to be in the time domain. Problem. Several models (J.R. Marti, Bergeron, nominal PI, Semlyen and Noda) exist for the modeling of transmission lines, the Electromagnetic Transients Program/Alternative Transient Program software (EMTP/ATPDraw) gives the possibility to choose between these models which is delicate due to the fact that we do not have experimental results to validate and justify the choice among the models available in the software. In this context, practical value: the overhead transport line OAT-El Hassi (220 kV) of the city of Sétif located in the north east of Algeria is used for the modeling of lightning strike by using the EMTP/ATPDraw software. Originality. A comparative study of the investigation of a lightning strike on an existing high voltage transmission line by different models of existing lines in the EMTP/ATPDraw software library of this software. Results. It was concluded that the choice of the model of the line is very important given the accuracy and quality of the curves of the voltage presented at the different calculation points.

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Luewattana, Krung, i Paweena Rattanasena. "Investigation of overvoltage on square, rectangular and L-shaped ground grids of high voltage substations by ATP/EMTP". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, nr 6 (1.12.2021): 4689. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i6.pp4689-4697.

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<span lang="EN-US">Ground grid system is important for preventing the hazardous effects of overvoltage in high voltage substations due to fault current perhaps from lightning strike or device malfunction. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of overvoltage on square, rectangular and L-shaped ground grids with ground rods being distributed in mesh-pattern by using alternate transients program/electromagnetic transients program (ATP/EMTP) program. The models were simulated in the cases that 25 kA-fault current being injected into the center or one of the corners of ground grids. The results showed that the highest level of overvoltage (6.3349 kV) was detected at the corner of rectangular ground grid when the fault current was injected into its corner. However, the lowest level of overvoltage was found when the fault current was injected into the center of square ground grid. The results from this study indicated that ATP/EMTP program was useful for preliminary investigation of overvoltage on ground grids of different shapes. The obtained knowledge could be beneficial for further designing of ground grid systems of high voltage substations to receive the minimal damages due to fault current.</span>

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Segatto, Ê. C., D. V. Coury, M. C. Tavares i P. E. G. Campos. "Alto desempenho na proteção diferencial de transformadores de potência com a utilização de redes neurais artificiais". Sba: Controle & Automação Sociedade Brasileira de Automatica 14, nr 3 (wrzesień 2003): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-17592003000300010.

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Este trabalho apresenta uma técnica alternativa para a proteção de transformadores de potência utilizando a lógica diferencial associada ao uso de Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs). Este artifício é utilizado na distinção entre faltas internas e correntes de inrush, que surgem durante a energização do transformador. O programa EMTP-ATP (Electromagnetic Transients Program) foi escolhido como ferramenta computacional para a simulação do transformador de potência com o objetivo de gerar dados de treinamento e testes para as RNAs. Um programa em linguagem FORTRAN foi implementado a fim de avaliar o algoritmo completo da proteção diferencial e resultados promissores relativos ao novo método foram obtidos.

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Lee, S. Y., S. Bhattacharya, T. Lejonberg, A. E. Hammad i S. Lefebvre. "Detailed modeling of static VAr compensators using the electromagnetic transients program (EMTP)". IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 7, nr 2 (kwiecień 1992): 836–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.127088.

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James, Jonathan, Maurizio Albano, David Clark, Dongsheng Guo i Abderrahmane (Manu) Haddad. "Analysis of Very Fast Transients Using Black Box Macromodels in ATP-EMTP". Energies 13, nr 3 (6.02.2020): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030698.

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Modelling for very fast transients (VFTs) requires good knowledge of the behaviour of gas insulated substation (GIS) components when subjected to high frequencies. Modelling usually takes the form of circuit-based insulation coordination type studies, in an effort to determine the maximum overvoltages and waveshapes present around the system. At very high frequencies, standard transmission line modelling assumptions may not be valid. Therefore, the approach to modelling of these transients must be re-evaluated. In this work, the high frequency finite element analysis (FEA) was used to enhance circuit-based models, allowing direct computation of parameters from geometric and material characteristics. Equivalent models that replicate a finite element model’s frequency response for bus-spacer and 90° elbow components were incorporated in alternative transients program-electromagnetic transients program (ATP-EMTP) using a pole-residue equivalent circuit derived following rational fitting using the well-established and robust method of vector fitting (VF). A large model order is often required to represent this frequency dependent behaviour through admittance matrices, leading to increased computational burden. Moreover, while highly accurate models can be derived, the data extracted from finite element solutions can be non-passive, leading to instability when included in time domain simulations. A simple method of improved stability for FEA derived responses along with a method for identification of a minimum required model order for stability of transient simulations is proposed.

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Segatto, Ê. C., i D. V. Coury. "Redes neurais artificiais recorrentes aplicadas na correção de sinais distorcidos pela saturação de transformadores de corrente". Sba: Controle & Automação Sociedade Brasileira de Automatica 17, nr 4 (grudzień 2006): 424–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-17592006000400004.

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Este trabalho apresenta uma técnica alternativa para a correção de ondas distorcidas provenientes da saturação dos transformadores de corrente (TCs) através de ferramentas inteligentes baseadas em Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs) recorrentes. Os TCs estão presentes em Sistemas Elétricos de Potência com a finalidade de proteção e medição, sendo altamente susceptíveis à saturação. O programa EMTP-ATP (Electromagnetic Transients Program) foi escolhido como ferramenta computacional para a simulação de um sistema elétrico utilizado na geração de dados de treinamento e testes para as RNAs. Muitas arquiteturas de redes neurais artificiais foram treinadas e testadas. Resultados promissores relativos ao novo método são apresentados.

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Variz, Abilio Manuel, Sandoval Carneiro Jr., José Luiz R. Pereira i Pedro G. Barbosa. "Cálculo do fluxo de harmônicos em sistemas de potência trifásicos utilizando o método de injeção de correntes com solução iterativa". Sba: Controle & Automação Sociedade Brasileira de Automatica 19, nr 2 (czerwiec 2008): 178–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-17592008000200007.

