Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Electrical Transport Phenomena”

This thesis presents several experiments, generally aiming at visualising the ballistic and topological transport on the high-mobility graphene/boron nitride heterostructure using the scanning gate microscope. For the first experiment, we use the scanning gate microscopy to map out the trajectories of ballistic carriers in high-mobility graphene encapsulated by hexagonal boron nitride and in a weak perpendicular magnetic field. We employ a magnetic focusing transport configuration to image carriers that emerge ballistically from an injector, follow a cyclotron path due to the Lorentz force from an applied magnetic field, and land on an adjacent collector probe. The local potential generated by the scanning tip in the vicinity of the carriers deflects their trajectories, modifying the proportion of carriers focused into the collector. By measuring the voltage at the collector while scanning the tip, we are able to obtain images with arcs that are consistent with the expected cyclotron motion. We also demonstrate that the tip can be used to redirect misaligned carriers back to the collector. For the second experiment, we investigate the graphene van der Waals structures formed by aligning monolayer graphene with insulating layers of hexagonal boron nitride which exhibit a moiré superlattice that is expected to break sublattice symmetry. However, despite an energy gap of several tens of millielectronvolts opening in the Dirac spectrum, electrical resistivity remains lower than expected at low temperature and varies between devices. While subgap states are likely to play a role in this behaviour, their precise nature is still unclear in the community. We therefore perform a scanning gate microscopy study of graphene moiré superlattice devices with comparable activation energy but with different charge disorder levels. In the device with higher charge impurity ($\sim$ 10$^-$ cm$^{-2}$) and lower resistivity ($\sim$ 10 k$\Omega$) at the Dirac point we observe scanning gate response along the graphene edges. Combined with simulations, our measurements suggest that enhanced edge doping is responsible for this effect. In addition, a device with low charge impurity ($\sim$ 10$^{9}$ cm$^{-2}$) and higher resistivity ($\sim$ 100 k$\Omega$) shows subgap states in the bulk. Our measurements provide alternative model to the prevailing theory in the literature in which the topological bandstructures of the graphene moiré superlattices entail an edge currents shunting the insulating bulk. In the third experiment, we continue our study in the graphene moir$\acute e$ superlattices with the newly reported non-local Hall signals at the main Dirac point. It has been associated with the non-zero valley Berry curvature due to the gap opening and the nonlocal signal has been interpreted as the signature of the topological valley Hall effects. However, the nature of such signal is still disputed in the community, due to the vanishing density of states near the Dirac point and the possible topological edge transport in the system. Various artificial contribution without a topological origin of the measurement scheme has also been suggested. In connection to the second experiment, we use the scanning gate microscope to image the non-local Hall resistance as well as the local resistance in the current path. By analysing the features in the two sets of images, we find evidence for topological Hall current in the bulk despite a large artificial components which cannot be distinguished in global transport measurement. In the last experiment, we show the development of a radio-frequency scanning impedance microscopy compatible with the existing scanning gate microscopy and the dilution refrigerator. We detailed the design and the implementation of the radio-frequency reflectometry and the specialised tip holder for the integration of the tip and the transmission lines. We demonstrate the capability of imaging local impedance of the sample by detecting the mechanical oscillation of the tip, the device topography, and the Landau levels in the quantum Hall regime at liquid helium temperature and milli-Kelvin temperature.

