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Menon, Ankitha, Abdullah Khan, Neethu T. M. Balakrishnan, Prasanth Raghavan, Carlos A. Leon y Leon, Haris Ali Khan, M. J. Jabeen Fatima i Peter Samora Owuor. "Advances in 3D Printing for Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems". Journal of Material Science and Technology Research 8 (30.11.2021): 50–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31875/2410-4701.2021.08.7.
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In the current scenario, energy generation is relied on the portable gadgets with more efficiency paving a way for new versatile and smart techniques for device fabrication. 3D printing is one of the most adaptable fabrication techniques based on designed architecture. The fabrication of 3D printed energy storage devices minimizes the manual labor enhancing the perfection of fabrication and reducing the risk of hazards. The perfection in fabrication technique enhances the performance of the device. The idea has been built upon by industry as well as academic research to print a variety of battery components such as cathode, anode, separator, etc. The main attraction of 3D printing is its cost-efficiency. There are tremendous savings in not having to manufacture battery cells separately and then assemble them into modules. This review highlights recent and important advances made in 3D printing of energy storage devices. The present review explains the common 3D printing techniques that have been used for the printing of electrode materials, separators, battery casings, etc. Also highlights the challenges present in the technique during the energy storage device fabrication in order to overcome the same to develop the process of 3D printing of the batteries to have comparable performance to, or even better performance than, conventional batteries.
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Li, Shuang, Ziyue Qin, Jie Fu i Qiya Gao. "Nanobiosensing Based on Electro-Optically Modulated Technology". Nanomaterials 13, nr 17 (23.08.2023): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13172400.
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At the nanoscale, metals exhibit special electrochemical and optical properties, which play an important role in nanobiosensing. In particular, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based on precious metal nanoparticles, as a kind of tag-free biosensor technology, has brought high sensitivity, high reliability, and convenient operation to sensor detection. By applying an electrochemical excitation signal to the nanoplasma device, modulating its surface electron density, and realizing electrochemical coupling SPR, it can effectively complete the joint transmission of electrical and optical signals, increase the resonance shift of the spectrum, and further improve the sensitivity of the designed biosensor. In addition, smartphones are playing an increasingly important role in portable mobile sensor detection systems. These systems typically connect sensing devices to smartphones to perceive different types of information, from optical signals to electrochemical signals, providing ideas for the portability and low-cost design of these sensing systems. Among them, electrochemiluminescence (ECL), as a special electrochemically coupled optical technology, has good application prospects in mobile sensing detection due to its strong anti-interference ability, which is not affected by background light. In this review, the SPR is introduced using nanoparticles, and its response process is analyzed theoretically. Then, the mechanism and sensing application of electrochemistry coupled with SPR and ECL are emphatically introduced. Finally, it extends to the relevant research on electrochemically coupled optical sensing on mobile detection platforms.
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Tsai, Han-Kuan A., i Marc Madou. "Microfabrication of Bilayer Polymer Actuator Valves for Controlled Drug Delivery". JALA: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation 12, nr 5 (październik 2007): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jala.2007.06.010.
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Drug delivery is still a challenging mission in therapeutic treatment. Research on biomedical micro-electromechanical systems (BioMEMS) has led to a diverse range of microsystems for curative applications. This paper introduces miniaturized controlled valves and drug reservoirs for drug delivery systems. Detailed microfabrication processes, optimized package, and optical/electrochemical detection of the proposed device are described. The release mechanism of the device is controlled by a bilayer actuator valve, which consists of a conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy) film and a thin metal gold (Au) layer. The PPy layer is electrochemically polymerized on the Au layer. Therefore, further miniaturization of the device is possible through microfabrication of the Au layer. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) package is also introduced to prevent the flap from being blocked by the surrounding tissue of the human body. In addition, a parylene coating is applied to minimize the permeability of PDMS. The release process is then verified by an optical and electrochemical detection system.
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Vizza, Martina, Giulio Pappaianni, Walter Giurlani, Andrea Stefani, Roberto Giovanardi, Massimo Innocenti i Claudio Fontanesi. "Electrodeposition of Cu on PEDOT for a Hybrid Solid-State Electronic Device". Surfaces 4, nr 2 (24.05.2021): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces4020015.
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Conductive polymers are nowadays attracting great attention for their peculiar mechanical, electrical and optical proprieties. In particular, PEDOT can be used in a wide range of innovative applications, from electroluminescent devices to photovoltaics. In this work, the electrochemical deposition of 3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) was performed on various substrates (ITO, thin films of gold and palladium on silicon wafers) by means of both potentiostatic and potentiodynamic techniques. This was intended to further expand the applications of electrochemically deposited PEDOT, particularly regarding the preparation of thin films in tight contact with electrode surfaces. This allows one to obtain systems prone to be used as electrodes in stacked devices. Chronoamperometric experiments were performed to study the nucleation and growth process of PEDOT. SEM, ESEM and AFM analysis allowed the characterization of the morphology of the polymeric films obtained. Raman and visible spectroscopy confirmed the high-quality of the coatings on the different substrates. Then, the PEDOT films were used as the base material for the further electrodeposition of a copper layer. In this way, a hybrid electronic device was obtained, by using electrochemical methods only. The high conductivity and ohmic behavior of the device were confirmed over a wide range of frequencies with electrical impedance spectroscopy analysis.
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Plaksin, S. V., А. М. Мukhа, D. V. Ustymenko, М. Y. Zhytnyk, R. Y. Levchenko, Y. М. Chupryna i О. O. Holota. "Method of Operational Control and Management of Electrochemical Energy Storage Device in the Systems of Electricity Supply of Vehicles". Science and Transport Progress, nr 6(96) (20.12.2021): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2021/258172.
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Purpose. The main purpose of our work is to develop a method of rational control of dynamic operation modes of electrochemical energy storage devices to increase the efficiency of their operation as part of the energy supply systems of vehicles. Methodology. The authors reviewed the world literature on the topic of the work. The existing control methods of electrochemical energy storage devices were systematized and classified. Peculiarities and possibilities of their application taking into account the specifics of operation on vehicles, which are characterized by dynamic modes with unpredictable changes in the energy balance due to uncontrolled undercharges and overcharges were taken into account. The analysis of existing control methods showed that their common disadvantage is the use as information parameters to control and manage the operation modes of storage device, such as voltage and operating current, the values of which do not correspond to the current energy state of the device due to the fleeting nature of transient electrochemical processes in the device during operation in dynamic modes. The conclusion is made about the need to take into account the energy parameters of storage devices in the process of managing dynamic modes, which most fully and objectively reflect their performance. The advantage of pulse control methods of storage devices in dynamic modes of operation over DC methods is shown. Findings. The authors substantiated and experimentally confirmed the versatility of the developed galvanostatic method, which allows simultaneous control of the current energy state of the storage device and operational management of dynamic modes of its operation using a common criterion of control and management – the utilization factor of active materials, the information equivalent of which is the value of the area under the depolarization curve on the response signal of the device to the test pulse. Originality. For the first time it is proposed to combine the functions of control of the current energy state of the storage device and operational management of the dynamic modes of its operation with the use of the utilization factor of active materials. Practical value. The obtained results can be used to ensure the optimal operation mode of energy storage in the power supply systems of vehicles.
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Komal, Baby, Madhavi Yadav, Manindra Kumar, Tuhina Tiwari i Neelam Srivastava. "Modifying potato starch by glutaraldehyde and MgCl2 for developing an economical and environment-friendly electrolyte system". e-Polymers 19, nr 1 (16.07.2019): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2019-0047.
