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1
Yang, Dong, Huihui Wang, Bocong Zheng, Xiaobing Zou, Xinxin Wang i Yangyang Fu. "Application of similarity laws to dual-frequency capacitively coupled radio frequency plasmas with the electrical asymmetry effect". Plasma Sources Science and Technology 31, nr 11 (1.11.2022): 115002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/ac9a6e.
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Abstract Similarity laws (SLs) are useful for correlation and prediction of plasma parameters at different scales, which have been verified for geometrically symmetric capacitive radio-frequency (rf) discharges in nonlocal kinetic regimes. In this work, we demonstrate the applicability of SLs to dual-frequency rf discharges and confirm that similarity relations still hold considering the electrical asymmetry effect (EAE). By simultaneously tuning the control parameters (the gas pressure p, discharge gap d, and driving frequency f), we examine the similarity relations in rf plasmas via fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulations with the external circuits coupled and solved self-consistently. The validity of the SL scalings in dual-frequency rf plasmas with the EAE is confirmed for parameters such as the electron/ion density, ion flux, dc self-bias, ion energy distribution function, and power absorption. Although adjusted by the EAE, the dc self-bias and ion energy distribution functions are identified as similarity invariants under similar discharge conditions. Furthermore, the plasma series resonance phenomenon, filamentation of power depositions of electrons and ions in bulk plasma, and electric field reversal are observed in dual-frequency discharges with the EAE, which can also be exactly replicated under similar discharge conditions. The results further extend the application of SL scaling to dual-frequency rf plasmas, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the scaling characteristics in rf plasmas.
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Syssoev, V. S., M. Y. Naumova, Y. A. Kuznetsov, A. I. Orlov, D. I. Sukharevsky, L. M. Makalsky i A. V. Kukhno. "Streamer discharge plasma generator". Perspektivnye Materialy 2 (2022): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2022-2-62-69.
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A description of the developed nanosecond high-voltage generator of low-temperature plasma based on a volume streamer discharge is given. Plasma is formed in a high-voltage three-electrode gap, one of which is at a floating potential. Plasma is formed when a special switch is triggered, which connects a floating potential electrode, pre-charged with positive streamers, to a grounded electrode. The operation of the generator in a pulse-periodic mode greatly simplifies its application in experimental studies. Its design and electrical circuit are described. The main electrical characteristics and parameters of streamer plasma radiation in the optical and ultraviolet ranges are presented. An example of a specific application of a generator plasma for solving problems of water purification from metal ions (by the example of manganese) using electric discharge technology is given. The use of a low-temperature plasma of a streamer discharge for experimental research in the field of propagation of an ultrahigh-frequency (microwave) signal in an ionized region of the atmosphere (thunderstorm cell) is described.
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Tazmeev, K. K., i A. K. Tazmeev. "Features of a burning electric arc superimposed on gas discharge with liquid electrolyte cathode". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2270, nr 1 (1.05.2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2270/1/012021.
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Abstract The conditions for burning an electric arc in a discharge plasma with a solution cathode have been studied. Both discharges were connected to the same metal anode. The electric arc burned in the current range of 5–10 A. The discharge current with a solution cathode varied within 8-15 A. In the experiments, aqueous solutions of common salt were used. The specific electrical conductivity of the solutions was 10–15 mS/cm. Spectral investigations of arc plasma radiation and discharge with a solution cathode have been carried out. Calculations of the parameters of the electron gas in the plasma column have been performed.
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Ramakrishnan, S. "Technological Challenges in Thermal Plasma Production". Australian Journal of Physics 48, nr 3 (1995): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph950377.
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Thermal plasmas, generated by electric arc discharges, are used in a variety of industrial applications. The electric arc is a constricted electrical discharge with a high temperature in the range 6000-25,000 K. These characteristics are useful in plasma cutting, spraying, welding and specific areas of material processing. The thermal plasma technology is an enabling process technology and its status in the market depends upon its advantages over competing technologies. A few technological challenges to enhance the status of plasma technology are to improve the utilisation of the unique characteristics of the electric arc and to provide enhanced control of the process. In particular, new solutions are required for increasing the plasma-material interaction, controlling the electrode roots and controlling the thermal power generated by the arcing process.
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Popović, I., i M. Zlatanović. "Equivalent Circuits of Unipolar Pulsed Plasma System for Electrical and Optical Signal Analysis". Materials Science Forum 555 (wrzesień 2007): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.555.89.
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Matching of pulse plasma generators to various gas discharges for surface treatment of materials depends on plasma processing equipment. In order to investigate the influence of pulse plasma generator and gas discharge parameters on electrical signal waveforms during the process of unipolar pulse plasma nitriding, equivalent electrical circuit was introduced. The influence of parasitic inductance of interconnection lines and vacuum chamber physical properties was also included in the given equivalent circuit. Gas discharge characteristics at different process parameters were investigated. It was found that the gas discharge and pulse plasma generator properties, as well as the electrical characteristics of interconnecting lines determined the system electrical signal response. From the analysis of optical signals emitted by the gas discharge it was found that the optical signal response might be represented by a typical RC integrator circuit response with the time constant higher than that of the equivalent electrical circuit of generator load. The conclusion was drawn that the process of charge particles generation is followed by the process of active species generation responsible for thermo-chemical processes on the cathode surface. Thus, the increase of the pulse plasma frequency is limited by the thermo-chemical process efficiency, and not only by the generator switching characteristics or by gas discharge electrical properties.
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Titov, Evgeniy, Ivan Bodrikov i Dmitry Titov. "Control of the Energy Impact of Electric Discharges in a Liquid Phase". Energies 16, nr 4 (8.02.2023): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041683.
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This paper describes the scheme and algorithm for controlling a laboratory setup that result in low uncertainty and high convergence with respect to the characteristics of electric discharges under the conditions of variable parameters of a reaction medium. The article presents current and voltage oscillograms when processing hydrocarbon raw materials. Methods for calculating the energy impact of electrical discharge are described. A comparison is made between the parameters of electric discharge with current pulse limitations and those without current pulse duration limitations. The proposed approach to controlling the characteristics of electric discharges provides the same parameters of nonthermal nonequilibrium plasma and, as a result, a regular composition of the products of plasma pyrolysis of hydrocarbon raw materials.
