Rozprawy doktorskie: „Electromagnetic geophysics”

1

Linde, Niklas. "Characterization of Hydrogeological Media Using Electromagnetic Geophysics". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5912.

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Radio magnetotellurics (RMT), crosshole ground penetrating radar (GPR), and crosshole electrical resistance tomography (ERT) were applied in a range of hydrogeological applications where geophysical data could improve hydrogeological characterization. A profile of RMT data collected over highly resistive granite was used to map subhorizontal fracture zones below 300m depth, as well as a steeply dipping fracture zone, which was also observed on a coinciding seismic reflection profile. One-dimensional inverse modelling and 3D forward modelling with displacement currents included were necessary to test the reliability of features found in the 2D models, where the forward models did not include displacement currents and only lower frequencies were considered. An inversion code for RMT data was developed and applied to RMT data with azimuthal electrical anisotropy signature collected over a limestone formation. The results indicated that RMT is a faster and more reliable technique for studying electrical anisotropy than are azimuthal resistivity surveys. A new sequential inversion method to estimate hydraulic conductivity fields using crosshole GPR and tracer test data was applied to 2D synthetic examples. Given careful surveying, the results indicated that regularization of hydrogeological inverse problems using geophysical tomograms might improve models of hydraulic conductivity. A method to regularize geophysical inverse problems using geostatistical models was developed and applied to crosshole ERT and GPR data collected in unsaturated sandstone. The resulting models were geologically more reasonable than models where the regularization was based on traditional smoothness constraints. Electromagnetic geophysical techniques provide an inexpensive data source in estimating qualitative hydrogeological models, but hydrogeological data must be incorporated to make quantitative estimation of hydrogeological systems feasible.

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2

Mallan, Robert Keays 1968. "Model studies of radio frequency electromagnetic geotomography". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278551.

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The objectives of this research were to provide accurate geotomography data and to subsequently use these data to investigate the ability of a two dimensional (2-D), rigorous wave equation model to describe the data. This was approached by constructing a physical, scale model EM tomography system to make measurements over a known, controllable medium. These data were used in the evaluation of a 2-D, exact, integral wave equation model as part of a reconstruction algorithm to image the conductivity and permittivity distribution of the planar region under investigation. Measured data exhibited precision, symmetry and repeatability, and also accuracy in determining the conductivity and permittivity of an aqueous solution. Analysis of the data indicates that the tomography system can detect and accurately locate a target. Adjustments in the 2-D mathematical model were needed in order to accurately fit the radiation pattern of the electric dipole antenna used in the physical scale model. Subsequently, the 2-D model was able to successfully describe tomography data over a 2-D target.

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3

Johansson, Linnéa. "Modelling and interpretation of VTEM data from Soppero, Sweden". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-64879.

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The geological and geophysical knowledge about the northernmost part of Sweden has recently increased due to the Barents project, which includes acquisition of modern geophysical and geological information on behalf of the Swedish Geological Survey (SGU). During August 2013, a helicopter-borne versatile time domain electromagnetic (VTEM) survey was performed by Geotech Ltd, in the Soppero area northeast of Kiruna. From the VTEM measurements, a number of TEM anomalous zones have been identified and two of them are located south and southeast of the Lannavaara village. The main conductive features in the Lannavaara area can be explained by the presence of graphitic schist, which is spatially associated with a number of sulphide and iron oxide mineralisation occurrences. In this project, Maxwell thin sheet modelling and EM Flow conductivity-depth-imaging (CDI) software have been applied to selected anomalies in the Lannavaara area, for the purpose of extracting geometrical parameters of conductive features. This information has been used in order to confirm the structural framework of the area and evaluate the utility of VTEM measurements in this geological environment. In general, Maxwell thin sheet models of anomalies with small amplitudes show a better correlation with existing drill holes than models of anomalies with large amplitudes. The use of small amplitudes managed to confirm the structural model in the central part of the investigated area, which is an anticline. However, the use of different models and their distribution across the area is limited. Compared with Maxwell, CDIs from EM Flow provided a better way of confirming the general structural model in the area, although they include artefacts due to strong lateral gradients in conductivity. The Lannavaara area has also been investigated by VLF, Slingram and magnetic measurements and based on these data, multivariate analysis in SiroSOM reveals a strong correlation between VTEM and Slingram data, while VLF data appears to have much less or more complicated correlation with the other data sets. In summary, the results from the various software raise a question about the geological complexity in parts of the Lannavaara area, which may include multiple layers of graphitic schist, possibly expressed as smooth transitions in conductivity when represented by data from electromagnetic methods.

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4

Shank, Jared Wyatt. "A geophysical investigation to locate missing graves utilizing ground penetrating radar, electromagnetic, and magnetic methods". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1389704983.

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5

Torikka, Niklas. "3D Modelling of TEM Data : from Rajapalot Gold-Cobalt prospect, northern Finland". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-75756.

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The Rajapalot gold-cobalt project in northern Finland is an exciting, relatively new discovery, still being explored with hopes to start mining in the future. The area was found by a IP/Resistivity survey in 2013. Extensive geophysical follow-up surveys have delineated several electromagnetic targets, one of which, named Raja, is the target anomaly this master thesis is built upon. A TEM survey was carried out during late August to early September 2018. The data collected was analyzed, processed and later modelled in Maxwell using Leroi, a CSIRO module. Three separate models are produced with one, two, and three plates respectively. The result is compared to existing VTEM and resistivity models.
Rajapalot guld-kobolt-projektet i norra Finland är en spännande, relativt ny upptäckt som fortfarande undersöks med hopp om att starta gruvbrytning i framtiden. Området upptäcktes via en IP/Resistivitets-undersökning under 2013. Omfattande geofysiska undersökningar har avgränsat flera elektromagnetiska anomalier, varav en, döpt Raja, är den anomali som den här masteruppsatsen är uppbyggd kring. En TEM-undersökning utfördes under slutet av augusti, början av september 2018. Insamlade data analyserades, bearbetades och modellerades senare i Maxwell med hjälp av Leroi, en insticksmodul från CSIRO. Tre separata modeller togs fram med respektive, en, två, och tre plattor. Resultatet jämfördes mot befintliga VTEM-, och resistivitetsmodeller.

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6

Nassar, Elias M. "Numerical and experimental studies of electromagnetic scattering from sea ice/". The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487948440826275.

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7

Thunehed, Hans. "Two topics related to interpretation of transient electromagnetic measurements". Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 1997. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26657.

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8

Cassidy, Nigel John. "The application of mathematical modelling in the interpretation of near-surface archaeological ground-penetrating radar". Thesis, Keele University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.344057.

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9

Debroux, Patrick Serge 1957. "A numerical electromagnetic study of shallow geophysical targets". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288769.

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Prediction of the response of high-frequency induction survey tools to 3-dimensional targets is needed to aid in tool and survey design, in the interpretation of data, and to analyze the interaction of the individual field components with the target of interest. To this end, two numerical algorithms (TSAR and NEC) were imported and adapted to solve geophysical electromagnetic problems. A third algorithm (EM1DSH) was used to quantitatively analyze the role of current channeling on the response of shallow targets, and to verify that the TSAR and NEC algorithms include the important effect of current channeling in their solution. TSAR (a finite difference time-domain algorithm) proved successful in modeling the ellipticity response of a vertical magnetic dipole placed over a homogenous and layered lossy dielectric as compared to published data in the 500 kHz to 30 MHz range. Cell-size versus accuracy analyses show that little accuracy gains are made with a reduction of cell-size past the one-tenth effective wavelength modeling guideline. NEC (a method-of-moments algorithm) shows substantial but limited success in modeling the response of small loop antennas to perfectly and near-perfectly conducting geophysical targets (conductivity and permeability) in the 6.4 kHz to 8 MHz range. Comparison of NEC results are made with analytic results, fields data, and other numerical algorithms. NEC shows substantial numerical error at lower frequencies due to the effective lengths (in wavelengths) of the wire segments used. Also, the Green's function look-up table used to interpolate the effect of half-space on target response is not optimized for the geophysical problem which can lead to substantial solution error at lower (kHz) frequencies. An integral equation solution (EM1DSH) analysis shows that the quantitative effect of increasing background conductivity (which affects both current channeling and target response) on the secondary field response of a buried thin-sheet can be greater than 120 percent in the geophysical induction range. Target parameter changes show current channeling to be greatest for targets that are shallow, that are horizontal, and have a large dimensional aspect ratio. Target and survey parameter sensitivity analyses help to understand the relationship of these parameters to current channeling.

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10

Barongo, Justus Obiko. "Application of transient airborne electromagnetic and ground resistivity methods to geological mapping in tropical terrains". Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75983.

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The feasibility of using time-domain airborne electromagnetic and ground resistivity methods in geological mapping in tropical terrains is investigated. The investigation is based upon evaluation of the linear inverse theory in the determination of physical parameters of the weathered layer necessary for interpretation of underlying lithology.
Inversion of ground resistivity sounding data from the greenstone belt in western Kenya yields conductivities and thicknesses that are consistent with geology. A similar inversion of modelled time-domain airborne electromagnetic data shows that conductivity, thickness and depth to the top of the conductive weathered layer can be uniquely determined if its response does not suffer the thin sheet response problem. The results further show that this problem can be quite common in tropical regions since much of the weathered layer has low conductivity and thickness and, consequently, the response is weak. In this situation, conductivity and thickness are correlated and conductivity-thickness product is better determined than these two parameters independently.
By virtue of the weak time-domain AEM response of the weathered layer, much of the response remains buried in noise. This situation introduces further complications for an inverse problem that is highly non-linear. A method for reducing some of this noise before carrying out the inversion is presented.

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11

Pearson, Patrick Ian 1964. "Application of electric and electromagnetic geophysical methods to detect fractures in unsaturated tuff". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278223.

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Three electrical and electromagnetic geophysical methods were used to examine the moisture and permeability distribution and identify fractures in a partially saturated, fractured ash-flow tuff near Superior, Arizona. Experiments using ground penetrating radar (GPR) to locate targets with known orientations in the tuff were used to assess the angular limits of fracture detection from radar profiles. Identification of fractures from radar records appears to be limited to those with dips of less than 45°. The application of a single well electrical tracer (SWET) technique proved effective in identifying relative permeability in a borehole drilled in the tuff when compared to air permeability logs of the same borehole. Laboratory resistivity measurements of electrical resistivity were conducted to determine electrical resistivity/moisture saturation relationships. Twenty-seven tuff cores were measured at equilibrated suctions of 0 to 500 kPa. Resistivity values ranged from 50 to 1600 ohm-m.

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12

Fortson, Samuel King. "Usability Engineering Applied to an Electromagnetic Modeling Tool". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33665.