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AbstractBiodegradable polymer electrolyte systems are the most sought over option for cheap and energy efficient storage devices. Present paper discusses the results of potato starch + MgCl2 system which satisfy the technical and economic criteria to become a potential candidate for future electrolyte systems. The developed system has high ionic conductivity (~3.43 × 10-2 S/cm), low relaxation time (75 μs) and wide electrochemical stability window (ESW ~4.6 V). The phase angle approaches -79° and maintains its value for 10 Hz to 1 kHz frequency range. The prepared material is a free standing film which can be bended and twisted up to 90°, which makes it suitable for flexible electrochemical device fabrication. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) is quite low (3.41 Ω) and self-resonance frequency below which energy can be efficiently stored is approximately 0.1 MHz. Hence the present study reports an economical, easy to handle and environment friendly electrolyte suitable for electrochemical device fabrication.
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Wang, Shijie, Xi Chen, Chao Zhao, Yuxin Kong, Baojun Lin, Yongyi Wu, Zhaozhao Bi i in. "An organic electrochemical transistor for multi-modal sensing, memory and processing". Nature Electronics 6, nr 4 (27.04.2023): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41928-023-00950-y.
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AbstractBy integrating sensing, memory and processing functionalities, biological nervous systems are energy and area efficient. Emulating such capabilities in artificial systems is, however, challenging and is limited by the device heterogeneity of sensing and processing cores. Here we report an organic electrochemical transistor capable of sensing, memory and processing. The device has a vertical traverse architecture and a crystalline–amorphous channel that can be selectively doped by ions to enable two reconfigurable modes: a volatile receptor and a non-volatile synapse. As a volatile receptor, the device is capable of multi-modal sensing and is responsive to stimuli such as ions and light. As a non-volatile synapse, it is capable of 10-bit analogue states, low switching stochasticity and good state retention. We also show that the homogeneous integration of the devices could provide functions such as conditioned reflexes and could be used for real-time cardiac disease diagnoses via reservoir computing.
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Pansodtee, Pattawong, John Selberg, Manping Jia, Mohammad Jafari, Harika Dechiraju, Thomas Thomsen, Marcella Gomez, Marco Rolandi i Mircea Teodorescu. "The multi-channel potentiostat: Development and evaluation of a scalable mini-potentiostat array for investigating electrochemical reaction mechanisms". PLOS ONE 16, nr 9 (16.09.2021): e0257167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257167.
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A potentiostat is an essential piece of analytical equipment for studying electrochemical devices and reactions. As the design of electrochemical devices evolve, applications for systems with multiple working electrodes have become more common. These applications drive a need for low-cost multi-channel potentiostat systems. We have developed a portable, low-cost and scalable system with a modular design that can support 8 to 64 channels at a cost as low as $8 per channel. This design can replace the functionality of commercial potentiostats which cost upwards of $10k for certain applications. Each channel in the multi-channel potentiostat has an independent adjustable voltage source with a built-in ammeter and switch, making the device flexible for various configurations. The multi-channel potentiostat is designed for low current applications (nA range), but its purpose can change by varying its shunt resistor value. The system can either function as a standalone device or remotely controlled. We demonstrate the functionality of this system for the control of a 24-channel bioelectronic ion pump for open- and closed- loop control of pH.
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Xue, Wuhong, Xiao-Hong Xu i Gang Liu. "Solid-State Electrochemical Process and Performance Optimization of Memristive Materials and Devices". Chemistry 1, nr 1 (21.03.2019): 44–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry1010005.
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As an emerging technology, memristors are nanoionic-based electrochemical systems that retains their resistance state based on the history of the applied voltage/current. They can be used for on-chip memory and storage, biologically inspired computing, and in-memory computing. However, the underlying physicochemical processes of memristors still need deeper understanding for the optimization of the device properties to meet the practical application requirements. Herein, we review recent progress in understanding the memristive mechanisms and influential factors for the optimization of memristive switching performances. We first describe the working mechanisms of memristors, including the dynamic processes of active metal ions, native oxygen ions and other active ions in ECM cells, VCM devices and ion gel-based devices, and the switching mechanisms in organic devices, along with discussions on the influential factors of the device performances. The optimization of device properties by electrode/interface engineering, types/configurations of dielectric materials and bias scheme is then illustrated. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and the future development of the memristor.
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Sreenivasan, Sreeprasad T. "Magnetism to Engineer Electrocatalyst and Device Performances". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, nr 46 (9.10.2022): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02461720mtgabs.
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Electrocatalytic devices such as fuel cells and redox flow batteries emerged as an appealing platform for renewable energy applications. The application of magnetic field to electrochemical systems, through diverse mechanisms, demonstrated good potential to enhance the efficacy of the energy-relevant electrocatalytic reactions. This talk will discuss some of our results in magnetic field-assisted enhancement in the electrocatalytic activity of molecular and network catalysts. The magnetic field-assisted enhancement in the performance of electrocatalytic devices and its fundamentals unraveled through a combined experimental-theoretical exploration and diverse microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, including electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), will be presented.
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Idris, Razali, i Noor Hidaya Bujang. "Epoxidised Natural Rubber Based Polymer Electrolyte Systems for Electrochemical Device Applications". Advanced Materials Research 896 (luty 2014): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.896.62.
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Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR50), lithium imide salt, [LiN(SO2CF3)2] with and without solvent were prepared by solvent casting technique. Non solvated polymer electrolyte showed modest ionic conductivity at ambient temperature. To further enhance ionic conductivity a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate was added into the system. Thermal characterization showed that single transition glass temperature (Tg) for all systems and amorphous phase is dominant. DSC traces of non solvated samples have shown Tg values increased whereas addition of mixed EC/PC solvent into the electrolyte system reduced their values respectively. Impedance measurements for the solvated epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) based electrolyte systems have shown optimal ionic conductivity 10-4 S cm-1 whereas 10-6 S cm-1 for a non solvated one. ENR electrolyte systems showed similar temperature dependence, which suggests that the conductivity is thermally activated.
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Bisquert, Juan. "Hopf bifurcations in electrochemical, neuronal, and semiconductor systems analysis by impedance spectroscopy". Applied Physics Reviews 9, nr 1 (marzec 2022): 011318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0085920.
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Spontaneous oscillations in a variety of systems, including neurons, electrochemical, and semiconductor devices, occur as a consequence of Hopf bifurcation in which the system makes a sudden transition to an unstable dynamical state by the smooth change of a parameter. We review the linear stability analysis of oscillatory systems that operate by current–voltage control using the method of impedance spectroscopy. Based on a general minimal model that contains a fast-destabilizing variable and a slow stabilizing variable, a set of characteristic frequencies that determine the shape of the spectra and the associated dynamical regimes are derived. We apply this method to several self-sustained rhythmic oscillations in the FitzHugh–Nagumo neuron, the Koper–Sluyters electrocatalytic system, and potentiostatic oscillations of a semiconductor device. There is a deep and physically grounded analogy between different oscillating systems: neurons, electrochemical, and semiconductor devices, as they are controlled by similar fundamental processes unified in the equivalent circuit representation. The unique impedance spectroscopic criteria for widely different variables and materials across several fields provide insight into the dynamical properties and enable the investigation of new systems such as artificial neurons for neuromorphic computation.
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Paulin, João V., Silvia L. Fernandes i Carlos F. O. Graeff. "Solid-State Electrochemical Energy Storage Based on Soluble Melanin". Electrochem 2, nr 2 (25.05.2021): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem2020019.
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Biocompatible and biodegradable powering materials are appealing systems for biomedical and electronic devices. Melanin is a natural and multifunctional material with redox capability, which is of great interest in electrochemical energy storage functionalities. In our work, we explored the use of soluble melanin derivatives as active materials for symmetric solid-state supercapacitors operating in the dark and under illumination. We observed that our devices were photo-pseudocapacitive. Additionally, under illumination, our best device showed a specific capacitance of 57.7 mFg−1 at a scan rate of 0.01 Vs−1, with a decrease of 53% in resistance compared to that in the dark. Our outcome suggests that soluble melanin is a promising material for solid-state powering elements in wearable and environmentally friendly devices.