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A. khadayeir, Abdulhussain, i Falah H. yousif. "Study of the Effect of Cathode Graphite on I-V Characteristics of Argon DC Glow Discharge". University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 8, nr 2 (12.09.2022): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci.v8i2.872.
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In this paper, the electrical properties of the glowing Argon discharge were studied for the purpose of knowing the parameters of the stable plasma work. The Argon plasma generated from the DC glow discharge has been examined. The glowing discharge system consists of two electrodes , The cathode is made of graphite with a disk of 8cm diameter and 1.7cm thickness. The anode is made of aluminum material with a disk of 8.8cm diameter and 1.1cm thickness. The electrical electrodes are enclosed in a glass cylinder made of pyrex containing argon gas.
Several parameters which affect on the state of electric discharge, including gas pressure and the distance between electrodes.(I-V) curves of electrical discharge were measured at different pressures(0.075,0.32,0.65,0.75 and 1.12 torr) and distance between electrodes(2,4,6 and10 cm). By observing the electrical properties (I-V), it is concluded that the electric discharge of the plasma argon gas works within the abnormal glow area and is an important parameter in the deposition process. The higher discharge current of the argon plasma increases with increased pressure, the higher deposition rate was achieved.
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Thagard, Selma Mededovic, i Bruce R. Locke. "Electrical discharge plasma for water treatment". Water Intelligence Online 16 (15.05.2017): 493–533. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781780407197_0493.
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Zudov, V. N., i A. V. Tupikin. "Effect of an Electric Field on an Optical Breakdown in the Air Stream". SIBERIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 16, nr 2 (11.01.2022): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-9447-2021-16-2-48-58.
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Experimental data on the effect of an electric field on the plasma of an optical discharge in an air flow have been obtained. Two configurations of an external electric field under the action of an optical discharge on the plasma are considered. To create an electric field, flat (the field along the beam and across the flow) and ring electrodes (the field across the laser beam and along the flow) were used. It was found that there are two modes of combined discharge (optical and electrical). When the field was created symmetrically with respect to the flow axis, an electrical breakdown was observed from the nozzle exit (positively charged electrode) to the focusing point of the laser beam, while no streamers were observed in the optical discharge wake. In another case, an electric discharge is realized between flat electrodes simultaneously with optical breakdown. In a field of constant strength above 3 kV/cm, the presence of an optical discharge plasma promoted electrical breakdown of the medium. In this case, the parameters of the electrical breakdown depended on the shape of the electrodes, the polarity of the applied voltage, and the air flow rate.
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Yang, Lei, Xiang Yang Liu, Si Yu Wang i Ning Fei Wang. "Theoretical and Numerical Analysis of Discharge Characteristics in Pulsed Electromagnetic Accelerators". Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (wrzesień 2013): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.805.
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Discharge is critical physical process in pulsed electromagnetic accelerators for arc plasma jet device, and its characteristics directly determines the accelerator performance. The mechanisms of discharge plasma and flow in the accelerator are analyzed by magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The model is coupled with electric circuit model based on weakly nonideal plasma conductivity and ablation model. Calculation results show that there is some nonideal plasma region which has important effects on electrical conductivity; most ablated gases are ionized at the half cycle of the discharge time and are accelerated by Lorentz force to high exhaust velocity; electrical conductivity, plasma temperature and density are increasing with discharge energy unleashed, and gradually reduce in the post-discharge.
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Siriprayook, Pitawas, Paulo Coelho i José Duarte Marafona. "Electrical discharge machining plasma developed in a solid or gaseous medium". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 231, nr 8 (22.08.2015): 1301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405415598942.
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The article aims to show that the electrical discharge machining plasma can be developed in solid or gaseous medium, through the numerical and experimental evaluation of process performance. The plasma channel developed in gaseous medium is based on an electrical discharge developed in a gas bubble and the plasma channel developed in solid medium is based on underwater explosions. The main electrical difference between both mediums is on its electrical resistivity. However, if the radius of plasma channel increases, its electrical resistivity should decrease because its electrical resistance and applied current intensity are constant, or in other words, the applied electrical power is constant during discharge duration. Thus, the plasma channel is developed in gaseous and solid mediums, with same electrical resistivity and Joule factor, because the radius of plasma channel is considered constant during discharge duration. The comparison of numerical results of electrical discharge machining performance obtained through an electrical discharge machining plasma developed in gaseous and solid mediums shows high agreement with the experimental results. Therefore, the electrical discharge machining plasma developed in solid and gaseous mediums is reliable when hydrocarbon oil is used as a dielectric fluid due to the high degree of agreement of numerical and experimental results of electrical discharge machining performance.
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Markus, Detlev, Stefan Essmann, Johann-Robert Kummer, Rajiv Shekhar, Carsten Uber, Udo Gerlach i Ulrich Maas. "Ignition by Electrical Discharges". Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 231, nr 10 (26.10.2017): 1655–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2016-0903.
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Abstract The ignition of combustible/air mixtures by electrical discharges includes several physical and chemical processes. In process safety often the total available electrical energy is taken as a risk measure. However, to get a more detailed insight in the ignition process, also energy losses to the surrounding have to be considered. Additionally, for specific discharges not only the dissipation leading to thermal heating is of importance. Especially in the case of non-equilibrium plasma, a specific fractional amount of the discharge energy is used for electron impact dissociation, excitation, and ionization reactions, producing active radicals and ions during the discharge phase. While the electrical energy can be measured easily, it is difficult to determine energy losses. In this paper three different electrical discharges are examined experimentally and numerically to yield a better understanding of the ignition by electrical discharges.
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Sobczyk, Arkadiusz T., i Anatol Jaworek. "Carbon Microstructures Synthesis in Low Temperature Plasma Generated by Microdischarges". Applied Sciences 11, nr 13 (23.06.2021): 5845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135845.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate the process of growth of different carbon deposits in low-current electrical microdischarges in argon with an admixture of cyclohexane as the carbon feedstock. The method of synthesis of carbon structures is based on the decomposition of hydrocarbons in low-temperature plasma generated by an electrical discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure. The following various types of microdischarges generated at this pressure were tested for both polarities of supply voltage with regard to their applications to different carbon deposit synthesis: Townsend discharge, pre-breakdown streamers, breakdown streamers and glow discharge. In these investigations the discharge was generated between a stainless-steel needle and a plate made of a nickel alloy, by electrode distances varying between 1 and 15 mm. The effect of distance between the electrodes, discharge current and hydrocarbon concentration on the obtained carbon structures was investigated. Carbon nanowalls and carbon microfibers were obtained in these discharges.