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There are very few software packages for model-building and visualization in electromagnetic geophysics, particularly when compared to other geophysical disciplines, such as seismology. The purpose of this thesis is to design, develop, and test a geophysical model-building interface that allows users to parameterize the 2D magnetotellurics problem. Through the evaluation of this interface, feedback was collected from a usability specialist and a group of geophysics graduate students to study the steps users take to work through the 2D forward-modeling problem, and to analyze usability errors encountered while working with the interface to gain a better understanding of how to build a more effective interface. Similar work has been conducted on interface design in other fields, such as medicine and consumer websites. Usability Engineering is the application of a systematic set of methods to the design and development of software with the goal of making the software more learnable, easy to use, and accessible. Two different Usability Engineering techniques â Heuristic Evaluation and Thinking Aloud Protocol â were involved in the evaluation of the interface designed in this study (FEM2DGUI). Heuristic Evaluation is a usability inspection method that employs a usability specialist to detect errors based on a known set of guidelines and personal experience. Thinking Aloud Protocol is a usability evaluation method where potential end-users are observed as they verbalize their every step as they work through specific scenarios with an interface. These Usability Engineering methods were combined in a effort to understand how the first prototype of FEM2DGUI could be refined to make it more usable and to understand how end-users work through the forward-modeling problem. The Usability Engineering methods employed in this project uncovered multiple usability errors that were corrected through a refinement of the interface. Discovery of these errors helped with refining the system to become more robust and usable, which is believed to aid users in more efficient model-building. Because geophysical model-building is inherently a difficult task, it is possible that other model-building graphical user interfaces could benefit from the application of Usability Engineering methods, such as those presented in this research.â
Master of Science

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13

Bedrosian, Paul Andrew. "Electromagnetic imaging of active fault zones /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9791.

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14

Anderson, Carl E., Moussa Bari, Robert W. Cook, Jennifer N. Hall, Daniel R. Hartley, Jonathon Jakucki, Jared W. Jordan, Jeffrey R. Kennedy, Ben K. Sternberg i Timothy M. Wallace. "TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC (TEM) INVESTIGATIONS INTHE UPPER SAN PEDRO RIVER BASIN, BENSON, ARIZONA". LASI Laboratory for Advanced Surface Imaging, The University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624624.

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Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) surveys were conducted in the San Pedro Valley starting approximately 1 mile northeast of Benson, Arizona, and extending about 2 miles farther northeast. The survey used loop sizes of 20x20, 100x100, and 200x200 meters with the objectives of determining the depth, thickness, and lateral extent of clay deposits, and comparing ground surveys with a previously acquired airborne TEM survey. The data were processed with Zonge Engineering smooth inversion software as well as Interpex TEMIX layered-earth inversion software. The interpreted depth to near-surface clay deposits was less than 5 m on the west end near the San Pedro River, and increased to about 15 m, 1.3 km to the east. Farther east, clay deposits were only detected at depths of 100 m or more. A possible bottom to the clay was detected near 100 m depth at selected stations in the western half of the survey, which would correlate with wells in the vicinity, but it was not laterally continuous. Surveys at the remainder of the stations did not detect a lower limit to the clay deposit. The results of the airborne survey versus the ground elevation surveys show similar resistivity values.

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15

Callegary, James Briggs. "Spatial sensitivity of low-induction-number frequency-domain electromagnetic-induction instruments". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282901.

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Numerical simulations were used to study spatial averaging in low-induction-number frequency-domain electromagnetic induction (LIN FEM) instruments. Local ( LS) and cumulative (CS) sensitivity were used to analyze three different aspects of LIN FEM spatial sensitivity. LS is the variation in a measured property given a small change at a given location of the property of interest. CS contours are derived from LS and reveal the shape and the fraction of total instrument sensitivity enclosed within the contours. The first study re-evaluated the asymptotic approach to LIN FEM spatial sensitivity. Using this approach, LIN FEM measurements have often been assumed to represent electrical conductivity (sigma) at discreet depths that do not vary with the sigma of the ground. This assumption was tested using simulations of electromagnetic fields in environments with homogeneous and layered sigma distributions. When the induction number was greater than 0.01, the 1-D vertical CS distribution and the depth of investigation varied up to 20% over the range of sigma simulated. As sigma increased, CS contours and depth of investigation decreased in depth. In the second study a small perturbation approach was used to calculate CS distributions so that each distribution is unique to a given LS distribution. CS was summed from regions of high to low LS, and retained information on the magnitude and location of LS. As sigma increased, CS became focused around the highest LS values. The maximum reduction in depth of investigation was about 40% at the highest sigma investigated. In the final study, a series of small, electrically conductive perturbations was simulated in a three-dimensional, homogeneous environment. Three-dimensional LS varied markedly with a large difference between horizontal (HMD) and vertical (VMD) orientations of the transmitter and receiver dipoles. In some regions, the calculated magnetic field intensity with the perturbation was less than that calculated for the host without the perturbation. This occurred for both VMD and HMD orientations of the transmitter. CS contours were highly complex. One dimensional, vertical LS curves extracted from the three-dimensional data were very different from curves from infinite layer simulations.

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16

Thomas, Scott James 1961. "Modeling and testing the LASI electromagnetic subsurface imaging systems". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282186.

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Three frequency-domain electromagnetic subsurface profiling systems have been developed which use frequencies from 30Hz to 30kHz, 1kHz to 1MHz, and from 30kHz to 30MHz respectively. The systems operate in the near-field and measure the ellipticity of the magnetic field. A grounded wire or a vertical magnetic dipole is used as the transmitter antenna. The receiving antennas consist of three mutually orthogonal antennas which are placed on the ground in an arbitrary orientation. Instead of performing rotations in three-dimensional complex space, a simple two-dimensional rotation operating in the complex plane is used to find ellipticity and relative tilt angle in three dimensions. Cross-talk between the receiver coils and corrections for coil misalignment are corrected using fixed coefficients. By employing cross-talk and coil misalignment corrections, coil-orientation invariance is achieved. Algorithms using one-dimensional computer modeling are developed to determine the expected minimum and maximum depths of penetration as a function of system noise and anomaly amplitude. Optimum target depth is computed from three-layer one-dimensional computer modeling and compares well with the magneto-telluric depth in the far-field. A large 100,000 gallon concrete-lined basin has been designed and constructed to perform full-scale physical modeling of the system response to various objects. The basin has been filled with water to simulate a conductive medium and a variety of targets have been submerged in the basin to simulate targets. Initial results indicate data can be collected from surveys over the basin to train neural networks. Trained neural networks can then perform real-time modeling during routine surveys.

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17

Goedecke, Walter 1954. "Field studies and scale modeling using cross-borehole electromagnetic diffraction probing". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278261.

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The scope of these studies encompasses both field site testing and scale modeling. The purpose was to better understand the complexities of electromagnetic diffraction geotomography, or the imaging of ground between boreholes using electromagnetic waves. Two field sites and a scale model tank were investigated. One field site, the San Xavier Mine facility, is located in metamorphosed paleozoic limestone. This site proved a challenge in that the medium was fairly inhomogeneous and resulted in server wave scattering. Inter-borehole transmission allowed only 15 MHz to penetrate for an adequate signal level. Both a parallel scan and geotomography of targets produced inconclusive results. The Apache Leap site contained a homogeneous quartz-latite tuff, allowing penetration of 150 MHz. Parallel scans of a metal pipe target, proved that alterant geotomography, or scans performed before and after tracer injection, was a possibility for future studies. The model tank allowed the use of horizontal dipole antennas, a coil substitute. Target effects produced strong interference patterns.

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18

Harris, Jane C. "Pieces of a Puzzle: Fitting Electromagnetic Induction into Geophysical Strategies to Produce Enhanced Archaeological Characterisation". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15743.

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Electromagnetic induction (EM) methods have been utilised in a recent surge of archaeological applications across continental Europe, Ireland and Scandinavia. Development of multi-exploration depth instruments and improvements to instrument stability have improved its reputation as an effective method for mapping archaeological remains. Despite these advances, EM methods are comparatively lacking in rigour when for British sites. Through a structured scheme of experimental analysis and fieldwork, this thesis develops an understanding of the responses of EM instruments over a range of British archaeology, including earthworks, field systems, burials, modern remains, and a Cistercian abbey; the results of which demonstrate its effective over a diversity of environments. The impact of instrument-based issues on the collected measurements was quantified through a scheme of experiments targeting instrument drift, calibration and elevation. Dedicated instrument operation and processing workflows were developed based on the collective field and experimental results, which recommend best practice guidelines for improving the quality and accuracy of collected data. The link between instrument measurements and buried archaeology was further developed through a structured analysis of the EM datasets with complementary earth resistance and magnetic results. The integration of the EM, earth resistance and magnetic datasets was utilised to develop an enhanced archaeological characterisation of subsurface features. While the earth resistance and magnetic methods generally responded to different aspects of the buried archaeology, the EM surveys were able to detect a range of responses evident in the results of the former methods. Therefore, the role of EM methods within this characterisation are shown to “bridge the gap” between the earth resistance and magnetic methods, while providing a comprehensive characterisation of the remains in their own right.

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19

Culbertson, Chris, William E. Lytle, Melissa M. McMillan, Ben K. Sternberg i Kyle B. Withers. "TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC (TEM) INVESTIGATION OF MICROBASIN MORPHOLOGY ALONG THE SANTA CRUZ RIVER, NOGALES, ARIZONA". LASI Laboratory for Advanced Surface Imaging, The University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624627.

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In the spring semester of 2010, the University of Arizona GEOS/GEN 416 Field Studies in Geophysics class, funded by the USGS, collected data in the Upper Santa Cruz River Basin, located in southeastern Arizona, near the US-Mexico border. In this region, surface water is scarce, so the population is almost entirely dependent on ground water. To understand temporal and spatial variability of ground-water quantity and quality, it is necessary to understand the hydrogeology of the subsurface. Using time-domain electromagnetic measurements (TEM), combined with other geophysical data, it is possible to interpret characteristics of the subsurface that might otherwise go unnoticed using just well logs or where well logs are not available. The goal of this work is to develop an understanding of hydrologically significant spatial variations in litho-stratigraphic units in the basin. Using forward and inverse modeling of electromagnetic fields and comparisons with measured data collected by ground based TEM surveys, it is possible to estimate depth to bedrock and water table. Through the analysis of 9 different TEM loops varying in size from 75 to 500 meters, groundwater in the region was interpreted to range from ~20 meters to ~100 meters. Correlation of groundwater with proximity to the Santa Cruz River differs between Guevavi Basin and Highway 82 Basin. Water table depth decreases with proximity to the Santa Cruz in the Guevavi Basin, but increases with proximity in the Highway 82 Basin. Furthermore, none of the TEM loops positively identified any bedrock material, and in some areas the bedrock is determined to be greater than 850 meters depth.

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Bergman, Andrew William. "Searching for the Unmarked Henry Kinsey Family Graves at the VA Hospital Grounds in Dayton, Ohio, Using Magnetic, Electromagnetic, and Radar Methods". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1494956391476108.