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Calnan, Sonya, Stefan Aschbrenner, Fuxi Bao, Erno Kemppainen, Iris Dorbandt i Rutger Schlatmann. "Prospects for Hermetic Sealing of Scaled-Up Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Generators for Reliable and Risk Free Operation". Energies 12, nr 21 (1.11.2019): 4176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214176.
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Photo-electrochemical (PEC) systems have the potential to contribute to de-carbonation of the global energy supply because solar energy can be directly converted to hydrogen, which can be burnt without the release of greenhouse gases. However, meaningful deployment of PEC technology in the global energy system, even when highly efficient scaled up devices become available, shall only be a reality when their safe and reliable operation can be guaranteed over several years of service life. The first part of this review discusses the importance of hermetic sealing of up scaled PEC device provided by the casing and sealing joints from a reliability and risk perspective. The second part of the review presents a survey of fully functional devices and early stage demonstrators and uses this to establish the extent to which the state of the art in PEC device design address the issue of hermetic sealing. The survey revealed that current material choices and sealing techniques are still unsuitable for scale–up and commercialization. Accordingly, we examined possible synergies with related photovoltaic and electrochemical devices that have been commericalised, and derived therefrom, recommendations for future research routes that could accelerate the development of hermetic seals of PEC devices.
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Yi, Yanjie, Jingshun Zhuang, Chao Liu, Lirong Lei, Shuaiming He i Yi Hou. "Emerging Lignin-Based Materials in Electrochemical Energy Systems". Energies 15, nr 24 (13.12.2022): 9450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249450.
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Lignin is a promising material due to its excellent properties. It is commonly used in electrochemical energy systems (including electrolytes, electrodes, diaphragms, and binders) due to its low price, sustainability and rich functional groups. However, lignin’s applications in energy storage systems have not been systematically reviewed in the current research. In this article, recent advances in the preparation and design of lignin-derived energy storage materials were reviewed. Starting with a brief overview of the basic chemistry of lignin and the separation process, progress in the preparation of lignin-based materials for lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and solar cells were described, respectively. This review provides the basis for the application of lignin in the field of electrochemical energy systems. Also, the current bottleneck problems and perspectives of lignin-derived materials in improved energy storage device performance were presented for future developments.
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Aloisi, A., E. Tarentini, A. Ferramosca, V. Zara i R. Rinaldi. "Microoxygraph Device for Biosensoristic Applications". Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3913459.
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Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) is a significant parameter helpful to determinein vitrorespiratory efficiency of living cells. Oxygen is an excellent oxidant and its electrocatalytic reduction on a noble metal allows accurately detecting it. By means of microfabrication technologies, handy, low-cost, and disposable chip can be attained, minimizing working volumes and improving sensitivity and response time. In this respect, here is presented a microoxygraph device (MOD), based on Clark’s electrode principle, displaying many advantageous features in comparison to other systems. This lab-on-chip platform is composed of a three-microelectrode detector equipped with a microgrooved electrochemical cell, sealed with a polymeric reaction chamber. Au working/counter electrodes and Ag/AgCl reference electrode were fabricated on a glass slide. A microchannel was realized by photoresist lift-off technique and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanoporous film was integrated as oxygen permeable membrane (OPM) between the probe and the microreaction chamber. Electrochemical measurements showed good reproducibility and average response time, assessed by periodic injection and suction of a reducing agent. OCR measurements on 3T3 cells, subjected, in real time, to chemical stress on the respiratory chain, were able to show that this chip allows performing consistent metabolic analysis.
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Worsley, Marcus Andre, Victor A. Beck, Mariana Desiree Reale Batista, Swetha Chandrasekaran, Bryan Moran, Miguel A. Salazar de Troya, Adam Carleton i in. "(Invited) 3D Printing of 2D Materials for Optimized Electrochemical Performance". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 12 (7.07.2022): 2460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01122460mtgabs.
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Electrochemical energy storage (EES) and conversion devices (e.g. batteries, supercapacitors, and reactors) are emerging as primary methods for global efforts to shift energy dependence from limited fossil fuels towards sustainable and renewable resources. These electric-based devices, while showing great potential for meeting some key metrics set by conventional technologies, still face significant limitations. For example, an EES device tends to exhibit large energy density (e.g. lithium-ion battery) or power density (e.g. supercapacitor), but not both. This inability of a single device to simultaneously achieve both metrics represents a major obstacle to widespread adoption of EES devices. Improvements in materials, such as the integration of 2D materials (e.g. graphene, dichalcogenides, MXene, etc.) into electrochemical devices has yielded some exciting results towards tackling this issue, but significant improvements are still needed. Our approach to simultaneously achieving high energy and power density is to focus on one of the fundamental processes that occur in these systems: mass (or charge) transport. The efficient transport of ions within EES devices is critical to realizing both large power and energy densities. The pore structure of the electrode is a key factor in determining this transport phenomena, but in many cases, engineering the pore structure in a highly deterministic fashion is not pursued or even possible for many electrode materials. In this work, we explore a number of additive manufacturing methods (e.g. direct ink write, projection microstereolithography, etc.) to engineer the pore structure of device electrodes. We also determine effective electrode geometries using both simple theory and topology optimization techniques. The topology optimization couples the solution of the forward electrochemical problem over the full electrode domain with gradient-based optimization. The output of our code is a three-dimensional CAD representation which optimizes over specific performance metrics and which can be used to print functional electrodes. This work provides a systematic path toward automatic design and fabrication of engineered electrodes with precise control over the fluid and species distribution.
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Ju, Jian, Lin Li, Sagar Regmi, Xinyu Zhang i Shixing Tang. "Microneedle-Based Glucose Sensor Platform: From Vitro to Wearable Point-of-Care Testing Systems". Biosensors 12, nr 8 (6.08.2022): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12080606.
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Significant advanced have recently been made in exploiting microneedle-based (MN-based) diabetes devices for minimally invasive wearable biosensors and for continuous glucose monitoring. Within this emerging class of skin-worn MN-based sensors, the ISF can be utilized as a rich biomarker source to diagnose diabetes. While initial work of MN devices focused on ISF extraction, the recent research trend has been oriented toward developing in vivo glucose sensors coupled with optical or electrochemical (EC) instrumentation. This outlook highlights the essential characteristics of the sensing mechanisms, rational design, sensing properties, and applications. Finally, we describe the opinions about the challenge and prospects of optical and EC MN-based device platforms for the fabrication of wearable biosensors and their application potential in the future.
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Lakshmi, K. C. Seetha, i Balaraman Vedhanarayanan. "High-Performance Supercapacitors: A Comprehensive Review on Paradigm Shift of Conventional Energy Storage Devices". Batteries 9, nr 4 (29.03.2023): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9040202.
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The enormous demand for energy due to rapid technological developments pushes mankind to the limits in the exploration of high-performance energy devices. Among the two major energy storage devices (capacitors and batteries), electrochemical capacitors (known as ‘Supercapacitors’) play a crucial role in the storage and supply of conserved energy from various sustainable sources. The high power density and the ultra-high cyclic stability are the attractive characteristics of supercapacitors. However, the low energy density is a major downside of them, which is also responsible for the extensive research in this field to help the charge storage capabilities thrive to their limits. Discoveries of electrical double-layer formation, pseudocapacitive and intercalation-type (battery-type) behaviors drastically improved the electrochemical performances of supercapacitors. The introduction of nanostructured active materials (carbon-/metal-/redox-active-polymer/metal-organic/covalent-organic framework-based electrode materials), electrolytes (conventional aqueous and unconventional systems) with superior electrochemical stability and unprecedented device architectures further boosted their charge storage characteristics. In addition, the detailed investigations of the various processes at the electrode–electrolyte interfaces enable us to reinforce the present techniques and the approaches toward high-performance and next-generation supercapacitors. In this review, the fundamental concepts of the supercapacitor device in terms of components, assembly, evaluation, charge storage mechanism, and advanced properties are comprehensively discussed with representative examples.