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Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia, baseada nas equações de injeção de correntes (MICT), para o cálculo do fluxo de potência harmônico trifásico em sistemas elétricos equilibrados e desequilibrados (MICTH). A metodologia desenvolvida emprega o método iterativo de Newton-Raphson para obter a solução do sistema de equações não-lineares, onde o sistema matricial é formado por blocos relativos às freqüências harmônicas investigadas. Dessa maneira é possível representar as interações entre as componentes harmônicas de diferentes freqüências. Em paralelo foram desenvolvidos modelos dos principais dispositivos lineares e não-lineares conectados aos sistemas elétricos de potência. O MICTH (Método de Injeção de Correntes Trifásicas Harmônicas) e os modelos de componentes foram implementados em C++, com programação orientada a objetos, e utilizando técnicas de programação esparsa. Os resultados das simulações, no domínio da freqüência, obtidos com o programa MICTH foram validados a partir de comparações com resultados de simulações, no domínio do tempo, obtidos com o programa ATP/EMTP (Alternative Transients Program of Electromagnetic Transients Program).

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Syahputra, Ramadoni. "Characteristic Test of Current Transformer Based EMTP Shoftware". Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering-UMSIDA 1, nr 1 (26.02.2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jeee-u.v1i1.22.

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Pemodelan transformator arus merupakan salah satu cara yang praktis untuk mengevaluasi unjuk kerja perlengkapan proteksi. Pada makalah ini disajikan penggunaan perangkat lunak Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP), The Output Processor (TOP), dan Mathcad® untuk memodelkan transformator arus (CT) untuk mendapatkan kurva yang menunjukkan karakteristik transformator arus. Disajikan juga pengaruh beban terhadap faktor koreksi rasio dan faktor koreksi sudut fasa transformator arus.Dalam makalah ini transformator arus dimodelkan menggunakan EMTP untuk memvisualkan arus dan tegangan CT. Keluaran dari EMTP ditransfer ke dalam Mathcad melalui perangkat lunak TOP untuk menguji transformator arus terhadap keakuratan dan pengaruh bebannya. Model transformator arus yang dibahas adalah model CT 1200/5 kelas C800. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa untuk uji karakteristik dengan metode 9 titik memberikan hasil yang terbaik untuk menampilkan karakteristik CT. Hasil simulasi uji eksitasi CT menunjukkan bahwa error rasio maksimum yang terjadi adalah 0,09%. Hasil simulasi ini mengindikasikan bahwa transformator arus ini dapat digunakan dalam aplikasi pengukuran.

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Celis-Montero, Jorge Enrique, Diego Fernando-Navas i Ferley Castro-Aranda. "Implementation of a non-conventional method to characterize voltage sags and swells". DYNA 83, nr 195 (23.02.2016): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v83n195.44519.

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Voltage sags and swells are among the power quality disturbances that represent the biggest economic losses for affected users. It is therefore necessary to undertake a suitable characterization of those events to conduct studies that permit the causes and possible mitigation techniques to be identified. This work describes the development of monitoring modules to characterize voltage sags and swells that could be used in Electromagnetic Transients Programs - EMTP (for example the ATP – Alternative Transients Program). The implemented module uses a novel method to characterize these disturbances. The results of the implementation show that the voltage sags and swells are appropriately characterized; furthermore, less sampled data is required from a voltage signal with respect to the conventional RMS voltage method. This could optimize the capture and analysis process of information in power quality monitoring.

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Furgał, Jakub, Maciej Kuniewski i Piotr Pająk. "Analysis of Internal Overvoltages in Transformer Windings during Transients in Electrical Networks". Energies 13, nr 10 (22.05.2020): 2644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102644.

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Due to the increasing requirements for the reliability of electrical power supply and associated apparatus, it is necessary to provide a detailed analysis of the overvoltage risk of power transformer insulation systems and equipment connected to their terminals. Exposure of transformer windings to overvoltages is the result of the propagation condition of electromagnetic waves in electrical networks and transformer windings. An analysis of transformer winding responses to transients in power systems is of particular importance, especially when protection against surges by typical overvoltage protection systems is applied. The analysis of internal overvoltages in transformers during a typical transient related to switching operations and selected failures is of great importance, particularly to assess the overvoltage exposure of insulation systems in operating conditions. The random nature of overvoltage phenomena in electrical networks implies the usage of computer simulations for the analysis of overvoltage exposures of electrical devices in operation. This article presents the analysis of the impact of transient phenomena in a model of a medium-voltage electrical network during switching operations and ground faults on overvoltages in the internal insulation systems of transformer windings. The basis of the analysis is simulations of overvoltages in the windings, made in the Electromagnetic Transients Program/Alternative Transients Program (EMTP/ATP) using a model with lumped parameters of transformer windings. The analysis covers the impact of the cable line length and the ground fault resistance value on internal overvoltage distributions.

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Song, Xu Ri, Xue Jing Chen, Miao Wang, Yang Bai, Jing Huai Lin i Ze Ke Li. "Operation and Control of a Microgrid Containing PV Cells and Battery". Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (październik 2014): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.66.

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Microgrids are LV or MV electric networks which utilize various distributed generators (DG)to serve local loads. They could operate in either grid-connected or island mode, and hence increase the reliability of energy supplies. In this paper, dynamic models of photovoltaic cell were described in ElectroMagnetic Transient Program/Alternative Transients Program(EMTP/ATP).In addition, basic models of the equivalent power electronic interfaces and batteries were developed.The above models have been integrated in a microgrid to represent the dynamic characteristic of steady state and transient operation. When operated under steady state, the PV cells could be able to deliver power supply to the load via electronic interfaces. When fault,the battery with P/V and Q/f control strategy based on the droop characteristics was developed to isolate the microgrid from the main grid in a rapid and seamless way,which contributing effective control of voltage and enhancement of system stability. Simulation results verify the feasibility of the proposed models.

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Mandic, Marin, Ivica Juric-Grgic i Nedjeljka Grulovic-Plavljanic. "Improving time integration scheme for FET analysis of power system angle stability". Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 33, nr 1 (2020): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee2001119m.