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Lan, Yu Dan, i Li Ming He. "Electrical Characteristics Investigation of Transient Plasma Ignition". Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (październik 2011): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.503.
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A pseudo-spark based high repetition pulse generator is used, and a rapid charger (3μF) is used for repetitive discharge, and the frequency of typical discharge is 10 kHz. The pulse generator can provide pulse with duration of 1~2μs, which can be generated at 10~100 kHz maximum repetition rate in burst mode, with amplitudes up to 140 kV and 7 J of energy per ignition pulse. This paper studies the changing laws of voltage and current in TPI under different electrodes and discharge voltages. The result indicates that the use of screw thread electrode can increase the discharge times of TPI, reduce applied voltage without reducing the peak burst power. With the same time, TPI can raise the pulse energy and reduce pulse time by increasing voltage.
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Sharma, Vinita, Katsuhiko Hosoi, Tamio Mori i Shin-ichi Kuroda. "Electrical and Optical Characterization of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet and the Effects of N2 Gas on Argon Plasma Discharge". Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (grudzień 2012): 522–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.522.
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In this study, we conducted experiments to investigate the electrical and optical characteristics of a non-equilibrium Ar-N2 plasma discharge at atmospheric pressure. To obtain the plasma discharge we used our indigenously designed plasma generating device named CAPPLAT (Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Torch) which was manufactured by Cresur Corporation. The plasma discharge obtained with only Ar gas was quite filamentary. So, to achieve a homogeneous discharge N2 gas was admixed. The effects of different volumes of admixed N2 gas were also studied. The optical emission spectroscopy was used to study the active charged species in the plasma discharges. The further increased volume of N2 gas further suppressed the emission intensity of Ar metastables but at the same time the emission intensity of the second positive system of nitrogen molecules (N2(C3Πu) enhanced significantly. It can be concluded that in Ar- plasma discharge, argon metastables are the main energy carriers but when N2 gas is added to the feeding gas (Ar) for plasma generation, the second positive system of nitrogen molecules (N2(C3Πu) become the main energy carriers. On the other hand the addition of the N2 gas doesn’t change the electrical characteristics of plasma discharge significantly. To identify the effectiveness of the CAPPLAT as a tool for sterilization, highly environmental stress resistant bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) endospores were treated for different durations. We could successfully deactivate the population of 1.0X107 to 4.0X107 Bacillus endospores/ml. The details of this experiment are discussed in our next paper.
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Gaysin, A. F., F. M. Gaysin, L. N. Bagautdinova, A. A. Khafizov, R. I. Valiev i E. V. Gazeeva. "Plasma-electrolyte discharges in a gas-liquid medium for the production of hydrogen". Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 23, nr 2 (21.05.2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2021-23-2-27-35.
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THE PURPOSE. Comprehensive study of the effect of direct current electric discharge plasma in a gas-liquid medium of inorganic mixtures in order to obtain gaseous hydrogen. Obtain volt-ampere, volt-second and ampere-second characteristics of the discharge at various concentrations of electrolyte. Study the process of electrolysis, breakdown, discharge ignition and discharge flow in a dielectric tube at a constant current. METHODS. To solve this problem, experimental studies were carried out on a model installation, which consists of a power supply system, a discharge chamber, equipment for monitoring and controlling the operation of the installation and measuring the characteristics of an electric discharge. To analyze the stability of the discharge, the time dependences of the voltage ripple and the discharge current were obtained. RESULTS. Experimental studies were carried out between the electrolytic cathode and the electrolytic anode at constant current and at atmospheric pressure with the following parameters: discharge voltage U = 0.1-1.5 kV, discharge current I = 0.02-2.3 A, interelectrode distance l = 100 mm , 1%, 3% and 5% solutions of sodium chloride in tap water were used as electrolytes. CONCLUSION. It is shown that electrical breakdown and ignition of a discharge that is stable in time depends on the conductivity of the gas-liquid medium of the electrolyte. The nature of the current-voltage characteristics depends on the random processes occurring in the gas-liquid medium, which is associated with numerous breakdowns occurring in the gas-liquid medium of the electrolyte, combustion and attenuation of microdischarges, the appearance of bubbles, and the movement of the electrolyte inside the dielectric tube. It is shown that the generation of hydrogen and hydrogen-containing components can occur both at the stage of electrolysis and during discharge combustion. A feature of this method is that electrical discharges in the tube increase the release of hydrogen. In this installation, inorganic and organic liquids of a certain composition and concentration can be used. The results of experimental studies made it possible to develop and create a small-sized installation for producing gaseous hydrogen. Tests have shown that a small-sized plant can be taken as the basis for a industrial plant for the production of hydrogen gas.
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Liu, Qingyu, Qinhe Zhang, Min Zhang i Fazhan Yang. "Study on the Time-Varying Characteristics of Discharge Plasma in Micro-Electrical Discharge Machining". Coatings 9, nr 11 (1.11.2019): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110718.
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Micro electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) has been widely applied in the field of precision machining, but the machining mechanism is still unclear. In this paper, the relationship between the characteristics of discharge plasma and discharge duration is clarified by analyzing the formation and expansion process of the discharge plasma channel under micro-scale discharge conditions. Based on the experimental results, the effects of discharge duration on the discharge current, discharge voltage and discharge crater size are discussed. The results show that the expansion acceleration, internal pressure, temperature, and electron density of the discharge plasma decrease as the discharge duration increase, while the radius and expansion velocity of the discharge plasma increase, and finally the discharge plasma reaches the state of shape–position equilibrium. The resistance of discharge plasma is estimated to fluctuate in the range of 38–45 Ω by the ratio of discharge maintenance voltage to discharge current. The energy utilization rate of micro-EDM is very high when discharge duration is less than 4 μs, and then decreases gradually as the discharge duration increased. There is a positive linear relationship between discharge crater volume and discharge duration. The discharge duration has no significant effect on the discharge crater depth. This study provides a theoretical basis for further study of discharge plasma characteristics in micro-EDM.
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Popović, I., i M. Zlatanović. "Electrical and Optical Signal Analysis of Pulse Powered Glow Discharge System". Materials Science Forum 518 (lipiec 2006): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.518.337.