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Oskooi, Behrooz. "A Broad View on the Interpretation of Electromagnetic Data (VLF, RMT, MT, CSTMT)". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4146.

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The resolution power of single Very Low Frequency (VLF) data and multi-frequency Radiomagnetotelluric (RMT) data in delineating conductive structures typical for the sedimentary cover and crystalline basement in Scandinavia is studied with a view to future developments of the technique to increasing the frequency range into the LW radio band. Airborne and ground VLF data are interpreted and correlated with RMT measurements made on the ground to better understand the resolution power of VLF data. To aid in this understanding single and multifrequency VLF and RMT responses for some typical resistivity structures are analyzed. An analytic model is presented for obtaining unique transfer functions from measurements of the electromagnetic components on board an air-plane or on the ground. Examples of 2D inversion of ground and airborne VLF profiles in Sweden are shown to demonstrate the quantitative interpretation of VLF data in terms of both lateral and depth changes of the resistivity in the uppermost crust.

Geothermal resources are ideal targets for Electromagnetic (EM) methods since they produce strong variations in underground electrical resistivity. Modelling of Magnetotelluric (MT) data in SW Iceland indicates an alteration zone beneath the surface, where there are no obvious geothermal manifestations, in between Hengill and Brennisteinsfjoll geothermal systems. It suggests that a hydrothermal fluid circulation exists at depth. It also proves that the MT method, with its ability to map deep conductive features can play a valuable role in the reconnaissance of deep geothermal systems in active rift regimes such as in Iceland.

A damped nonlinear least-squares inversion approach is employed to invert Controlled Source Tensor MT (CSTMT) data for azimuthal anisotropy in a 1D layered earth. Impedance and tipper data are inverted jointly. The effects of near-surface inhomogeneities are parameterized in addition to each layer parameter(s). Application of the inversion algorithm to both synthetic and field data shows that the CSTMT method can be used to detect azimuthal anisotropy under realistic conditions with near surface lateral heterogeneities.

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Parks, Eric M. "Analysis of Electromagnetic and Seismic Geophysical Methods for Investigating Shallow Sub-surface Hydrogeology". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2007.

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An integrated electromagnetic (EM) and seismic geophysical study was performed to evaluate non-invasive approaches to estimate depth to shallow groundwater in arid environments with elevated soil salinity where the installation of piezometers would be impractical or prohibited. Both methods were tested in two study areas (semi-arid and arid respectively), one in Palmyra, Utah, USA near the shore of Utah Lake where groundwater is shallow and unconfined in relatively homogeneous lacustrine sediments. The other area is Carson Slough, Nevada, USA near Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge in Amargosa Valley. The area is underlain by valley fill, with generally variable shallow depths to water in an ephemeral braided stream environment. The methods used include frequency domain electromagnetic induction allowing for multiple antenna-receiver spacings. High resolution compressional P-wave seismic profiles using a short (0.305 m) geophone spacing for common depth-point reflection stacking and first arrival modeling were also acquired. Both methods were deployed over several profiles where shallow piezometer control was present. The semi-arid Palmyra site with its simpler geohydrology serves as an independent calibration to be compared to the Carson Slough Site. EM results at both sites show that water surfaces correspond with a drop in conductivity. This is due to elevated concentrations of evaporative salts in the vadose zone immediately above the water table. EM and seismic profiles at the Palmyra site were readily correlated to depth to groundwater in monitoring wells demonstrating that the method is ideal under laterally homogeneous conditions. Interpreting the EM and seismic profiles at Carson Slough was challenging due to the laterally and vertically variable soil types, segmented perched water surfaces, and strong salinity variations. The high-resolution images and models provided by the seismic profiles confirm the simple soil and hydrological structure at the Palmyra site as well as the laterally complex structure at Carson Slough. The EM and seismic results indicate that an integrated geophysical approach is necessary for an area like Carson Slough, where continued leaching of salts combined with braided stream deposition has created a geophysically complex soil and groundwater system.

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23

Fernandes, Roland Anthony Savio. "The effects of cultural noise on controlled source electromagnetic resonses of subsurface fractures in resistive terrain". [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2751.

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Koldan, Jelena. "Numerical solution of 3-D electromagnetic problems in exploration geophysics and its implementation on massively parallel computers". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/130833.

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The growing significance, technical development and employment of electromagnetic (EM) methods in exploration geophysics have led to the increasing need for reliable and fast techniques of interpretation of 3-D EM data sets acquired in complex geological environments. The first and most important step to creating an inversion method is the development of a solver for the forward problem. In order to create an efficient, reliable and practical 3-D EM inversion, it is necessary to have a 3-D EM modelling code that is highly accurate, robust and very fast. This thesis focuses precisely on this crucial and very demanding step to building a 3-D EM interpretation method. The thesis presents as its main contribution a highly accurate, robust, very fast and extremely scalable numerical method for 3-D EM modelling in geophysics that is based on finite elements (FE) and designed to run on massively parallel computing platforms. Thanks to the fact that the FE approach supports completely unstructured tetrahedral meshes as well as local mesh refinements, the presented solver is able to represent complex geometries of subsurface structures very precisely and thus improve the solution accuracy and avoid misleading artefacts in images. Consequently, it can be successfully used in geological environments of arbitrary geometrical complexities. The parallel implementation of the method, which is based on the domain decomposition and a hybrid MPI-OpenMP scheme, has proved to be highly scalable - the achieved speed-up is close to the linear for more than a thousand processors. Thanks to this, the code is able to deal with extremely large problems, which may have hundreds of millions of degrees of freedom, in a very efficient way. The importance of having this forward-problem solver lies in the fact that it is now possible to create a 3-D EM inversion that can deal with data obtained in extremely complex geological environments in a way that is realistic for practical use in industry. So far, such imaging tool has not been proposed due to a lack of efficient, parallel FE solutions as well as the limitations of efficient solvers based on finite differences. In addition, the thesis discusses physical, mathematical and numerical aspects and challenges of 3-D EM modelling, which have been studied during my research in order to properly design the presented software for EM field simulations on 3-D areas of the Earth. Through this work, a physical problem formulation based on the secondary Coulomb-gauged EM potentials has been validated, proving that it can be successfully used with the standard nodal FE method to give highly accurate numerical solutions. Also, this work has shown that Krylov subspace iterative methods are the best solution for solving linear systems that arise after FE discretisation of the problem under consideration. More precisely, it has been discovered empirically that the best iterative method for this kind of problems is biconjugate gradient stabilised with an elaborate preconditioner. Since most commonly used preconditioners proved to be either unable to improve the convergence of the implemented solvers to the desired extent, or impractical in the parallel context, I have proposed a preconditioning technique for Krylov methods that is based on algebraic multigrid. Tests for various problems with different conductivity structures and characteristics have shown that the new preconditioner greatly improves the convergence of different Krylov subspace methods, which significantly reduces the total execution time of the program and improves the solution quality. Furthermore, the preconditioner is very practical for parallel implementation. Finally, it has been concluded that there are not any restrictions in employing classical parallel programming models, MPI and OpenMP, for parallelisation of the presented FE solver. Moreover, they have proved to be enough to provide an excellent scalability for it.

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25

Birken, Ralf Andreas. "Neural network interpretation of electromagnetic ellipticity data in a frequency range from 1 kHz to 32 MHz". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282407.

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A new real-time in-field interpretation and visualization scheme and software, using neural networks for the detection and localization of buried waste, and the boundaries of waste sites, has been developed. The capabilities and limitations of the high-frequency (1 kHz to 1 MHz and 31 kHz to 32 MHz) electromagnetic ellipticity systems are analyzed by numerically studying the sensitivity of the acquired 3D-ellipticity to model parameters describing the geometry of the systems and the electrical parameters of layered-earth models. Changes in ellipticity due to coil misalignment in standard operating mode are typically just 1% to 2%. Changes due to variations in layered-earth model parameters (resistivity, relative dielectric constant, and thickness) are typically at least one order of magnitude higher. Hence, it will be possible to resolve these parameters. For conductive models (resistivity < 50 Ωm) it will be hard to determine the relative dielectric constant and for models with high relative dielectric constants it will be hard to determine the resistivity, especially if it is greater than 1000 Ωm. The results of the sensitivity analysis contribute considerably to the training of several neural networks to determine the electrical properties of the subsurface. The two classes of artificial neural network paradigms utilized in this study are the radial basis function and the modular neural network algorithms. One-dimensional layered-earth inversions are performed by neural networks using ellipticity data. The three-dimensional localization of metallic objects (e.g. drums) is done by visualizing the results of one particular halfspace neural network technique. Several small conductive objects have been detected by applying this technique to data collected in controlled physical modeling field experiments. Classification neural networks are trained on field data to categorize ellipticity soundings into either a target or a background class. Two environmental geophysics field case studies were analyzed using the developed interpretation system and the visualization software. The first case study involves mapping subsidence areas caused by an underground coal mine fire in Wyoming. The neural network interpretations from the mine survey match comparable inversion results. The second study documents the successful characterization of a simulated hazardous waste pit at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory.

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26

Castillo, Reyes Octavio. "Edge-elements formulation of 3D CSEM in geophysics : a parallel approach". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461190.