La réduction des émissions de CO2 est un enjeu majeur pour l'Europe dans les années à venir. Les transports sont aujourd'hui à l'origine de 24% des émissions globales de CO2. L'aviation ne représente que 2% des émissions globales de CO2. Cependant, le trafic aérien est en pleine expansion et, déjà, des inquiétudes apparaissent. A titre d'exemple, en Suède, depuis les années 1990, les émissions de CO2 dues au trafic aérien ont augmenté de 61%. Ce constat explique l'apparition du mouvement "Flygskam" qui se repend dans de plus en plus de pays Européen. C'est dans ce contexte que l'Union Européenne a lancé en septembre 2016 le projet Hybrid Aircraft Academic research on Thermal and Electrical Components and Systems (HASTECS). Le consortium regroupe différents laboratoires et Airbus. Ce projet s'inscrit dans le programme "Clean Sky 2" qui vise à développer une aviation plus verte. L'objectif ambitieux est de réduire de 20% les émissions de CO2 et le bruit produits par les avions d'ici 2025. Pour cela, le consortium étudie une architecture hybride de type série. La propulsion est assurée par des moteurs électriques. Deux cibles ont été définies. En 2025, les moteurs doivent atteindre une densité de puissance de 5kW/kg, système de refroidissement inclus. En 2035, la densité de puissance des moteurs sera doublée pour atteindre 10kW/kg. Pour atteindre ces cibles, le niveau de tension sera considérablement augmenté, au-delà du kilovolt. Le risque de décharges électriques dans les stators des moteurs électriques est considérablement accru. L'objectif de cette thèse est de mettre au point un outil d'aide au design du Système d'Isolation Electrique (SIE) primaire du stator de moteur électrique piloté par convertisseur. Elle est découpée en cinq parties. La première partie commence par préciser les enjeux et défis d'une aviation plus verte. Le SIE du stator de moteur électrique est développé. Enfin, les contraintes qui s'appliquent sur le SIE dans l'environnement aéronautique sont identifiées. La deuxième partie présente les différents types de décharges électriques que l'on peut retrouver. Le principal risque vient des Décharges Partielles (DP) qui détériorent peu à peu le SIE. Le principal mécanisme pour expliquer l'apparition des DP est l'avalanche électronique. Le critère de Paschen permet d'évaluer le Seuil d'Apparition des Décharges Partielles (SADP). Différentes techniques permettent de détecter et mesurer l'activité des DP. Des modèles numériques permettent d'évaluer le SADP. La troisième partie présente une méthode originale pour déterminer les lignes de champ électrique dans un problème électrostatique. Elle n'utilise qu'une formulation en potentiel scalaire. La quatrième partie présente une étude expérimentale pour établir une correction du critère de Paschen. Un bobinage de moteur électrique est très loin des hypothèses dans lesquelles ce critère a été originellement défini. Enfin, la cinquième partie est consacrée à l'élaboration de l'outil d'aide au design du SIE. Des abaques sont construites afin de fournir des recommandations sur le dimensionnement des différents isolants dans une encoche de stator. Une réduction du SADP due à une variation combinée de la température et de la pression est prise en compte
Reducing CO2 emissions is a major challenge for Europe in the years to come. Nowadays, transport is the source of 24% of global CO2 emissions. Aviation accounts for only 2% of global CO2 emissions. However, air traffic is booming and concerns are emerging. For instance, CO2 emissions from air traffic have increased by 61% in Sweden since the 1990s. This explains the emergence of the "Flygskam" movement which is spreading in more and more European countries. It is in this context that the European Union launched in September 2016 the project Hybrid Aircraft Academic research on Thermal and Electrical Components and Systems (HASTECS). The consortium brings together different laboratories and Airbus. This project is part of the program "Clean Sky 2" which aims to develop a greener aviation. The ambitious goal is to reduce CO2 emissions and the noise produced by aircraft by 20% by 2025. To do that, the consortium is studying a serial hybrid architecture. Propulsion is provided by electric motors. Two targets are defined. In 2025, the engines must reach a power density of 5kW/kg, including the cooling system. In 2035, the power density of the engines will be doubled to reach 10kW/kg. To reach these targets, the voltage level will be considerably increased, beyond one kilovolt. The risk of electric discharges in the stators of electric motors is considerably increased. The objective of this thesis is to develop a tool to assist in the design of the primary Electrical Insulation System (EIS) of the stator of an electric motor controlled by a converter. It is organized in 5 parts. The first part begins by clarifying the issues and challenges of a greener aviation. The electric motor stator EIS is developed. Finally, the constraints that apply to the EIS in the aeronautical environment are identified. The second part presents the different types of electric discharges that can be found. The main risk comes from Partial Discharges (PD) which gradually deteriorate the EIS. The main mechanism for explaining the appearance of PD is the electronic avalanche. The Paschen criterion makes it possible to evaluate the Partial Discharge Inception Voltage (PDIV). Different techniques are used to detect and measure the activity of PD. Numerical models are used to evaluate the PDIV. The third part presents an original method for determining the electric field lines in an electrostatic problem. It only uses a scalar potential formulation. The fourth part presents an experimental study to establish a correction of the Paschen criterion. An electric motor winding is very far from the hypotheses in which this criterion was originally defined. Finally, the fifth part is devoted to the development of the SIE design aid tool. Graphs are generated to provide recommendations on the sizing of the various insulators in a stator slot. A reduction in the PDIV due to a combined variation in temperature and pressure is taken into account

