Artykuły w czasopismach: „Electrolyte liquid”

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Kamaluddin, Norashima, Famiza Abdul Latif i Chan Chin Han. "The Effect of HCl Concentration on the Ionic Conductivity of Liquid PMMA Oligomer". Advanced Materials Research 1107 (czerwiec 2015): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.200.

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To date gel and film type polymer electrolytes have been widely synthesized due to their wide range of electrical properties. However, these types of polymer electrolytes exhibit poor mechanical stability and poor electrode-electrolyte contact hence deprive the overall performance of a battery system. Therefore, in order to indulge the advantages of polymer as electrolyte, a new class of liquid-type polymer electrolyte was synthesized and investigated. To date this type of polymer electrolytre has not been extensively studied. This is due to the unavailability of liquid polymer for significance application. In this study, liquid poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) electrolyte was synthesized using the simplest free radical polymerization technique using benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. It was found that this liquid PMMA oligomer has potential as electrolyte in proton battery when doped with small volume of various molarity of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in which the highest ionic conductivity achieved was 10-7 S/cm at room temperature. The properties of this liquid PMMA oligomer were further investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).

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Cho, Jungsang, Gautam Ganapati Yadav, Meir Weiner, Jinchao Huang, Aditya Upreti, Xia Wei, Roman Yakobov i in. "Hydroxyl Conducting Hydrogels Enable Low-Maintenance Commercially Sized Rechargeable Zn–MnO2 Batteries for Use in Solar Microgrids". Polymers 14, nr 3 (20.01.2022): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030417.

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Zinc (Zn)–manganese dioxide (MnO2) rechargeable batteries have attracted research interest because of high specific theoretical capacity as well as being environmentally friendly, intrinsically safe and low-cost. Liquid electrolytes, such as potassium hydroxide, are historically used in these batteries; however, many failure mechanisms of the Zn–MnO2 battery chemistry result from the use of liquid electrolytes, including the formation of electrochemically inert phases such as hetaerolite (ZnMn2O4) and the promotion of shape change of the Zn electrode. This manuscript reports on the fundamental and commercial results of gel electrolytes for use in rechargeable Zn–MnO2 batteries as an alternative to liquid electrolytes. The manuscript also reports on novel properties of the gelled electrolyte such as limiting the overdischarge of Zn anodes, which is a problem in liquid electrolyte, and finally its use in solar microgrid applications, which is a first in academic literature. Potentiostatic and galvanostatic tests with the optimized gel electrolyte showed higher capacity retention compared to the tests with the liquid electrolyte, suggesting that gel electrolyte helps reduce Mn3+ dissolution and zincate ion migration from the Zn anode, improving reversibility. Cycling tests for commercially sized prismatic cells showed the gel electrolyte had exceptional cycle life, showing 100% capacity retention for >700 cycles at 9.5 Ah and for >300 cycles at 19 Ah, while the 19 Ah prismatic cell with a liquid electrolyte showed discharge capacity degradation at 100th cycle. We also performed overdischarge protection tests, in which a commercialized prismatic cell with the gel electrolyte was discharged to 0 V and achieved stable discharge capacities, while the liquid electrolyte cell showed discharge capacity fade in the first few cycles. Finally, the gel electrolyte batteries were tested under IEC solar off-grid protocol. It was noted that the gelled Zn–MnO2 batteries outperformed the Pb–acid batteries. Additionally, a designed system nameplated at 2 kWh with a 12 V system with 72 prismatic cells was tested with the same protocol, and it has entered its third year of cycling. This suggests that Zn–MnO2 rechargeable batteries with the gel electrolyte will be an ideal candidate for solar microgrid systems and grid storage in general.

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Gajewski, Piotr, Wiktoria Żyła, Klaudia Kazimierczak i Agnieszka Marcinkowska. "Hydrogel Polymer Electrolytes: Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization and Application in Electrochemical Capacitors". Gels 9, nr 7 (28.06.2023): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9070527.

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Electrochemical capacitors operating in an aqueous electrolyte solution have become ever-more popular in recent years, mainly because they are cheap and ecofriendly. Additionally, aqueous electrolytes have a higher ionic conductivity than organic electrolytes and ionic liquids. These materials can exist in the form of a liquid or a solid (hydrogel). The latter form is a very promising alternative to liquid electrolytes because it is solid, which prevents electrolyte leakage. In our work, hydrogel polymer electrolytes (HPEs) were obtained via photopolymerization of a mixture of acrylic oligomer Exothane 108 with methacrylic acid (MAA) in ethanol, which was later replaced by electrolytes (1 M Na2SO4). Through the conducted research, the effects of the monomers ratio and the organic solvent concentration (ethanol) on the mechanical properties (tensile test), electrolyte sorption, and ionic conductivity were examined. Finally, hydrogel polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivity (σ = 26.5 mS∙cm−1) and sufficient mechanical stability (σmax = 0.25 MPa, εmax = 20%) were tested using an AC/AC electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC). The electrochemical properties of the devices were investigated via cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge, and impedance spectroscopy. The obtained results show the application potential of the obtained HPE in EDLC.

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Ru, Chen. "Research on the regeneration technology of etching waste solution". E3S Web of Conferences 338 (2022): 01051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233801051.

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With the increase in the use of electronic products, the consumption of circuit boards also increased sharply, the amount of waste liquid discharged in the process of producing circuit boards will follow the increase, and these waste liquids, if discharged directly, not only cause a great waste of resources, but also cause serious water pollution, soil pollution, and thus with the food chain into the body of people and animals, seriously endangering human health, so we need to Therefore, we need to recycle and utilize this resource. In this paper, we adopt the recycling treatment system to transport the waste solution from the production line to the electrolyzer, and the overflow tank stores the electrolyte discharged from the production line. We adopt the waste electrolyte after treating the micro-etching waste solution for waste solution recycling treatment, and electrolyze the micro-etching waste solution again after treatment, and use it repeatedly to improve the utilization rate of electrolyte.

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LI, X. D., X. J. YIN, C. F. LIN, D. W. ZHANG, Z. A. WANG, Z. SUN i S. M. HUANG. "INFLUENCE OF I2 CONCENTRATION AND CATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF QUASI-SOLID-STATE DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS WITH THERMOSETTING POLYMER GEL ELECTROLYTE". International Journal of Nanoscience 09, nr 04 (sierpień 2010): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x10006831.

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Thermosetting polymer gel electrolytes (TPGEs) based on poly(acrylic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PAA-PEG) hybrid were prepared and applied to fabricate dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and γ-butyrolactone (GBL) were used as solvents for liquid electrolytes and LiI and KI as iodide source, separately. The microstructure of PAA-PEG shows a well swelling ability in liquid electrolyte and excellent stability of the swollen hybrid. The TPGE was optimized in terms of the liquid electrolyte absorbency and ionic conductivity photovoltaic performance. Quasi-solid-state DSCs containing TPGE with optimized KI electrolyte show higher efficiency, voltage, fill factor, and lower photocurrent than those with LiI electrolyte. The related mechanism was discussed. A quasi-solid-state DSC fabricated with optimized polymer gel electrolyte obtained an overall energy conversion efficiency of 4.90% under irradiation of 100 mW/cm2 (AM1.5).

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Eldesoky, A., A. J. Louli, A. Benson i J. R. Dahn. "Cycling Performance of NMC811 Anode-Free Pouch Cells with 65 Different Electrolyte Formulations". Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, nr 12 (1.12.2021): 120508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac39e3.

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Liquid electrolytes for anode-free Li metal batteries (LMBs) provide a cost-effective path to high energy density. However, liquid electrolytes are challenging due to the reactivity of Li0 with the electrolyte and the resulting Li loss, as well as mossy Li deposits leading to inactive Li and dendrite formation. Thus, more research is needed to develop electrolytes capable of 80 % capacity retention after 800 cycles to meet electric vehicle (EV) demands. Here, we report cycle life results from 65 electrolyte mixtures consisting of various additives or co-solvents added to a dual-salt base electrolyte previously reported by our group. We tested these electrolyte systems using a practical anode-free pouch cell design with a high-loading (16 mg cm−2, or 3.47 mAh cm-2) LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) cathode, with a bare Cu foil as the counter electrode. All cells in this work were cycled at 40 °C with 0.2C/0.5C charge/discharge rates between 3.55–4.40 V. Based on the total energy delivered over 140 cycles, only four electrolytes showed marginal improvement over the baseline, while the other electrolytes were uncompetitive. This data set can serve as a guide for LMB researchers investigating electrolyte systems and highlights the challenges associated with liquid electrolytes.

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Bhardwaj, Ravindra Kumar, i David Zitoun. "Recent Progress in Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Metal(Li/Na)–Sulfur Batteries". Batteries 9, nr 2 (3.02.2023): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020110.

