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Simarro-García, Ana, Raquel Villena-Ruiz, Andrés Honrubia-Escribano i Emilio Gómez-Lázaro. "Effect of Penetration Levels for Vehicle-to-Grid Integration on a Power Distribution Network". Machines 11, nr 4 (23.03.2023): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11040416.
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With the exponential growth of electric vehicle sales worldwide over the past years and progress in technology and actions to combat climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the trend is expected to continue with a significant increase in the deployment of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids. Given these circumstances, it is essential to identify the constraints that this increase in the number of electric vehicle charging stations poses for the electricity system. Therefore, the analysis developed in this paper discusses the effect of integrating electric vehicle charging stations in a real distribution network with different penetration levels. For this purpose, a typical electric system in Greece, managed by the Greek distribution system operator (HEDNO), is modeled and simulated in DIgSILENT PowerFactory software, one of the most widely used simulation tools in the electricity sector. To study the feasibility of connecting electric vehicle charging stations to the network, different case studies are presented, showing changes in the quantity of electric vehicles feeding power into the network through vehicle-to-grid technology. Quasi-dynamic simulations are used to analyze and discuss the voltage profiles of the system nodes, active power flows with the external source and power losses of the distribution network to determine whether the system is capable of supporting the increase in load produced by the electric vehicle charging stations and to promote awareness of the benefits of implementing vehicle-to-grid connections.
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Zainuri, Fuad, Danardono A. S. Danardono A.S, M. Adhitya, R. Subarkah, Rahman Filzi, Tia Rahmiati, M. Hidayat Tullah i in. "Analytical Conversion of Conventional Car to Electric Vehicle Using 5KW BLDC Electric Motor". Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 10, nr 9 (25.09.2024): 6703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i9.8599.
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The automotive industry is witnessing a paradigm shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly transportation solutions. This project aims to contribute to this transition by converting a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) car into an electric vehicle (EV) using a 5 kW Brushless DC (BLDC) electric motor. The conversion involves the removal of the traditional engine components and the integration of an electric propulsion system. The key components of the conversion include the BLDC motor, motor controller, battery pack, and associated power electronics. The BLDC motor is chosen for its efficiency, reliability, and compact design, making it suitable for retrofitting into existing vehicles. The motor controller manages the power supplied to the BLDC motor, ensuring optimal performance and efficiency. The project explores the challenges and solutions encountered during the conversion process, including adapting the vehicle's chassis to accommodate the new components, integrating a charging system, and addressing safety considerations. Additionally, efforts are made to optimize the overall weight distribution and maintain the vehicle's original handling characteristics. Performance testing is conducted to evaluate the acceleration, top speed, and overall efficiency of the converted electric vehicle. The results are compared with the original performance specifications of the conventional car to assess the success of the conversion. This project not only showcases the technical feasibility of converting conventional cars to electric vehicles but also highlights the environmental benefits associated with reducing reliance on fossil fuels. The findings contribute valuable insights to the growing field of electric vehicle conversions and promote sustainable transportation solutions.
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Fang, Tingke, Annette von Jouanne, Emmanuel Agamloh i Alex Yokochi. "Opportunities and Challenges of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Integration". Energies 17, nr 22 (12.11.2024): 5646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17225646.
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This paper presents an overview of the status and prospects of fuel cell electric vehicles (FC-EVs) for grid integration. In recent years, renewable energy has been explored on every front to extend the use of fossil fuels. Advanced technologies involving wind and solar energy, electric vehicles, and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) are becoming more popular for grid support. With recent developments in solid oxide fuel cell electric vehicles (SOFC-EVs), a more flexible fuel option than traditional proton-exchange membrane fuel cell electric vehicles (PEMFC-EVs), the potential for vehicle-to-grid (V2G)’s implementation is promising. Specifically, SOFC-EVs can utilize renewable biofuels or natural gas and, thus, they are not limited to pure hydrogen fuel only. This opens the opportunity for V2G’s implementation by using biofuels or readily piped natural gas at home or at charging stations. This review paper will discuss current V2G technologies and, importantly, compare battery electric vehicles (BEVs) to SOFC-EVs for V2G’s implementation and their impacts.
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Shrishail Hatti. "A Study on Latest trends in Automobile Industries with Reference to Electric Vehicles and Smart Grids". International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering and Management (IRJAEM) 2, nr 08 (29.08.2024): 2779–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaem.2024.0404.