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This paper presents improved algorithm for numerical analysis of power system angle stability achieved by improvement of the time integration when forming a local system of equations for power system finite elements (FE). Previously developed local system of equations of power system angle stability has been obtained using the generalized trapezoidal rule (? - method). Improvement of accuracy was obtained by using Heun's method. Numerical solutions obtained using Heun?s method and using the generalized trapezoidal rule are compared to Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). It has been shown that Heun?s method yields the results with much higher accuracy comparing to results obtained by generalized trapezoidal rule.

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Iracheta-Cortez, Reynaldo, Norberto Flores-Guzman i Rogelio Hasimoto-Beltran. "Implementation of the frequency dependent line model in a real-time power system simulator". Ingeniería e Investigación 37, nr 3 (1.09.2017): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v37n3.62271.

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In this paper is described the implementation of the frequency-dependent line model (FD-Line) in a real-time digital power system simulator. The main goal with such development is to describe a general procedure to incorporate new realistic models of power system components in modern real-time simulators based on the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). In this procedure are described, firstly, the steps to obtain the time domain solution of the differential equations that models the electromagnetic behavior in multi-phase transmission lines with frequency dependent parameters. After, the algorithmic solution of the FD-Line model is implemented in Simulink environment, through an S-function programmed in C language, for running off-line simulations of electromagnetic transients. This implementation allows the free assembling of the FD Line model with any element of the Power System Blockset library and also, it can be used to build any network topology. The main advantage of having a power network built in Simulink is that can be executed in real-time by means of the commercial eMEGAsim simulator. Finally, several simulation cases are presented to validate the accuracy and the real-time performance of the FD-Line model.

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Seo, Hun-Chul, i Gi-Hyeon Gwon. "Systematization of the Simulation Process of Transformer Inrush Current Using EMTP". Applied Sciences 9, nr 12 (12.06.2019): 2398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122398.

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An inrush current is generated when a transformer is energized. This current has a large magnitude and rich harmonics, thereby causing mal-operation of the protection relay. Therefore, the development of countermeasures against inrush current is necessary, and this study has been performed by computer simulations. However, it is difficult for a power system operator to perform a computer simulation as it is difficult to determine what data should be selected and entered. Therefore, this paper establishes the simulation process of transformer inrush current using the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP). Two methods to simulate the transformer inrush current are described in detail. Based on the actual 154 kV transformer test report in Korea, the simulation results of the inrush current using the two methods are discussed.

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Suryawanshi, Prakash, Sanjay Dambhare i Ashutosh Pramanik. "Detection of Electromechanical Wave Propagation Using Synchronized Phasor Measurements". International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 15, nr 1 (14.01.2014): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2013-0155.

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Abstract Considering electrical network as a continuum has become popular for electromechanical wave analysis. This paper reviews the concept of electromechanical wave propagation. Analysis of large number of generator ring system will be an easy way to illustrate wave propagation. The property of traveling waves is that the maximum and minimum values do not occur at the same time instants and hence the difference between these time delays can be easily calculated. The homogeneous, isotropic 10 generator ring system is modeled using electromagnetic transient simulation programs. The purpose of this study is to investigate the time delays and wave velocities using Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD)/Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). The disturbances considered here are generator disconnections and line trips.

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Wang, Lifang, Dewan Zhao, Yue Huang, Yangqing Li i Yan Wang. "Simulation study on power system short circuit fault based on EMTP". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2087, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2087/1/012079.

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Abstract Electromagnetic transient simulation program EMTP is a common simulation commercial software in power system. It can effectively analyze and study power system. In this paper, EMTP is used to build the power system simulation model, and a variety of short-circuit faults in the power system are simulated and analyzed. The results show that the results accord with the actual theory, and the waveform can accurately and intuitively investigate the dynamic characteristics of power system faults. In addition, through the simulation comparison and analysis between different faults, it can be seen that the three-phase short-circuit fault is the most serious fault in the power system, which should be avoided in the actual production and life. This shows that EMTP is a powerful tool for power system simulation research, and provides a reference for the actual equipment selection requirements of the project.

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Song, Xu Ri, Lei Wang, Xing Ying, Yang Bai i Li Li. "Research of Off-Grid Household Photovoltaic Power System". Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (sierpień 2014): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.44.

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The electricity shortage can be effectively alleviated by developing household photovoltaic power system in vast rural areas, it is necessary to establish simulation models. In this paper, the dynamic modeling of household photovoltaic power system including photovoltaic,Cuk-chopper circuit,battery and a single phase PWM inverter have been made in the ElectroMagnetic Transient Program /Alternative Transient Program(EMTP/ATP) software package.Control strategy based on MPPT for the power control of the inverter have been also developed. Operation characteristic of household photovoltaic power system was developed. Simulation results proved the validity of the model.

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Jurišić, Bruno, Ivo Uglešić, Alain Xemard i Françoise Paladian. "Case study on transformer models for calculation of high frequency transmitted overvoltages". Journal of Energy - Energija 63, nr 1-4 (4.07.2022): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2014631-4186.

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Events such as lightning, switching of vacuum circuit breaker or switching operations in gas insulated substation (GIS) generate high frequency overvoltages. An equipment in a transmission or a distribution system has to be protected against such phenomena. Unfortunately, the traditional transformer models available in Electromagnetic transient simulations program (EMTP-like) software packages are not capable of representing transformer behavior in a transient state, which includes high frequencies. Moreover, high frequency transformer models are often too complex or require confidential information on transformer geometry. However, in the design stage of insulation coordination it is particularly important to accurately calculate transmitted overvoltages through transformers. In the scope of this paper two different transformer models for high frequency, are developed in an EMTP-type software program. The first model named “Black box” derives solely from the values measured on the transformer terminals and does not require any knowledge of the transformer inner geometry. The second model named “Grey box”, is based on a lumped RLC parameters network, whose values are derived from the simple geometry of the transformer window and from the nameplate data. Furthermore, the models’ capabilities to characterize a transformer at high frequencies are analyzed. The case study is done on a distribution transformer which is to be located inside a power plant. The transmitted overvoltages calculated with the models in the EMTP-type software program are compared with measurements.