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Electromagnetic methods (EM) are an invaluable research tool in geophysics whose relevance has increased rapidly in recent years due to its wide industrial adoption. In particular, the forward modelling of three-dimensional marine controlled-source electromagnetics (3D CSEM FM) has become an important technique for reducing ambiguities in the interpretation of geophysical datasets through mapping conductivity variations in the subsurface. As a consequence, the 3D CSEM FM has application in many areas such as hydrocarbon/mineral exploration, reservoir monitoring, CO2 storage characterization, geothermal reservoir imaging and many others due to there quantities often displaying conductivity contrasts with respect to their surrounding sediments. However, the 3D CSEM FM at real scale implies a numerical challenge that requires an important computational effort, often too high for modest multicore computing architectures, especially if it fuels an inversion process. On the other hand, although the HPC code development is dominated by compiled languages, the popularity of high-level languages for scientific computations has increased considerably. Among all of them, Python is probably the language that has shown more interest, mainly because of flexibility and its simple and clean syntax. However, its use for HPC geophysical applications is still limited, which suggests a path for research, development and improvement. Therefore, this thesis reports the attempts at designing and implementing a methodology that has not been systematically applied for solving 3D CSEM FM with an HPC application baked upon Python. The net contribution of this effort is the development and documentation of a new open-source modelling code for 3D CSEM FM in geophysics, namely, the Parallel Edge-based Tool for Geophysical Electromagnetic Modelling (PETGEM). The importance of having this modelling tools lies in the fact that they provide synthetic results that can be compared with real data which has a practical use both in the industry and academia. Still, available 3D CSEM FM codes are usually written in low-level languages whose implemented methods are often innaccessible to the scientific community since they are commercial. PETGEM is written mostly in Python and relies on mpi4py and petsc4py packages for parallel computations. Other scientific Python packages used include Numpy andScipy. This code is designed to cope with the main challenges encountered within the numerical simulation of the problem under consideration: tackle realistic problems with accuracy, efficiency and flexibility. It uses the Nédélec Edge Finite Element Method (EFEM) as discretisation technique because its divergence-free basis is very well suited for solving Maxwell¿s equations. Furthermore, it supports completely unstructured tetrahedral meshes which allows the representation of complex geometries and local refinement, positively impacting the accuracy of the solution. The parallel implementation of the code using shared/distributed-memory architectures is investigated and described throughout this document. In addition, the thesis deals with the numerical and physical challenges of the 3D CSEM FM problem. Through this work, frequency-domain Maxwell's equations have been discretised using EFEM and validated by comparison with analytical solutions and published data, proving that modelling results are highly accurate. Moreover, this work discusses an automatic mesh adaptation strategy and the convergence rate of the iterative solvers that are widely used in the literature for solving the EM problem is presented. In summary, this thesis shows that it is possible to integrate Python and HPC for the solution of 3D CSEM FM at large scale in an effective way. The new modelling tool is easy to use and the adopted algorithms are not only accurate and efficient but also have the possibility to easily add or remove components without having to rewrite large sections of the code.
Los métodos electromagnéticos (EM) son una herramienta de investigación inestimable en geofísica, cuya relevancia ha aumentado rápidamente en los últimos años debido a su amplia adopción industrial. En particular, el modelado electromagnético de fuente controlada (3D CSEM FM) se ha convertido en una técnica importante para reducir las ambigüedades en la interpretación de datos geofísicos a través del mapeo de las variaciones de conductividad en el subsuelo. Como resultado, el 3D CSEM FM tiene aplicación en muchas áreas como la exploración de hidrocarburos/minerales, monitoreo de yacimientos, caracterización de almacenamiento de CO2, imágenes de yacimientos geotérmicos, entre otros, debido a que éstos muestran contrastes de conductividad con respecto a sus sedimentos circundantes. Sin embargo, el 3D CSEM FM a escala real implica un desafío numérico que requiere un esfuerzo computacional importante, a menudo demasiado exigente para arquitecturas multicore modestas, especialmente si éste forma parte de un proceso de inversión. Por otra parte, aunque el desarrollo aplicaciones HPC está dominado por lenguajes compilados, la popularidad de los lenguajes de alto nivel para cómputo científico ha aumentado considerablemente. Entre todos ellos, Python es probablemente el idioma que ha mostrado más interés, principalmente a su flexibilidad y sintaxis simple. Sin embargo, su uso para geocómputo con HPC sigue siendo limitado, lo que sugiere un camino para la investigación, el desarrollo y la mejora. Por lo tanto, esta tesis describe el diseño e implementación de una metodología que hasta ña fecha no se ha aplicado sistemáticamente para resolver el 3D CSEM FM con una aplicación HPC basada en Python. La contribución neta de este esfuerzo es el desarrollo y documentación de un nuevo código open-source para el modelado 3D CSEM FM en geofísica, es decir, Parallel Edge-based Tool for Geophysical Electromagnetic Modelling (PETGEM). La importancia del desarrollo de estas herramientas radica en el hecho de que proporcionan resultados sintéticos que pueden ser comparados con datos reales, lo cual tiene un uso práctico en la industria y el mundo académico. A pesar de ello, los códigos disponibles para 3D CSEM FM suelen estar escritos en lenguajes de bajo nivel, y en muchos casos sus métodos no son accesibles a la comunidad científica ya que son comerciales. PETGEM ha sido principalmente escrito en Python y se basa en paquetes mpi4py y petsc4py para cálculos paralelos. El código está diseñado para hacer frente a los principales desafíos que se encuentran en la simulación numérica del problema en cuestión: abordar problemas realistas con precisión, eficiencia y flexibilidad. Además, utiliza el Método de Elementos Finitos de Borde (EFEM) como técnica de discretización ya que sus bases son muy adecuadas para resolver las ecuaciones de Maxwell. Además, soporta mallas tetraédricas no estructuradas que permiten la representación de geometrías complejas y refinamiento local, impactando positivamente la precisión de la solución. A lo largo del documento se investiga la implementación paralela en arquitecturas de memoria compartida/distribuida. Además, la tesis revisa los desafíos numéricos y físicos del problema 3D CSEM FM. A través de este trabajo, las ecuaciones de Maxwell en el dominio de la frecuencia se han discretizado utilizando EFEM y validado contra soluciones analíticas y datos previamente publicados, lo que demuestra que los resultados del modelado son precisos. Por otra parte, este trabajo discute una estrategia de adaptación automática de malla y la tasa de convergencia de los solvers iterativos que se utilizan ampliamente en la literatura. En resumen, esta tesis muestra que es posible integrar Python y HPC para la solución de 3D CSEM FM a gran escala de una manera efectiva. La nueva herramienta de modelado es fácil de usar y los algoritmos adoptados no sólo son precisos y eficientes, sino también flexibles.

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Dickins, David. "Controlled-source electromagnetic modeling of the masking effect of marine gas hydrate on a deeper hydrocarbon reservoir". [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1932.

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Tyler, Robert H. "Electromagnetic fields generated by ocean currents and the potential for using geomagnetic data in ocean and climate studies". Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=39884.

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The ocean currents flowing through the earth's main magnetic field are known to induce secondary magnetic fields. Hence, variations in the ocean circulation induce variations in the net magnetic field. This research is aimed at exploring the potential for using geomagnetic data to study variability in ocean circulation and climate.
First, general relativity theory is used to formally establish the proper set of electromagnetic equations to be used for observers in a rotating (accelerating) frame of reference observing a medium (the ocean, in this case) with relative velocity. Extra terms due to rotation are derived and described and a generalized Schiff's charge density is shown to be potentially significant for the application to ocean circulation.
We extend the theory of electromagnetic fields generated by ocean currents. Many analytical solutions are found for idealized ocean features including sheared flow, jets, and a Stommel gyre. Results indicate that the ocean-induced magnetic fields will typically have magnitudes of 10's-100's of nT within the ocean. Outside of the ocean, the magnitudes are smaller (typically 1-10 nT) but decay on scales set by the horizontal scale of the ocean feature.
We investigate the time-scales associated with the adjustment of electromagnetic fields generated by low-frequency ocean currents. We find that the time scales can be quite long, prohibiting a quasistatic assumption in the treatment of the electromagnetic fields generated by the important tidal, inertial, and diurnal-frequency ocean currents.
Three-dimensional explicit time-dependent and steady-state finite-difference numerical models are constructed to study the electromagnetic fields generated by more realistic ocean current and conductivity features.
The ocean currents generate electromagnetic forces on the fluid at the surface of the earth's core. If these forces lead to significant core motion, the effect of the oceans on the generation and variability of the earth's magnetic field may be nontrivial. We estimate the form and magnitude of these forces and make comparisons with observations. Despite many uncertainties, we find evidence to suggest the ocean forcing mechanism may be significant and conclude that this process should be further investigated in the context of a larger study.
This work indicates that it is likely that the geomagnetic record has captured oceanic signals. From a preliminary data analyses we find that aside from the oceanic tidal signals, the magnetic record shows other signals of possible oceanic origin including an apparent correlation between magnetic records from the equatorial Pacific and the Southern Oscillation Index. We discuss the prerequisites that are necessary to extract information about ocean circulation variability from the geomagnetic record.

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Lu, Xinyou. "Inversion of controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotelluric data /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6799.

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King, Joshua David. "Using a 3D finite element forward modeling code to analyze resistive structures with controlled-source electromagnetics in a marine environment". Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1371.

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Controlled-Source Electromagnetics (CSEM) is a method that has been used since the 1980s in the marine environment for determining electrical properties of the subsurface. Receivers on the seafloor collect total electric and magnetic fields which are produced as a result of interaction of the transmitter generated primary fields with the seawater and subsurface. Badea et al. (2001) coded an existing algorithm for solving Maxwells equations. This finite element 3D forward modeling algorithm is used to simulate CSEM experiments. The objective of the present study is to model the changes in electromagnetic response for a resistive disk and a more geometrically complex structure, which are rough approximations of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The parameters that are varied in studying these subsurface structures are the disk radius, disk depth, the transmitter frequency, the transmitter location, and the structure orientation.The results showed that a disk of finite radius behaves similar to an infinite disk at short range and grades into double half-space behavior at longer ranges. The frequency of the transmitter must be tuned to the disk depth as certain frequencies will penetrate too shallow or too deep to probe the disk. Moving the transmitter away from the receivers causes a decrease in signal strength, but exhibits a greater capacity to distinguish between the double half-space and infinite disk scenarios. The disk was then replaced by a more complex structure. To determine if the 3D nature of the structure may be located a study was undertaken to probe the structure from different perspectives using different transmitter locations and azimuths. It is determined that the 3D nature of the structure could not be observed until the structures thickness is sufficiently large.The goal of the study is to better understand the effect of subsurface parameters on the total fields and show the usefulness of the 3D forward modeling code. Understanding the relationships between these parameters and the resulting signals is important in terms of setting up a real experiment. Marine CSEM studies are costly and using a valuable tool such as an accurate finite element 3D forward modeling algorithm may save time and money.

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31

Stalnaker, Jack Lee. "A finite element approach to the 3D CSEM modeling problem and applications to the study of the effect of target interaction andtopography". Diss., Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2770.

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The solution of the secondary coupled-vector potential formulation of Maxwell??s equations governing the controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) response of an arbitrary, threedimensionalconductivitymodelmust be calculatednumerically.The ﬁnite elementmethod is attractive, because it allows the model to be discretized into an unstructured mesh, permitting the speciﬁcation of realistic irregular conductor geometries, and permitting the mesh to be reﬁned locally, where ﬁner resolution is needed. The calculated results for a series ofsimple test problems, ranging from one-dimensionalscalar diﬀerentialequations to three-dimensional coupled vector equations match the known analytic solutions well, with error values several orders of magnitude smaller than the calculated values. The electromagnetic ﬁelds of a fully three-dimensional CSEM model, recovered from the potentials using the moving least squares interpolation numerical diﬀerentiation algorithm, compares well with published numerical modeling results, particularly when local reﬁnement is applied. Multiple buried conductors in a conductive host interact via mutual induction and current ﬂow through the host due to the dissipation of charge accumulated on the conductor boundary. The eﬀect of this interaction varies with host conductivity, transmitter frequency, and conductor geometry, orientation, and conductivity. For three test models containingtwo highly conductive plate-like targets, oriented in various geometries (parallel, perpendicular, and horizontal), mutual coupling ranges as high as twenty times the total magnetic ﬁeld. The eﬀect of varying host conductivity is signiﬁcant, especially at high frequencies. Numerical modeling also shows that the vorticity of the currents density induced in a vertically oriented plate-like conductor rotates from vertical at high frequencies, to horizontal at low frequencies, a phenomenon conﬁrmed by comparison with time domain ﬁeld data collected in Brazos County, Texas. Furthermore, the eﬀect of the presence of a simple horst on the CSEM response of a homogeneous conductive earth is signiﬁcant, even when the height of the horst is only a fraction of the skin depth of the model. When the transmitter is placedon topofthe horst, the currents inducedtherein account for nearly all of the total magnetic ﬁeld of the model, indicating that topography, like mutual coupling must be accounted for when interpreting CSEM data.