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The electrical and optical signal waveforms of nitrogen/hydrogen glow discharges used for plasma nitriding process were recorded and analyzed. The shape of the discharge voltage and current signals is dependent on the process parameters, pulse plasma generator properties and cathode geometry. It has been found that the dynamic parameters of the electrical signal waveforms contain information related to the charged particles generation, which is relevant to the homogeneity of different gas discharge surface treatment processes. On the other hand, information related to the active species generation responsible for thermochemical processes at the cathode surface is stored in the optical emission waveforms. The generation and quenching of the active ingredients during the voltage pulses switch on and off influence the shape of the emitted light signals. From the optical signal analysis it was found that the thermochemical processes are influenced by the plasma generator properties such as pulse duty cycle, frequency, applied discharge voltage level and process parameters like working gas composition, operating temperature and pressure.
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Stelmashuk, Vitaliy, Vaclav Prukner, Karel Kolacek, Andrii Tuholukov, Petr Hoffer, Jaroslav Straus, Oleksandr Frolov i Vit Jirasek. "Optical Emission Spectroscopy of Underwater Spark Generated by Pulse High-Voltage Discharge with Gas Bubble Assistant". Processes 10, nr 8 (27.07.2022): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10081474.
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This paper is aimed at the investigation of the acoustic and spectral characteristics of underwater electric sparks generated between two plate electrodes, using synchronized gas bubble injection. There are two purposes served by discharge initiation in the bubble. Firstly, it creates a favorable condition for electrical breakdown. Secondly, the gas bubble provides an opportunity for the direct spectroscopy of plasma light emission, avoiding water absorption. The effect of water absorption on captured spectra was studied. It was observed that the emission intensity of the Ha line and a shockwave amplitude generated by discharge strongly depend on the size of the gas bubble in the moment of the discharge initiation. It was found that the plasma in the underwater spark channel does not correspond to a source of black-body radiation. This study can be also very useful for understanding the difference between discharges produced directly in a liquid and discharges produced in gas/vapor bubbles surrounded by a liquid.
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Brandenburg, Ronny, Milko Schiorlin, Michael Schmidt, Hans Höft, Andrei V. Pipa i Volker Brüser. "Plane Parallel Barrier Discharges for Carbon Dioxide Splitting: Influence of Discharge Arrangement on Carbon Monoxide Formation". Plasma 6, nr 1 (6.03.2023): 162–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma6010013.
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A planar volume dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in pure carbon dioxide (CO2) for the formation of carbon monoxide (CO) is examined by combined electrical and CO density measurements. The influence of the type of electrode, the barrier material, the barrier thickness, and the discharge gap on the plasma power and the CO formation is analyzed systematically. The electrical characterization by means of charge-voltage plots is based on the simplest equivalent circuit model of DBDs, extended by the so-called partial surface discharge effect and the presence of parallel parasitic capacitances. The stackable discharge arrangement in this study enables one to elucidate the influence of parasitic capacitances, which can be overlooked in the application of such plasma sources. The determination of the discharge voltage from charge-voltage plots and the validity of the so-called Manley power equation are revised by taking into account non-uniform coverage as well as parasitic capacitances. The energy yield (EY) of CO is analyzed and compared with the literature. No correlations of EY with the mean reduced electric field strength or the geometric parameters of the DBD arrangement are observed.
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UHM, HAN S., EUN H. CHOI, GUANGSUP CHO i JAE J. KO. "Properties of high-pressure discharge plasmas". Journal of Plasma Physics 64, nr 3 (wrzesień 2000): 275–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002237780000859x.
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Plasma properties during and immediately after electrical breakdown in a high-pressure gas are investigated. A simple scaling law of electrical discharge at high pressure is obtained. Introducing the normalized net ionization rate ξ, the electron temperature at breakdown is described uniquely in terms of the ionization properties of the gas, the second ionization coefficient γ at the cathode, and the parameter pd, where p is the gas pressure and d is the system dimension. The electron attachment process plays a decisive role in the breakdown phenomenon for a high-pressure gas, whereas it is not important in low-pressure discharges. An analytical expression for the high-pressure plasma density is obtained by making use of the electron rate equation. A simple analytical expression for plasma generation in a high-pressure gas provides important scaling laws in the d.c. electrical discharge system, where the electron attachment process is negligible. It is found that the logarithm of the electron density at breakdown is proportional to the discharge time τb, and is inversely proportional to the pulse risetime and the gap distance d between the two electrodes. The plasma density at breakdown is also an increasing function of the gas ionization energy εi.
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Collins, George, i Donald J. Rej. "Plasma Processing of Advanced Materials". MRS Bulletin 21, nr 8 (sierpień 1996): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400035673.
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A plasma, commonly referred to as the “fourth state of matter,” is an ensemble of randomly moving charged particles with a sufficient particle density to remain, on average, electrically neutral. While their scientific study dates from the 19th century, plasmas are ubiquitous, comprising more than 99% of the known material universe. The term “plasma” was first coined in the 1920s by Irving Langmuir at the General Electric Company after the vague resemblance of a filamented glow discharge to a biological plasma.Plasmas are studied for many reasons. Physicists analyze the collective dynamics of ions and electron ensembles, utilizing principals of classical electromagnetics, and fluid and statistical mechanics, to better understand astrophysical, solar, and ionospheric phenomenon, and in applied problems such as thermonuclear fusion. Electrical engineers use plasmas to develop efficient lighting, and high-power electrical switchgear, and for magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) power conversion. Aerospace engineers apply plasmas for attitude adjustment and electric propulsion of satellites. Chemists, chemical engineers, and materials scientists routinely use plasmas in reactive ion etching and sputter deposition. These methods are commonplace in microelec tronics since they allow synthesis of complex material structures with submicron feature sizes. A substantial portion of the multi-billion-dollar market for tooling used to manufacture semiconductors employs some form of plasma process. When compared with traditional wet-chemistry techniques, these dry processes result in minimal waste generation. Plasmas are also useful in bulk processing—for example as thermal sprays for melting materials.While the quest for controlled thermonuclear fusion dominated much of plasma research in the 1960s and 1970s, in the last 20 years it has been the application of plasmas to materials processing that has provided new challenges for many plasma practitioners. It is not surprising that the guest editors and several of the authors for this issue of MRS Bulletin come from a fusion plasma-physics background.