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Zhu, Mingpeng, Xueting Yuan i Gang Ni. "Magneto-Electroluminescence in ITO/MEH-PPV:PEO:LiCF3SO3/Al Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells". Micromachines 10, nr 8 (17.08.2019): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10080546.
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Magnetic field effects (MFE) have been extensively studied in organic light emitting diodes because of their potential application in organic spintronics devices. However, only a few studies on MFE in organic light-emitting electrochemical cells (LEC) have been reported. In this paper, magnetic field effects on the electroluminescence of an LEC device with the structure of ITO/MEH-PPV:PEO:LiCF3SO3/Al were studied at various temperatures. The luminance–current–voltage curves of the device shows the typical bi-polar characteristics of LECs; positive magnetic electroluminescence (MEL) was observed with a value of about 2.5% (B = 42 mT, 250 K), showing a Lorentzian line shape. With a decrease in temperature, the MEL value and the threshold voltage increased accordingly, below the possible mechanism is discussed.
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Hao, Xiuchun, Peiling He i Xin Li. "Selective electrochemical etching of cantilever-type SOI-MEMS devices". Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering 5, nr 2 (1.06.2022): 023003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0010296.
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It is possible to achieve selective electrochemical etching between different materials, such as p- and n-type silicon. However, achieving selective electrochemical etching on two different regions of the same p-type silicon material is a problem that has rarely been considered. Herein, a novel selective electrochemical etching technique for cantilever-type silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer-based microswitches is proposed. In this study, a p-type handle layer was selectively etched, and a p-type device layer was passivated. This was achieved using a circuit with two voltage sources: voltages of −1.2 and 0 V were applied to the handle and device layers, respectively. It was found that the proposed etching process can effectively prevent the in-use sticking of a cantilever-type switch. This is accomplished by increasing the gap between the device layer and its underlying handle layer and increasing the roughness of these layers. The technique is applicable to the fabrication of various cantilever-type SOI microelectromechanical systems, irrespective of the resistivity of the SOI wafer.
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Stiller, Allison, Joshua Usoro, Jennifer Lawson, Betsiti Araya, María González-González, Vindhya Danda, Walter Voit, Bryan Black i Joseph Pancrazio. "Mechanically Robust, Softening Shape Memory Polymer Probes for Intracortical Recording". Micromachines 11, nr 6 (25.06.2020): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11060619.
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While intracortical microelectrode arrays (MEAs) may be useful in a variety of basic and clinical scenarios, their implementation is hindered by a variety of factors, many of which are related to the stiff material composition of the device. MEAs are often fabricated from high modulus materials such as silicon, leaving devices vulnerable to brittle fracture and thus complicating device fabrication and handling. For this reason, polymer-based devices are being heavily investigated; however, their implementation is often difficult due to mechanical instability that requires insertion aids during implantation. In this study, we design and fabricate intracortical MEAs from a shape memory polymer (SMP) substrate that remains stiff at room temperature but softens to 20 MPa after implantation, therefore allowing the device to be implanted without aids. We demonstrate chronic recordings and electrochemical measurements for 16 weeks in rat cortex and show that the devices are robust to physical deformation, therefore making them advantageous for surgical implementation.
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Kang, Heebum, Jongseon Seo, Hyejin Kim, Hyun Wook Kim, Eun Ryeong Hong, Nayeon Kim, Daeseok Lee i Jiyong Woo. "Ion-Driven Electrochemical Random-Access Memory-Based Synaptic Devices for Neuromorphic Computing Systems: A Mini-Review". Micromachines 13, nr 3 (17.03.2022): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13030453.
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To enhance the computing efficiency in a neuromorphic architecture, it is important to develop suitable memory devices that can emulate the role of biological synapses. More specifically, not only are multiple conductance states needed to be achieved in the memory but each state is also analogously adjusted by consecutive identical pulses. Recently, electrochemical random-access memory (ECRAM) has been dedicatedly designed to realize the desired synaptic characteristics. Electric-field-driven ion motion through various electrolytes enables the conductance of the ECRAM to be analogously modulated, resulting in a linear and symmetric response. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review recent advances in ECRAM technology from the material and device engineering perspectives. Since controllable mobile ions play an important role in achieving synaptic behavior, the prospect and challenges of ECRAM devices classified according to mobile ion species are discussed.
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Jeong, Woo Jin, Jong Ik Lee, Hee Jung Kwak, Jae Min Jeon, Dong Yeol Shin, Moon Sung Kang i Jun Young Kim. "Effect of Optical and Morphological Control of Single-Structured LEC Device". Micromachines 12, nr 7 (19.07.2021): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12070843.
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We investigated the performance of single-structured light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) devices with Ru(bpy)3(PF6)2 polymer composite as an emission layer by controlling thickness and heat treatment. When the thickness was smaller than 120–150 nm, the device performance decreased because of the low optical properties and non-dense surface properties. On the other hand, when the thickness was over than 150 nm, the device had too high surface roughness, resulting in high-efficiency roll-off and poor device stability. With 150 nm thickness, the absorbance increased, and the surface roughness was low and dense, resulting in increased device characteristics and better stability. The heat treatment effect further improved the surface properties, thus improving the device characteristics. In particular, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) reduction rate was shallow at 100 °C, which indicates that the LEC device has stable operating characteristics. The LEC device exhibited a maximum luminance of 3532 cd/m2 and an EQE of 1.14% under 150 nm thickness and 100 °C heat treatment.
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Simonson, Hunter, Recep Kas, Danielle Alexia Henckel, Tim Van Cleve, Kenneth C. Neyerlin i Wilson Smith. "(Invited) Experimental Measurement of Spatial Activity on CO2 & CO Reduction Gas Diffusion Electrodes". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 39 (7.07.2022): 1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01391775mtgabs.
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Over the past decade, the accessible current densities of electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R) and CO reduction (COR) systems have increased by orders of magnitude, following the adaptation of the Gas Diffusion Electrode (GDE) architecture. As GDEs increase in size from cm2 to m2, cell stability and performance can change due to physical and chemical spatial variations within the cell, which can be exacerbated by the chemical complexity of carbonaceous electrochemical systems. Here, we present two approaches to measuring spatial activity: testing iteratively larger electrodes and harmonizing those results with a multi-port sampling reactor capable of measuring product concentration along the length of the reactor. This dual-pronged approach allows for benchmarking of electrochemical performance and selectivity down the channel as reaction conditions vary. We examine selectivity changes through the lens of fundamental electrochemical properties and provide subsequent recommendations for device operation as devices approach > kW scale. Experimental results are aligned with a 2-D (path length and electrode thickness) transport model to compare physical simulations with measured electrochemical signatures. Feedback loops between experiment and simulation were developed to incorporate cell inhomogeneities into the transport model. We identify potential causes for poor catalyst utilization in large electrodes for both COR and CO2R and provide recommendations for translating bench-top scale results to pilot scale results.
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Jo, Seungju, Narasimharao Kitchamsetti, Hyunwoo Cho i Daewon Kim. "Microwave-Assisted Hierarchically Grown Flake-like NiCo Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets on Transitioned Polystyrene towards Triboelectricity-Driven Self-Charging Hybrid Supercapacitors". Polymers 15, nr 2 (15.01.2023): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15020454.