Ce travail est consacre a l'elaboration, la caracterisation structurale et microstructurale, ainsi qu'a l'etude de la conductivite electrique de couches minces de l'alliage quasicristallin alcufe. Les echantillons ont ete fabriques par evaporation sequentielle des elements constitutifs de l'alliage, puis traitement thermique. Nous avons etudie les chemins reactionnels conduisant a la phase quasicristalline par diffraction des rayons x lors du traitement thermique de tricouches metalliques. La phase quasicristalline peut etre obtenue quelle que soit la sequence d'empilement du tricouche. Nous montrons que la premiere phase qui cristallise est al#2cu y compris lorsque la couche de fer est placee entre celles de al et cu. Dans ce cas on observe la formation d'alliages binaires al, cu de part et d'autre de la couche de fe, indiquant une diffusion croisee des deux elements al et cu a travers celle-ci. A plus haute temperature le fer participe aux reactions, s'alliant d'abord avec l'aluminium, avant que des phases ternaires n'apparaissent, qui conduisent ensuite au quasicristal. Nous nous sommes ensuite concentre sur l'elaboration de couches tres minces (jusqu'a 125 angstroms). Nous avons pu fabriquer des couches quasicristallines tres minces compactes et d'epaisseur homogene. Ainsi nous avons pu etudier la conductivite electrique des echantillons en fonction de leur epaisseur. A basse temperature, les dependances en temperature et en champ magnetique de la conductivite font apparaitre une transition vers un regime bidimensionnel, qui est une signature de la presence d'effets d'interferences quantiques. Cette etude confirme leur importance dans la conductivite des quasicristaux, et permet de preciser les valeurs des parametres microscopiques qui la regissent.

The H₂O critical point defines the parabolic vertex of the p(T) vaporization boundary and, as a geometric consequence, a positive vertical asymptote for first partial derivatives of the equation of state. Convergence of these derivatives, isothermal compressibility and isobaric expansivity, to the critical asymptote effectively controls thermodynamic, electrostatic, and transport properties of fluid H₂O and dependent transport and chemical processes in hydrothermal systems. The equation of state for fluid H₂O developed by Levelt Sengers et a1. (1983a) from modern theories of revised and extended scaling affords accurate prediction of state and thermodynamic properties in the critical region. This formulation has been used together with the virial equation of state proposed by Haar et a1. (1984) and predictive equations for the static dielectric constant (Uematsu and Franck, 1980), thermal conductivity (Sengers et a1., 1984), and dynamic viscosity (Sengers and Kamgar-Parsi, 1984) to present a comprehensive summary of fluid H₂O properties within and near the critical region. Specifically, predictive formulations and computed values for twenty-one properties are presented as a series of equations, three-dimensional P-T surfaces, isothermal and isobaric crosssections, and skeleton tables from 350°-475°C and 200-450 bar. The properties considered are density, isothermal compressibility, isobaric expansivity, Helmholtz and Gibbs free energies, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, isochoric and isobaric heat capacities, the static dielectric constant, Z, Y, and Q Born functions (Helgeson and Kirkham, 1974a), dynamic and kinematic viscosity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, the Prandtl number, the isochoric expansivity-compressibility coefficient, and sound velocity. The equations and surfaces are analyzed with particular emphasis on functional form in the near-critical region and resultant extrema that persist well beyond the critical region. Such extrema in isobaric expansivity, isobaric heat capacity, and kinematic viscosity delineate state conditions that define local maxima in fluid and convective heat fluxes in hydrothermal systems; at the critical point, these fluxes are infinite in permeable media. Extrema in the Q and Y Born functions delineate state conditions that define local minima in the standard partial molal volumes and enthalpies of aqueous ions and complexes; at the critical point, these properties are negative infinite. Because these fluxes and thermodynamic properties converge to vertical asymptotes at the critical point, seemingly trivial variations in near-critical state conditions cause large variations in fluid mass and thermal energy transfer rates and in the state of chemical equilibrium.