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Rząsa, Janina. "Modulation Strategy for Multi-Phase Matrix Converter with Common Mode Voltage Elimination and Adjustment of the Input Displacement Angle". Energies 13, nr 3 (4.02.2020): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030675.

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In the last several years, thanks to the development and continuous improvement of semiconductor switching elements, and the simultaneous increase in interest in multi-phase drives, the investigation into constructing multi-phase converters has been growing. The matrix converter (MC) is considered to be one of the contenders for use in the multi-phase drive. In the context of using MC in the drive, it is expected to eliminate the common mode voltage (CMV). Another important problem is the ability to correct the input displacement angle to ensure the operation of the MC with unity input power factor. The purpose of the article is to present an MC modulation strategy that implements both CMV elimination and input displacement angle adjustment. Analytical and simulation analyses of the strategy, in application to three-to-multi-phase MC is presented. The suggested modulation strategy in applying to three-to-multi-phase MC is implemented in ATP-EMTP (Alternative Transients Program-ElectroMagnetic Transients Program) software. Simulation results are provided for a three-to-three-phase three-to-six-phase and three-to-nine-phase MC. The proposed modulation strategy is validated using an experimental approach.

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Balda, Juan C., Kraig J. Olejniczak i Syh C. Low. "The Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) as an effective tool to evaluate active power filters for harmonic compensation". Electric Power Systems Research 30, nr 3 (wrzesień 1994): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7796(94)00866-3.

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Vujević, Slavko, i Petar Sarajčev. "Dangerous Voltages due to Direct Lightning Strike into the Communication Tower". Journal of Communications Software and Systems 3, nr 1 (22.03.2007): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v3i1.268.

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This paper presents a novel technique for computing dangerous voltages due to direct lightning strike into the communication tower and associated earthing system, which is based on the use of the well-known ATP-EMTP software package. The earthing grid and the communication tower structure are approximated by the circular cross section conductors. In numerical model, conductors are subdivided into segments (1D finite elements) and Clark's model with distributed constant parameters is then applied. Because of the limitations of ATP-EMTP software package, the leakage resistance of buried segments is modelled as additional lumped parameter. Analytical expressions for distributed and lumped segment parameters are derived using the average potential method. Mutual electromagnetic coupling between segments is neglected due to the limitations imposed by the ATP-EMTP software package, which is based on transmission line approach. Separate computer program is developed for obtaining the earth surface transient potential distribution, from which step and touch voltages are then computed.

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Furgał, Jakub. "Influence of Lightning Current Model on Simulations of Overvoltages in High Voltage Overhead Transmission Systems". Energies 13, nr 2 (7.01.2020): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020296.

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The analysis of lightning overvoltages generated in electrical power systems has a great meaning for the designers and exploitation engineers because it creates bases for the optimization of construction overhead transmission lines and high voltage substations, reducing costs and increasing reliability of the transmission and distribution of electrical energy. Lightning overvoltages generated in electrical power systems with overhead transmission lines are a result of complex, nonlinear, and surge phenomena occurring in the structure of line towers and electrical substation when the lightning current is flowing through them. Methods of overvoltage stress analysis are intensely developed, and one of the directions is working out models of high voltage electrical devices and phenomena in electrical networks, which influence the shape and values of overvoltage risks. The model of lightning current has a significant influence on the courses of overvoltages in high voltage transmission systems. The paper is focused on the analysis of the influence of the model of lightning current making use of simulations of the shape, and maximal values of overvoltages generated in high voltage transmission systems during a direct lightning strike to the overhead lines. Two models of lightning current used in simulations with the Electromagnetic Transients Program/Alternative Transient Program (EMTP/ATP) were analyzed, i.e., the Heidler model and CIGRE (Conseil International des Grands Réseaux Électriques) model. The EMTP/ATP computer program is very often used in simulations of overvoltages in electrical networks. Unfortunately, the users get no information on the criterion to be used when selecting the model of lightning current used in the simulations. The analysis presented in the paper gives practical knowledge about the effect of the use of a particular kind of lightning current model on the results of simulations of lightning overvoltage propagation in electrical networks, overvoltage protection, as well as on theoretical and practical aspects of the insulation coordination in high voltage transmission systems.

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Zhao, Yang, Xi Wang, Qibin Zhou, Zhenxing Wang i Xiaoyan Bian. "Numerical Study of Lightning Protection of Wind Turbine Blade with De-Icing Electrical Heating System". Energies 13, nr 3 (5.02.2020): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030691.

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In order to solve the problem of icing on the surface of wind turbine blade, a heating system that includes a carbon fiber net (CFN) and power cables is proposed recently. When lightning strikes at the blade with a de-icing heating system, the blade and its heating system are more easily damaged due to the overvoltage between the lightning protection system (LPS) of the blade and the heating system. In this paper, the models of a wind turbine blade with the de-icing heating system are established by Alternative Transients Program/Electromagnetic Transients Program (ATP–EMTP) and the accuracy of models is verified through an experiment. With these models, the influence of lightning current, surge protective devices (SPDs) and earthing resistance of wind turbine are analyzed by calculating the voltage between the down-conductor of the LPS and the heating system. The results show that the voltage is positively correlated with lightning current amplitude and negatively correlated with the front time of lightning current. SPDs are quite useful to reduce the voltage, and an optimal installation scheme of SPDs is obtained by simulation. It is noted that voltage decreases slightly with the increasing earthing resistance with the optimal installation scheme of SPDs.

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Kobibi, Youcef Islam Djilani, Mohamed Abdeldjalil Djehaf i Mohamed Khatir. "MMC-Based HVDC Transmission Systems Models in EMT-Type Program". Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés 55, nr 6 (31.12.2022): 749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/jesa.550606.