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Automobile is trending now a day because every use personal vehicle for travelling and this paper reveals some of the aspects about the one of the personal vehicles i.e Electric Vehicle and further about Smart grids for that electric vehicle. This is about how Electrical Vehicles can contribute to grid stabilization, simulation-based research for smart charging, grid communication, block chain based technology for Electric Vehicles with the purpose of achieving the international environmental and sustainable goals. Smart grid and future electric vehicle is the most emerging issues that are integrating in the near future. With the increase numbers of EV’s, new challenges are imposed to the grid, in terms of synergistic, continuous, dynamic, and stable integration of electric mobility problems. What was impossible to achieve back in history, eliminating Electrical Vehicles from the market due to its disadvantages is now possible via the Smart Grid integration. This paper presents a review of electrical vehicles and the novel proposals on how to smartly integrate it into the Smart Grid. Moving forward the future characteristic of a smart grid includes, flexibility being able to adapt to the changing needs that a system could require, clever and safe these are the values of the smart grid, efficient where minimizing new infrastructure for electrical grid is the aim, open to be integrated with renewable energies safely, and finally sustainable a key point to the future environment and sociable acceptance. Due to the world vision of smart grid, things are changing rapidly.
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Zaman, Shah, Nouman Ashraf, Zeeshan Rashid, Munira Batool i Javed Hanif. "Integration of EVs through RES with Controlled Interfacing". Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 19, nr 1 (1.06.2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2023-0001.
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Abstract Electric cars have a lot of promise in future energy markets as a manageable load. A popular vehicle-to-grid control interface, which enables the aggregation of the charging mechanism for energy management in the distribution grid, is one of the most significant road blocks to realize this opportunity. Understanding the ecology of electric transportation and integrating it in local communities to alleviate the energy shortage at peak hours is very complicated. In this research paper, recent standardization initiatives aimed at overcoming obstacles such as the integration of electric cars into smart grids are discussed. A charge control scheme focused on vehicle-to-grid connectivity is implemented. It is observed that the rise of environmentally sustainable energy sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy, is straining the power network and their infrequent power generation is causing problems in power system operation, regulation and planning. The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) into the electricity grid has been proposed to overcome grid load variations. Finally, the article discusses the incorporation of renewable energy sources and latest potential solutions involving electric vehicles.
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Ota, Yutaka. "Electric Vehicle Integration into Power Systems". IEEJ Transactions on Power and Energy 138, nr 9 (1.09.2018): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejpes.138.753.
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Ota, Yutaka. "Electric vehicle integration into power systems". Electrical Engineering in Japan 207, nr 4 (czerwiec 2019): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.23168.
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Hao, Ceng Ceng, Yue Jin Tang i Jing Shi. "Study on the Harmonic Impact of Large Scale Electric Vehicles to Grid". Applied Mechanics and Materials 443 (październik 2013): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.443.273.
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Large scale electric vehicles integration into power grid, as nonlinear loads, will pose inevitable impacts on the operation of power system, one of which the harmonic problem will affect the power quality greatly. Firstly, the article analyzes the characteristics of harmonic caused by electric vehicle charging. And then, the harmonic flow distribution is analyzed based on the IEEE standard node systems. During transient analyses, the electric vehicle charging stations connected to electric grid are represented as harmonic sources. Results show that structure and voltage grade of electric grid, capacity and access points of electric vehicle charging load will have different effects on harmonic problem. At last, a few conclusions are given for connecting electric vehicles to electric grid.
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Hariprasad, Besta, Goturu Sreenivasan, Sambugari Anil Kumar i Bestha Mallikarjuna. "Vehicle-to-Grid Power Transfer Method for Electric Vehicles using off-board charger". International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 12, nr 4 (30.11.2024): 1203–10. https://doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.120411.
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This article explores a power transfer technique from vehicle to grid (V2G) via the construction of an off-board charger for electric cars (EVs). The charger accommodates several charging modes, such as grid-to-vehicle (G2V), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and vehicle-to-grid (V2G), facilitating efficient and adaptable energy management. In G2V mode, the charger utilizes grid power to recharge electric vehicle batteries, whilst V2V mode enables direct energy transfer between electric vehicles, circumventing the grid. The novel integration of G2V and V2V modes enables the concurrent use of grid electricity and energy from other electric vehicles, therefore diminishing grid reliance and enhancing power efficiency. The system has a three-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier that sustains a constant DC link voltage and attains a unity power factor on the grid side, therefore adhering to the IEEE 519 standard for total harmonic distortion (THD). Furthermore, a half-bridge bidirectional DC/DC converter guarantees consistent charging and discharging currents, hence improving the reliability and efficiency of the charging process. This holistic strategy enhances dynamic energy flow and grid stability while providing possible economic advantages to electric vehicle owners and operators via the integration of renewable energy sources and sophisticated management algorithms for improved energy use and storage.