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Tazmeev, G. K., B. A. Timerkaev i K. K. Tazmeev. "Combined electric discharge “arc + discharge with liquid electrolyte cathode”". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2064, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2064/1/012112.
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Abstract A combination of an electric arc and discharge with a liquid electrolyte cathode in a single discharge gap has been created. The plasma column of discharge with liquid electrolyte cathode formed a “hollow cylinder”. The electric arc was burned in a vapor-gas environment inside the “hollow cylinder”. The gas discharge current with liquid electrolyte cathode was set in the range of 5-10 A, and the arc current varied in the range of 1-10 A. Aqueous solutions of sodium chloride with a specific electrical conductivity of 10-15 mS/cm were used as a liquid electrolyte. Spectral studies have been carried out in the visible range of radiation. In the experiments, copper and duralumin metal cathodes were used.
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Zhong, Yujie, Hao Wu, Xiandi Li, Jiamao Gao, Wei Jiang, Ya Zhang i Giovanni Lapenta. "Numerical characterization of the breakdown process of dc-driven micro-discharges sustained by thermionic emission". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, nr 21 (25.02.2022): 215203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac4fd4.
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Abstract Because of the larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, micro-discharges can be sustained by surface emission processes. If the cathode is heated, a micro-discharge can be sustained mainly by thermionic emission. However, we still know little about how this kind of plasma is ignited and sustained. In order to explore the breakdown process of dc-driven micro-discharge sustained by thermionic emission, a one-dimensional implicit particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision method is adopted, coupled with the external circuit and thermionic emission model. The breakdown process of micro-discharge lasts about 8 μ s , and this process can be roughly divided into two phases, i.e. pre-breakdown and breakdown phase. The dynamic plasma parameters during the evolution process are analyzed, such as particle density, electron energy distribution function, electric potential, average particle temperature, and particle current density. The plasma electrical characteristics as well as the article and power balance, are also presented to show the evolutionary features of the whole gas breakdown process.
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Starikovskii, A. Yu, N. B. Anikin, I. N. Kosarev, E. I. Mintoussov, S. M. Starikovskaia i V. P. Zhukov. "Plasma-assisted combustion". Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, nr 6 (1.01.2006): 1265–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200678061265.
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This paper presents an overview of experimental and numerical investigations of the nonequilibrium cold plasma generated under high overvoltage and further usage of this plasma for plasma-assisted combustion.Here, two different types of the discharge are considered: a streamer under high pressure and the so-called fast ionization wave (FIW) at low pressure.The comprehensive experimental investigation of the processes of alkane slow oxidation in mixtures with oxygen and air under nanosecond uniform discharge has been performed. The kinetics of alkane oxidation has been measured from methane to decane in stoichiometric and lean mixtures with oxygen and air at room temperature under the action of high-voltage nanosecond uniform discharge.The efficiency of nanosecond discharges as active particles generator for plasma-assisted combustion and ignition has been investigated. The study of nanosecond barrier discharge influence on a flame propagation and flame blow-off velocity has been carried out. With energy input negligible in comparison with the burner's chemical power, a double flame blow-off velocity increase has been obtained. A signicant shift of the ignition delay time in comparison with the autoignition has been registered for all mixtures.Detonation initiating by high-voltage gas discharge has been demonstrated. The energy deposition in the discharge ranged from 70 mJ to 12 J. The ignition delay time, the velocity of the flame front propagation, and the electrical characteristics of the discharge have been measured during the experiments. Under the conditions of the experiment, three modes of the flame front propagation have been observed, i.e., deflagration, transient detonation, and Chapman-Jouguet detonation. The efficiency of the pulsed nanosecond discharge to deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) control has been shown to be very high.
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Świercz, Rafał, i Dorota Oniszczuk-Świercz. "The Effects of Reduced Graphene Oxide Flakes in the Dielectric on Electrical Discharge Machining". Nanomaterials 9, nr 3 (2.03.2019): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9030335.
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Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a nonconventional technology that is frequently used in manufacturing for difficult-to-cut conductive materials. Drawbacks to using EDM include the resulting surface roughness and integrity. One of the recent innovations for improving surface integrity with EDM is the use of a powder mixed dielectric. The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of having reduced graphene oxide (RGO) in the dielectric on the ionization of the plasma channel and the dispersion of electrical discharges. The main goal is to improve the surface integrity of the tool steel 55NiCrMoV7 during finishing machining. To achieve this goal, an experimental investigation was carried out to establish the smallest possible values of discharge current and pulse time at which it is possible to initiate an electric discharge, which causes material removal. Next, the effect of the direction of the electric discharges (electrode polarity) and the concentration (percentage) of RGO in the dielectric on surface integrity was investigated. The results of this experiment indicate that during EDM with RGO, the discharges are dispersed on the RGO flakes. This leads to a multiplication of the discharges during a single pulse, and this strongly affects the surface integrity. The obtained results indicate that it is possible to reduce surface roughness and thickness of the recast layer by approximately 2.5 times compared with conventional EDM.
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Murmantsev, A., A. Veklich, V. Boretskij, M. Bartlová, L. Dostál, J. Píška, D. Šimek, A. Gajdos i O. Tolochyn. "Thermal Plasma of Electric Arc Discharge Between Composite Cu-Cr Electrsodes: Optical Emission and Electrode Surface Interaction". PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 7, nr 2 (19.12.2020): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2020.2.43.
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This work deals with investigations of thermal plasma of electric arc discharge between sintered composite Cu-Cr electrodes, which can be used in electrical contacts of vacuum circuit breakers. Breaking arcs between composite Cu-Cr as well as single-component copper electrodes were used to study the electrical properties, plasma optical emission and electrodes surface modification behavior. In particular, the temporal evolution of plasma emission spectra of electric breaking arcs in air atmosphere was investigated by Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) were applied to analyze the cross-section of working layer of electrodes surface modified by the heat flux from the discharge.
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Zou, Rimao, Zuyuan Yu, Chengyang Yan, Jianzhong Li, Xin Liu i Wenji Xu. "Micro electrical discharge machining in nitrogen plasma jet". Precision Engineering 51 (styczeń 2018): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precisioneng.2017.08.011.