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The modular multilevel converter (MMC) is a recently developed converter architecture with the potential for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission applications. Due to the large number of IGBTs and diode devices, modeling a modular multilevel converter (MMC) for electromagnetic transient type (EMT-type) simulations might be difficult. HVDC-MMC transmission system detailed models take a long time to compute. To solve this issue, simplified and averaged models have been suggested. In order to efficiently and accurately depict MMC-HVDC systems, several kinds of models are developed and compared in this study using EMTP-rv software. The results suggest that the kind of model to be used will rely on the study performed and the level of accuracy needed.

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Espinoza, Renzo, Yuri Molina i Maria Tavares. "PC Implementation of a Real-Time Simulator Using ATP Foreign Models and a Sound Card". Energies 11, nr 8 (16.08.2018): 2140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082140.

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This work reports the personal computer implementation of a real-time simulator based on the widely used Electromagnetic Transients Program, version Alternative Transients Program (EMTP-ATP) software for testing protection and control devices. The proposed simulator was implemented on a conventional PC with a GNU/Linux operative system including a real-time kernel. Using foreign models programmed in C, ATP was recompiled with the PortAudio (sound card I/O library) with tools for writing and reading the parallel port. In this way, the sound card was used as a digital-to-analog converter to generate voltage waveform outputs at each simulation time step of the ATP, and the parallel port was used for digital inputs and outputs, resulting in a real-time simulator that can interact with protection and control devices by means of hardware-in-the-loop tests. This work uses the minimum possible hardware requirements to try to implement a real-time simulator. Due to the limitation of two channels, this simulator was used mainly to demonstrate the implementation methodology concept at this stage; this concept could potentially be expanded with more powerful hardware to improve its performance. The performance of the implemented simulator was analyzed through interactions with a real intelligent electronic device (IED). Furthermore, a comparison with the results obtained by means of the well-known real-time digital simulator (RTDS) was presented and discussed.

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Abd Rahman, Farah Asyikin, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, Ungku Anisa Ungku Amirulddin i Miszaina Osman. "Computation of Energy Absorption and Residual Voltage in a Fourth Rail LRT Station Arresters in EMTP-RV: A Comparative Study". Urban Rail Transit 7, nr 2 (1.04.2021): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40864-021-00143-w.

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AbstractThis paper presents a study on the performance of a fourth rail direct current (DC) urban transit affected by an indirect lightning strike. The indirect lightning strike was replicated and represented by a lightning-induced overvoltage by means of the Rusck model, with the sum of two Heidler functions as its lightning channel base current input, on a perfect conducting ground. This study aims to determine whether an indirect lightning strike has any influence with regard to the performance of the LRT Kelana Jaya line, a fourth rail DC urban transit station arrester. The simulations were carried out using the Electromagnetic Transients Program–Restructured Version (EMTP–RV), which includes the comparison performance results between the 3EB4-010 arrester and PDTA09 arrester when induced by a 90 kA (9/200 µs). The results demonstrated that the PDTA09 arrester showed better coordination with the insulated rail bracket of the fourth rail. It allowed a lower residual voltage and a more dynamic response, eventually resulting in better voltage gradient in the pre-breakdown region and decreased residual voltage ratio in the high current region.

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Nosratian Ahour, Jafar, Saeed Seyedtabaii i Gevork B. Gharehpetian. "Test System for Detailed Model of Transformers for Transient Analysis Using the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP)". Electric Power Components and Systems 46, nr 5 (16.03.2018): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2018.1458257.

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Khairul Hafizi Rohani, Mohamad Nur, Chai Chang Yii, Muzamir Isa i Syed Idris Syed Hassan. "Comparison between Parameter of Single Core Unarmoured Aluminium Conductor 6.35/11 kV Underground Cable for Partial Discharge Measurement Using EMTP-ATP Software". Applied Mechanics and Materials 793 (wrzesień 2015): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.793.134.

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Partial Discharge (PD) is one of a symptom in the underground cable before the fault happens.This paper concerned with estimation and detection problems related to PD phenomena in buried underground cables. The Rogowski coil has been implemented to analyze this symptom. The various sizes of nominal cross-sectional area cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable with 6.35/11 KV single core unarmored aluminum conductors that follows Nexans manufacturer datasheet based on design standard IEC 60502 has been used in the simulation using Electromagnetic Transient Program-Alternative Transient Program (EMTP-ATP) software. The Lumped parameter is used for the Rogowski coil sensor model. Meanwhile, for Double-end measurement using J-Marti model is designed to evaluate the parameter changing in the measurement.Based on the measurement, the value of amplitude voltage and current is proportional increase depends on the size of cross-sectional area of conductor XLPE cable.

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35

Abbas, Ahmed K., Sumaya Hamad i Nuha A. Hamad. "Single line to ground fault detection and location in medium voltage distribution system network based on neural network". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 23, nr 2 (1.08.2021): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i2.pp621-632.

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<p>The aim of this project was to detect and locate the single ground failure lines that occurs in medium voltage (MV) networks on the transmission lines (TL). Compared with anther faults, single line-to-ground (SLG) is the most frequent. The neural network (NN) algorithm was advanced in order to discover and locate SLG faults. The network is simulated through simulated numerous defects at various locations, as well as changing earth resistance from (or 100 Ω) to TL to gather all of the data. In the electromagnetic transients’ program (EMTP) program software, the existing fault have been measured. In addition, the waves were evaluated by utilize MATLAP's fastfourier-transform to calculate the waves of top three of them, On the MV network are fifty hundred faults are simulated all data in the neural network at MATLAB were trained and examined to improve the NN algorithm according to this data. Comparing all the simulated location faults that have been applied with those all locations detected in the NN algorithm, the overall error between them has been found to be very low and not to exceed 0.7. The Simulink circuit was created from this algorithm and checked in order to predict each failure could occur in the future in the MV network.</p>

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36

Grebović, Selma, Mirza Batalović, Adis Balota i Nermin Oprašić. "Importance of Lightning Activity Monitoring Systems for Transmission Line Lightning Performance Improvement Studies". B&H Electrical Engineering 14, nr 2 (1.12.2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bhee-2020-0011.