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Metal–sulfur batteries, especially lithium/sodium–sulfur (Li/Na-S) batteries, have attracted widespread attention for large-scale energy application due to their superior theoretical energy density, low cost of sulfur compared to conventional lithium-ion battery (LIBs) cathodes and environmental sustainability. Despite these advantages, metal–sulfur batteries face many fundamental challenges which have put them on the back foot. The use of ether-based liquid electrolyte has brought metal–sulfur batteries to a critical stage by causing intermediate polysulfide dissolution which results in poor cycling life and safety concerns. Replacement of the ether-based liquid electrolyte by a solid electrolyte (SEs) has overcome these challenges to a large extent. This review describes the recent development and progress of solid electrolytes for all-solid-state Li/Na-S batteries. This article begins with a basic introduction to metal–sulfur batteries and explains their challenges. We will discuss the drawbacks of the using liquid organic electrolytes and the advantages of replacing liquid electrolytes with solid electrolytes. This article will also explain the fundamental requirements of solid electrolytes in meeting the practical applications of all solid-state metal–sulfur batteries, as well as the electrode–electrolyte interfaces of all solid-state Li/Na-S batteries.

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Reber, David, Oleg Borodin, Maximilian Becker, Daniel Rentsch, Johannes H. Thienenkamp, Rabeb Grissa, Wengao Zhao i in. "Water/Ionic Liquid/Succinonitrile Hybrid Electrolytes". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, nr 2 (9.10.2022): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-022161mtgabs.

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The water-in-salt concept has significantly improved the electrochemical stability of aqueous electrolytes, and the hybridization with organic solvents or ionic liquids has further enhanced their reductive stability.[1] Here, we open a large design space by introducing succinonitrile as a cosolvent in water/ionic liquid/succinonitrile hybrid electrolytes. Via addition of the nitrile, electrolyte performance metrics such as electrochemical stability, conductivity, or cost can be tuned, and salt solubility limits can be fully circumvented. We elucidate the solution structure of two select hybrid electrolytes and highlight the impact of each electrolyte component on the final formulation, showing that excess ionic liquid fractions decrease the lithium transport number, while excess nitrile addition reduces electrochemical stability and yields flammable electrolytes. If component ratios are tuned appropriately, high electrochemical stability is achieved and aqueous Li4Ti5O12 - LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 full cells show excellent cycling stability with a maximum energy density of ca. 140 Wh/kg of active material, and Coulombic efficiencies of close to 99.5% at 1C. Furthermore, strong rate performance over a wide temperature range, facilitated by the fast conformational dynamics of succinonitrile, with a capacity retention of 53% at 10C relative to 1C is observed.[2] References: [1] Becker, M.; Rentsch, D.; Reber, D.; Aribia, A.; Battaglia, C.; Kühnel, R.-S., The hydrotropic effect of ionic liquids in water‐in‐salt electrolytes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.. 2021, 60, 14100. [2] Reber, D.; Borodin, O.; Becker, M.; Rentsch, D.; Thienenkamp, J.H.; Grissa, R.; Zhao, W.; Aribia, A.; Brunklaus, G.; Battaglia, C.; Kühnel, R.-S., Water/Ionic Liquid/Succinonitrile Hybrid Electrolytes for Aqueous Batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 2112138.

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Yahya, Wan Zaireen Nisa, Pang Zhen Hong, Wan Zul Zahran Wan Mohd Zain i Norani Muti Mohamed. "Tripropyl Chitosan Iodide-Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte as Quasi Solid-State Dye Sensitized Solar Cells". Materials Science Forum 997 (czerwiec 2020): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.997.69.

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Electrolyte as one of the major components in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) plays an important role in dye regeneration and as the inner charge carrier transport between electrodes. Gel polymer electrolyte is a potential alternative to liquid electrolytes which suffer of leakage and solvent evaporation. In this present research, functionalization of chitosan by the quaternization reaction of chitosan with iodopropane forming tripropyl chitosan iodide is proposed for the preparation of gel polymer electrolyte. Tripropyl chitosan iodide was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Four different polymer electrolytes were tested at different compositions in presence of iodide/triiodide redox salt and imidazolium ionic liquid in DSSCs configurations. The results show that the gel polymer electrolyte containing the tripropyl chitosan iodide in presence of 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide ionic liquid showed better performance with power conversion efficiency of 0.415% as compared to the gel polymer electrolyte film without ionic liquid with power conversion efficiency of 0.075%. The results shown the synergistic effects of the polycationic tripropyl chitosan iodide with the ionic liquid 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide on the photovoltaic performance.

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Park, Habin, Anthony Engler, Nian Liu i Paul Kohl. "Dynamic Anion Delocalization of Single-Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolyte for High-Performance of Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, nr 3 (9.10.2022): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023227mtgabs.

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Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have been considered as next-generation energy storages due to their extremely high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh g-1). However, current LMBs, using conventional liquid electrolytes, still could not fulfill the demand of soaring expansion of energy era, such as electrical vehicles, because of their safety issues, originated by uncontrollable electrolytic side reaction on the lithium, resulting unstable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and vicious lithium dendritic growth [1]. Also, carbonate-based liquid electrolytes have an intrinsic flammability, and the lithium dendrite, which short-circuits a cell, can lead to severe safety hazard with the unfavorable flammability of current liquid system when they are ignited. Therefore, solid-state electrolytes have been spotlighted recently for a pathway for safe, and high energy and power LMBs, due to their superior thermal stability and low vapor pressure, while maintaining suitable electrolytic performances. In this study, solid-state single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes (SICPEs), utilizing dynamic anion delocalization (DAD), realizing high ionic conductivity and dimensional stability for high-performance LMB, are studied. The SICPEs enable superior lithium transference number, resulting in highly reduced concentration gradient of lithium cation along the electrolyte to suppress the undesirable lithium dendritic growth. However, SICPEs have prominently lower ionic conductivity than dual-ion conducting polymer electrolyte (DICPEs), which is a critical issue to make a slower charge/discharge for SICPEs [2]. Although an approach utilizing gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), using a liquid solvent as a plasticizer, has been exploited to increase the ionic conductivity of SICPEs, GPEs have struggled with lower mechanical stability, compared to solid state, and still existing flammability issue with the plasticizer. The novel plasticizer, which is described here, can interact with bulky anionic polymer matrix, so that the negative charge can be dispersed onto the whole complex by DAD. Once the bulky complex is formed by DAD, the dissociation of lithium cation from anionic matrix can be easier with the decreased activation energy and higher ionic conduction. While increasing the ionic conductivity with DAD, the nature of polymeric plasticizer will highly suppress flammability. DAD allows the membrane endure more tensile strength due to the dynamic structural change in crosslinking state, so that the polymer electrolyte can tolerate dendritic growth of lithium by morphological change on an electrode surface. The obvious advantages of DAD-induced solid polymer electrolytes in this study for a high energy and power, and ultra-safe LMB can present a novel approach of polymer electrolyte design to the astronomical demand of energy storages. [1] F. Ahmed, I. Choi, M.M. Rahman, H. Jang, T. Ryu, S. Yoon, L. Jin, Y. Jin, W. Kim, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 34930-34938. [2] D.-M. Shin, J.E. Bachman, M.K. Taylor, J. Kamcev, J.G. Park, M.E. Ziebel, E. Velasquez, N.N. Jarenwattananon, G.K. Sethi, Y. Cui, J.R. Long, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1905771.

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Stolz, Lukas, Martin Winter i Johannes Kasnatscheew. "Perspective on the mechanism of mass transport-induced (tip-growing) Li dendrite formation by comparing conventional liquid organic solvent with solid polymer-based electrolytes". Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering 13, nr 5 (9.08.2023): 715–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5599/jese.1724.

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A major challenge of Li metal electrodes is the growth of high surface area lithium during Li deposition with a variety of possible shapes and growing mechanisms. They are reactive and lead to active lithium losses, electrolyte depletion and safety concerns due to a potential risk of short-circuits and thermal runaway. This work focuses on the mechanism of tip-growing Li dendrite as a particular high surface area lithium morphology. Its formation mechanism is well-known and is triggered during concentration polarization, i.e. during mass (Li+) transport limitations, which has been thoroughly investigated in literature with liquid electrolytes. This work aims to give a stimulating perspective on this formation mechanism by considering solid polymer electrolytes. The in-here shown absence of the characteristic “voltage noise” immediately after complete concentration polarization, being an indicator for tip-growing dendritic growth, rules out the occurrence of the particular tip-growing morphology for solid polymer electrolytes under the specific electrochemical conditions. The generally poorer kinetics of solid polymer electrolytes compared to liquid electrolytes imply lower limiting currents, i.e. lower currents to realize complete concentration polarization. Hence, this longer-lasting Li-deposition times in solid polymer electrolytes are assumed to prevent tip-growing mechanism via timely enabling solid electrolyte interphase formation on fresh Li deposits, while, as stated in previous literature, in liquid electrolytes, Li dendrite tip-growth process is faster than solid electrolyte interphase formation kinetics. It can be reasonably concluded that tip-growing Li dendrites are in general practically unlikely for both, (i) the lower conducting electrolytes like solid polymer electrolytes due to enabling solid electrolyte interphase formation and (ii) good-conducting electrolytes like liquids due to an impractically high current required for concentration polarization.