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Recently, there is a need to explore the utilization of various heterostructures using the designed nanocomposites and tuning the surfaces of electrodes for improving the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors (SC). In this work, a novel approach is successfully employed through a facile two-step synthetic route with the assistance of a microwave for only 1 min. Depending on the glass transition of a polystyrene (PS) substrate and electrochemical deposition (ECD) of electroactive Ni-Co layered double hydroxides (LDHs), a hierarchically designed flake-like morphology can be readily prepared to enhance the surface-active sites, which allows a rhombohedral Ni-Co LDHs electrode to obtain superior electrochemical properties. Further, the interactions between electrode and electrolyte during the diffusion of ions are highly simplified using multiple enhanced electroactive sites and shorter pathways for electron transfer. The unique surface architecture of the PS substrate and the synergistic effect of the bimetallic components in Ni-Co LDHs enable this substrate to obtain desired electrochemical activity in charge storage systems. The optimized MWC Co0.5Ni0.5 electrode exhibited an areal capacity of 100 µAh/cm2 at a current density of 1 mA/cm2 and a remarkable capacity retention of 91.2% over 5000 continuous charging and discharging cycles due to its remarkable synergistic effect of abundant faradaic redox reaction kinetics. The HSC device is assembled with the combination of optimized MWC Co0.5Ni0.5 and activated carbon as a positive and negative electrode, respectively. Further, the electrochemical test results demonstrated that MWC Co0.5Ni0.5 //AC HSC device showed a high areal capacitance of 531.25 mF/cm2 at a current density of 5 mA/cm2. In addition, the fabricated an aqueous HSC device showed a power density of 16 mW/cm2 at an energy density of 0.058 mWh/cm2, along with the remarkable capacity retention of 82.8% even after 10,000 continuous charging and discharging cycles. Moreover, the assembled hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) device is integrated with a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for the development of energy conversion and storage systems. Not only an extensive survey of materials but also an innovative solution for recent progress can confirm the wide range of potential SC applications. Remarkably, this study is a new way of constructing self-powered energy storage systems in the field of sustainable wearable electronics and future smart sensing systems.
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Yang, Xudong, i Huanyu Cheng. "Recent Developments of Flexible and Stretchable Electrochemical Biosensors". Micromachines 11, nr 3 (26.02.2020): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11030243.
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The skyrocketing popularity of health monitoring has spurred increasing interest in wearable electrochemical biosensors. Compared with the traditionally rigid and bulky electrochemical biosensors, flexible and stretchable devices render a unique capability to conform to the complex, hierarchically textured surfaces of the human body. With a recognition element (e.g., enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, ions) to selectively react with the target analyte, wearable electrochemical biosensors can convert the types and concentrations of chemical changes in the body into electrical signals for easy readout. Initial exploration of wearable electrochemical biosensors integrates electrodes on textile and flexible thin-film substrate materials. A stretchable property is needed for the thin-film device to form an intimate contact with the textured skin surface and to deform with various natural skin motions. Thus, stretchable materials and structures have been exploited to ensure the effective function of a wearable electrochemical biosensor. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent development of flexible and stretchable electrochemical biosensors, including their principles, representative application scenarios (e.g., saliva, tear, sweat, and interstitial fluid), and materials and structures. While great strides have been made in the wearable electrochemical biosensors, challenges still exist, which represents a small fraction of opportunities for the future development of this burgeoning field.
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Kamjunke, Norbert, Uwe Spohn, Christian Morig, Georg Wagner i Thomas R. Neu. "A Test Device for Microalgal Antifouling Using Fluctuating pH Values on Conductive Paints". Water 12, nr 6 (4.06.2020): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061597.
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Due to the current dependence on biocidal antifouling coatings for biofouling control, there is a continuing international challenge to develop more environmentally acceptable antifouling systems. Fluctuating the pH values on paint surfaces is one of these approaches. We developed an antifouling test device to investigate algal biofilms on conductive paints by using a flume with electrochemically working test panels and subsequent confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of biofilms. By employing a pole reversal of direct current, fluctuating pH values on the paint surface were generated. As a consequence of the resulting pH stress, colonization of the paint surface by diatoms decreased substantially. The density of biofilm algae decreased with increasing pH fluctuations. However, breaks between electrochemical treatments should not exceed one hour. Overall, we established an experimental setup for testing the antifouling capabilities of electrodes based on conductive paints, which could be used for further development of these varnishes.
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Qi, Wenjie, Chao Xu, Bowen Liu, Xu She, Tian Liang, Deyong Chen, Junbo Wang i Jian Chen. "MEMS-Based Electrochemical Seismometer with a Sensing Unit Integrating Four Electrodes". Micromachines 12, nr 6 (15.06.2021): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12060699.
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This paper presents a new process to fabricate a sensing unit of electrochemical seismometers using only one silicon–glass–silicon bonded wafer. By integrating four electrodes on one silicon–glass–silicon bonded wafer, the consistency of the developed sensing unit was greatly improved, benefiting from the high alignment accuracy. Parameter designs and simulations were carried out based on this sensing unit, which indicated that the sensitivities of the developed electrochemical seismometer decreased with the decrease in the number of flow holes in the sensing unit, and the initial stabilization time decreased gradually with the decrease in the thickness of the glass layer. Based on experimental results of four devices, the peak sensitivity was quantified as 5345.45 ± 43.78 V/(m/s) at 2 Hz, which proved high consistency of the fabricated electrochemical seismometer. In terms of the responses to random ground motions, high consistencies between the developed electrochemical seismometer and the commercial counterpart of CME6011 (R-sensors, Moscow, Russia) were found, where the developed electrochemical seismometer produced comparable noise levels to those of CME6011. These results validated the performance of the device and it may function as an effective tool for a variety of applications.
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Dekanski, Aleksandar, i Vladimir Panic. "Electrochemical supercapacitors: Operation, components and materials". Chemical Industry 72, nr 4 (2018): 229–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind180515016d.
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Supercapacitors are the best choice when there is a need to deliver high power to the consumer or to store energy. Hybrid supercapacitors with their beneficial characteristics can somewhat overcome the basic lack of batteries, that is the low power density, and when supercapacitors are combined with batteries, the current maximum power can be increased and the lifetime extended. The number of research studies on development of new materials and construction technologies for supercapacitors has been increasing steadily in recent years. As a result, production of commercial devices and their applications are constantly growing, with improved product properties. Here we present the current state of development of supercapacitors as highly promising energy storage systems by an overview of operation principles, main components and various electrode materials and electrolytes, as well as description of different modes of production. A special attention was paid to the need of a good match of the active material and electrolytes, in order to achieve high capacity of the device. The electrode/electrolyte phase optimization is the key to maximizing characteristics of a supercapacitor, especially the capacitance. In selecting the materials, requirements of the final application must be considered, such as the specific energy and power, energy and power density, and service life-time. In addition to material selection, design and optimization of the cell configuration provide new opportunities for development of hybrid battery/supercapacitor systems. Demand for such systems will increase in future, when using a battery or a supercapacitor alone will not be able to meet specific needs, such as the energy density, number of charge and discharge cycles or voltage. Finally, equally important as the development of materials and cells, are the electrode production technology and the cell construction, which need to be optimized in order to improve supercapacitor properties.
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Chen, Chaozhan, Bin Ran, Bo Liu, Xiaoxuan Liu, Jing Jin i Yonggang Zhu. "Numerical Study on a Bio-Inspired Micropillar Array Electrode in a Microfluidic Device". Biosensors 12, nr 10 (16.10.2022): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12100878.
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The micropillar array electrode (µAE) has been widely applied in microchip-based electrochemical detection systems due to a large current response. However, it was found that amplifying the current through further adjusting geometrical parameters is generally hindered by the shielding effect. To solve this problem, a bio-inspired micropillar array electrode (bµAE) based on the microfluidic device has been proposed in this study. The inspiration is drawn from the structure of leatherback sea turtles’ mouths. By deforming a μAE to rearrange the micropillars on bilateral sides of the microchannel, the contact area between micropillars and analytes increases, and thus the current is substantially improved. A numerical simulation was then used to characterize the electrochemical performance of bµAEs. The effects of geometrical and hydrodynamic parameters on the current of bµAEs were investigated. Moreover, a prototypical microchip integrated with bµAE was fabricated for detailed electrochemical measurement. The chronoamperometry measurements were conducted to verify the theoretical performance of bµAEs, and the results suggest that the experimental data are in good agreement with those of the simulation model. This work presents a novel bµAE with great potential for highly sensitive electrochemical detection and provides a new perspective on the efficient configuration of the µAE.