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Thunell, Rasmus. "Groundwater flow paths in fractured crystalline bedrock : Electromagnetic VLF measurements and modelling of a groundwater basin in Svanberga, Sweden". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231983.

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Sweden is a country with a relatively high number of private wells, where about 1.2 million inhabitants in permanent housing and an equal amount in summer housing relies on private wells as their drinking water supply. At the same time the market for drinking water treatment products is unregulated regarding quality and requirements are needed. A testing facility with the aim of providing quality certifications as well as sustainability- and efficiency- tests of small scale drinking water treatment techniques is under development and located in a decommissioned groundwater treatment plant in Svanberga, outside Norrtälje, Stockholm County, Sweden. The groundwater treatment plant has three operational bedrock wells connected to it and the groundwater system is rather unknown with only a few previous studies done in the region. Better understanding of the hydrogeological system would aid in further work of evaluating the risks of contaminant spread in the region. Trough fracture outcrop mapping, geophysical Very Low Frequency measurements and groundwater modelling using COMSOL Multiphysics this master thesis have identified several possible flow paths within the bedrock connected to the GWTP. The results indicates there are one or two approximately east-west striking fracture zones that could play a major role in transportation of contaminants related to road traffic and agriculture to the wells, while several north to south striking fracture zones most likely supplies the groundwater basin with water from the thicker soil layers in the northern part of the region. Recommendations of future studies includes conducting a detailed pumping test of the operational wells in Svanberga old GWTP as well as verification of the presumed most important identified fracture zones to the south east and north in the studied area by additional geophysical investigations or tracer tests.
Testbädd dricksvatten är ett pågående projekt och testanläggning där tester och utveckling av filter och småskaliga tekniker för rening av dricksvatten samt kvalitetscertifiering för effektivitets och hållbarhetstester kommer utföras. Testanläggningen består av ett nedlagt grundvattenverk med tre tillhörande bergborrade brunnar i Svanberga utanför Norrtälje. Grundvattensystemet och flödesvägar för grundvattnet i området är relativt okända och bättre förståelse av hydrogeologin skulle kunna bidra till framtida arbete med att identifiera och bedöma risker för föroreningstransporter i området samt till grundvattenverkets brunnar. Detta examensarbete har genom beprövade metoder i form av sprick-kartering, geofysiska undersökningar (VLF) och grundvattenmodellering med COMSOL Multiphysics identifierat flera möjliga flödesvägar i berggrunden kopplade till grundvattenverket. Resultatet från studien visar att ett antal sprickzoner i öst-västlig riktning utgör en större risk för föroreningstransport av ämnen från trafik och jordbruk samt att en större del av det vatten som tillförs grundvattensystemet troligen har sitt ursprung från tjockare morän-lager i de norra delarna av området. Provpumpningar och verifiering av de identifierade sprick-zonerna genom spårämnestester och geofysiska undersökningar bör utföras för att stärka resultaten från detta arbete och möjligen utöka kunskapen om hydrogeologin i området kring Svanberga gamla grundvattenverk.

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33

Wilson, Glenn Andrew, i glenn wilson@griffith edu au. "Plane Wave Propagation Problems in Electrically Anisotropic and Inhomogeneous Media with Geophysical Applications". Griffith University. School of Microelectronic Engineering, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030325.210206.

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Boundary value problems required for modelling plane wave propagation in electrically anisotropic and inhomogeneous media relevant to the surface impedance methods in electromagnetic geophysics are formally posed and treated. For a homogeneous TM-type wave propagating in a half space with both vertical and horizontal inhomogeneities where the TM-type wave is aligned with one of the elements of the conductivity tensor, it is shown using exact solutions that the shearing term in the homogeneous Helmholtz equation for inclined anisotropic media: [Equation 1], unequivocally vanishes and solutions need only be sought to the homogeneous Helmholtz equation for biaxial media: [Equation 2]. This implies that those problems posed with an inclined uniaxial conductivity tensor can be identically stated with a fundamental biaxial conductivity tensor, provided that the conductivity values are the reciprocal of the diagonal terms from the Euler rotated resistivity tensor: [Equation 3], [Equation 4], [Equation 5]. The applications of this consequence for numerical methods of solving arbitrary two-dimensional problems for a homogeneous TM-type wave is that they need only to approximate the homogeneous Helmholtz equation and neglect the corresponding shearing term. The self-consistent impedance method, a two-dimensional finite-difference approximation based on a network analogy, is demonstrated to accurately solve for problems with inclined uniaxial anisotropy using the fundamental biaxial anisotropy equivalence. The problem of a homogeneous plane wave at skew incidence upon an inclined anisotropic half space is then formally treated. In the half space, both TM- and TE-type waves are coupled and the linearly polarised incident TM- and TE-type waves reflect TE- and TM-type components. Equations for all elements of the impedance tensor are derived for both TM- and TE-type incidence. This offers potential as a method of predicting the direction of anisotropic strike from tensor impedance measurements in sedimentary environments.

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Wilson, Glenn Andrew. "Plane Wave Propagation Problems in Electrically Anisotropic and Inhomogeneous Media with Geophysical Applications". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365776.

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Boundary value problems required for modelling plane wave propagation in electrically anisotropic and inhomogeneous media relevant to the surface impedance methods in electromagnetic geophysics are formally posed and treated. For a homogeneous TM-type wave propagating in a half space with both vertical and horizontal inhomogeneities where the TM-type wave is aligned with one of the elements of the conductivity tensor, it is shown using exact solutions that the shearing term in the homogeneous Helmholtz equation for inclined anisotropic media: [Equation 1], unequivocally vanishes and solutions need only be sought to the homogeneous Helmholtz equation for biaxial media: [Equation 2]. This implies that those problems posed with an inclined uniaxial conductivity tensor can be identically stated with a fundamental biaxial conductivity tensor, provided that the conductivity values are the reciprocal of the diagonal terms from the Euler rotated resistivity tensor: [Equation 3], [Equation 4], [Equation 5]. The applications of this consequence for numerical methods of solving arbitrary two-dimensional problems for a homogeneous TM-type wave is that they need only to approximate the homogeneous Helmholtz equation and neglect the corresponding shearing term. The self-consistent impedance method, a two-dimensional finite-difference approximation based on a network analogy, is demonstrated to accurately solve for problems with inclined uniaxial anisotropy using the fundamental biaxial anisotropy equivalence. The problem of a homogeneous plane wave at skew incidence upon an inclined anisotropic half space is then formally treated. In the half space, both TM- and TE-type waves are coupled and the linearly polarised incident TM- and TE-type waves reflect TE- and TM-type components. Equations for all elements of the impedance tensor are derived for both TM- and TE-type incidence. This offers potential as a method of predicting the direction of anisotropic strike from tensor impedance measurements in sedimentary environments.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Microelectronic Engineering
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35

Carsillo, Vincent John. "MONITORING STORMWATER INFILTRATION IN A VACANT LOT COMPARING TIME-LAPSE ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY". Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/518905.

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Geology
M.S.
Vacant lots in cities and surrounding urban areas can potentially be used for stormwater management because they are pervious. However, the extent to which vacant lots provide pervious cover to increase infiltration and reduce stormflow is poorly understood. The goal of this study was to develop faster methods for monitoring stormwater infiltration to improve characterization of heterogeneous urban systems. Geophysical techniques are capable of mapping and characterizing subsurface materials, but are often limited by time and sensitivity constraints. In this study, the infiltration characteristics of a vacant lot created by the demolition of a house was characterized using a series of modeling, field and lab experiments. Site characterization under background conditions with an EM Profiler was used to map zones of different fill materials. Three zones were identified in the study site: grass area, driveway area, and a former house area. Transient soil moisture conditions were monitored during irrigation tests using two geophysical methods (electrical resistivity tomography [ERT] and electromagnetic induction [EM]) to evaluate method sensitivity and differences between the three zones. ERT proved more sensitive than EM profiling at detecting changes in the three zones. Soil moisture changes in the driveway area were particularly difficult to detect using EM. The EM Profiler showed a reduction rather than increase in conductivity at the start of irrigation and storms, which was attributed to flushing of high conductivity pore fluids by dilute irrigation or rain water. This explanation was supported using Archie’s Law to model the response of apparent conductivity under highly conductive pore fluid conditions. The EM Profiler was also used under natural precipitation conditions to quickly monitor areas too large for the ERT to reasonably survey. The results suggested that EM instrument drift needs to be corrected to make the method more sensitive. It was difficult to detect differences in hydrologic characterization between areas of the vacant lot using traditional soil point measurements because of the inherent spatial variability. The most useful point measurement was soil moisture loggers. Data from soil moisture loggers was used to parameterize the model; in addition, the soil moisture loggers showed a slow drying period. By combining the EM Profiler method with soil moisture data and applying corrections for drift, some improvement in sensitivity might be achieved. Quantitative characterization of fill material was shown by ERT, which detected more heterogeneous infiltration in the area of the former house than in the grass area.
Temple University--Theses

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McGarr, Jeffery T. "Geophysical Imaging of Hyporheic Mixing Dynamics Within Compound Bar Deposits". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1617109253147661.

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37

Barrett, Brian Edward. "Water-borne geophysics for Murray River salt-load detection". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SM/09smb2741.pdf.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-115) Towed DC Resistivity and Transient Electromagnetic arrays have been trialled for suitability in monitoring salt-loads on the Murray River at Waikerie, South Australia.

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38

Kruske, Montana L., i Dr Eileen G. Ernenwein. "Paleochannel or Palisade? Preliminary Geophysical Investigations of a Linear Feature at the Runion Archaeological Site, Washington County, Tennessee". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/74.