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George, Sweta Mariam, Debalina Deb, Haijin Zhu, S. Sampath i Aninda J. Bhattacharyya. "Spectroscopic investigations of solvent assisted Li-ion transport decoupled from polymer in a gel polymer electrolyte". Applied Physics Letters 121, nr 22 (28.11.2022): 223903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0112647.

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We present here a gel polymer electrolyte, where the Li+-ion transport is completely decoupled from the polymer host solvation and dynamics. A free-standing gel polymer electrolyte with a high volume content (nearly 60%) of xM LiTFSI in G4 (tetraglyme) ( x = 1–7; Li+:G4 = 0.2–1.5) liquid electrolyte confined inside the PAN (polyacrylonitrile)-PEGMEMA [poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate oligomer] based polymer matrix is synthesized using a one-pot free radical polymerization process. For LiTFSI concentrations, x = 1–7 (Li+:G4 = 0.2–1.5), Raman and vibrational spectroscopies reveal that like in the liquid electrolyte, the designed gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) also show direct coordination of Li+-ions with the tetraglyme leading to the formation of [Li(G4)]+. Coupled with the spectroscopic studies, impedance and nuclear magnetic resonance investigations also show that the ion transport is independent of the polymer segmental motion and is governed by the solvated species {[Li(G4)]+}, very similar to the scenario in ionic liquids. As a result, the magnitude of ionic conductivity and activation energies of the gel polymer electrolyte are very similar to that of the liquid electrolyte. The Li+-ion transport number for the GPE varied from 0.44 ( x = 1) to 0.5 ( x = 7) with the maximum being 0.52 at x = 5.

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Kim, Ji Sook, Sun Hwa Lee i Dong Wook Shin. "Fabrication of Hybrid Solid Electrolyte by LiPF₆ Liquid Electrolyte Infiltration into Nano-Porous Na₂O-SiO₂-B₂O₃ Glass Membrane". Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (czerwiec 2007): 1027–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1027.

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To improve ion mobility in solid inorganic electrolyte for lithium ion battery, the hybrid electrolytes were developed in the form of the organic-inorganic meso-scale hybridization by the infiltration of liquid electrolyte into meso-porous inorganic glass membrane. Glass electrolyte membranes with nanopores were prepared by spinodal decomposition and subsequent acid leaching. The most suitable glass electrolyte membranes could be fabricated from the 7.5Na2O-46.25B2O3 -46.25SiO2 (mol%). The effect of leaching temperature, leaching time and leaching acids on the preparation of the membranes were investigated. The microstructure of the cross-section of 7.5Na2O-46.25B2O3-46.25SiO2 glass electrolytes were examined with a scanning electron microscope. Then, liquid electrolyte was infiltrated by dipping method into etched glasses electrolyte. Full cells were fabricated by LiCoO2 for cathode materials and MCMB for anode materials. Conductivity and charge-discharge test of the porous glass electrolyte membrane was measured.

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Zailani, N. A. M., F. A. Latif, Z. S. M. Al Shukaili, Pramod K. Singh, S. F. M. Zamri i M. A. A. Rani. "Ionic Liquid Encapsulated Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Electrolyte Film in Electrical Double Layer Capacitor". International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 12, nr 11 (1.11.2022): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46338/ijetae1122_10.

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One of the main components of electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) is the electrolyte. Gel-type electrolyte has shown good performance in EDLC. However, not much information is available on film-type electrolytes, which are known to provide better mechanical stability than the gel-type electrolyte. In present study, we have reported the performance of film-type poly(methyl methacrylate (PMMA) as electrolyte in electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) systems and compared with the gel-type PMMA electrolytes. This film-type PMMA electrolyte is modified by encapsulating 1-methyl-3-pentamethyldisiloxymethylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [(SiOSi)C1C1 im][NTf2 ], an ionic liquid (IL), into the PMMA matrix, PMMAIL. Doping this PMMAIL film with 30% lithium triflate salt (LiTf), LiTfPMMAIL, provides an EDLC cell with higher breakdown voltage (3.2 V) and higher specific discharge capacity (Csp) (6.59 Fg-1 ) and energy density (0.92 Whkg-1 ) than the selected PMMA-based gel electrolyte systems. These values exceed the minimum requirements for a working supercapacitor. However, this LiTF-PMMAIL cell exhibited lower power density (23.04 Wkg-1 ) than the selected EDLC cells due to the more congested system of LiTF-PMMAIL. Thus, the performance of this LiTF-PMMAIL cell could be improved by adjusting the amount of doping salt and using different types of carbon electrodes. Keywords—capacitors, charging/discharging, polymer electrolyte films, poly (methyl methacrylate) electrolytes, solid electrolytes.

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Gaysin, A. F., F. M. Gaysin, L. N. Bagautdinova, A. A. Khafizov, R. I. Valiev i E. V. Gazeeva. "Plasma-electrolyte discharges in a gas-liquid medium for the production of hydrogen". Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, nr 2 (21.05.2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-2-27-35.

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THE PURPOSE. Comprehensive study of the effect of direct current electric discharge plasma in a gas-liquid medium of inorganic mixtures in order to obtain gaseous hydrogen. Obtain volt-ampere, volt-second and ampere-second characteristics of the discharge at various concentrations of electrolyte. Study the process of electrolysis, breakdown, discharge ignition and discharge flow in a dielectric tube at a constant current. METHODS. To solve this problem, experimental studies were carried out on a model installation, which consists of a power supply system, a discharge chamber, equipment for monitoring and controlling the operation of the installation and measuring the characteristics of an electric discharge. To analyze the stability of the discharge, the time dependences of the voltage ripple and the discharge current were obtained. RESULTS. Experimental studies were carried out between the electrolytic cathode and the electrolytic anode at constant current and at atmospheric pressure with the following parameters: discharge voltage U = 0.1-1.5 kV, discharge current I = 0.02-2.3 A, interelectrode distance l = 100 mm , 1%, 3% and 5% solutions of sodium chloride in tap water were used as electrolytes. CONCLUSION. It is shown that electrical breakdown and ignition of a discharge that is stable in time depends on the conductivity of the gas-liquid medium of the electrolyte. The nature of the current-voltage characteristics depends on the random processes occurring in the gas-liquid medium, which is associated with numerous breakdowns occurring in the gas-liquid medium of the electrolyte, combustion and attenuation of microdischarges, the appearance of bubbles, and the movement of the electrolyte inside the dielectric tube. It is shown that the generation of hydrogen and hydrogen-containing components can occur both at the stage of electrolysis and during discharge combustion. A feature of this method is that electrical discharges in the tube increase the release of hydrogen. In this installation, inorganic and organic liquids of a certain composition and concentration can be used. The results of experimental studies made it possible to develop and create a small-sized installation for producing gaseous hydrogen. Tests have shown that a small-sized plant can be taken as the basis for a industrial plant for the production of hydrogen gas.

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Huang, Qianqian, Xin Liang, Bing Liu i Huaxia Deng. "Research Progress of Shear Thickening Electrolyte Based on Liquid–Solid Conversion Mechanism". Batteries 9, nr 7 (19.07.2023): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070384.

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As an essential component of the lithium-ion battery system, electrolyte plays a crucial role in ion transport between the electrodes. In the event of thermal runaway, commercial organic electrolytes are prone to internal disturbances and fires; hence, research on safe electrolytes has gradually become a hot topic during recent years. Shear thickening electrolyte, as a new type of smart electrolyte, can exhibit a liquid state in the absence of external force and rapidly converts to a quasi-solid state once the battery is subjected to drastic impact loading. In this paper, the recent progress of shear thickening electrolytes with liquid–solid switching performance is presented, including its working principles, synthesis and preparation procedure, and battery performance. Additionally, the perspective and challenges for practical application are discussed.

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Zhu, Na, Kun Zhang, Feng Wu, Ying Bai i Chuan Wu. "Ionic Liquid-Based Electrolytes for Aluminum/Magnesium/Sodium-Ion Batteries". Energy Material Advances 2021 (17.02.2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9204217.