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Abstract Line surge arresters are mainly used for transmission line lightning performance improvement. Calculation of energy stresses of lines surge arrester is of extreme importance for the selection of the arrester class. Energy stresses of transmission line surge arresters due to multicomponent lightning flashes are analysed in this paper. To obtain lightning data two approaches were used: direct measurements using instrumented towers and lightning location systems. Both lightning monitoring systems are described. Data obtained from lightning monitoring systems are compared and used in simulations. Detailed modelling procedure for a transient analysis of the transmission lines is also described. Multicomponent lightning flash and 110 kV transmission line were modelled using Electromagnetic Transient Program -Restructured Version (EMTP – RV). The arrester current shapes and arrester energy duties are presented in order to clearly show influence of lightning current parameters to arrester energy duty.

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37

Lee, You-Jin, O.-Sang Kwon, Jeong-Yong Heo i Chul-Hwan Kim. "A Study on the Out-of-Step Detection Algorithm Using Time Variation of Complex Power-Part II: Out-of-Step Detection Algorithm and Simulation Results". Energies 13, nr 7 (10.04.2020): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071833.

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One of the established unstable power swing (out-of-step) detection algorithms in micro grid/smart grid power systems uses a trajectory of apparent impedance in the R-X plane. However, this algorithm is not suitable for fast out-of-step conditions and it is hard to detect out-of-step conditions exactly. Another algorithm for out-of-step detection is using phasor measurement units (PMUs). However, PMUs need extra equipment. This paper presents the out-of-step detection algorithm using the trajectory of complex power. The trajectory of complex power and generator mechanical power is used to identify out-of-step conditions. A second order low pass digital filter is used to extract the generator mechanical power from the complex power. Variations of complex power are used to identify equilibrium points between stable and unstable conditions. The proposed out-of-step algorithm is based on the modification of assessment of a transient stability using equal area criterion (EAC). The proposed out-of-step algorithm is verified and tested by using alternative transient program/electromagnetic transient program (ATP/EMTP) MODELS.

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38

Thanasaksiri, Thanaphong. "Lightning Flashover Rates of Overhead Distribution Lines Applying EMTP and IEEE Std.1410". ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 10, nr 1 (1.08.2011): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2012101.170484.

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This paper calculates the lightning flashover rates of 22 kV overhead distribution line. In order to calculate the backflashover rate (BFOR), the performance of line which related to the insulator backflashover has been modeled and analyzed using Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). The flashover models, volt time curve (VT), disruptive effect model (DE) and leader progression model (LPM) have been compared. The shielding failure flashover rate (SFFOR) and induced voltage flashover rate (IVFOR) have been calculated follow equations given in IEEE std 1410-2010. Finally the total numbers of flashovers of line have been determined. The lightning flashovers rates of BFOR, SFFOR and IVFOR have also been compared with the data taken from the line outages recorder. From the system being studied shown that, the total numbers of flashovers from simulation and calculation is closed to the data from the line outage recorder.

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Kraszewski, Wojciech, Przemysław Syrek i Mateusz Mitoraj. "Methods of Ferroresonance Mitigation in Voltage Transformers in a 30 kV Power Supply Network". Energies 15, nr 24 (15.12.2022): 9516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249516.

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Inductive voltage transformers are the basic components of the switchgear equipment or electrical substations. This article presents problems related to their operation. Inductive voltage transformers were exposed to specific working conditions in the form of ferroresonance oscillations with the participation of measurement and protective transformers. The disadvantage and negative significance of the phenomenon contributed to the development of the most convenient elimination methods, which is the main goal and achievement of the publication. The analysis of the proposed solutions were carried out on a theoretical model of a 30 kV power network model created and run in the Electromagnetic Transients Program/Alternative Transients Program (EMTP/ATP). The article presents several results of computer simulations carried out together with their complete characteristics (phase voltage waveforms on the primary side of voltage transformers), which allowed us to indicate the disadvantages and advantages of the solutions developed, and choose the most favorable methods to eliminate nonlinear oscillations. In the article, we present an analysis of all aspects contributing to the solution to the problem. This has permitted an appropriate conclusion to be made indicating the advantage of the method based on the use of a damping resistor in the open delta circuit compared to other solutions. Current solutions are largely based on a product using active variation of the resistance of an open delta attached resistor. The concept in this paper is based on a fixed resistance value, which is a different approach to the problem. By using a switch, the resistor is only connected when a fault occurs. Thanks to this solution, the secondary winding of the open delta is not additionally loaded (despite the very high resistance) at all times during the operation of the power network, as is the case with the available solution.

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Li, Hui, i Liang Yuan. "Investigation of Signal on Transmission Lines in Power System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 577 (lipiec 2014): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.577.551.

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Single of phasor measurement unit (PMU) in smart grid is analyzed. On the power transmission links, single of voltage and current are measured by kinds of PMUs, messages of PMUs are concentrated to PDC (Phasor data concentrator) and super PDC in power systems. Signal quality is important to power transmission, power utilization and power control for stability a power system. Harmonics, inter-harmonics, decaying DC (direct current) offset, and additive white Gaussian noise are analyzed. Odd-number harmonics and inter-harmonics affect the quality of power signals. Decaying DC offsert components influence current signal of power transmission line whose model is modeled by EMTP (Electromagnetic transient program) worldwide. Noise is generally a negligible factor on power transmission lines, since signal-to-noise (SNR) is always below 40 dB.

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41

Soeprapto, R. Hery Satriyo. "Modelling Lightning Strike on Overhead Lines for the Analysis of Back Flashover Using Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP)". International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE) 9, nr 5 (31.10.2014): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.15866/iree.v9i5.3705.

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Songsang, Arnon, Nattachote Rugthaichareoncheep i Att Phayomhom. "Grounding Design Improvement to Reduce Back Flashover Rate of 69 kV Subtransmission Line in Power’s Distribution System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 781 (sierpień 2015): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.781.250.