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Runion is a protohistoric Native American village located on the floodplain of the Nolichucky River in western Washington County. Previous archaeological excavations and radiocarbon dates suggest that the village was occupied during the mid-16th to mid-17th century. The Nolichucky River, in contrast, has been flowing through the area for millennia. Geophysical surveys are used to image the subsurface non-invasively, without disturbing protected land and/or organisms. Preliminary geophysical data collected at Runion include ground penetrating radar (GPR), electromagnetic induction (EMI), and magnetometry. These data show a linear feature surrounding the protohistoric village. Given its placement around the margins of the village, the feature could be interpreted as a fortification ditch, which is often paired with a palisade wall to defend a village from attack. The feature is also consistent with typical meandering floodplain stratigraphy, where sections of channel are often abandoned to form oxbow lakes. Over time these abandoned channels fill in and are called paleochannels. Each geophysical method measures the properties and characteristics of the linear feature, a presumed paleochannel. GPR sends electromagnetic radar waves into the ground, which reflect off different subsurface layers and are recorded as radargrams. Magnetometry measures subtle changes in earth magnetism, including the magnetization of rocks, soils, and/or ferrous objects. EMI systems transmit low frequency electromagnetic waves to measure both electrical conductivity (EC) and magnetic susceptibility (MS). Each of these instruments are used to collect data in transects and then processed to produce profiles, maps and, in the case of GPR, three-dimensional datasets of the subsurface. It is anticipated that GPR will reveal details about the stratigraphy of the linear feature. Magnetic, EC, and MS measurements will further help to interpret the GPR data by distinguishing between different types of sediments. These data may show if the feature is a paleochannel or a ditch excavated into older stratigraphic layers by village inhabitants for fortification. Ultimately, the feature will be tested with soil cores to study the sediments directly. At this preliminary stage the feature is interpreted to be a paleochannel. The stratigraphic layers revealed by GPR show a broad depression with stratigraphic layers characteristic of a paleochannel. In addition, magnetic readings are anomalously low on the eastern margin (closer to the modern river channel) and high on the western margin. This could indicate paired point bar sands and paleochannel fill, respectively. This interpretation is still tentative, however, because we have not yet integrated the EMI data, extracted soil cores, or dated the feature. Radiocarbon dates might help determine the relative age of the feature if organic carbon is present. In conclusion, preliminary data currently suggests that the structure is geological rather than archaeological. In the coming months we will collect more GPR data with different frequency GPR antennas, integrate the EMI data, and test the findings by extracting soil cores and reconstructing the stratigraphy.

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39

Galiana, Blanch Savitri. "Two-dimensional modeling and inversion of the controlled-source electromagnetic and magnetotelluric methods using finite elements and full-space PDE-constrained optimization strategies". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400616.

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The controlled-source electromagnetics (CSEM) and magnetotellurics (MT) methods are common geophysical tools for imaging the Earth's electrical interior. To appreciate measured data, both methods require forward and inverse modeling of the subsurface with the ultimate goal of finding a feasible model for which the simulated data reasonably fits the observations. The goodness of this fit depends on the error in the measured data, on the numerical error and on the degree of approximation inferred by numerical modeling. Therefore, active research focuses on new methods for modeling and inversion to improve accuracy and reliability for increasingly complex scenarios. In a first step, physical factors such as anisotropy, topography and realistic sources must be taking into account. Second, numerical methods need to be assessed in terms of solution accuracy, time efficiency and memory demand. The finite elements (FE) methods offer much flexibility in model geometry and contain quality control mechanisms for the solution, as shape function order and adaptive mesh refinement. Most emerging modeling programs are based on FE, however, inversion programs are generally based on finite differences (FD) or integral equation (IE) methods. On the other hand, inverse modeling is usually based on gradient methods and formulated in the reduced-space, where the electrical conductivity is the only optimization variable. Originally, the inverse problem is stated for the EM fields and the conductivity parameter (in the full-space), and constrained by governing partial differential equations (PDEs). The reduced-space strategy eliminates the field variables by applying equality constraints and solves then, the unconstrained problem. A common drawback of this is the repeated costly computation of the forward solution. Solving the PDE-constrained optimization problem directly, in the full-space, has the advantage that it is only necessary to exactly solve the PDEs at the end of the optimization, but it comes at the cost of a larger number of variables. This thesis develops a robust and versatile adaptive unstructured mesh FE program to model the total field for two-dimensional (2-D) anisotropic CSEM and MT data, allowing for arbitrarily oriented, three-dimensional (3-D) sources, for which a two-and-a-half-dimensional (2.5-D) approximation is employed. The formulations of the problems in a FE framework are derived for isotropic and anisotropic subsurface conductivity structures. The accuracy of the solution is controlled and improved by a goal-oriented adaptive mesh refinement algorithm. Exhaustive numerical experiments validate the adaptive FE program for both CSEM and MT methods and on land and marine environments. The influence of the model dimensions, mesh design and order of shape functions on the solution accuracy is studied and notably, an outperformance of quadratic shape functions is found (compared to linear and cubic). Several examples demonstrate the effect of complex scenarios on EM data. In particular, we study the distortion caused by: the bathymetry, the orientation and geometry of the sources and the anisotropy, considering vertical and dipping cases. All examples showcase the importance of adequate consideration of these very common physical features of real world data. Further, a formulation for the 2.5-D CSEM inversion as a PDE-constrained optimization in full-space is derived within a FE framework following two strategies: discretize-optimize and optimize-discretize. The discretize-optimize formulation is implemented using a general purpose optimization algorithm. Two examples, a canonical reservoir model and a more realistic marine model with topography, demonstrate the performance of this inversion scheme, recovering in both cases the model’s main structures within an acceptable data misfit. Finally, the optimize-discretize formulation is derived in a FE framework, as a first step towards a development of an inversion scheme using adaptive FE meshes.
[cat] El mètode de font electromagnètica controlada (CSEM) i el mètode magnetotel.lúric (MT) són tècniques geofísiques usades habitualment per obtenir una imatge de les propietats elèctriques del subsòl terrestre i s'utilitzen independentment, conjuntament i en combinació amb altres tècniques geofísiques. Per poder interpretar les dades, ambdós mètodes necessiten la modelització directa i inversa de la conductivitat elèctrica del subsòl amb l'objectiu final d'obtenir un model coherent per al qual les dades simulades s'ajustin de forma raonable a les observacions. Naturalment, la qualitat d'aquest ajust no només depèn de l'error en les dades mesurades i de l'error numèric, sinó també del grau en l'aproximació física inferit per la modelització numèrica. D'aquesta manera, les recerques actuals se centren a investigar noves metodologies per a la modelització i inversió, per tal d'obtenir models acurats i fiables de les estructures de la Terra en escenaris cada cop més complexos. Un primer pas és millorar les aproximacions en la modelització tenint en compte factors físics com ara l'anisotropia, la topografia o fonts més realistes. En segon lloc, per tal d'acomodar aquests factors en un programa de modelització i inversió i per poder tractar els conjunts de dades típicament llargs, els mètodes numèrics han de ser avaluats en termes de la precisió de la solució, l'eficiència en temps i la demanda en memòria. Els mètodes de modelització en elements finits (FE) són coneguts per oferir una major flexibilitat en la modelització de la geometria i contenen mecanismes de control de la solució, com ara l'ordre de les funcions forma i la tècnica de refinament adaptatiu de la malla. La majoria de programes de modelització emergents estan basats en els FE, i mostren avantatges significatius, però gairebé tots els programes de modelització inversa, encara avui dia, estan basats en el mètode de les diferències finites (FD) o en el mètode de l'equació integral (IE). A més a més, la modelització inversa desenvolupada per a dades electromagnètiques (EM) es basa generalment en mètodes del gradient i es formula en un espai reduït, on les úniques variables d'optimització són els paràmetres del model, és a dir, la conductivitat elèctrica del subsòl. Originalment, el problema invers es formula per als camps EM i per al paràmetre conductivitat, i està constret per les equacions diferencials en derivades parcials (PDEs) que governen les variables camps EM. L'estratègia d'espai reduït elimina les variables camps aplicant lligams d'igualtat i soluciona, doncs, el problema no constret en l'espai reduït dels paràmetres del model. Un desavantatge general d'aquests mètodes és la costosa repetició del càlcul de la solució del problema directe i de la matriu jacobiana de sensibilitats (per mètodes basats en Newton). D'altra banda, també és possible de solucionar el problema invers en l'espai complet de les variables camps EM i del paràmetre conductivitat. Solucionar-hi el problema d'optimització constret per les PDEs té l'avantatge que només és necessari de solucionar exactament el problema directe al final del procés d'optimització, però això comporta el cost addicional de tenir moltes més variables d'optimització i de la presència de lligams d'igualtat. També, en particular, en el marc dels FE, el problema d'optimització constret per les PDEs té l'avantatge afegit d'incloure tècniques sofisticades pròpies dels FE en el procés d'inversió, com ara el refinament adaptatiu de la malla. Aquesta tesi desenvolupa un programa robust i versàtil amb FE i malles irregulars adaptatives per modelar numèricament el camp total de dades CSEM i MT bidimensionals (2D) i anisòtropes, que permet l'ús de fonts tridimensionals (3D) orientades arbitràriament. Per tal de representar fonts CSEM 3D en un model físic 2D, s'utilitza una aproximació dos i mig dimensional (2.5D). Les formulacions FE es deriven per a ambdós mètodes, per a estructures de conductivitat del subsòl isòtropes i anisòtropes. Encara que el cas anisòtrop no és general, inclou anisotropia vertical i de cabussament. La precisió en la solució es controla i millora amb un algoritme de refinament adaptatiu de la malla utilitzant mètodes d'estimació de l'error a posteriori. Una sèrie exhaustiva d'experiments numèrics valida el programa de FE adaptatius per ambdós mètodes, CSEM i MT, i en escenaris terrestres i marins. S'estudia la influència de les dimensions del model, del disseny de la malla i de l'ordre de les funcions forma en l'exactitud de la solució i es troba un comportament notablement superior de les funcions forma quadràtiques comparades amb les lineals o cúbiques. Diferents exemples mostren l'efecte d'escenaris complexos sobre les dades EM, en particular, un model amb batimetria, un model terrestre i un de marí amb fonts orientades i de dimensió finita, un medi amb anisotropia vertical amb un reservori encastat i un altre amb un reservori encastat en una estructura anticlinal. Aquests exemples demostren la importància de considerar adequadament (en termes de modelització directa) característiques físiques com la topografia, l'orientació i geometria de la font i l'anisotropia del medi, que sovint es troben en mesures reals. Juntament amb això, es deriva una formulació per al problema invers 2.5D CSEM com una optimització constreta per les PDEs en l'espai complet i en un marc de FE, seguint dues estratègies diferents: discretització-optimització i optimització-discretització. L'estratègia de discretització-optimització considera que el problema invers es troba en forma discretitzada i deriva les condicions d'optimitat de la Lagrangiana i el pas de Newton. Contràriament, l'aproximació optimització-discretització deriva primer les condicions d'optimitat i el pas de Newton o una aproximació d'aquest, i després discretitza les equacions resultants. La implementació de la formulació discretització-optimització es mostra en dos exemples, un model canònic de reservori i un model marí més realista amb topografia, utilitzant un programa d'optimització de propòsit general, que és una implementació d'un algoritme de programació quadràtica seqüencial (SQP). Encara que no s'utilitza una regularització explícita, l'ús de diferents malles per al paràmetre del model i per a les variables camps, permet recuperar les principals estructures del model i obtenir un ajust de les dades acceptable. Cal dir, però, que l'eficiència en temps i memòria del programa hauria de millorar-se. Finalment, el problema invers 2.5D CSEM es formula com un problema d'optimització constret per les PDEs en l'espai complet i en un marc de FE utilitzant una estratègia d'optimització-discretització i com un primer pas per al desenvolupament d'un esquema d'inversió que utilitzi malles adaptatives de FE.