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Developing post-lithium-ion battery technology featured with high raw material abundance and low cost is extremely important for the large-scale energy storage applications, especially for the metal-based battery systems such as aluminum, sodium, and magnesium ion batteries. However, their developments are still in early stages, and one of the major challenges is to explore a safe and reliable electrolyte. An ionic liquid-based electrolyte is attractive and promising for developing safe and nonflammable devices with wide temperature ranges owing to their several unique properties such as ultralow volatility, high ionic conductivity, good thermal stability, low flammability, a wide electrochemical window, and tunable polarity and basicity/acidity. In this review, the recent emerging limitations and strategies of ionic liquid-based electrolytes in the above battery systems are summarized. In particular, for aluminum-ion batteries, the interfacial reaction between ionic liquid-based electrolytes and the electrode, the mechanism of aluminum storage, and the optimization of electrolyte composition are fully discussed. Moreover, the strategies to solve the problems of electrolyte corrosion and battery system side reactions are also highlighted. Finally, a general conclusion and a perspective focusing on the current development limitations and directions of ionic liquid-based electrolytes are proposed along with an outlook. In order to develop novel high-performance ionic liquid electrolytes, we need in-depth understanding and research on their fundamentals, paving the way for designing next-generation products.

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Dietrich, Paul M., Lydia Gehrlein, Julia Maibach i Andreas Thissen. "Probing Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes with Laboratory Near-Ambient Pressure XPS". Crystals 10, nr 11 (20.11.2020): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10111056.

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In this article, we present Near Ambient Pressure (NAP)-X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) results from model and commercial liquid electrolytes for lithium-ion battery production using an automated laboratory NAP-XPS system. The electrolyte solutions were (i) LiPF6 in EC/DMC (LP30) as a typical commercial battery electrolyte and (ii) LiTFSI in PC as a model electrolyte. We analyzed the LP30 electrolyte solution, first in its vapor and liquid phase to compare individual core-level spectra. In a second step, we immersed a V2O5 crystal as a model cathode material in this LiPF6 solution. Additionally, the LiTFSI electrolyte model system was studied to compare and verify our findings with previous NAP-XPS data. Photoelectron spectra recorded at pressures of 2–10 mbar show significant chemical differences for the different lithium-based electrolytes. We show the enormous potential of laboratory NAP-XPS instruments for investigations of solid-liquid interfaces in electrochemical energy storage systems at elevated pressures and illustrate the simplicity and ease of the used experimental setup (EnviroESCA).

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Gupta, Sandhya, Pramod K. Singh i B. Bhattacharya. "Low-viscosity ionic liquid–doped solid polymer electrolytes". High Performance Polymers 30, nr 8 (30.05.2018): 986–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318778763.

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Polymer electrolyte films based on poly(ethylene oxide) doped with salt sodium nitrate and ionic liquid (IL; 1-ethyl 3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate) have been prepared and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and impedance spectroscopy. The relative percentage of crystallinity of polymer electrolytes has been calculated by using DSC thermograms and electrical properties by using impedance spectroscopy. The incorporation of IL in polymer matrix increases the conductivity of polymer electrolyte. The maximum value of ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte is found to be 1.93 × 10−4 S m−1 with 9 wt% IL.

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Zheng, Ming Sen, Jia Jia Chen i Quan Feng Dong. "The Research of Electrolyte on Lithium/Sulfur Battery". Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (luty 2012): 1763–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.1763.

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The suitability of some different kinds of liquid electrolytes with a 1M solution of LiCF3SO3 was evaluated for discharging capacity and cycle performance of Li/S cells at room temperature. The liquid electrolyte component was found to have a profound influence on the discharging capacity and cycle property. The lithium–sulfur battery based on the alcohol-ether binary electrolyte shows two discernible voltage plateaus at around 2.4 and 2.1 V, which correspond to the formation of soluble polysulfides and of solid reduction products, respectively. However, the liquid electrolyte based on carbonate electrolyte shows a bad compatibility with sulfur cathode. The lithium sulfur battery can not deliver acceptable discharging capacity and cycle performances.

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Self, Julian, Helen K. Bergstrom, Kara D. Fong, Bryan D. McCloskey i Kristin A. Persson. "Theoretical Prediction of Freezing Point Depression of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 2 (7.07.2022): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012194mtgabs.

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Understanding and predicting the freezing point depression of liquid electrolytes is of interest particularly for low-temperature battery applications. We will present a computational methodology to calculate activity coefficients and the freezing point depression of liquid electrolytes relevant to Li-ion batteries. Theoretical expressions for Born solvation, Debye-Huckel ion atmosphere effects and solvent entropy are used with results from classical molecular dynamics simulations and electronic structure methods to calculate the activity coefficients of liquid electrolytes. Using the calculated activity coefficients as well as neat solvent properties, liquidus lines of the studied electrolytes are obtained up to 1 molal. The liquid electrolytes studied include LiPF6 in dimethyl carbonate and LiPF6 in propylene carbonate. It is found that the more significant freezing point depression of the propylene carbonate-based electrolyte versus dimethyl carbonate-based electrolyte originates in large part from the much higher dielectric constant of propylene carbonate versus dimethyl carbonate.

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22

Kim, Eunhwan, Juyeon Han, Seokgyu Ryu, Youngkyu Choi i Jeeyoung Yoo. "Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices". Materials 14, nr 14 (16.07.2021): 4000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14144000.

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For decades, improvements in electrolytes and electrodes have driven the development of electrochemical energy storage devices. Generally, electrodes and electrolytes should not be developed separately due to the importance of the interaction at their interface. The energy storage ability and safety of energy storage devices are in fact determined by the arrangement of ions and electrons between the electrode and the electrolyte. In this paper, the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors using ionic liquids (ILs) as an electrolyte are reviewed. Additionally, the energy storage device ILs developed over the last decade are introduced.

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Chen, Shipeng, Li Feng, Xiaoji Wang, Yange Fan, Yubin Ke, Lin Hua, Zheng Li, Yimin Hou i Baoyu Xue. "Supramolecular Thixotropic Ionogel Electrolyte for Sodium Batteries". Gels 8, nr 3 (20.03.2022): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8030193.

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Owing to the potential of sodium as an alternative to lithium as charge carrier, increasing attention has been focused on the development of high-performance electrolytes for Na batteries in recent years. In this regard, gel-type electrolytes, which combine the outstanding ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes and the safety of solid electrolytes, demonstrate immense application prospects. However, most gel electrolytes not only need a number of specific techniques for molding, but also typically suffer from breakage, leading to a short service life and severe safety issues. In this study, a supramolecular thixotropic ionogel electrolyte is proposed to address these problems. This thixotropic electrolyte is formed by the supramolecular self-assembly of D-gluconic acetal-based gelator (B8) in an ionic liquid solution of a Na salt, which exhibits moldability, a high ionic conductivity, and a rapid self-healing property. The ionogel electrolyte is chemically stable to Na and exhibits a good Na+ transference number. In addition, the self-assembly mechanism of B8 and thixotropic mechanism of ionogel are investigated. The safe, low-cost and multifunctional ionogel electrolyte developed herein supports the development of future high-performance Na batteries.

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Yahya, Wan Zaireen Nisa, Wong Theen Meng, Mehboob Khatani, Adel Eskandar Samsudin i Norani Muti Mohamed. "Bio-based chitosan/PVdF-HFP polymer-blend for quasi-solid state electrolyte dye-sensitized solar cells". e-Polymers 17, nr 5 (28.08.2017): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2016-0305.

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AbstractDye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have emerged to become one of the most promising alternatives to conventional solar cells. However, long-term stability and light-to-energy conversion efficiency of the electrolyte in DSSCs are the main challenges in the commercial use of DSSCs. Current liquid electrolytes in DSSCs allow achieving high power conversion efficiency, but they still suffer from many disadvantages such as solvent leakage, corrosion and high volatility. Quasi-solid state electrolytes have therefore been developed in order to curb these problems. A novel polymer electrolyte composed of biobased polymer chitosan, poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP), 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide ionic liquid and iodide/tri-iodide redox salts in various compositions is proposed in this study as a quasi-solid state electrolyte. Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR) studies on the polymer electrolyte have shown interactions between the redox salt and the polymer blend. The quasi-solid state electrolyte tested in DSSCs with an optimised weight ratio of PVdF-HFP:chitosan (6:1) with ionic liquid electrolyte PMII/KI/I2 has shown the highest power conversion efficiencies of 1.23% with ionic conductivity of 5.367×10−4 S·cm−1 demonstrating the potential of using sustainable bio-based chitosan polymers in DSSCs applications.

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de Souza, J. Pedro, Alexei A. Kornyshev i Martin Z. Bazant. "Polar liquids at charged interfaces: A dipolar shell theory". Journal of Chemical Physics 156, nr 24 (28.06.2022): 244705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0096439.