Le domaine de la physique des plasmas froids a émergé avec les premières découvertes fondamentales en physique atomique et en physique des plasmas il y a plus d’un siècle. Toutefois, ce domaine a été rapidement orienté vers les applications. L’une des plus importantes dans la première moitié du XXème est le "Calutron" (California University Cyclotron), inventé par E. Lawrence à Berkeley, qui faisait partie du projet Manhattan, et utilisé comme un spectromètre de masse pour séparer les isotopes de l’uranium. Dans un rapport du projet Manhattan daté de 1949, D. Bohm fait deux observations qui sont fondamentales pour la physique des plasmas froids :(i) Les ions doivent avoir une énergie cinétique minimales lorsqu’ils entrent dans la gaine du plasma, estimée à Te/2, Te étant la température électronique.(ii) Le transport du plasma à travers un champ magnétique est augmenté par des instabilités.La propulsion électrique par plasma est utilisée pour des satellites militaires et des sondes spatiales depuis les années 1960 et a suscité un intérêt grandissant ces vingt dernières années avec le développement des applications commerciales des technologies spatiales. Néanmoins, les mêmes questions que celles auxquelles D. Bohm était confronté, c’est-à-dire le transport multidimensionnel, l’interaction plasma-gaine, et les instabilités, se posent toujours. La théorie et les simulations sont d’autant plus importantes pour la conception des systèmes de propulsion électrique que les tests en conditions réelles nécessitent le lancement d’un satellite dans l’espace.Dans ce travail, nous établissons les équations du transport multidimensionnel dans un plasma isotherme, nous proposons un critère de gaine qui permet de rendre compte de la saturation du champ magnétique dans un plasma froid et faiblement ionisé, et nous modélisons le refroidissement des électrons à travers le filtre magnétique du propulseur PEGASES (Plasma Propulsion with Electronegative Gases). Toutes les théories sont motivées et validées par un grand nombre de simulations particulaires PIC bi-dimensionnelles, en utilisant le code LPPic qui a été partiellement développé dans le cadre du projet. Enfin, les cas de simulation sont étendus à une décharge inductive à plasma dans l’iode, avec un nouvel ensemble de section efficaces de réaction
The field of low temperature plasma physics has emerged from the first fundamental discoveries in atom and plasma physics more than a century ago. However, it has soon become very much driven by applications. One of the most important of them in the first half of the XXth century is the "Calutron" (California University Cyclotron) invented by E.~Lawrence in Berkeley, that was part of the Manhattan project, and operated as a mass spectrometer to separate uranium isotopes. In a 1949 report of the Manhattan project, D.~Bohm makes two observations that are fundamental for low-temperature plasma physics.(i) The ions must have minimum kinetic energy when they enter the plasma sheath estimated to T_e/2 , Te being the electron temperature in eV ;(ii) Plasma transport across a magnetic field is enhanced by instabilities.Plasma electric propulsion is used on military satellites and space probes since the 1960s and has gained more and more interest for the last twenty years as space commercial applications were developing. However, the same questions as the ones D.~Bohm was faced with, namely multi-dimensional transport, plasma sheath interaction, and instabilities, arise. Theory and simulation are even more important for electric space propulsion systems design since testing in real conditions involves to launch a satellite into space.In this work, we derive the equations of the multi-dimensional isothermal plasma transport, we establish a sheath criterion that causes the magnetic confinement to saturate in low-temperature, weakly ionized plasmas, and we model the electron cooling through the magnetic filter of the PEGASES (Plasma Propulsion with Electronegative Gases) thruster. All the theories are driven and validated with extensive two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, using the LPPic code that was partially developed in the frame of this project. Finally, the simulation cases are extended to an iodine inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharge with a new set of reaction cross sections