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Kim, Jung Kyu. "Novel Materials for Sustainable Energy Conversion and Storage". Materials 13, nr 11 (29.05.2020): 2475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13112475.
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Sustainability is highly desired for human beings due to a rapidly changing global climate and numerous environmental issues. In past decades, state-of-the-art studies have been extensively conducted to achieve sustainable energy conversion and storage. However, the remaining challenges in the commercialization of energy conversion and storage devices are to develop novel materials and advanced manufacturing processes. Furthermore, the engineering of nanostructures and device-architectures is of great importance for the energy conversion and storage flat forms. This Special Issue “Novel Materials for Sustainable Energy Conversion and Storage” aims the state-of-the-art research reports of novel nanomaterials and the engineering of device architectures for divergent energy conversion and storage applications with high sustainability involving solar energy systems, electrochemical cells, artificial photosynthesis or secondary (rechargeable) batteries, as highlighted in this editorial.
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Becker, Mariia, Maria-Sophie Bertrams, Edwin C. Constable i Catherine E. Housecroft. "How Reproducible are Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Data for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells?" Materials 13, nr 7 (27.03.2020): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071547.
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Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) technology has been broadly investigated over the past few decades. The sandwich-type structure of the DSC makes the manufacturing undemanding under laboratory conditions but results in the need for reproducible measurements for acceptable DSC characterization. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) offers the possibility to study complex electronic systems and is commonly used for solar cells. There is a tendency in the literature to present impedance data only for one representative device. At the same time, as current density–voltage plots illustrate, measurements can vary within one set of DSCs with identical components. We present multiple DSC impedance measurements on “identical” devices prepared using two different dyes and present a statistical analysis regarding the reproducibility.
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Ramachandran, Tholkappiyan, Abdel-Hamid Ismail Mourad i Mostafa S. A. ElSayed. "Nb2CTx-Based MXenes Most Recent Developments: From Principles to New Applications". Energies 16, nr 8 (18.04.2023): 3520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083520.
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MXenes are progressively evolving two-dimensional (2D) materials with an expanding wide range of applications in the field of energy storage. They rank among the best electrode materials for cutting-edge energy storage systems. Energy storage device performance is greatly enhanced by MXenes and their composite materials. As technology has improved over the last several decades, the demand for high-capacity energy storage devices that are versatile, sturdy, and have cheap production costs has increased. MXene, which is based on Nb2CTx, is the most current material to emerge for energy storage applications. Nb2CTx MXene is now the most sought-after material in the 2D family due to its flexibility, high conductivity, superior electrochemical nature, superior hydrophilicity, tunable surface functional groups, great mechanical properties, and 2D layered structure. Examples include gas and biosensors, water splitting, water purification, antimicrobial coatings, electromagnetic interference shielding, and transparent electrical conductors. Because of the distinctive properties of Nb2CTx MXene, scientists are working on further theoretical and experimental enhancements. The objective of this work is to deliver an outline of current breakthroughs in Nb2CTx MXene for the construction of robust, flexible, and highly effective electrochemical energy storage devices powered by supercapacitors. Deep research has been conducted on the structure of Nb2CTx MXene, as well as on different synthesis techniques and their distinctive properties. The emphasis has also been placed on how various aspects, such as electrode architecture design, electrolyte composition, and so on, influence the charge storage device and electrochemical efficiency of Nb2CTx MXene-based supercapacitors. This article also discusses the most recent advancements in Nb2CTx MXene composite-based supercapacitors.
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Bird, Jon, Paul Layzell, Andy Webster i Phil Husbands. "Towards Epistemically Autonomous Robots: Exploiting the Potential of Physical Systems". Leonardo 36, nr 2 (kwiecień 2003): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002409403321554161.
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The authors outline one path towards constructing interactive artworks with the potential for displaying novel behavior. They use Peter Cariani's taxonomy of adaptive robotic systems as a framework for comparing the capabilities of systems that interact with their environments. The authors then describe two examples of structurally autonomous systems that are able to construct their own sensors independently of a human designer. The first device, the evolved radio, is the result of a recent hardware evolution (HE) experiment conducted by the authors. The second device, the electrochemical ear, was constructed almost 50 years ago by the British cybernetician Gordon Pask. The emergent behavior in both systems is only possible because many conventional engineering constraints were relaxed during their construction. Using existing technology, artists have the opportunity to explore the potential of structurally autonomous systems as interactive artworks.
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Badhwar, Shruti, i K. S. Narayan. "Optimum Design of Organic Electrochemical Type Transistors for Applications in Biochemical Sensing". Journal of Sensors 2008 (2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/702161.
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This paper addresses the issue of optimizing various performance parameters involved in the design of organic electrochemical type transistors based on the conducting polymer, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS) for applications in biochemical sensing. We report the effect of device contact geometry, gate to channel length ratio “Lg/L,” and analyte distance from the source electrode “x,” on the device sensitivity and response time.
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Boldman, Walker L., Cheng Zhang, Thomas Z. Ward, Dayrl P. Briggs, Bernadeta R. Srijanto, Philip Brisk i Philip D. Rack. "Programmable Electrofluidics for Ionic Liquid Based Neuromorphic Platform". Micromachines 10, nr 7 (17.07.2019): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10070478.
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Due to the limit in computing power arising from the Von Neumann bottleneck, computational devices are being developed that mimic neuro-biological processing in the brain by correlating the device characteristics with the synaptic weight of neurons. This platform combines ionic liquid gating and electrowetting for programmable placement/connectivity of the ionic liquid. In this platform, both short-term potentiation (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP) are realized via electrostatic and electrochemical doping of the amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (aIGZO), respectively, and pulsed bias measurements are demonstrated for lower power considerations. While compatible with resistive elements, we demonstrate a platform based on transitive amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (aIGZO) pixel elements. Using a lithium based ionic liquid, we demonstrate both potentiation (decrease in device resistance) and depression (increase in device resistance), and propose a 2D platform array that would enable a much higher pixel count via Active Matrix electrowetting.
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Shawgo, Rebecca S., Gabriela Voskerician, Hong Linh Ho Duc, Yawen Li, Aaron Lynn, Matthew MacEwan, Robert Langer, James M. Anderson i Michael J. Cima. "Repeatedin vivo electrochemical activation and the biological effects of microelectromechanical systems drug delivery device". Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 71A, nr 4 (2004): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30050.
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Rustomji, Cyrus S., Yangyuchen Yang, Tae Kyoung Kim, Jimmy Mac, Young Jin Kim, Elizabeth Caldwell, Hyeseung Chung i Y. Shirley Meng. "Liquefied gas electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage devices". Science 356, nr 6345 (15.06.2017): eaal4263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4263.
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Electrochemical capacitors and lithium-ion batteries have seen little change in their electrolyte chemistry since their commercialization, which has limited improvements in device performance. Combining superior physical and chemical properties and a high dielectric-fluidity factor, the use of electrolytes based on solvent systems that exclusively use components that are typically gaseous under standard conditions show a wide potential window of stability and excellent performance over an extended temperature range. Electrochemical capacitors using difluoromethane show outstanding performance from –78° to +65°C, with an increased operation voltage. The use of fluoromethane shows a high coulombic efficiency of ~97% for cycling lithium metal anodes, together with good cyclability of a 4-volt lithium cobalt oxide cathode and operation as low as –60°C, with excellent capacity retention.
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Nofal, Muaffaq M., Jihad M. Hadi, Shujahadeen B. Aziz, Mohamad A. Brza, Ahmad S. F. M. Asnawi, Elham M. A. Dannoun, Aziz M. Abdullah i Mohd F. Z. Kadir. "A Study of Methylcellulose Based Polymer Electrolyte Impregnated with Potassium Ion Conducting Carrier: Impedance, EEC Modeling, FTIR, Dielectric, and Device Characteristics". Materials 14, nr 17 (26.08.2021): 4859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174859.