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The structure of polar liquids and electrolytic solutions, such as water and aqueous electrolytes, at interfaces underlies numerous phenomena in physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. In this work, we develop a continuum theory that captures the essential features of dielectric screening by polar liquids at charged interfaces, including decaying spatial oscillations in charge and mass, starting from the molecular properties of the solvent. The theory predicts an anisotropic dielectric tensor of interfacial polar liquids previously studied in molecular dynamics simulations. We explore the effect of the interfacial polar liquid properties on the capacitance of the electrode/electrolyte interface and on hydration forces between two plane-parallel polarized surfaces. In the linear response approximation, we obtain simple formulas for the characteristic decay lengths of molecular and ionic profiles at the interface.

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Wahyusi, Kindriari Nurma, Ika Nawang Puspitawati i Abdul Rachman Wirayudha. "The Deep Eutectic Solvent in Used Batteries as an Electrolyte Additive for Potential Chitosan Solid Electrolyte Membrane". ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 23, nr 2 (30.08.2023): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.77318.

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The electrolyte or ion conductor acts as a bridge to transfer the ions the electrodes generate. In general, electrolytes are in the form of liquids. However, liquid electrolytes have drawbacks, including needing to be more practical and leaking quickly. Therefore, people switch to solid matrix electrolytes as battery electrolytes. An ideal solid electrolyte membrane must have chemical stability, thermal stability, high ionic conductivity, high flexibility, low cost, and abundant material availability. Lithium extraction from used batteries using Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) was found to be an intelligent solvent. Mixing the method with lithium salt on a chitosan membrane can increase conductivity. This study aims to determine the lowest resistance value and highest conductivity of solid polymer electrolytes using Li2CO3 from used batteries. After separating the Lithium-Cobalt component from the used battery, it was extracted with deep DES solvent and precipitated using Na2CO3 to produce the Li2CO3 compound. Polymer electrolyte was synthesized by mixing polyvinyl alcohol and adding 0.2 grams, 0.4 grams, 0.6 grams, 0.8 grams, and 1 gram of chitosan. Li2CO3 variables are 0.2 grams, 0.4 grams, 0.6 grams, 0.8 grams, and 1 gram. The results showed that the higher content of chitosan and Li2CO3 led to an increase in ionic conductivity. These results concluded that the best solid electrolyte membrane was obtained with a variation ratio of 0.2 grams of chitosan with the addition of 1 gram of Li2CO3.

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27

Manceriu, Laura, Anil Kumar Bharwal, Nathan Daem, Jennifer Dewalque, Pierre Colson, Frederic Boschini i Rudi Cloots. "Printability of (Quasi-)Solid Polysiloxane Electrolytes for Online Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Fabrication". Coatings 13, nr 7 (27.06.2023): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071164.

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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are a very promising solution as remote sustainable low power sources for portable electronics and Internet of Things (IoT) applications due to their room-temperature and low-cost fabrication, as well as their high efficiency under artificial light. In addition, new achievements in developing semitransparent devices are driving interest in their implementation in the building sector. However, the main obstacle towards the large-scale exploitation of DSSCs mainly concerns their limited long-term stability triggered by the use of liquid electrolytes. Moreover, the device processing generally involves using a thick adhesive separator layer and vacuum filling or injection of the liquid polymer electrolyte between the two electrodes, a method that is difficult to scale up. This review summarizes the advances made in the design of alternative (quasi-)solid polymer electrolytes, with a focus on polysiloxane-based poly(ionic liquid)s. Their behavior in full DSSCs is presented and compared in terms of power generation maximization, advantages and shortcomings of the different device assembly strategies, as well as polymer electrolyte-related processing limitations. Finally, a fair part of the manuscript is allocated to the assessment of liquid and gel polymer electrolyte printability, particularly focusing on polysiloxane-based electrolytes. Spray, blade (slot-dye), screen and inkjet printing technologies are envisaged considering the polymer electrolyte thermophysical and rheological properties, as well as DSSC processing and operating conditions.

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Komorsky-Lovrić, Šebojka, i Milivoj Lovrić. "Kinetics of electrode reaction coupled to ion transfer across the liquid/liquid interface". Open Chemistry 3, nr 2 (1.06.2005): 216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bf02475992.

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AbstractIn the theoretical model it is assumed that a graphite disk electrode is covered by a thin film of solution of decamethylferrocene (dmfc) and some electrolyte CX in nitrobenzene and immersed in an aqueous solution of the electrolyte MX. Oxidation of dmfc is accompanied by the transfer of anion X − from water into nitrobenzene since it is also assumed that cations dmfc + and C + are insoluble in water and cation M + is insoluble in nitrobenzene. Kinetic parameters of the electrode reaction can be determined if the total potential difference across the nitrobenzene/water interface is maintained constant by adding the electrolytes CX and MX in concentrations which are much higher than the initial concentration of dmfc in nitrobenzene.

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Vo, T. D., H. V. Nguyen, Q. D. Nguyen, Q. Phung, V. M. Tran i P. L. M. Le. "Carbonate Solvents and Ionic Liquid Mixtures as an Electrolyte to Improve Cell Safety in Sodium-Ion Batteries". Journal of Chemistry 2019 (24.07.2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7980204.

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Ionic liquid-based electrolytes proved to be effective in terms of alleviating the safety problems associated with lithium/sodium ion batteries, especially for large-scale applications, due to their superior thermal stability and nonflammability. The main disadvantage of ionic liquids is their relatively high viscosity. Adding a suitable amount of organic “thinning” solvents could be a potential solution for this problem: while the electrolyte viscosity is greatly reduced, the electrochemical properties and thermal stability remain almost as good as those of pure ionic liquid. In this study, electrolyte mixtures based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) (EMI-TFSI) and carbonate solvents (EC-PC) were prepared. The electrochemical compatibility in half-cell configuration with respect to sodium metal anode of various electrode materials, including SnS/C, hard carbon (HC), and Na0.44MnO2, was evaluated. Moreover, the thermal stability, the flammability, and the conduction mechanism of such electrolyte mixtures were also explored and discussed.

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Gélinas, Bruno, Thomas Bibienne, Mickaël Dollé i Dominic Rochefort. "Electrochemistry and transport properties of electrolytes modified with ferrocene redox-active ionic liquid additives". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 98, nr 9 (wrzesień 2020): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2020-0042.

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Used in their pure, undiluted form, ionic liquids usually result in Li-ion battery electrolytes with inadequate performance due low Li+ transport numbers (tLi+). Alternatively, they can be used as additives dissolved in carbonates to maintain a high tLi+ while providing the electrolyte with additional properties such as resistance to combustion, current collector passivation, and decreased Li dendritic growth. Additional properties can be imparted to the ionic liquid via the modification of their structure. Ionic liquids modified with electroactive moieties such as ferrocene (Fc-IL) can be used as an additive in Li-ion battery (LiB) electrolytes to prevent cathode over-oxidation via the redox shuttle mechanism. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the properties of LiB electrolytes modified with such Fc-IL at different concentrations. At low concentrations (0.3–0.5 mol/L), the redox-active ionic liquid behaves as expected for a redox shuttle. We show that at 1 mol/L, however, the redox ionic liquid yields a different discharge behavior after the overcharging step, providing an increase in discharge capacity. This behavior is linked to the deposition of the ferrocenium-IL at the positive electrode. Such electrolyte is non-flammable and is highly efficient to achieve shuttling of excess charge. Based on this principle, it is expected that novel ionic liquids can be designed for development of other types of additives and contribute to developing safer battery electrolytes. As a part of this commemorative issue, this contribution highlights the type of collaborative research currently being done on energy storage devices at the Department of Chemistry at the Université de Montréal.

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Liu, Feng-Quan, Wen-Peng Wang, Ya-Xia Yin, Shuai-Feng Zhang, Ji-Lei Shi, Lu Wang, Xu-Dong Zhang i in. "Upgrading traditional liquid electrolyte via in situ gelation for future lithium metal batteries". Science Advances 4, nr 10 (październik 2018): eaat5383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat5383.

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High-energy lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are expected to play important roles in the next-generation energy storage systems. However, the uncontrolled Li dendrite growth in liquid electrolytes still impedes LMBs from authentic commercialization. Upgrading the traditional electrolyte system from liquid to solid and quasi-solid has therefore become a key issue for prospective LMBs. From this premise, it is particularly urgent to exploit facile strategies to accomplish this goal. We report that commercialized liquid electrolyte can be easily converted into a novel quasi-solid gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) via a simple and efficient in situ gelation strategy, which, in essence, is to use LiPF6 to induce the cationic polymerization of the ether-based 1,3-dioxolane and 1,2-dimethoxyethane liquid electrolyte under ambient temperature. The newly developed GPE exhibits elevated protective effects on Li anodes and has universality for diversified cathodes including but not restricted to sulfur, olivine-type LiFePO4, and layered LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, revealing tremendous potential in promoting the large-scale application of future LMBs.

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Tian, Lanlan, Lian Xiong, Xuefang Chen, Haijun Guo, Hairong Zhang i Xinde Chen. "Enhanced Electrochemical Properties of Gel Polymer Electrolyte with Hybrid Copolymer of Organic Palygorskite and Methyl Methacrylate". Materials 11, nr 10 (24.09.2018): 1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101814.