A continuous increase in demands from the utility grid and traction applications have steered public attention toward the integration of energy storage (ES) and hybrid ES (HESS) solutions. Modern technologies are no longer limited to batteries, but can include supercapacitors (SC) and flywheel electromechanical ES well. However, insufficient control and algorithms to monitor these devices can result in a wide range of operational issues. A modern day control platform must have a deep understanding of the source. In this dissertation, specialized modular Energy Storage Management Controllers (ESMC) were developed to interface with a variety of ES devices. The EMSC provides the capability to individually monitor and control a wide range of different ES, enabling the extraction of an ES module within a series array to charge or conduct maintenance, while remaining storage can still function to serve a demand. Enhancements and testing of the ESMC are explored in not only interfacing of multiple ES and HESS, but also as a platform to improve management algorithms. There is an imperative need to provide a bridge between the depth of the electrochemical physics of the battery and the power engineering sector, a feat which was accomplished over the course of this work. First, the ESMC was tested on a lead acid battery array to verify its capabilities. Next, physics-based models of lead acid and lithium ion batteries lead to the improvement of both online battery management and established multiple metrics to assess their lifetime, or state of health. Three unique HESS were then tested and evaluated for different applications and purposes. First, a hybrid battery and SC HESS was designed and tested for shipboard power systems. Next, a lithium ion battery and SC HESS was utilized for an electric vehicle application, with the goal to reduce cycling on the battery. Finally, a lead acid battery and flywheel ES HESS was analyzed for how the inclusion of a battery can provide a dramatic improvement in the power quality versus flywheel ES alone.

Etude theorique des mecanismes collectifs de transport qui gouvernent le passage de l'etat isolant a l'etat conducteur d'un gaz soumis a un champ electrique. Le modele mathematique chois est auto-consistant. Il repose sur le formalisme macroscopique de la dynamique du gaz neutre, sur celui de la dynamique des gaz ionises et sur l'equation de poisson

Mesures de conductivite et d'effet hall entre 4 et 300k. Les comportements des echantillons recuits ou trempes s'interpretent par des processus de diffusion des electrons impliquant phonons acoustiques et impuretes neutres. L'etude d'un cycle chauffage-refroidissement traversant la temperature de transition revele un effet d'hysteresis pouvant etre attribue a l'existence de multidomasines. L'effet de plusieurs cycles successifs se traduit par une decoissance graduelle de la conductivite en fonction du nombre de cycles repetes

Nous avons etudie l'action a l'echelle mesoscopique de la presence d'un supraconducteur sur la conductance d'un circuit de metal normal. Apres une discussion de differentes theories concernant ce sujet, nous presentons des mesures a tres basse temperature (20 mk) mettant en evidence l'action non locale de la supraconductivite sur la conductance metallique. Nous montrons que la conductance du metal normal est alors fortement dependante de l'energie des electrons, l'energie caracteristique etant l'energie de thouless. Une experience d'interference effectuee dans la configuration aharonov-bohm met en evidence la portee de la coherence quantique de paires d'electrons dans le metal normal. Nous effectuons une comparaison detaillee avec la theorie des fonctions de green quasiclassiques. Cette comparaison met en evidence le role important joue par les parties exterieures de l'echantillon qui constituent les reservoirs. Nous presentons une technique originale de fabrication d'echantillons mesoscopiques hybrides de niobium et de cuivre. De plus, afin de pouvoir controler la formation des barrieres tunnel, nous avons developpe une vanne permettant de maitriser l'entree, dans un enceinte a ultra-vide, d'oxygene pur a partir de l'air. Nous decrivons un programme ecrit en langage c++, qui permet de calculer la conductance d'un circuit hybride quelconque compose de metal normal et de supraconducteur. Dans le cas ou deux supraconducteurs sont presents a des tensions differentes, l'effet josephson alternatif module la densite d'etats dans le metal normal. Nous presentons une experience, en cours de developpement, visant a mesurer les effets de ces variations de la densite d'etats sur le transport.