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In this research, a biopolymer-based electrolyte system involving methylcellulose (MC) as a host polymeric material and potassium iodide (KI) salt as the ionic source was prepared by solution cast technique. The electrolyte with the highest conductivity was used for device application of electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) with high specific capacitance. The electrical, structural, and electrochemical characteristics of the electrolyte systems were investigated using various techniques. According to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the bulk resistance (Rb) decreased from 3.3 × 105 to 8 × 102 Ω with the increase of salt concentration from 10 wt % to 40 wt % and the ionic conductivity was found to be 1.93 ×10−5 S/cm. The dielectric analysis further verified the conductivity trends. Low-frequency regions showed high dielectric constant, ε′ and loss, ε″ values. The polymer-salt complexation between (MC) and (KI) was shown through a Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies. The analysis of transference number measurement (TNM) supported ions were predominantly responsible for the transport process in the MC-KI electrolyte. The highest conducting sample was observed to be electrochemically constant as the potential was swept linearly up to 1.8 V using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The cyclic voltammetry (CV) profile reveals the absence of a redox peak, indicating the presence of a charge double-layer between the surface of activated carbon electrodes and electrolytes. The maximum specific capacitance, Cs value was obtained as 118.4 F/g at the sweep rate of 10 mV/s.
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Chen, Yuzhu, i Meng Lin. "(Digital Presentation) Photo-Thermo-Electrochemical Cells for on-Demand Solar Power and Hydrogen Generation". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 36 (7.07.2022): 1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01361560mtgabs.
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Converting solar energy into power and hydrogen provides a promising pathway to fulfilling instantaneous electricity demand (power generation) as well as continuous demand via storing energy in chemical bonds (hydrogen generation). Co-generation of power and hydrogen is of great interest due to its potential to overcome expensive electricity storage in conventional PV plus battery systems. Both solar thermochemistry processes and photo-electrochemical cells (PECs) are extensively explored technologies to produce solar hydrogen. The key challenges for solar thermochemistry processes are extremely high operating temperature (~ 1500 oC) and low demonstrated efficiency (< 1% for hydrogen generation). For PECs, the limited solar absorption together with sluggish electrochemical reactions, especially for OER, leads to limited theoretical solar fuel generation. Operating PECs at high temperature will lead to decreased photovoltage and interface stability. Inspired by the thermally regenerative batteries, we propose a photo-thermo-electrochemical (PTEC) device that uses the solid oxide-based moderate high temperature cell (~1000 ℃) as the photo-absorber for simultaneously converting concentrated solar radiation into heat and generating fuel or power electrochemically driven by the discharging power from the low temperature cell (~700 ℃). PTEC device enables full solar spectrum utilization, highly favorable thermodynamics and kinetics, and cost-effectiveness. A continuous PTEC device has two working modes, which are voltage differential (VD) mode and current differential (CD) mode. The current-voltage characteristics of a PTEC device are shown in Figure 1. It mainly consists of five parts. A high temperature cell (HTC) serves as a solar absorber and a low temperature cell (LTC) serves as heat recovery. Besides, the opposite electrochemical reactions take place in two cells meaning that HTC and LTC can also function as a hydrogen production as well as an electricity generator component, respectively. Heat exchanger(s) is placed between the HTC and LTC and hot fluids pass through a heat exchanger before entering LTC to reduce heat losses to environment as well as reducing input solar energy. The VD mode and CD mode can be realized in PTECs via controlling of DC-DC converter. In order to identify the main parameters, we develop a multi-physics model based on finite element method, including mass, heat and charge transfer, and electrochemical reactions. In addition, heat exchange is modeled by solving energy balance equation, DC-DC convertor is assumed by constant efficiency, and a lumped parameter model is used to describe solar receiver including energy losses of conduction and reradiation. This framework also allows us to provide design guidelines for PTEC devices with high solar-to-electricity (STE) efficiency and solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency. The maximum STE and STH efficiency under reference conditions of PTEC device was found to be 4 % and 2 %. A further improved performance in terms of STE and STH efficiency are about 19 % and 16 %, respectively, via optimizing temperature configuration between HTC and LTC and material properties. It is also interesting to note that STH can reach higher than 80 % of STE at a large temperature difference, which shows a promising energy storage device by storing excessive electrical power in form of hydrogen. The main results show that the temperature of HTC and efficiency of heat exchange are key parameters to optimize PTEC efficiency. The performance of DC-DC convertor dominates STH efficiency. Besides, ionic conductivity of electrolyte can contribute to significantly expanding the operating current density range. The PTEC is a promising technology for solar energy conversion and storage as it is able to produce electricity and hydrogen in a single device. The solar conversion efficiency predicted with our numerical model supports that by optimizing the design and operational conditions, this technology can compete with existing solar fuel pathways. Figure 1
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Weng, Xiaoxing, Chen Li, Changqing Chen, Gang Wang, Chenghao Xia i Lianyou Zheng. "A Microfluidic Device for Tobacco Ringspot Virus Detection by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy". Micromachines 14, nr 6 (26.05.2023): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14061118.
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Aiming at the problem of how to achieve the rapid detection of pathogenic microorganisms, this paper takes tobacco ringspot virus as the detection object, designs the impedance detection and analysis platform of tobacco ringspot virus based on microfluidic impedance method, establishes an equivalent circuit model to analyze the experimental results, and determines the optimal detection frequency of tobacco ringspot virus detection. Based on this frequency, an impedance–concentration regression model was established for the detection of tobacco ringspot virus in a tobacco ringspot virus detection device. Based on this model, a tobacco ringspot virus detection device was designed by using an AD5933 impedance detection chip. A comprehensive test study was carried out on the developed tobacco ringspot virus detection device through various testing methods, which verified the feasibility of the tobacco ringspot virus detection device and provided technical support for the field detection of pathogenic microorganisms.
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Galleguillos, Felipe, Luis Cáceres, Lindley Maxwell i Álvaro Soliz. "Electrochemical Ion Pumping Device for Blue Energy Recovery: Mixing Entropy Battery". Applied Sciences 10, nr 16 (11.08.2020): 5537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165537.
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In the process of finding new forms of energy extraction or recovery, the use of various natural systems as potential clean and renewable energy sources has been examined. Blue energy is an interesting energy alternative based on chemical energy that is spontaneously released when mixing water solutions with different salt concentrations. This occurs naturally in the discharge of rivers into ocean basins on such a scale that it justifies efforts for detailed research. This article collects the most relevant information from the latest publications on the topic, focusing on the use of the mixing entropy battery (MEB) as an electrochemical ion pumping device and the different technological means that have been developed for the conditions of this process. In addition, it describes various practices and advances achieved by various researchers in the optimization of this device, in relation to the most important redox reactions and the cathode and anodic materials used for the recovery of blue energy or salinity gradient energy.
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Sabatini, Anna, Alessandro Zompanti, Simone Grasso, Luca Vollero, Giorgio Pennazza i Marco Santonico. "Proof of Concept Study of an Electrochemical Sensor for Inland Water Monitoring with a Network Approach". Remote Sensing 13, nr 20 (9.10.2021): 4026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13204026.
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The technologies most suitable for monitoring the ecosystem of inland waters are image spectrometry and electrochemical sensors. The reason is that these instruments are able to ensure accuracy in the surveillance of very large areas through reliable and frequent measurements performed remotely. Electrochemical systems provide low-cost, miniaturized, reliable sensors that can be organized, when equipped with commercial on the shelf (COTS) low-power radio components implementing LoRaWAN, Sigfox or NB-IoT communications, in a dense network of sensors achieving the aforementioned requirements. In this work, a low-cost, low-size and low-noise electrochemical sensor endowed with protocols for network configuration, management and monitoring is presented. The electronic interface of the sensor allows high reproducible responses. As proof of concept for its utilization in inland water monitoring, the device has been tested for water composition analysis, bacteria identification and frequent pollutant detection: atrazine, dichloromethane and tetrachloroethene. The results are promising, and future investigations will be oriented to unlock the true potential of a general-purpose approach exploiting the continuous fusion of distributed data in each of the three considered application scenarios. A new device, with reduced power consumption and size, has been also developed and tested; this new device should be a node of a large network for inland water monitoring.