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Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is widely considered as a promising safe lithium-ion battery material compared to conventional organic liquid electrolyte, which is linked to a greater risk of corrosive liquid leakage, spontaneous combustion, and explosion. GPE contains polymers, lithium salts, and liquid electrolyte, and inorganic nanoparticles are often used as fillers to improve electrochemical performance. However, such composite polymer electrolytes are usually prepared by means of blending, which can impact on the compatibility between the polymer and filler. In this study, the hybrid copolymer poly (organic palygorskite-co-methyl methacrylate) (poly(OPal-MMA)) is synthesized using organic palygorskite (OPal) and MMA as raw materials. The poly(OPal-MMA) gel electrolyte exhibits an ionic conductivity of 2.94 × 10−3 S/cm at 30 °C. The Li/poly(OPal-MMA) electrolyte/LiFePO4 cell shows a wide electrochemical window (approximately 4.7 V), high discharge capacity (146.36 mAh/g), and a low capacity-decay rate (0.02%/cycle).

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Gupta, Ashish, Amrita Jain, Manju Kumari i Santosh K. Tripathi. "Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte". Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 12 (18.11.2021): 1252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.12.92.

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In the present article, an ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte was synthesized by using poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) as a host polymer. The electrolyte films were synthesized by using the solution casting technique. The as-prepared films were free-standing and transparent with good dimensional stability. Optimized electrolyte films exhibit a maximum room-temperature ionic conductivity of σ = 8.9 × 10−3 S·cm−1. The temperature dependence of the prepared polymer gel electrolytes follows the thermally activated behavior of the Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher equation. The total ionic transference number was ≈0.91 with a wider electrochemical potential window of 4.0 V for the prepared electrolyte film which contains 30 wt % of the ionic liquid. The optimized films have good potential to be used as electrolyte materials for energy storage applications.

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Syarif, Nirwan, Dedi Rohendi i Nyimas Febrika Sya'baniah. "Electrochemical Evaluation of Lithium-Ion Battery with Anode of Layer-Reduced Biocarbon and Cathode of LiFePO4". International Journal of Sustainable Transportation Technology 2, nr 2 (31.10.2019): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31427/ijstt.2019.2.2.4.

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The application of reduced carbon anode layer and LiFePO4 cathode was conducted in laboratory-scale battery. Both electrodes were fabricated into lithium - ion battery with LiCl electrolyte in both gel and liquid based. The carbon was prepared by using Hummer method and solvent sonification to exfoliate the carbon layer from biocarbon. The battery performance tests were carried out in potentiostat for Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic measurements. The highest current of CV measurement can be obtained in the battery with reduced carbon layer anode and 20% of liquid electrolyte. It was calculated that the same battery produced the highest energy and power. Current - Voltage profile is relatively stable in CV of batteries with 40% electrolytes in both gel and liquid media. All batteries have two peaks in both anodic and cathodic. The reduction peaks show in around 0.5 and 1.5 volts. The cathodics show in around –0.5 and –1.5 volts. The best power and energy values are given by battery with rCNSO anode and 20% liquid electrolyte. Galvanostatic profiles show that the 40% electrolytes in the batteries produces a slower discharging process. It was revealed that applying anode of layer reduced biocarbon as the battery electrode caused the discharging to run faster. The highest slope value of the galvanostatic curve can be found in the battery with the electrode of oxidized starting material and 40% of gel electrolyte, while the lowest can be found in 20% gel electrolyte with the same electrode.

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Küttinger, Michael, Paulette A. Loichet Torres, Emeline Meyer, Peter Fischer i Jens Tübke. "Systematic Study of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Bromine Sequestering Application in High Energy Density Electrolytes for Hydrogen Bromine Redox Flow Batteries". Molecules 26, nr 9 (6.05.2021): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092721.

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Bromine complexing agents (BCAs) are used to reduce the vapor pressure of bromine in the aqueous electrolytes of bromine flow batteries. BCAs bind hazardous, volatile bromine by forming a second, heavy liquid fused salt. The properties of BCAs in a strongly acidic bromine electrolyte are largely unexplored. A total of 38 different quaternary ammonium halides are investigated ex situ regarding their properties and applicability in bromine electrolytes as BCAs. The focus is on the development of safe and performant HBr/Br2/H2O electrolytes with a theoretical capacity of 180 Ah L−1 for hydrogen bromine redox flow batteries (H2/Br2-RFB). Stable liquid fused salts, moderate bromine complexation, large conductivities and large redox potentials in the aqueous phase of the electrolytes are investigated in order to determine the most applicable BCA for this kind of electrolyte. A detailed study on the properties of BCA cations in these parameters is provided for the first time, as well as for electrolyte mixtures at different states of charge of the electrolyte. 1-ethylpyridin-1-ium bromide [C2Py]Br is selected from 38 BCAs based on its properties as a BCA that should be focused on for application in electrolytes for H2/Br2-RFB in the future.

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Lin, Yuan, Maio Wang i Xu Rui Xiao. "Investigation of PEO-Imidazole Ionic Liquid Oligomer and Polymer Electrolytes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells". Key Engineering Materials 451 (listopad 2010): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.451.41.

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Ionic liquid oligomer, 1-oligo(ethyleneoxide)-3-methylimidazolium salt (PEO(X)MIm) and Ionic liquid polymer, poly(1-oligo (ethylene glycol) methacrylate-3-methylimidazolium) salt (P(MOEMIm)) prepared by incorporating imidazolium ionic liquid with PEO oligomer and polymer were investigated as electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Ionic liquid electrolytes were composed of LiI, I2, and PEO(X)MImCl or the mixture of 1-hexyl-3-methylidazolium iodide (HMImI), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMImBF4) and PEO(X)MImCl. Quasi-solid-state electrolytes were prepared by employing the imidazole polymers P(MOEMImCl) to solidify the liquid electrolyte containing lithium iodide, iodine and ethylene carbonate (EC)/propylene carbonate (PC) mixed solvent. Ionic liquid based quasi-solid state electrolytes were prepared by solidifying the ionic liquid electrolytes containing HMImI or a binary mixture of HMImI and EMImBF4 with an ionic liquid polymer P(MOEMImCl), respectively. The influences of PEO molecular weight, polymer content, addition of alkyl ionic liquid and various anions of the ionic liquid oligomers and polymer on the ionic conductivity, apparent diffusion coefficient of the redox species in the electrolytes and the performance of solar cells were examined. The influences on the kinetic behaviors of dye regeneration and triiodide reduction reactions taken place at nanocrystalline TiO2 electrode and Pt counter-electrode, respectively, were also studied by cyclic-voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. By using ternary ionic liquid electrolyte containing 1M lithium iodide and 0.5M iodine in the ionic liquid of the ionic liquid mixture of PEO(X)MImCl), HMImI and EMImBF4, quasi-solid-state electrolytes and ionic liquid based quasi-solid state electrolytes the photoelectron conversion efficiency of DSCs is 7.89%, 7.6% and 6.1%, respectively(AM 1.5, 100mWcm−2). These results show the potential application of PEO based ionic liquid in SCs.

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Sing Liow, Kai, Coswald Stephen Sipaut, Rachel Fran Mansa, Mee Ching Ung i Shamsi Ebrahimi. "Effect of PEG Molecular Weight on the Polyurethane-Based Quasi-Solid-State Electrolyte for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells". Polymers 14, nr 17 (1.09.2022): 3603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173603.

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Nanosilica was surface modified with polyaniline and incorporated into polyurethane to form a polymer matrix capable of entrapping a liquid electrolyte and functioning as quasi-solid-state electrolyte in the dye-sensitized solar cells. The effect on the S−PANi distribution, surface morphology, thermal stability, gel content, and structural change after varying the PEG molecular weight of the polyurethane matrix was analyzed. Quasi-solid-state electrolytes were prepared by immersing the polyurethane matrix into a liquid electrolyte and the polymer matrix absorbency, conductivity, and ion diffusion were investigated. The formulated quasi-solid-state electrolytes were applied in dye-sensitized solar cells and their charge recombination, photovoltaic performance, and lifespan were measured. The quasi-solid-state electrolyte with a PEG molecular weight of 2000 gmol−1 (PU−PEG 2000) demonstrated the highest light-to-energy conversion efficiency, namely, 3.41%, with an open-circuit voltage of 720 mV, a short-circuit current of 4.52 mA cm−2, and a fill factor of 0.63.

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Li, Jak, Jinli Qiao i Keryn Lian. "Investigation of polyacrylamide based hydroxide ion-conducting electrolyte and its application in all-solid electrochemical capacitors". Sustainable Energy & Fuels 1, nr 7 (2017): 1580–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7se00266a.