Ce travail presente une approche nouvelle des processus electrochimiques non reversibles, reposant sur l'utilisation d'operateurs. Cette approche permet notamment de separer les contributions thermodynamique et cinetique dans la reponse du systeme a une sollicitation donnee, d'ou son interet dans l'analyse des phenomenes d'hysteresis. L'objectif est en fait de proposer une demarche alternative qui dispense de recourir a des modeles connus (fick, nernst, butler-volmer,), souvent inadequats pour l'etude de systemes electrochimiques complexes. Le principe de la methodologie consiste a representer chacune des etapes de la reaction electrochimique (transfert de charge, transferts de matiere) par un operateur. Celui-ci pouvant etre determine directement a partir des donnees experimentales, il n'est plus necessaire de postuler un modele theorique pour decrire le mecanisme de la reaction etudiee. De plus, le traitement propose est valable pour tout type de transfert obeissant a des equations lineaires. La validation experimentale de cette approche a ete realisee dans des conditions de complexite croissante: tout d'abord, dans le cas d'un couple redox a transfert de charge reversible (n-methyl phenothiazine), on a montre que l'on pouvait caracteriser le transfert de matiere et s'en servir pour prevoir la reponse du systeme a une perturbation quelconque. Puis, pour un couple redox a transfert de charge non reversible (ferro-ferricyanure), on a pu quantifier l'influence de la cinetique dans la reponse du systeme, en definissant des composantes a l'equilibre et hors equilibre experimentalement mesurables. Enfin, lorsque se superposent les effets d'un transfert de charge non reversible et de transferts de matiere mal definis (cas du polypyrrole), l'application de la methodologie a conduit a des informations originales concernant le comportement electrochimique d'un film de polymere conducteur depose sur une electrode

L'applicabilite de la technique de l'effet mirage comme outil d'analyse quantitative des echanges de matiere entre un systeme electroactif depose sur une electrode et la solution a ete demontree dans cet ouvrage. L'effet mirage est base sur la propriete d'un faisceau lumineux de devier de sa trajectoire initiale lorsqu'il traverse un milieu dont l'indice de refraction n'est pas homogene. Or, l'indice de refraction depend de la temperature de ce milieu (effet mirage thermique) et de la concentration d'une espece dissoute (effet mirage de concentration). Il est montre que la technique de l'effet mirage de concentration s'applique a l'etude de la dynamique ionique de systemes electrochimiques aussi varies que l'oxydation catalytique de l'hypophosphite sur une electrode de nickel, le comportement d'une electrode sacrificielle carbone-soufre, et le processus d'oxydoreduction des polycarbazoles. La correction du delai de propagation des especes entre l'electrode et le faisceau lumineux a ete realisee grace a l'outil mathematique de convolution temporelle. Il est ainsi possible de comparer quantitativement le courant mesure a l'electrode et le signal mirage mesure a une centaine de micrometres de cette derniere. L'utilisation de cet outil pour l'etude du processus d'oxydoreduction d'un polymere conducteur electronique modele, tel que le polypyrrole, a permis de discriminer les flux anionique et cationique. Enfin, le couplage in situ des techniques de voltamperometrie cyclique, d'effet mirage et de microbalance a quartz a ete realise pour la premiere fois. Il a permis de mesurer simultanement l'evolution des flux d'anions, de cations et de solvant au cours du processus d'oxydoreduction du polypyrrole

Cette thèse apporte des éléments sur la compréhension de la gestion de l'eau et de ses effets sur les performances électriques d'une PEMFC au moyen de modélisations multi-échelle des transferts. Une analyse du transport couplé de charges et de matière dans les pores de la membrane est proposée. La présence d'eau liquide est prise en compte dans les GDL (écoulements diphasiques) et les couches actives (noyage). Le couplage de ces modèles à une description des transferts de matière le long des canaux d’alimentation permet de mettre en évidence une répartition non-uniforme des concentrations en eau, des flux et donc de la densité de courant. Les résultats numériques sont comparés à des données expérimentales (coefficient de partage de l'eau et performance électrique locale) obtenues au laboratoire sur deux piles. Ceci permet de valider les modèles de fonctionnement du cœur de pile et d'alimenter la réflexion sur la connaissance et la modélisation des transferts d'eau dans le cœur de pile
This works contributes to the understanding of water management of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell and of its links with the electrical performances. More specifically, the manuscript deals with the multi-scale modelling of transport phenomena. An analysis of coupled mass and charge transfer in the pores of a polymer membrane is presented. The presence of liquid water is considered in the GDL (two-phase flow) and in the active layers (flooding). The description of these phenomena is associated with that of gas depletion along the bipolar plate channels. This allows to emphasize the non-uniformity of water concentration, of the fluxes and as a consequence, of current density. The numerical results are compared with experimental data (water transport coefficient, local electrical performances) measured on two different fuel cells. This comparison validates at least partially the numerical models and provides further information for the analysis of water management within PEMFC