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This paper presents the grounding design improvement to reduce back flashover rate from the lightning of distribution system. The Purpose to reduce effects of lightning overvoltage from back flashover. And study analysis of the condition effects of lightning performance of 69 kV on Metropolitan Electricity Authority (MEA)’s distribution system of Thailand. The technique objective function is an attachment the external ground wire connected between the overhead ground wires and a ground rod for reduce back flashover. Back flashover is one of the major causes of sustained interruption data. Occurs when the amplitude of lightning overvoltage is more than the limit of insulator strings specification. Then generated flashover on insulator skin and induces the voltage line. This paper simulation with Alternative Transient Program-Electromagnetic Transient Program (ATP-EMTP) and analysis of lightning performance in terms evaluated pole top voltage and back flashover rate (BFOR). Result after installing the external grounding design system can reduce the effects of lightning and can improve the reliability in distribution system. And the grounding systems designed is can use for guide line to the features typically at locations subject to lightning damage.

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Negara, I. Made Yulistya, Daniar Fahmi, Dimas Anton Asfani, IGN Satriyadi Hernanda, Rendi Bagus Pratama i Arief Budi Ksatria. "Investigation and Improvement of Standard External Lightning Protection System: Industrial Case Study". Energies 14, nr 14 (8.07.2021): 4118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144118.

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In this study, the lightning protection system and grounding system of one plant of the petrochemical industry were investigated, evaluated, and improved. The methods used in this study were rolling sphere and angle protection methods. The grounding system of the building under study was modeled and simulated using ATP/EMTP (Alternative Transient Program/Electromagnetic Transient Program) software. The results show that the external lightning protection system of the prilling tower studied does not adhere to IEC 62305 and IEC 1024-1-1 standards. Moreover, the grounding configuration of the DCS building was not appropriate for protecting sensitive equipment inside. Lightning causes an enormous potential difference between lightning ground rods in the grounding system. Additionally, disabling the existing surge protective device (SPD) causes an increase in the magnitude of Ground Potential Rise at the DCS building. Improvement of the lightning protection system of the prilling tower and DCS building on Plant 1 of this petrochemical company as well as some other recommendations for improvements are proposed. This paper also shows evidence that external lightning protection, internal lightning protection, and the grounding system need to be connected to make an exemplary lightning protection system.

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Feng, Ruming, Lei Zhao, Chuanqiang Che, Qiong Wang, Tianyu, Jun Zhao i Lei Wang. "Analysis and Research on Lightning Inrush Wave Overvoltage in EHV GIS Substation transformation project". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2503, nr 1 (1.05.2023): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2503/1/012075.

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Abstract When lightning intrudes into the over-voltage in the 500 kV substation, the lightning wave will be introduced into the substation along the line, which will seriously affect the insulation level of the equipment. In this paper, firstly, the working principle, characteristics, and lightning current simulation of the ZnO arrester are described. Then, the electromagnetic transient program (EMTP-ATP) used in a 500 kV GIS substation carried out the simulation research to the lightning over-voltage, specifically studied the lightning protection effect of metal oxide arrester, compared the lightning over-voltage under the different lightning locations and operation mode, and calculated the 500kV GIS Substation under the single in single out operation mode, 500kV. The influence of different positions of lightning arresters in GIS on the magnitude of lightning over-voltage and the lightning over-voltage on the substation equipment in GIS is also described.

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45

Çetinkaya, Nurettin, i Farhana Umer. "Effect of Neutral Grounding Protection Methods for Compensated Wind/PV Grid-Connected Hybrid Power Systems". International Journal of Photoenergy 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4860432.

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The effects of the wind/PV grid-connected system (GCS) can be categorized as technical, environmental, and economic impacts. It has a vital impact for improving the voltage in the power systems; however, it has some negative effects such as interfacing and fault clearing. This paper discusses different grounding methods for fault protection of High-voltage (HV) power systems. Influences of these grounding methods for various fault characteristics on wind/PV GCSs are discussed. Simulation models are implemented in the Alternative Transient Program (ATP) version of the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). The models allow for different fault factors and grounding methods. Results are obtained to evaluate the impact of each grounding method on the 3-phase short-circuit fault (SCF), double-line-to-ground (DLG) fault, and single-line-to-ground (SLG) fault features. Solid, resistance, and Petersen coil grounding are compared for different faults on wind/PV GCSs. Transient overcurrent and overvoltage waveforms are used to describe the fault case. This paper is intended as a guide to engineers in selecting adequate grounding and ground fault protection schemes for HV, for evaluating existing wind/PV GCSs to minimize the damage of the system components from faults. This research presents the contribution of wind/PV generators and their comparison with the conventional system alone.

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Kim, Hyoun-Su, Hae-Yeol Min, J. Geoffrey Chase i Chul-Hwan Kim. "Analysis of Induced Voltage on Pipeline Located Close to Parallel Distribution System". Energies 14, nr 24 (17.12.2021): 8536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248536.

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Gas and oil pipelines are widely used to supply customers. They are often laid in parallel with high voltage power lines, sharing right of way. When the pipeline is located near overhead high-voltage power, corrosion caused by induced voltages from AC power lines can occur in utility pipelines. Therefore, the calculation of induced voltage is always required for both interference and maintenance workers as well as pipeline facility safety. For parallel distribution lines, the calculation method for the induced voltage is not suitable due to the excessive error caused by using the screening factors of the neutral current. For a more practical analysis of the induced voltage, a new analysis is needed using the actual neutral current and which also considers the overhead ground conductor and the neutral conductor. This paper analyzed the induced voltage from a parallel distribution system using Carson’s formula and vector analysis. Simulation analysis results are verified by separate Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) simulation.

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47

Davi, Moisés Junior Batista Borges, David Calhau Jorge i Felipe Vigolvino Lopes. "Fault current and fault voltage analysis of power transmission systems with high penetration of inverter-based wind generators". Acta Scientiarum. Technology 44 (24.05.2022): e57848. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v44i1.57848.