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Peng, Chenhui, i Oleg Lavrentovich. "Liquid Crystals-Enabled AC Electrokinetics". Micromachines 10, nr 1 (10.01.2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10010045.

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Phenomena of electrically driven fluid flows, known as electro-osmosis, and particle transport in a liquid electrolyte, known as electrophoresis, collectively form a subject of electrokinetics. Electrokinetics shows a great potential in microscopic manipulation of matter for various scientific and technological applications. Electrokinetics is usually studied for isotropic electrolytes. Recently it has been demonstrated that replacement of an isotropic electrolyte with an anisotropic, or liquid crystal (LC), electrolyte, brings about entirely new mechanisms of spatial charge formation and electrokinetic effects. This review presents the main features of liquid crystal-enabled electrokinetics (LCEK) rooted in the field-assisted separation of electric charges at deformations of the director that describes local molecular orientation of the LC. Since the electric field separates the charges and then drives the charges, the resulting electro-osmotic and electrophoretic velocities grow as the square of the applied electric field. We describe a number of related phenomena, such as alternating current (AC) LC-enabled electrophoresis of colloidal solid particles and fluid droplets in uniform and spatially-patterned LCs, swarming of colloids guided by photoactivated surface patterns, control of LCEK polarity through the material properties of the LC electrolyte, LCEK-assisted mixing at microscale, separation and sorting of small particles. LC-enabled electrokinetics brings a new dimension to our ability to manipulate dynamics of matter at small scales and holds a major promise for future technologies of microfluidics, pumping, mixing, sensing, and diagnostics.

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Terada, Shoshi, Kohei Ikeda, Kazuhide Ueno, Kaoru Dokko i Masayoshi Watanabe. "Liquid Structures and Transport Properties of Lithium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide/Glyme Solvate Ionic Liquids for Lithium Batteries". Australian Journal of Chemistry 72, nr 2 (2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch18270.

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The liquid structures and transport properties of electrolytes composed of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (Li[FSA]) and glyme (triglyme (G3) or tetraglyme (G4)) were investigated. Raman spectroscopy indicated that the 1:1 mixtures of Li[FSA] and glyme (G3 or G4) are solvate ionic liquids (SILs) comprising a cationic [Li(glyme)]+ complex and the [FSA]− anion. In Li[FSA]-excess liquids with Li[FSA]/glyme molar ratios greater than 1, anionic Lix[FSA]y(y–x)– complexes were formed in addition to the cationic [Li(glyme)]+ complex. Pulsed field gradient NMR measurements revealed that the self-diffusion coefficients of Li+ (DLi) and glyme (Dglyme) are identical in the Li[FSA]/glyme=1 liquid, suggesting that Li+ and glyme diffuse together and that a long-lived cationic [Li(glyme)]+ complex is formed in the SIL. The ratio of the self-diffusion coefficients of [FSA]− and Li+, DFSA/DLi, was essentially constant at ~1.1–1.3 in the Li[FSA]/glyme<1 liquid. However, DFSA/DLi increased rapidly as the amount of Li[FSA] increased in the Li[FSA]/glyme>1 liquid, indicating that the ion transport mechanism in the electrolyte changed at the composition of Li[FSA]/glyme=1. The oxidative stability of the electrolytes was enhanced as the Li[FSA] concentration increased. Furthermore, Al corrosion was suppressed in the electrolytes for which Li[FSA]/glyme>1. A battery consisting of a Li metal anode, a LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathode, and Li[FSA]/G3=2 electrolyte exhibited a discharge capacity of 105mAhg−1 at a current density of 1.3mAcm−2, regardless of its low ionic conductivity of 0.2mScm−1.

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Kang, Seul-Gi, Dae-Hyun Kim, Bo-Joong Kim i Chang-Bun Yoon. "Sn-Substituted Argyrodite Li6PS5Cl Solid Electrolyte for Improving Interfacial and Atmospheric Stability". Materials 16, nr 7 (29.03.2023): 2751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072751.

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Sulfide-based solid electrolytes exhibit good formability and superior ionic conductivity. However, these electrolytes can react with atmospheric moisture to generate H2S gas, resulting in performance degradation. In this study, we attempted to improve the stability of the interface between Li metal and an argyrodite Li6Ps5Cl solid electrolyte by partially substituting P with Sn to form an Sn–S bond. The solid electrolyte was synthesized via liquid synthesis instead of the conventional mechanical milling method. X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed that solid electrolytes have an argyrodite structure and peak shift occurs as substitution increases. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses confirmed that the particle size gradually increased, and the components were evenly distributed. Moreover, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and DC cycling confirmed that the ionic conductivity decreased slightly but that the cycling behavior was stable for about 500 h at X = 0.05. The amount of H2S gas generated when the solid electrolyte is exposed to moisture was measured using a gas sensor. Stability against atmospheric moisture was improved. In conclusion, liquid-phase synthesis could be applied for the large-scale production of argyrodite-based Li6PS5Cl solid electrolytes. Moreover, Sn substitution improved the electrochemical stability of the solid electrolyte.

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Yuh, C. Y., A. Franco, L. Chen, A. Hilmi, R. Venkataraman i M. Farooque. "Electrolyte Management in Liquid Electrolyte Fuel Cells". ECS Transactions 65, nr 1 (2.02.2015): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/06501.0075ecst.

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Sadeghzadeh, Rozita, Mickaël Dollé, David Lepage, Arnaud Prébé, Gabrielle Foran i David Aymé-Perrot. "(Digital Presentation) Post-Treatment Study on Blended Polymer for Solid-State Lithium Batteries". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, nr 7 (9.10.2022): 2468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272468mtgabs.

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The widely used Li batteries (LiBs) is the most established rechargeable energy storage device. Therefore, the development of new electrode and electrolyte materials is essential for improving battery performance. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have been presented as safer alternatives for liquid electrolytes as they tend to be non-flammable, have enough mechanical strength to resist dendrite growth, and do not leak. However, these materials tend to be less conductive than liquid electrolytes. This problem can be solved by solid-state gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs), which have lately received more attention. In fact, present a possible solution to this dilemma as they combine the ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes with the increased safety of SPE to develop of electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and good mechanical stability.1 This work presents a preparation of in-situ GPE from SPE which produce by dry process in order to take advantage of the easy processability of SPE and the higher ionic conductivity of GPE.2, 3 The initial SPE was prepared by combining two polymers with LiTFSI (bis(trifluorormethanesulfonyl)imide) via extrusion mixing. This method of GPE processing was also found to improve other aspects of the electrolyte such as thermal and electrochemical properties which were characterized using cycling voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. Additionally, the salt-polymer interaction in the GPE was characterized using FTIR, NMR, and the homogeneity of the polymer blend study by SEM-EDX. The cell of LFP/electrolyte/ Li metal showed a high capacity near to the theoretical one at C/20 at temperature 60 C. Additionally, the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte is around 10-5 S/cm. These first results confirmed that this blend of the polymers is a good electrolyte candidate for lithium batteries. Verdier, N.; Lepage, D.; Zidani, R.; Prebe, A.; Ayme-Perrot, D.; Pellerin, C.; Dolle, M.; Rochefort, D., Cross-linked polyacrylonitrile-based elastomer used as gel polymer electrolyte in Li-ion battery. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2019, 3 (1), 1099-1110. Ma, C.; Cui, W.; Liu, X.; Ding, Y.; Wang, Y., In situ preparation of gel polymer electrolyte for lithium batteries: Progress and perspectives. InfoMat 2021. Verdier, N.; Foran, G.; Lepage, D.; Prébé, A.; Aymé-Perrot, D.; Dollé, M., Challenges in Solvent-Free Methods for Manufacturing Electrodes and Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Batteries. Polymers 2021, 13 (3), 323.

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Jun, H. K., M. A. Careem i A. K. Arof. "A Suitable Polysulfide Electrolyte for CdSe Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells". International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/942139.

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A polysulfide liquid electrolyte is developed for the application in CdSe quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). A solvent consisting of ethanol and water in the ratio of 8 : 2 by volume has been found as the optimum solvent for preparing the liquid electrolytes. This solvent ratio appears to give higher cell efficiency compared to pure ethanol or water as a solvent. Na2S and S give rise to a good redox couple in the electrolyte for QDSSC operation, and the optimum concentrations required are 0.5 M and 0.1 M, respectively. Addition of guanidine thiocyanate (GuSCN) to the electrolyte further enhances the performance. The QDSSC with CdSe sensitized electrode prepared using 7 cycles of successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) produces an efficiency of 1.41% with a fill factor of 44% on using a polysulfide electrolyte of 0.5 M Na2S, 0.1 M S, and 0.05 M GuSCN in ethanol/water (8 : 2 by volume) under the illumination of 100 mW/cm2white light. Inclusion of small amount of TiO2nanoparticles into the electrolyte helps to stabilize the polysulfide electrolyte and thereby improve the stability of the CdSe QDSSC. The CdSe QDs are also found to be stable in the optimized polysulfide liquid electrolyte.