Les proprietes de transport (magnetoconductivite, effet hall, ondes de densite de charge, ondes de densite de spin, transitions supraconductrices) des oxydes metalliques et supraconducteurs quasi-bidimensionnels sont etudiees a basse temperature

Etude des proprietes electriques et optiques a basse temperature dans inp de haute purete. Observation de l'effet hall quantique par etude detaillee de proprietes de transport des porteurs bidimensionnels a l'heterojoncion, a dopage module de type p ou n dans inp/ga::(0,47) in::(0,53) as et inp/ga::(0,25) in::(0,75) as::(0,5) p::(0,5). Etude des proprietes structurelles et optiques des puits quantiques multiples inp/ga::(0,47) in::(0,53) as

The first part of the present Phd thesis is devoted to transport investigations in disordered quantum systems. We aim at quantitatively determining transport parameters like conductivity, mean free path, etc., for simple models of spatially disordered and/or percolated quantum systems in the limit of high temperatures and low fillings using linear response theory. We find the transport behavior for some models to be in accord with a Boltzmann equation, i.e., long mean free paths, exponentially decaying currents although there are no band-structures to start from, while this does not apply to other models even though they are also almost completely delocalized. The second part of the present PhD thesis addresses the issue of initial state independence (ISI) in closed quantum system. The relevance of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) for the emergence of ISI equilibration is to some extent addressed. To this end, we investigate the Heisenberg spin-ladder and check the validity of the ETH for the energy difference operator by examining the scaling behavior of the corresponding ETH-fluctuations, which we compute using an innovative numerical method based on typicality related arguments. While, the ETH turns out to hold for the generic non-integrable models and may therefore serve as the key mechanism for ISI for this cases, it does not hold for the integrable Heisenberg-chain. However, close analysis on the dynamic of substantially out-of-equilibrium initial states indicates the occurrence of ISI equillibration in the thermodynamic limit regardless of whether the ETH is violated. Thus, we introduce a new parameter $v$, which we propose as an alternative of the ETH to indicate ISI equillibration in cases, in which the ETH does not strictly apply.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
物理研究所
99
Electric and thermoelectric properties on bilayer graphene (BLG) under either high magnetic field or perpendicular electric field are investigated experimentally. For BLG under high magnetic field, the transverse thermoelectric conductivity αxy is determined from four transport coefficients which are measured experimentally. αxy(Vbg) attains a peak value of αxy,peak whenever the chemical potential μ, which can be tuned by Vbg, lies in the center of a Landau level. The results show that the temperature dependence of αxy,peak is dictated by the disorder width WL. For kBT/WL ≤ 0.2, peak value αxy,peak is basically linear in temperature, which gives a slope αxy,peak /T=0.019±0.03 nA/K2 and is independent of the magnetic field, temperature, and Landau-level index. At kBT/WL ≥ 0.5, αxy,peak saturates to a value close to the predicted universal value of 4(ln2) kBe/h from the theory of Girvin and Jonson. In addition to the universality of αxy,peak, we also find two anomalies around charge neutrality point (CNP) which cannot be explained by the generalized Mott relation. We attribute the failure of Mott relation to the proposed phase of counter propagating edge channels with opposite spin which presents when spin degeneracy is lifted, as indicated from the observed double peaks feature in the longitudinal conductivity σxx near CNP in our device. Considering the long spin diffusion length in graphene system, the proposed spin polarized counter propagating edge channels in the spin degeneracy lifted BLG around CNP is very interesting for spintronics application. For the BLG under perpendicular electric field, a full electric-field tuning of thermoelectric power (TEP) in a BLG device is demonstrated experimentally with dual-gated geometry. Under a strong electric field bias along the out of sample plane direction, a band-gap is opened in BLG. Resistance and TEP signal are then measured at different biased fields readily tuned by the dual-gated geometry for temperature ranging from 15K to 300K. The TEP exhibits an enhancement as biased field increases, and grows larger at lower temperature. At 15K and a biased field of 0.7V/nm, the TEP reaches a value of 48μV/K and is four-fold increased compared to the unbiased BLG. We suggest that with the introduction of material with high dielectric constant serves as the dielectrics, the enhancement could be enhanced further by increase the biased field further. This enhanced TEP at low temperature makes dual gated BLG device an idea candidate for the thermoelectric application at low temperature such as the power source for spacecrafts. We also find evidences indicating the band structure deformation when larger biased field applied, suggesting redistribution of states near the CNP. Further experiments could be made to confirm this scenario.