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Kalscheuer, Thomas. "Improvement and Assessment of Two-Dimensional Resistivity Models Derived from Radiomagnetotelluric and Direct-Current Resistivity Data". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9366.

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Two-dimensional (2-D) models of electrical resistivity are improved by jointly inverting radiomagnetotelluric (RMT) and direct-current resistivity (DCR) data or by allowing for displacement currents in the inversion of RMT data collected on highly resistive bedrock. Uniqueness and stability of the 2-D models are assessed with a model variance and resolution analysis that allows for the non-linearity of the inverse problem. Model variance and resolution are estimated with a truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) of the sensitivity matrix. In the computation of model errors, inverse singular values are replaced by non-linear semi-axes and the number of included eigenvectors is increased until a given error threshold is reached. Non-linear error estimates are verified with most-squares inversions. For the obtained truncation levels, model resolution matrices are computed. For RMT data, non-linear error appraisals are smaller than linearized ones. Hence, the consideration of the non-linearity in RMT data leads to reduced model errors or enhanced model resolution. The dielectric effect on RMT data is investigated with a new 2-D forward and inverse code that allows for displacement currents. As compared to the quasi-static approximation, apparent resistivities and phases of the impedance tensor elements are found to be significantly smaller and the vertical magnetic transfer function exhibits more distinct sign reversals. More reliable models of electrical resistivity are obtained from areas with highly resistive bedrock, if displacement currents are allowed for. In contrast, inversions with a quasi-static scheme introduce artefactual structures with extremely low or high resistivities. A smoothness-constrained 2-D joint inversion of RMT and DCR data is presented. The non-linear model variance and resolution analysis is applied to single and joint inverse models. For DCR data, the errors estimated by most-squares inversions are consistently larger than those estimated by the non-linear semi-axes, indicating that DCR models are poorly resolved. Certain areas of the joint inverse models are better resolved than in the single inverse models.

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Börner, Jana H. "Electrical phenomena during CO2–rock interaction under reservoir conditions : experimental investigations and their implications for electromagnetic monitoring applications". Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-206674.

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Geophysical methods are essential for exploration and monitoring of subsurface formations, e.g. in carbon dioxide sequestration or enhanced geothermal energy. One of the keys to their successful application is the knowledge of how the measured physical quantities are related to the desired reservoir parameters. The work presented in this thesis shows that the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2) in pore space gives rise to multiple processes all of which contribute to the electrical rock conductivity variation. Basically, three mechanisms take place: (1) CO2 partially replaces the pore water, which is equivalent to a decrease in water saturation. (2) CO2 chemically interacts with the pore water by dissolution and dissociation. These processes change both the chemical composition and the pH of the pore filling fluid. (3) The low-pH environment can give rise to mineral dissolution and/or precipitation processes and changes the properties of the grain-water interface. Investigations on the pore water phase show that the reactive nature of CO2 in all physical states significantly acts on the electrical conductivity of saline pore waters. The physico-chemical interaction appears in different manifestations depending mainly on the pore water composition (salinity, ion types) but also on both temperature and pressure. The complex behaviour includes a low- and a high-salinity regime originating from the conductivity increasing effect of CO2 dissociation, which is opposed by the conductivity decreasing effect of reduced ion activity caused by the enhanced mutual impediment of all solutes. These results are fundamental since the properties of the water phase significantly act on all conduction mechanisms in porous media. In order to predict the variation of pore water conductivity, both a semi-analytical formulation and an empirical relationship for correcting the pore water conductivity, which depends on salinity, pressure and temperature, are derived. The central part of the laboratory experiments covers the spectral complex conductivity of water-bearing sand during exposure to and flow-through by CO2 at pressures up to 30MPa and temperatures up to 80°C. It is shown that the impact of CO2 on the real part of conductivity of a clean quartz sand is dominated by the low- and high-salinity regime of the pore water. The obtained data further show that chemical interaction causes a reduction of interface conductivity, which could be related to the low pH in the acidic environment. This effect is described by a correction term, which is a constant value as a first approximation. When the impact of CO2 is taken into account, a correct reconstruction of fluid saturation from electrical measurements is possible. In addition, changes of the inner surface area, which are related to mineral dissolution or precipitation processes, can be quantified. Both the knowledge gained from the laboratory experiments and a new workflow for the description and incorporation of geological geometry models enable realistic finite element simulations. Those were conducted for three different electromagnetic methods applied in the geological scenario of a fictitious carbon dioxide sequestration site. The results show that electromagnetic methods can play an important role in monitoring CO2 sequestration. Compared to other geophysical methods, electromagnetic techniques are generally very sensitive to pore fluids. The proper configuration of sources and receivers for a suitable electromagnetic method that generates the appropriate current systems is essential. Its reactive nature causes CO2 to interact with a water-bearing porous rock in a much more complex manner than non-reactive gases. Without knowledge of the specific interactions between CO2 and rock, a determination of saturation and, consequently, a successful monitoring are possible only to a limited extend. The presented work provides fundamental laboratory investigations for the understanding of the electrical properties of rocks when the reactive gas CO2 enters the rock-water system. All laboratory results are put in the context of potential monitoring applications. The transfer from petrophysical investigations to the planning of an operational monitoring design by means of close-to-reality 3D FE simulations is accomplished.

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Shan, Chunling. "Natural and Controlled Source Magnetotelluric Data Processing and Modeling". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-229917.

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In this thesis, four studies using different geophysical electromagnetic methods are presented. In the first study dealing with airborne measurements, the noise response due to the rotation of the aircraft and the aircraft itself as a metallic conductive body on the Earth's electromagnetic response in very low frequency and low frequency band was investigated. The magnetic fields are independent of the aircraft in the VLF band and part of the LF band. But at higher frequencies (above 100 kHz), the signals are more influenced by the aircraft. The aircraft also generates its own noise frequencies which are mixed with the radio transmitter signals. The second and third studies are applications of radio-, controlled source-magnetotellurics and electrical resistivity tomography methods at a quick-clay landslide site in southwest Sweden. The data are processed and modeled in 2D and 3D, and the models are compared with high-resolution seismic and geotechnical data. The obtained results were further validated and refined by performing synthetic tests in the second study. The third study shows that the 3D models provide larger and more continuous volume of the quick clay structure than traditional 2D models. Both studies have shown that integrated application of geophysical methods for landslides is ideal. Quick clays often overlie the coarse-grained layers showing an increase of resistivity values in the models. In the fourth study, a new audio magnetotelluric data acquisition technique is developed and is named moving magnetotellurics (MMT). In this new technique, the magnetic sensors are placed on the ground and only 15 to 20 minutes data are acquired for each station, which usually is enough to cover the frequency range 30-300 Hz. The new technique is more efficient and convenient than the traditional magnetotelluric method, and test measurements have shown that it is an applicable method in shallow depth studies.

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Downs, Christine Marie. "Imaging Wetland Hydrogeophysics: Applications of Critical Zone Hydrogeophysics to Better Understand Hydrogeologic Conditions in Coastal and Inland Wetlands and Waters". Scholar Commons, 2017. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7397.

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This dissertation consists of three projects utilizing electric and electromagnetic (EM) methods to better understand critical-zone hydrogeologic conditions in select Florida wetlands and waters. First, a time-lapse electrical resistivity (ER) survey was conducted in section of mangrove forest on a barrier island in southeast Florida to image changes in pore-water salinity in the root zone. ER data show the most variability in the root zone over a 24-hour period, and, generally, the ground is more resistive during the day than overnight. Second, a suite of three-dimensional forward models, based on varying lateral boundaries and conductivities typical of a coastal wetland, were run to simulate the EM response of a commerical electromagnetic induction instrument crossing over said boundaries. Normalized profiles show the transition is sharper in a hypersaline regime than one where freshwater and clay are present. Furthermore, enough variability exists in hypersaline regimes to justify collecting profile measurements in multiple coil configurations to constrain the nature of a lateral boundary. Also, under certain circumstances, there are kinks in the EMI response even across abrupt boundaries due to concentrated current density at a layer's edge. Lastly, geophysical surveys were conducted at six wetlands in west-central Florida to characterize potential hydrostratigraphic units and compare/contrast them to the current conceptual model for cypress dome wetlands. ER was used to image the geometry of the top of limestone; ground penetrating radar (GPR) was used to image stratigraphy beneath and surrounding wetlands. These wetlands can be grouped into two models. Topographic highs surrounding wetlands are controlled by the undulating top of limestone at sites where the region is characterized by limestone ridges. In contrast, topographic highs are controlled by thick sand packages at sites regionally characterized by sand dunes over scoured limestone.

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Devi, Maureen. "Etudes expérimentales et numériques de la propagation d'ondes couplées sismiques et électromagnétiques dans des matériaux saturés non consolidés". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU022/document.