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Giffin, Guinevere A. "Ionic liquid-based electrolytes for “beyond lithium” battery technologies". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, nr 35 (2016): 13378–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta05260f.

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One of the significant challenges common to “beyond lithium” battery technologies is the development of safe and reliable electrolytes. In this review an overview of the use of ionic liquids (IL) as electrolytes for sodium, magnesium, aluminum and zinc batteries is provided. The current state of IL-based electrolytes, along with the advantages of ILs and the challenges from the perspective of the electrolyte, is presented.

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Green, Matthew, Hovnan Simonyan, Katty Kaydanik i Joseph A. Teprovich. "Influence of Solvent System on the Electrochemical Properties of a closo-Borate Electrolyte Salt". Applied Sciences 12, nr 5 (22.02.2022): 2273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052273.

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In this study, the use of a closo-borate salt as an electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries (LIB) was evaluated in a series of solvent systems. The lithium closo-borate salts are a unique class of halogen-free salts that have the potential to offer some advantages over the halogenated salts currently employed in commercially available LIB due to their chemical and thermal stability. To evaluate this concept, three different solvent systems were prepared with a lithium closo-borate salt to make a liquid electrolyte (propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate:dimethyl carbonate, and 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide). The closo-borate containing electrolytes were then compared by utilizing them with three different electroactive electrode materials. Their cycle stability and performance at various charge/discharge rates was also investigated. Based on the symmetrical cell and galvanostaic cycling studies it was determined that the carbonate based liquid electrolytes performed better than the ionic liquid electrolyte. This work demonstrates that halogen free closo-borate salts are interesting candidates and worthy of further investigation as lithium salts for LIB.

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Ma, Junfeng, Zhiyan Wang, Jinghua Wu, Zhi Gu, Xing Xin i Xiayin Yao. "In Situ Solidified Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Stable Solid−State Lithium Batteries at High Temperatures". Batteries 9, nr 1 (30.12.2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010028.

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Lithium metal batteries have attracted much attention due to their high energy density. However, the critical safety issues and chemical instability of conventional liquid electrolytes in lithium metal batteries significantly limit their practical application. Herein, we propose polyethylene (PE)−based gel polymer electrolytes by in situ polymerization, which comprise a PE skeleton, polyethylene glycol and lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide as well as liquid carbonate electrolytes. The obtained PE−based gel polymer electrolyte exhibits good interfacial compatibility with electrodes, high ion conductivity, and wide electrochemical window at high temperatures. Moreover, the assembled LiFePO4//Li solid−state batteries employing PE−based gel polymer electrolyte with 50% liquid carbonate electrolytes deliver good rate performance and excellent cyclic life at both 60 °C and 80 °C. In particular, they achieve high specific capacities of 158.5 mA h g−1 with a retention of 98.87% after 100 cycles under 80 °C at 0.5 C. The in situ solidified method for preparing PE−based gel polymer electrolytes proposes a feasible approach for the practical application of lithium metal batteries.

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Ivol, Flavien, Marina Porcher, Arunabh Ghosh, Johan Jacquemin i Fouad Ghamouss. "Phenylacetonitrile (C6H5CH2CN) Ionic Liquid Blends as Alternative Electrolytes for Safe and High-Performance Supercapacitors". Molecules 25, nr 11 (10.06.2020): 2697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112697.

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The increasing need in the development of storage devices is calling for the formulation of alternative electrolytes, electrochemically stable and safe over a wide range of conditions. To achieve this goal, electrolyte chemistry must be explored to propose alternative solvents and salts to the current acetonitrile (ACN) and tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (Et4NBF4) benchmarks, respectively. Herein, phenylacetonitrile (Ph-ACN) has been proposed as a novel alternative solvent to ACN in supercapacitors. To establish the main advantages and drawbacks of such a substitution, Ph-ACN + Et4NBF4 blends were formulated and characterized prior to being compared with the benchmark electrolyte and another alternative electrolyte based on adiponitrile (ADN). While promising results were obtained, the low Et4NBF4 solubility in Ph-ACN seems to be the main limiting factor. To solve such an issue, an ionic liquid (IL), namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis [(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl] imide (EmimTFSI), was proposed to replace Et4NBF4. Unsurprisingly, the Ph-ACN + EmimTFSI blend was found to be fully miscible over the whole range of composition giving thus the flexibility to optimize the electrolyte formulation over a large range of IL concentrations up to 4.0 M. The electrolyte containing 2.7 M of EmimTFSI in Ph-ACN was identified as the optimized blend thanks to its interesting transport properties. Furthermore, this blend possesses also the prerequisites of a safe electrolyte, with an operating liquid range from at least −60 °C to +130 °C, and operating window of 3.0 V and more importantly, a flash point of 125 °C. Finally, excellent electrochemical performances were observed by using this electrolyte in a symmetric supercapacitor configuration, showing another advantage of mixing an ionic liquid with Ph-ACN. We also supported key structural descriptors by density functional theory (DFT) and COnductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) calculations, which can be associated to physical and electrochemical properties of the resultant electrolytes.

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Daud, N. M. A. C., N. Tamchek i I. M. NOOR. "Preparation and Characterization of GG-LiCF3SO3-DMSO Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Potential Lithium-Ion Battery Application". Journal of Advanced Thermal Science Research 9 (20.10.2022): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-5826.2022.09.6.

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This work uses gellan gum (GG) natural polymer as the base polymer to prepare gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs). Lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3) salt is used as a charge supplier, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) acts as a plasticizer to keep the electrolyte in gel form. Two electrolyte systems are formed, which are LiCF3SO3-DMSO liquid electrolytes and GG-LiCF3SO3-DMSO GPEs. Liquid electrolyte with a composition of 12.42 wt.% LiCF3SO3-87.58 wt.% DMSO (LN3 electrolyte) revealed the highest room temperature conductivity (σrt) of 9.14 mS cm-1. The highest σrt value obtained by the LN3 electrolyte is strongly influenced by the charge carrier concentration (n) relative to the mobility (µ). To form GPEs, GG is added to the LN3 electrolyte since this sample composition gave the highest σrt. The electrolyte of 2.00 wt.% GG-12.18 wt.% LiCF3SO3-85.82 wt.% DMSO (GN3 electrolyte) showed the highest σrt of 9.96 mS cm-1. The highest σrt value obtained by GN3 electrolyte is strongly influenced by µ rather than n. The conductivity-temperature study showed that the increase in conductivity for GG-LiCF3SO3-DMSO GPEs is controlled by an increase in n, not µ. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) for the GN3 electrolyte showed high electrochemical stability up to 4.8 V. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) illustrated the redox process in the GN3 electrolyte is reversible. A lithium-ion battery fabricated with GN3 electrolyte showed a good discharge performance up to 480 hours with an average voltage of 1.50 V discharged at a current of 0.001 mA. Based on this work, it can be concluded that natural polymer GG-based GPE has great potential for use in LIBs as a charge transport medium.

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Tsai, Wan-Yu, Xi Chen, Sergiy Kalnaus, Ritu Sahore i Andrew S. Westover. "Li Morphology Evolution during Initial Cycling in a Gel Composite Electrolyte". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, nr 4 (9.10.2022): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024526mtgabs.

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Li metal anodes are the potential solution for high-energy batteries. One of the challenges of applying such a high-energy anode is Li dendrite growth, which results in short-circuit and thermal runaway. Current battery research focuses on developing solid electrolytes to serve as a physical barrier to prevent dendrite growth. However, the Li morphology change during plating and stripping, and the mechanisms of how Li dendrite grows and propagates into a complex composite solid electrolyte are poorly understood. Understanding and controlling Li morphology evolution, dendrite formation, and growth during cycling are crucial to developing dendrite suppression strategies for solid electrolytes and enabling high-energy lithium metal batteries. In this work, Li morphology evolution during initial cycling in a crosslinked PEO-based gel composite electrolyte full cell with NMC 811 cathode is monitored via post-mortem SEM. The results show that severe surface pitting occurs as early as the second stripping cycle. Pit formation and continuous dissolution is the main cause of Li surface roughening and dendrite growth mechanism in the model gel composite electrolyte. Comparing Li dendrite growth mechanisms in liquid, polymer, and solid electrolytes, the observed dendrite growth mechanism resembles that of the liquid electrolyte the most. This study suggests that strategies to improve the electrochemical reversibility of electrodeposited Li reported in liquid electrolytes to control Li morphology and prevent dendrite growth may be transferrable in a gel electrolyte. This work is sponsored by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), managed by UT-Battelle, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725. Part of the measurements was performed at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS), which is sponsored at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences.

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