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Rakhmatullin, I. A., A. A. Sivkov i A. F. Makarova. "Boron carbide nanopowder synthesized using electrical discharge plasma". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 552 (12.11.2014): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/552/1/012008.
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Descoeudres, A., Ch Hollenstein, R. Demellayer i G. Wälder. "Optical emission spectroscopy of electrical discharge machining plasma". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 37, nr 6 (24.02.2004): 875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/37/6/012.
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Thagard, Selma Mededovic, Kazunori Takashima i Akira Mizuno. "Plasma Chemistry in Pulsed Electrical Discharge in Liquid". Transactions of the Materials Research Society of Japan 34, nr 2 (2009): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14723/tmrsj.34.257.
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Descoeudres, Antoine, Christoph Hollenstein, René Demellayer i Georg Wälder. "Optical emission spectroscopy of electrical discharge machining plasma". Journal of Materials Processing Technology 149, nr 1-3 (czerwiec 2004): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2003.10.035.
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Muriel, Marcelis L., Rajaram Narayanan i Prabhakar R. Bandaru. "Increasing Energy Storage in Activated Carbon based Electrical Double Layer Capacitors through Plasma Processing". MRS Proceedings 1773 (2015): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.573.
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ABSTRACTWe present a methodology to enhance the electrical capacitance of activated carbon (AC) electrodes based on the introduction of electrically charged defects through argon plasma processing. Extensive characterization using electrochemical techniques incorporating cyclic voltammetry, constant current charge/discharge, and electrical impedance spectroscopy indicated a close to seven-fold increase in capacitance with respect to untreated AC electrodes, not subject to plasma processing.
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Yu, Guanglin, Nan Jiang, Bangfa Peng, Haoyang Sun, Zhengyan Liu i Jie Li. "Study on the plasma characteristics in a needle-plate dielectric barrier discharge with a rotating dielectric plate". Journal of Applied Physics 133, nr 8 (28.02.2023): 083302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0136280.
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The enhancement of plasma generation in atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is gaining increasing interest for various plasma applications. In this paper, the effect of surface charges moving with the rotating dielectric plate on improving the generation of streamer channels is investigated by a statistical analysis of electrical measurements, optical diagnostics, and numerical simulation in a needle-plate DBD device with a rotating dielectric plate. Results suggest that rotating the dielectric plate can improve the spatiotemporal distribution of streamer channels by inducing a bending of the streamer channels and an increase in the number of discharges. Statistical results show that the number of current pulse and discharge energy are increased by 20% and 47%, respectively, at the rotating speed of 160 rps (revolution per second). Based on the interaction between the applied electric field and the electric field induced by surface charges, a formula is proposed to govern the effect of rotating the dielectric plate on the discharge energy and streamer bending. To further understand the mechanism of the influence of rotating the dielectric plate on plasma properties, a 2D fluid model is implemented, and the reduced electric field and streamer propagation are analyzed. Results show that the effective transfer and reuse of surface charges play an important role in the enhancement of plasma generation.
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ZHONG-CAI, YUAN, SHI JIA-MING, CHEN ZONG-SHENG i XU BO. "Electrical and spectral property of cold arc plasma at atmospheric pressure". Journal of Plasma Physics 78, nr 6 (3.05.2012): 617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377812000463.
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AbstractAn atmospheric pressure plasma jet is generated with a cold arc discharge in ambient air. The current-voltage characteristics and optical emission spectra of plasma discharges are investigated. The molecular nitrogen (N2), hydroxyl radical (OH), and oxygen atom (O) are observed and analyzed. Based on the best fit of the simulated spectra of N2 (C3∏u+ − B3∏g+) band and OH (A2∑+ − X2∏) band transition and the experimentally recorded spectra, the rotational temperature and the vibrational temperature of atmospheric pressure cold arc plasma jet (APCAPJ) are estimated.
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Bordusau, S., S. Madveika i A. Dostanko. "Investigation of Microwave Energy Distribution Character in a Resonator Type Plasmatron". PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 3, nr 3 (14.02.2016): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2016.3.122.
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An investigation of microwave energy distribution character in a plasma of microwave discharge inside a plasmatron based on a rectangular resonator has been carried out. The experiments were done applying the "active probe" method. Microwave discharge was excited in the air and oxygen. It has been found out that the readings of the "active probe" along the discharge chamber are of periodic character. The readings of the "active probe" and data on the local electric conductivity of plasma obtained using electrical probes have been compared.
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Stryczewska, Henryka Danuta. "Supply Systems of Non-Thermal Plasma Reactors. Construction Review with Examples of Applications". Applied Sciences 10, nr 9 (7.05.2020): 3242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093242.
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A review of the supply systems of non-thermal plasma reactors (NTPR) with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJ) and gliding arc discharge (GAD) was performed. This choice is due to the following reasons: these types of electrical discharges produce non-thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure, the reactor design is well developed and relatively simple, the potential area of application is large, especially in environmental protection processes and biotechnologies currently under development, theses reactors can be powered from similar sources using non-linear transformer magnetic circuits and power electronics systems, and finally, these plasma reactors and their power supply systems, as well as their applications are the subject of research conducted by the author of the review and her team from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electrotechnology of the Lublin University of Technology, Poland.
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Andrews, Philip, Philip Lax i Sergey Leonov. "Triggering Shock Wave Positions by Patterned Energy Deposition". Energies 15, nr 19 (27.09.2022): 7104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197104.
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The problem considered in this work is shock wave (SW) positioning control in shock-dominated flows. Experiments are conducted to investigate the triggering effect of patterned near-surface electrical discharges on SW reflection from plane walls. In the wind tunnel, M=4, P0 = 4 bar, a solid wedge SW generator is mounted on the upper wall. Q-DC filamentary electrical discharges were arranged on the opposite wall, so that the SW from the wedge impinged on the plasma filaments that are arranged flow-wise in either a row of three or a single central filament. Within the supersonic flow, narrow subsonic areas are actuated by electrical discharge thermal deposition, resulting in pressure redistribution, which, in turn, relocates the reflection of impinging SW to a predefined position. Mie scattering, schlieren imaging, and wall pressure measurements are used to explore the details of plasma-SW interaction. Using Mie scattering, the three-dimensional shape of the SW structure is mapped both before and after electrical discharge activation. Plasma-based triggering mechanisms are described in terms of the physical principles of flow control and a criterion for determining the effectiveness of the flowfield control.