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Zinko, Lionel, i Yelyzaveta Pletenets. "ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS FOR CONTROL OF LEAD CONTENT IN THE ENVIRONMENT. A REVIEW". Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 88, nr 11 (23.12.2022): 55–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.88.11.2022.55-87.
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The review presents different types of biosensors and their principles of operation that are currently used to detect heavy metals and lead. Biosensors are considered highly sensitive, specific, accurate, inexpensive and effective tools for the preliminary detection of one or more metals in sources of mixed pollution, especially in wastewater. The use of functional nanomaterials based on metal-organic frameworks and layered hydroxides allowed to miniaturize the design of biosensors and significantly improve their applicability for on-site analysis of target samples, which reduces the probability of any changes in the samples during transport to the laboratory. Also, these materials have long-term stability, improve the signal and response speed of electrochemical biosensors, and also increase their sensitivity and selectivity. An overview of the methods of manufacturing the active component of multilayer electrochemical sensors was conducted. The main methods of obtaining stable and sensitive to lead ions electrochemical systems are noted.Sensors and biosensors are powerful tools for accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of a specific analyte and integration of biotechnology, microelectronics, and nanotechnology to fabricate miniaturized devices without loss of sensitivity, specificity, and control accuracy. The characteristic properties of biomolecule carriers significantly affect the sensitivity and selectivity of the device. The impact of carriers based on metal-organic frameworks and layered hydroxides on increasing the efficiency of modern lead biosensors due to the implementation of the enzyme inhibition mechanism was considered, and the methods of manufacturing the active component of multilayer electrochemical sensors were also reviewed. The perspective of using the coprecipitation method and the ion exchange method to obtain stable and sensitive lead ion electrochemical systems was noted. Thus, electrochemical biosensors can be considered as one of the most widely developed biosensors for the detection of lead ions, in which the presence of direct electron transfer from the recognition center to the electrode reduces the probability of unnecessary interference, which significantly increases their sensitivity and selectivity and enables the development of devices for in-mode monitoring real-time.
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Zanotti, Gloria, Nicola Angelini, Sara Notarantonio, Anna Maria Paoletti, Giovanna Pennesi, Gentilina Rossi, Angelo Lembo i in. "Bridged Phthalocyanine Systems for Sensitization of Nanocrystalline TiO2Films". International Journal of Photoenergy 2010 (2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/136807.
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Phthalocyanines based-dyes represent attractive alternatives to the expensive and polluting pyridyl based Ru complexes because of their photochemical and thermal stability, they do show in fact intense absorption in the UV/blue (Soret band) and the red/near IR (Q band) spectral regions and appear very promising as sensitizer dyes for DSSC. In this contribution we review the state of the art and the recent progress in the application of these materials as dyes for DSSC and present three new dyes which are bridged derivatives of Iron phthalocyanine. Synthesis, optical properties, electrochemical characterization and device performances are discussed with regard to the different substitution degree of the macrocycle.
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Evtushenko, Sergey, Timofey Krakhmalnyy, Vladimir Firsov, Viktoriya Lyepikhova i Mikhail Kuchumov. "NEW SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING AND CONTROL OF DEFECTS AND DAMAGES OF BUILDING STRUCTURES". Construction and Architecture 8, nr 1 (4.02.2020): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2308-0191-2020-8-1-11-18.
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The article presents the results of development of automated monitoring systems for defects and damages of building structures. The first is the "System for monitoring the state of cracks and joints of buildings and structures," this system allows to automatically control the width of crack opening on construction structures. The system has one or more sensors and a recording device in the form of a personal computer, the receiving radio module of the recording system over the radio channel is connected to each sensor and requests measure-ment results. The following describes the upgrade of the system sensor, the new sensor al-lows to measure humidity and ambient temperature and to build dependencies of crack open-ing width on weather conditions. The next sensor is mesdose to measure the stress in the ground of the base, based on the electrochemical principle of action. Mesdose allows to carry out dynamic tests of soils at the same time technical result is achieved in improvement of device reliability and measurement reliability. The last is the mechanical measurement sen-sor, which is also based on the electrochemical principle of operation. Invention is aimed at solving the problem of improving reliability and reliability of converting dynamic mechani-cal values into an electric signal in a wide range of loads and frequencies.
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Filippidou, Myrto Kyriaki, Aris Ioannis Kanaris, Evangelos Aslanidis, Annita Rapesi, Dimitra Tsounidi, Sotirios Ntouskas, Evangelos Skotadis i in. "Integrated Plastic Microfluidic Device for Heavy Metal Ion Detection". Micromachines 14, nr 8 (13.08.2023): 1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14081595.
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The presence of heavy metal ions in soil, air and water constitutes an important global environmental threat, as these ions accumulate throughout the food chain, contributing to the rise of chronic diseases, including, amongst others, cancer and kidney failure. To date, many efforts have been made for their detection, but there is still a need for the development of sensitive, low-cost, and portable devices able to conduct on-site detection of heavy metal ions. In this work, we combine microfluidic technology and electrochemical sensing in a plastic chip for the selective detection of heavy metal ions utilizing DNAzymes immobilized in between platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs), demonstrating a reliable portable solution for water pollution monitoring. For the realization of the microfluidic-based heavy metal ion detection device, a fast and easy-to-implement fabrication method based on the photolithography of dry photosensitive layers is proposed. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the detection of Pb2+ ions using the prototype microfluidic device.
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Liu, Xing, Mi Li, Jiahui Zheng, Xiaoling Zhang, Junyi Zeng, Yanjian Liao, Jian Chen, Jun Yang, Xiaolin Zheng i Ning Hu. "Electrochemical Detection of Ascorbic Acid in Finger-Actuated Microfluidic Chip". Micromachines 13, nr 9 (6.09.2022): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091479.
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The traditional quantitative analysis methods of ascorbic acid (AA), which require expensive equipment, a large amount of samples and professional technicians, are usually complex and time-consuming. A low-cost and high-efficiency AA detection device is reported in this work. It integrates a three-electrode sensor module prepared by screen printing technology, and a microfluidic chip with a finger-actuated micropump peeled from the liquid-crystal display (LCD) 3D printing resin molds. The AA detection process on this device is easy to operate. On-chip detection has been demonstrated to be 2.48 times more sensitive than off-chip detection and requires only a microliter-scale sample volume, which is much smaller than that required in traditional electrochemical methods. Experiments show that the sample and buffer can be fully mixed in the microchannel, which is consistent with the numerical simulation results wherein the mixing efficiency is greater than 90%. Commercially available tablets and beverages are also tested, and the result shows the reliability and accuracy of the device, demonstrating its broad application prospects in the field of point-of-care testing (POCT).
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Holloway, Justin, Maria Balart Murria i Melanie J. Loveridge. "A Study of Stress Evolution and Deformation in Cylindrical Cells, from before Manufacturing to End of Life". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 37 (7.07.2022): 1638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01371638mtgabs.
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The mass production of lithium-ion cells involves applying a range of manufacturing processes to a range of materials. These processes inevitably result in residual stresses within the individual materials, which when abetted by operational stresses can cause deformation and fracture of the componentry. This contributes to the degradation of electrochemical properties, device performance, and durability of the cells; leading ultimately to cell failure. This experimental study is concerned with determining the mechanical degradation of componentry within cylindrical cells. Mechanical degradation was evaluated for commercial cells using x-ray tomography, mechanical testing and microscopy. Nanoindentation testing was used to characterise mechanical changes in the foil material in three conditions: before cell manufacture, after cell manufacture and after aging. This work represents a novel ex situ characterisation tool and a new approach to understanding degradation in electrochemical systems. Additionally, we anticipate this work to aide modelling of and controlling degradation within electrochemical systems.