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This paper highlights the evolution of wind power sources in the modern energy scenario, emphasizing the impacts of inverter-based generators, namely Full-Converter and DFIG (Doubly-Fed Induction Generator), on fault currents and fault voltages in transmission systems. The studies were carried out through computer simulations, with an EMTP (Electromagnetic Transients Program) type software. A power system with high penetration of such renewable generations was modeled and several contingency scenarios were simulated in a transmission line that performs the connection of the wind power plant to the grid. The scenarios included the variation of parameters such as fault type, inception instant angles, resistance, and distance, to explore the main differences between the contributions to the fault of a wind power plant and conventional generation. Among the atypical analyzed characteristics, the following can be highlighted: the absence of the DC (Direct Current) component for Full-Converter generation, independent of fault inception instant angle and distance variation; low levels of the fault contributions at the wind power plant terminal; low levels of voltages at the wind power plant terminal, evidencing the high SIR (Source Impedance Ratio) characteristic of these generations; atypical relations between the fault resistance and measured currents; and others. The obtained results show the importance of further studies on the impacts of inverter-based generations on fault currents and voltages, allowing developments that are able to improve control and protection systems for grids with high penetration of this wind generation topologies

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Liu, Chien-Hsun, Yirga Muna, Yu-Tung Chen, Cheng-Chien Kuo i Hung-Yi Chang. "Risk Analysis of Lightning and Surge Protection Devices for Power Energy Structures". Energies 11, nr 8 (1.08.2018): 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11081999.

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This paper studies the risk data and protection measurements of lightning based on the IEC62305 standard. In addition, Visual Basic (VB) is used to build a lightning risk calculation program with a Graphical User Interface (GUI). The data structure, including environment data, line data, zone data, economic data, and protection measures is designed to simulate risk of loss of human life (R1) and risk of loss of economic value (R4). To achieve the most economical protection structure design, additional protection measurements and annual savings are considered. In the practical application, the main purpose is to discuss effective protection distances of surge protective devices (SPDs) for low-voltage power distribution. This paper takes advantage of Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) to simulate the voltage of equipment with different types of loads and length of the cable. After using the protection measures, the value of risk of human life reduces form 21.299 × 10−5 to 0.439 × 10−5 and the value of risk of economic value reduces from 2696.754 × 10−5 to 98.062 × 10−5. The results mean that the protection measures let the values of the risk below the tolerance. By considering the annual cost saving. Assume the cost of protection measures, the interest rate, the depreciation rate, and the maintenance rate are 150,000 $, 4%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. The annual cost before using protective measures, the annual cost after using protective measures, the annual cost of protective measures, and the annual cost saving are $925,000, $33,635, $15,000 and $876,365, respectively. Consequently, it is feasible that the simulation result can provide users with great suggestions to choose the best installation location and achieve the most effective protection design.

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Zalhaf, Amr S., Ensheng Zhao, Yang Han, Ping Yang, Abdulrazak H. Almaliki i Reda M. H. Aly. "Evaluation of the Transient Overvoltages of HVDC Transmission Lines Caused by Lightning Strikes". Energies 15, nr 4 (16.02.2022): 1452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041452.

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High-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission systems are considered an outstanding solution due to high electrical losses emerging from long-distance transmission. However, HVDC transmission lines (TLs) are vulnerable to lightning strikes. In this work, the Yunnan-Guizhou 500 kV HVDC transmission system is used as a case study to evaluate the impact of lightning strikes on DC-TL overvoltages, as no research studies have been conducted to assess the lightning transient behavior of DC-TLs. A comprehensive investigation of the 500 kV DC-TL transient performance during lightning strikes is performed, taking into account different technical aspects that have not been studied in detail by previous researchers. Additionally, analysis of the back-flashover phenomenon has not been conducted well in previous work, and results on the effect of changing the lightning strike current peak and tower grounding resistance on shielding-failure flashover are quite limited. The distributed-parameter model is used to represent the DC-TL using the electromagnetic transients program (EMTP), considering real parameters of shielding wires and DC towers to study the lightning impact in the case of back-flashover and shielding-failure phenomena. Lightning strike is applied to the shielding wire, and the impact of increasing the peak value of lightning current is investigated on the back-flashover occurrence. Moreover, the influence of tower grounding resistance variation on the transient overvoltages across the tower body and back-flashover phenomenon is evaluated. From the simulation results, increasing the lightning current peak and grounding resistance results in higher overvoltages across the tower body, which increases the probability of back-flashover. Additionally, the shielding failure of the TL is assumed, and the variation impact of the lightning current peak and grounding resistance on shielding-failure flashover is investigated. The results show that the impact of the lightning current peak has a more significant impact than the grounding resistance in the case of shielding-failure flashover.

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Gatta, Fabio, Alberto Geri, Stefano Lauria i Marco Maccioni. "An Equivalent Circuit for the Evaluation of Cross-Country Fault Currents in Medium Voltage (MV) Distribution Networks". Energies 11, nr 8 (24.07.2018): 1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11081929.

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A Cross-Country Fault (CCF) is the simultaneous occurrence of a couple of Line-to-Ground Faults (LGFs), affecting different phases of same feeder or of two distinct ones, at different fault locations. CCFs are not uncommon in medium voltage (MV) public distribution networks operated with ungrounded or high-impedance neutral: despite the relatively small value of LGF current that is typical of such networks, CCF currents can be comparable to those that are found in Phase-To-Phase Faults, if the affected feeder(s) consists of cables. This occurs because the faulted cables’ sheaths/screens provide a continuous, relatively low-impedance metallic return path to the fault currents. An accurate evaluation is in order, since the resulting current magnitudes can overheat sheaths/screens, endangering cable joints and other plastic sheaths. Such evaluation, however, requires the modeling of the whole MV network in the phase domain, simulating cable screens and their connections to the primary and secondary substation earth electrodes by suitable computer programs, such as ATP (which is the acronym for alternative transient program) or EMTP (the acronym for electromagnetic transient program), with substantial input data being involved. This paper presents a simplified yet accurate circuit model of the faulted MV network, taking into account the CCF currents’ return path (cable sheaths/screens, ground conductors, and earthing resistances of secondary substations). The proposed CCF model can be implemented in a general-purpose simulation program, and it yields accurate fault currents estimates: for a 20 kV network case study, the comparison with accurate ATP simulations evidences mismatches mostly smaller than 2%, and never exceeding 5%.

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