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Kh Tazmeev, B., i V. V. Tsybulevsky. "On the application of a discharge with liquid electrodes for polishing metal surfaces". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2094, nr 4 (1.11.2021): 042001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2094/4/042001.
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Abstract The work investigates the electrical parameters of the discharge plasma with a liquid cathode and a combined porous anode. The discharge is carried out in the vertical position of the plasma column, has a volumetric multichannel structure with a pronounced diffuse structure of the electrode spots. The influence of the porous element on the stabilization of the discharge characteristics is revealed. Discharges with a liquid electrolyte cathode continue to be of great interest from the point of view of practical application and are studied in a wide range of changes in physical and geometric characteristics [1 - 4]. Discharge plasma with a liquid cathode can be most effectively used for cleaning, polishing, with simultaneous removal of fractured and relief layers, hardening, gas saturation, surface activation, improvement of mechanical and other characteristics of agricultural machinery parts. In this work, for plasma polishing, parts of the bearing assemblies of disc harrows were selected.
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Hasan, Mazin H. "Electrical glow discharges and plasma parameter of planar sputtering system for silver target". Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 16, nr 37 (11.09.2018): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v16i37.77.
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DC planar sputtering system is characterized by varying discharge potential of (250-2000 volt) and Argon gas pressures of (3.5×10-2 – 1.5) mbar. The breakdown voltage for silver electrode was studied with a uniform electric field at different discharge distances, as well as plasma parameters. The breakdown voltage is a product of the Argon gas pressure inside the chamber and gab distance between the electrodes, represent as Paschen curve. The Current-voltage characteristics curves indicate that the electrical discharge plasma is working in the abnormal glow region. Plasma parameters were found from the current-voltage characteristics of a single probe positioned at the inter-cathode space. Typical values of the electron temperature and the electron density are in the range of (2.93 –5.3) eV and (10-16 -10-17) m-3 respectively.
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Khalaf, Thamir H. "Simulations of the initiation and propagation of streamers in electrical discharges inside water at 3 mm length gap". Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 16, nr 36 (1.10.2018): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v16i36.41.
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This work is devoted to the modeling of streamer discharge, propagation in liquid dielectrics (water) gap using the bubble theory. This of the electrical discharge (streamer) propagating within a dielectric liquid subjected to a divergent electric field, using finite element method (in two dimensions). Solution of Laplace's equation governs the voltage and electric field distributions within the configuration, the electrode configuration a point (pin) - plane configuration, the plasma channels were followed, step to step. The results show that, the electrical discharge (streamer) indicates the breakdown voltage required for a 3mm atmospheric pressure dielectric liquid gap as 13 kV. Also, the electric potential and field distributions shown agreement with the streamer growth, according to the simulation development time.
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Nakayama, Keiji, i Roman A. Nevshupa. "Characteristics and Pattern of Plasma Generated at Sliding Contact". Journal of Tribology 125, nr 4 (25.09.2003): 780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1540122.
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To verify the tribo-microplasma concept proposed by Nakayama, who suggested that a microplasma is generated in the gap of a sliding contact due to electrical discharge of the ambient gas in the electric field caused by tribo-charging, we challenged to observe directly the tribo-microplasma and to measure spectral characteristics of the emitted photons. In experiments to observe plasma image (with a diamond hemispherical pin sliding on a sapphire disk) it was found that the plasma was generated in the several micrometer gap of the sliding contact. The plasma had a shape of an ellipse with a tail, surrounding the contact and spread to the rear of the sliding contact. The plasma image observed through the UV transmittable filter (UV image) had a horseshoe pattern, while the IR image had a shape of a ring on the ellipse. The strongest UV emission was observed in the center of the horseshoe pattern outside the sliding contact, while the IR photon image showed that the most intense emission occurred at the sliding contact. The electrical discharge origin of the photon triboemission was proved by comparing spectra of tribophotons with spectra of photons emitted from plasma by electrical discharge in parallel electrodes in various gases. The results showed that the spectra of photons emitted from the sliding contact and those of gas-discharge completely coincided for all gases tested, i.e., dry air, N2,O2,H2, He, CH4,C2H4 and C3H8, except peaks originated from the excited atoms of the sliding surfaces. It was concluded that microplasma is produced by electrical breakdown of ambient gas at sliding contact. These results corroborate the tribomicroplasma concept.
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Milardovich, N., M. Ferreyra, J. C. Chamorro i L. Prevosto. "DISCHARGES IN CONTACT WITH LIQUIDS: ELECTRICAL CHARACTERIZATION OFA PULSED CORONA DISCHARGE". Anales AFA 33, Fluidos (16.08.2022): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31527/analesafa.2021.33.fluidos.6.
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The large number of works published in recent years on non-thermal discharges in (and in contact with) liquids, shows the growing interest in this particular field of electric discharges due to the large number of technological applications. In particular, one of the fastest growing emerging applications is the treatment of water, both for its purification and for its activation, with a view to carrying out the indirect treatment of food and seeds with non-thermal discharges; without the addition of chemicals. In this work, the experimental characterization of a corona discharge in contact with water operating in a pulsed regime is presented. A flat-wire type geometry was used with the flat electrode immersed in water. The discharge was powered through a pulsed capacitive type source, capable of providing a periodic train ofhigh voltage pulses (∼15 kV) with short duration (∼100 ns), with a repetition frequency of 40 pulses/s. The results of discharge voltage and current measurements are reported and discussed for different operating conditions, and the instantaneous power and energy dissipated in the generated plasma are inferred. Photographs in the visible with long exposure times of the pulsed discharge are also shown
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Hussain, Ali A.-K. "Electrical, thermal and optical characteristics of plasma torch". Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 13, nr 27 (4.02.2019): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v13i27.273.
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Non thermal argon plasma needle at atmospheric pressure was constructed. The experimental set up was based on simple and low cost electric components that generate electrical field sufficiently high at the electrodes to ionize various gases which flow at atmospheric pressure. A high AC power supply was used with 9.6kV peak to peak and 33kHz frequency. The plasma was generated using two electrodes. The voltage and current discharge waveform were measured. The temperature of Ar gas plasma jet at different gas flow rate and distances from the plasma electrode was also recorded. It was found that the temperature increased with increasing frequency to reach the maximum value at 15 kHz, and that the current leading the voltage, which demonstrates the capacitive character of the discharge. The electron temperature was measured at about 0.61 eV, and we calculated the electron number density to be 4.38×1015 cm-3.