The performance of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) at the cell and system levels is studied using computer simulation. At the cell level, a new model combining the cell micro and macro models is developed. Using this model, the microstructural variables of porous composite electrodes can be linked to the cell performance. In this approach, the electrochemical performance of porous composite electrodes is predicted using a micro-model. In the micro-model, the random-packing sphere method is used to estimate the microstructural properties of porous composite electrodes from the independent microstructural variables. These variables are the electrode porosity, thickness, particle size ratio, and size and volume fraction of electron-conducting particles. Then, the complex interdependency among the multi-component mass transport, electron and ion transports, and the electrochemical and chemical reactions in the microstructure of electrodes is taken into account to predict the electrochemical performance of electrodes. The temperature distribution in the solid structure of the cell and the temperature and species partial pressure distributions in the bulk fuel and air streams are predicted using the cell macro-model. In the macro-model, the energy transport is considered for the cell solid structure and the mass and energy transports are considered for the fuel and air streams. To demonstrate the application of the cell level model developed, entitled the combined micro- and micro-model, several anode-supported co-flow planar cells with a range of microstructures of porous composite electrodes are simulated. The mean total polarization resistance, the mean total power density, and the temperature distribution in the cells are predicted. The results of this study reveal that there is an optimum value for most of the microstructural variables of the electrodes at which the mean total polarization resistance of the cell is minimized. There is also an optimum value for most of the microstructural variables of the electrodes at which the mean total power density of the cell is maximized. The microstructure of porous composite electrodes also plays a significant role in the mean temperature, the temperature difference between the hottest and coldest spots, and the maximum temperature gradient in the solid structure of the cell. Overall, using the combined micro- and micro-model, an appropriate microstructure for porous composite electrodes to enhance the cell performance can be designed. At the system level, the full load operation of two SOFC systems is studied. To model these systems, the basic cell model is used for SOFCs at the cell level, the repeated-cell stack model is used for SOFCs at the stack level, and the thermodynamic model is used for the balance of plant components of the system. In addition to these models, a carbon deposition model based on the thermodynamic equilibrium assumption is employed. For the system level model, the first SOFC system considered is a combined heat and power (CHP) system that operates with biogas fuel. The performance of this system at three different configurations is evaluated. These configurations are different in the fuel processing method to prevent carbon deposition on the anode catalyst. The fuel processing methods considered in these configurations are the anode gas recirculation (AGR), steam reforming (SR), and partial oxidation reformer (POX) methods. The application of this system is studied for operation in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and in single-family detached dwellings. The evaluation of this system for operation in a WWTP indicates that if the entire biogas produced in the WWTP is used in the system with AGR or SR fuel processors, the electric power and heat required to operate the plant can be completely supplied and the extra electric power generated can be sold to the electrical grid. The evaluation of this system for operation in single-family detached dwellings indicates that, depending on the size, location, and building type and design, this system with all configurations studied is suitable to provide the domestic hot water and electric power demands. The second SOFC system is a novel portable electric power generation system that operates with liquid ammonia fuel. Size, simplicity, and high electrical efficiency are the main advantages of this environmentally friendly system. Using a sensitivity analysis, the effects of the cell voltage at several fuel utilization ratios on the number of cells required for the SOFC stack, system efficiency and voltage, and excess air required for thermal management of the SOFC stack are studied.