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Les premières centaines de mètres du sous-sol sont au coeur d'enjeux sociétaux importants liés aux fluides auxquels la société doit encore affronter, tels que la détéction et la surveillance des ressources en eau et de la pollution, ainsi que le rôle des fluides dans les différents types d'évaluation des risques ou en géotechnique. Cette gamme de profondeur est marquée par une forte complexité et une forte hétérogénéité aussi bien structurale et lithologique qu'en termes de mélanges de phases fluides. Parmi les méthodes géophysique disponibles, le phénomène de couplage sismo-électrique (et électro-sismique) a le potentiel d'émerger comme une nouvelle technique d'imagerie haute résolution, naturellement sensible aux contrastes des fluides. Deux signaux sismo-électrique ont été prédits et parfois observés: les signaux co-sismique éléctrique à forte amplitude et les faibles perturbations électromagnétiques générées en profondeur lorque des ondes sismiques traversent une interface. Ce deuxième phénomène est le plus prometteur, en termes d'imagerie en raison de sa sensibilité aux contrastes originaux par rapport à la réflexion sismique. L'émergence d'une méthode sismo-électrique a cependant été ralentie en raison des difficultés dans l'enregistrement de ces faibles signaux sismo-électrique. Cette thèse, basée sur la combinaison d'approches expérimentales et numériques, vise à aborder des questions pratiques concernant l'acquisition et le traitement de données sismo-électrique et électro-sismique.Dans la première partie, afin d'augmenter le rapport signal-sur-bruit (S/N) des signaux sismo-électriques, nous étudions théoriquement et expérimentalement leur sensibilité à différents arrangements d'électrodes. Pour cela, nous avons développé une théorie des filtres conçue pour évaluer l'influence d'ensemble d'électrodes pour l'acquisition des signaux sismo-électriques. Cette théorie a été confrontée avec succès à des données expérimentales sismo-électriques acquises en utilisant diverses dispositions d'électrodes (c'est-à-dire l'espacement entre les électrodes, le nombre des électrodes et la vitesse sismique apparente) et à des simulations numériques des formes d'onde complète. En particulier, cette approche explique la difficulté d'enregistrement des ondes converties sismo-électromagnétique générées en profondeur converties à une interface, lorsque la configuration dipôle classique est utilisé comme récepteur. Nous encourageons ensuite l'utilisation d'une configuration de multi-électrodes dans des mesures sismo-électriques, puisque: 1) il réduit le bruit électrique omniprésent causé par l'homme, et 2) ses propriétés de filtrage amplifient les ondes électromagnétiques provenant des interfaces en profondeur par rapport aux événements co-sismiques dominants.Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous concentrons sur les phénomènes réciproques électro-osmotique, c'est-à-dire la génération de signaux sismiques par une source électrique dans des milieux saturés poroélastiques. Nous avons d'abord effectué des études numériques pour évaluer la nature et les propriétés des différentes arrivées sismiques générées par une source électrique dans un matériau homogène et hétérogène, à l'échelle du terrain. Ensuite, nous avons essayé d'acquérir des données de laboratoire électro-sismique dans un matériau homogène, données que nous avons de nouveau confrontées à des calculs numériques de forme d'onde complète. Les résultats montrent que les ondes électro-sismiques peuvent être observées et qu'elles sont générées localement autour de la source électrique. Nous montrons enfin que ces signaux électro-sismiques sont influencés par la conductivité des fluides
The first few hundred meters of the subsurface is the seat of important issues related to fluids which society still has to face, such as the detection and monitoring of water ressources and pollution as well as the role of fluids in various types of hazard assessment or in geotechnics. This depth scale is highly complex and heterogeneous in terms of lithology and fluid content. Among the available geophysical methods, seismo-electric (or electro-seismic) coupling phenomena have the potential to emerge as a new high-resolution imaging technique, naturally sensitive to fluid contrasts. Two seismo-electric signals have been predicted and sometimes observed: co-seismic electric signals (high amplitude) and weak electromagnetic (EM) disturbances generated at depth when seismic waves cross an interface. This second phenomenon is the most promising in terms of imaging due to its sensitivity to original contrasts compared to seismic reflection. The emergence of the seismo-electric method was however slowed down due to difficulties in recording these weak seismo-electric signals. Based on the combination of experimental and numerical approaches, this PhD thesis aims at addressing practical questions concerning the acquisition and processing of seismo-electric and electro-seismic data.In the first part, in order to increase the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of seismo-electric signals, we theoretically and experimentally study their sensitivity to various electrode arrangements. For this, we developed a filter theory designed to assess the influence of complex electrode arrays for seismo-electric signals acquisition. This theory was successfully confronted to experimental seismo-electric data acquired using various electrode arrangements (namely the spacing between the electrodes, the number of the electrodes and the apparent seismic velocity) and to full waveform numerical simulations. This combined analysis shows that electrode configuration properties strongly influence seismo-electric amplitudes and waveforms. In particular, this approach explains the difficulty in recording depth-generated seismo-electromagnetic waves converted at an interface, when the conventional dipole configuration is used as receivers. We then promote the use of a 3-electrode configuration in seismo-electric measurements, since: 1) it reduces ubiquitous man-made electric noise, and 2) its filtering properties do amplify the EM waves originating from interfaces at depth with respect to dominant coseismic events.In the second part, we focus on the reciprocal electro-osmotic phenomena, i.e. the generation of seismic signals by an electric source in poroelastic saturated media. We first performed numerical investigations to assess the nature and properties of the different seismic arrivals generated by an electrical source in a homogeneous and an heterogeneous material, at the field scale. Then we tried to acquire electro-seismic laboratory data in a homogeneous material, data that we again confronted with numerical full waveform computations. The results show that electro-seismic waves can be observed and that they are locally generated around the electric source. We finally show that these electro-seismic signals are influenced by the fluid conductivity

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Caudillo, Mata Luz Angélica. "Multiscale and upscaling methods for geophysical electromagnetic forward modeling". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/63343.

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Accurate and efficient simulation of electromagnetic responses in realistic geophysical settings is crucial to the exploration, imaging, and characterization of buried natural resources, such as mineral and hydrocarbon deposits. However, in practice, these simulations are computationally expensive. The geophysical settings consider highly heterogeneous media and features at multiple spatial scales that require a very large mesh to be accurately represented. This results in a system of equations to be solved that often exceeds the limits of average computers. Thus, the key is to reduce the problem size but retain the accuracy of the electromagnetic responses. Upscaling and multiscale techniques have been successfully applied to the problem of simulating fluid flow through heterogeneous porous media, where they are able to drastically reduce the size of the resulting fine-mesh system by casting it into a coarse-mesh system that is much cheaper to solve, while achieving a level of accuracy similar to that obtained with conventional discretization schemes. Recognizing the success that such techniques have had in fluid flow applications, this dissertation extends their use for application to electromagnetic modeling. In this dissertation, two new parallel simulation methods for the quasi-static Maxwell’s equations in the frequency domain are proposed: an upscaling framework for the electrical conductivity, and a multiscale finite volume with oversampling method. Both methods are combined with an adaptive mesh refinement technique (OcTree) to boost their computational performance. The performance of these methods is demonstrated by using field-inspired and synthetic examples that include a large electrical conductivity contrast. This investigation shows that both proposed methods are feasible to tackle geophysical electromagnetic problems, where being able to reduce the size of the problem can be particularly advantageous when extended domains are considered or when the mesh must capture the spatial distribution of the media heterogeneity outside the region where the electromagnetic responses are measured. Furthermore, both methods are new contributions to the literature in the field of computational methods in geophysical electromagnetics. Finally, both methods increase the current predictive and analytic capabilities by making the simulation of electromagnetic responses in larger and more complex geophysical settings more feasible than currently is possible.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate

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46

Maris, Virginia. "Electromagnetic geophysical surveys of geo-environmental targets in southern Manitoba". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq54231.pdf.

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Nghiem, Son V. (Son Van). "Electromagnetic wave models for polarimetric remote sensing of geophysical media". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13879.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1991.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 239-245).
by Son V. Nghiem.
Ph.D.

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Dickey, Kira Ann. "Geophysical Investigation of the Yellowstone Hydrothermal System". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84922.

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Yellowstone National Park hosts over 10,000 thermal features (e.g. geysers, fumaroles, mud pots, and hot springs), yet little is known about the hydrothermally active zones hundreds of meters beneath the features. Transient electromagnetic (TEM) soundings and 2D direct current (DC) resistivity profiles show that hydrothermal alteration at active sites have a higher electrical conductivity than the surrounding hydrothermally inactive areas. For that reason, airborne TEM is an effective method to characterize large areas and identify hydrothermally active and inactive zones using electrical conductivity. Here we present results from an airborne TEM survey acquired jointly by the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Wyoming in November, 2016. We integrate resistivity from the airborne electromagnetic (EM) survey with research drillhole data and rock physics models to investigate the controls on electrical conductivity in the upper few hundreds of meters of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system. Resistivities in Yellowstone are the product of complex variations of lithology, temperature, salinity, clay content, and hydrothermal fluids. Results show that the main drivers in lowering the high resistivitiy of volcanic rocks are water saturation and hydrothermal alteration. Salinities are not significantly elevated in Yellowstone and temperature is not a first order affect.
Master of Science

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Knaak, Allison. "3D synthetic aperture for controlled-source electromagnetics". Thesis, Colorado School of Mines, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3682006.

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Locating hydrocarbon reservoirs has become more challenging with smaller, deeper or shallower targets in complicated environments. Controlled-source electromagnetics (CSEM), is a geophysical electromagnetic method used to detect and derisk hydrocarbon reservoirs in marine settings, but it is limited by the size of the target, low-spatial resolution, and depth of the reservoir. To reduce the impact of complicated settings and improve the detecting capabilities of CSEM, I apply synthetic aperture to CSEM responses, which virtually increases the length and width of the CSEM source by combining the responses from multiple individual sources. Applying a weight to each source steers or focuses the synthetic aperture source array in the inline and crossline directions. To evaluate the benefits of a 2D source distribution, I test steered synthetic aperture on 3D diffusive fields and view the changes with a new visualization technique. Then I apply 2D steered synthetic aperture to 3D noisy synthetic CSEM fields, which increases the detectability of the reservoir significantly. With more general weighting, I develop an optimization method to find the optimal weights for synthetic aperture arrays that adapts to the information in the CSEM data. The application of optimally weighted synthetic aperture to noisy, simulated electromagnetic fields reduces the presence of noise, increases detectability, and better defines the lateral extent of the target. I then modify the optimization method to include a term that minimizes the variance of random, independent noise. With the application of the modified optimization method, the weighted synthetic aperture responses amplifies the anomaly from the reservoir, lowers the noise floor, and reduces noise streaks in noisy CSEM responses from sources offset kilometers from the receivers. Even with changes to the location of the reservoir and perturbations to the physical properties, synthetic aperture is still able to highlight targets correctly, which allows use of the method in locations where the subsurface models are built from only estimates. In addition to the technical work in this thesis, I explore the interface between science, government, and society by examining the controversy over hydraulic fracturing and by suggesting a process to aid the debate and possibly other future controversies.

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Yang, Dikun. "Geophysical survey decomposition and efficient 3D inversion of time-domain electromagnetic data". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50471.

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Rigorous three-dimensional (3D) forward and inverse modeling of geophysical electromagnetic (EM) data can be time-consuming and may require a large amount of memory on expensive computers. In this thesis, a novel framework, called survey decomposition, is proposed to make the 3D EM modeling more efficient. Recognizing the multi-scale nature of the EM modeling problems, the fundamental idea is to break down an EM survey, which consists of many transmitters, receivers and times/frequencies, into a number of subproblems, each of which is only concerned about data modeled by a localized source, receiver and time/frequency. The modeling is then carried out on the subproblems at different scales, instead of the original problem as a whole. Such a decomposition is able to speed up the numerical modeling, because: (1) A subproblem can have highly efficient discretizations in space and time customized to its localized source, receiver, time/frequency and the specific scale of investigation, for example, it uses a local mesh that is much smaller than the one used in the original global problem; (2) A subproblem is a self-contained EM modeling problem that does not depend on other subproblems, so it is suitable for massive parallelization; (3) Upon decomposition, no modeling is carried out on the global mesh and the amount of computation is proportional to the number of subproblems, so the scalability improves significantly. After decomposition, the large number of subproblems is further reduced by adaptive, random and dynamic subsampling of the data. The adaptive scheme matches the number of samples to the scale of investigation so that only the data necessary for the model reconstruction are selected. The framework of survey decomposition is applied to two types of time-domain EM (TEM) surveys: airborne TEM and ground large loop TEM. Both synthetic and field data are inverted using this new approach. I show that survey decomposition is capable of producing modeling and inversion results similar to those from the conventional methods with greatly reduced time and memory usage. Further speed-up by massive parallelization and generalization to other types of EM surveys is straightforward.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate

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