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Kuzenov, Victor V., Sergei V. Ryzhkov i Aleksey Yu Varaksin. "Numerical Modeling of Individual Plasma Dynamic Characteristics of a Light-Erosion MPC Discharge in Gases". Applied Sciences 12, nr 7 (1.04.2022): 3610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073610.
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A mathematical model is formulated, and a numerical study of magneto-plasma compressor (MPC) discharges in gases for a wide range of changes in the main electrical parameters and the characteristics of the surrounding gas environment is carried out. The performed calculations showed, depending on the role of one or another heating mode (Ohmic, transient, and plasma dynamic), three different types of quasi-stationary spatial distributions of plasma parameters, which can be used to judge the features of the emerging structures and the dynamics of plasma propagation, and, therefore, to speak about the modes of discharge. The features of the radiation plasma dynamic structures and the change in the main parameters of the plasma of an MPC discharge in the transient regime are considered.
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Lungu, Cristian Victor, i Bogdan Hnatiuc. "Simulation of power supplies used for nonlinear electrical discharges". Technium: Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology 2, nr 1 (7.01.2020): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/technium.v2i1.45.
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This work will present an analysis of the functionality of power supplies producing laboratory controlled electrical discharges using pulsed variation of voltage. The analysis is done on simulated electrical parameters using PROTEUS ISIS software. Furthermore in this paper there will also be presented a simulation of plasma discharge used with power supplies in order to assesstheparameters in functionality of these power supplies.
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Kunze, H., R. Noll, C. R. Haas, M. Elfers, J. Hertzberg i G. Herziger. "Pulsed-power-generated plasma of high reproducibility". Laser and Particle Beams 8, nr 4 (grudzień 1990): 595–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600009022.
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Plasmas of high reproducibility that are suitable for beam-plasma experiments are generated by a pulsed-power z-pinch discharge. The z-pinch device is designed as a plasma target for the investigation of ion beam-plasma interactions. The dynamic plasma state is characterized by the electron density, the electron temperature, and the magnetic field distribution, which are observed using time-resolved diagnostics. For z-pinch discharges in hydrogen, average electron densities of up to (2.6 ± 0.1) × 1018 electrons/cm3 were measured interferometrically. Electron temperatures in the range 2–7 eV are determined by time-resolved spectroscopy. The reproducibility of the electron density of the z-pinch discharge in terms of shot-to-shot fluctuations is estimated to be better than 3%. This is a favorable condition for performing beam-plasma experiments.
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Kosenkov, V. M. "Comparative Analysis of Methods for Mathematical Modeling of Specific Electrical Conductivity of Plasma in the Channel of an Electric Discharge in Water". Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov 57, nr 4 (sierpień 2021): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52577/eom.2021.57.4.24.
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In the present work, a comparative analysis of three methods for determining the specific electrical conductivity of the plasma formed in the channel of an electric discharge in water is carried out for its mathematical modeling. The parameters of the empirical function are determined, at which the results of mathematical modeling are consistent with the experimental data. The necessity of using empirical functions in calculating the specific electrical conductivity of plasma has been substantiated. The obtained ratios made it possible to significantly increase the adequacy of the previously developed mathematical model of the physical discharge processes in water and to expand the range of parameters in which it can be used.
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Kovačević, Vesna V., Goran B. Sretenović, Bratislav M. Obradović i Milorad M. Kuraica. "Low-temperature plasmas in contact with liquids—a review of recent progress and challenges". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, nr 47 (29.09.2022): 473002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac8a56.
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Abstract The study of plasma–liquid interactions has evolved as a new interdisciplinary research field driven by the development of plasma applications for water purification, biomedicine and agriculture. Electrical discharges in contact with liquids are a rich source of reactive species in gas and in liquid phase which can be used to break polluting compounds in water or to induce healing processes in medical applications. An understanding of the fundamental processes in plasma, and of the interaction of plasma with liquid, enables the optimization of plasma chemistry in large-scale plasma devices with liquid electrodes. This article reviews recent progress and insight in the research of low-temperature plasmas in contact with liquids at atmospheric pressure. The work mainly focuses on the physical processes and phenomena in these plasmas with an attempt to provide a review of the latest and the most important research outcomes in the literature. The article provides an overview of the breakdown mechanisms in discharges in contact with liquid, emphasizing the recently studied specifities of plasma jets impinging on the liquid surface, and discharge generation with a high overvoltage. It also covers innovative approaches in the generation of plasma in contact with liquids. Novel phenomena detected by the imaging techniques and measurement of discharge parameters in the reviewed discharges are also presented. The results, the techniques that are applied, and those that may be applied in further studies, are listed and discussed. A brief overview of the applications focuses on the original approaches and new application fields. Future challenges and gaps in knowledge regarding further advancement in applications are summarized.
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S. I. Stepanov. "Investigation of the value and mechanism of atmospheric plasmoid charge formation". Technical Physics 68, nr 1 (2023): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2023.01.55440.179-22.
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The study of a long-lived atmospheric plasmoid has been continued. (Gatchina plasmoid). The electric charge of the plasmoid was detected earlier by us using a plasma probe. Here the measuring equipment was improved, which allowed to take into account the influence of bias current. The measured charge of the negative plasmoid was about -35 nC. The cause of the electric charge is investigated. It consists in the inhomogeneity of the plasma and, as a consequence, a special configuration of the electric field during discharge. In the column of emission plasma above the central electrode, the field is directed into the plasmoid (for positive central electrode). In streamers coming out of the plasmoid and in space above the plasmoid, the field is directed outward. To find out the reason for the appearance of the charge, the Gauss theorem is applied. The column of emission plasma gives a small contribution to the integral. The integral will be determined by the second section having a different sign. Thus, the plasmoid has a charge during discharge. After the current is turned off, the charge is retained due to the rapid cooling of the plasma. It is noted that when obtaining other long-lived plasmoids, there is a similar configuration of the field during discharge. A similar discharge structure occurs when a linear lightning strikes the electric network and a ball lightning appears from an electrical outlet, a speaker, etc. This work introduces a new object of plasma physics a charged atmospheric plasmoid. Keywords: atmospheric plasmoid, high-voltage discharge, plasma probe, ball lightning, electric charge.