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Ray, Richik. "Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Parameter Analysis using MATLAB". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr 10 (31.10.2021): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38433.
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Abstract: In this paper, a MATLAB based Simulink model of a Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle is presented. With the advent of Industry 4.0, the usage of Big Data, Machine Learning, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and similar groundbreaking domains of technology have usurped manual supervision in industrial as well as personal scenarios. This is aided by the drastic shift from orthodox and conventional Internal Combustion Engine based vehicles fuelled by fossil fuels in the order of petrol, diesel, etc., to fully functional electric vehicles developed by renowned companies, for example Tesla. Alongside 100% electric vehicles are hybrid vehicles that function on a system based on the integration of the conventional ICE and the modern Electric Propulsion System, which is referred to as the Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrain. Designs for modern HEVs and EVs are developed on computer software where simulations are run and all the essential parameters for the vehicle’s performance and sustainability are run and observed. This paper is articulated to discuss the parameters of a series-parallel HEV through an indepth MATLAB Simulink design, and further the observations are presented. Keywords: ICE (Internal Combustion Engine), HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle), Drivetrain, MATLAB, Simulink, PSD (Power Split Device), Vehicle Dynamics, SOC (State-of-Charge)
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P Jeevan Kumar Reddy, M Charan Kumar Reddy, K Uday Kiran, D Balaji, DS Sasidhar Reddy i K Santhosh Kumar. "Smart micro-grid integration with bidirectional DC fast charging: Harnessing vehicle-to-grid technology". International Journal of Science and Research Archive 13, nr 1 (30.10.2024): 3227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.13.1.2037.
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Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries can be utilized as potential energy storage devices in micro-grids. They can help in micro-grid energy management by storing energy when there is surplus (Grid-To-Vehicle, G2V) and supplying energy back to the grid (Vehicle-To-Grid, V2G) when there is demand for it. This study focuses on the integration of a Smart Micro-Grid with Bidirectional DC Fast Charging, leveraging Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology for enhanced energy management. The project employs an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller to intelligently regulate the bidirectional power flow between the micro-grid and electric vehicles. The integration of V2G facilitates energy exchange, allowing electric vehicles to serve as mobile energy storage units. The Bidirectional DC Fast Charging system is optimized through the ANFIS controller, ensuring efficient energy transfer, grid stability, and load balancing. Simulation studies are carried out to demonstrate V2G- G2V power transfer.
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Badugu, Jayababu, A. Manikanta, A. Hemanth Kumar, D. Naga Sai Prasanthi i M. Krupakar. "DSM Solutions for Distribution Networks with Electric Vehicle Integration". E3S Web of Conferences 547 (2024): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454702004.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are known for being zero emissions and environmentally friendly, making them extremely popular for transportation. In general, electric vehicles are often charged in residential areas. Due to this uncoordinated charging of electric vehicles, the low-voltage distribution network must face many challenges to maintain the new load conditions without blackouts and voltage fluctuations. Failure to properly measure and address these impacts of EVs on the distribution network will result in replacement and reinforcement of the distribution system, which is costly and time-consuming. This study introduces a Demand Side Management (DSM) approach aimed at minimizing overhead in residential distribution systems with electric vehicle (EV) integration. DSM emerges as the optimal strategy for mitigating severe power spikes within the distribution network. The study compares the effects of uncoordinated planned EV loads with those achieved through the implementation of the DSM strategy in a residential distribution system. The analysis encompasses the system's stability and end-user satisfaction as key parameters
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Zhang, Ru Tong, i Teng Fei Yao. "Energy Model of Electric Vehicle Filling Station". Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (grudzień 2012): 1618–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1618.
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With the increasingly grim world environmental degradation and energy crisis, the industrial development of electric vehicles and charging for electric facilities has risen to national strategy. Based on the introduction of electric vehicle energy supply mode, proposed for power mode is the main push of the State Grid Corporation of business model. The Large-scale construction of electric vehicle filling station presents a challenge to Power grid, but through the application of V2G technology, electric vehicle power battery become smart grid energy storage structure, strengthen the new energy, electric vehicle charging the relationship between the three power stations and smart grid, and accelerate the integration process among the three.
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Yang, Kuang Shine, i Chih Ming Chang. "System Integration for the Environmental Friendly Electric Vehicle". Applied Mechanics and Materials 709 (grudzień 2014): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.709.300.
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This paper introduced a new power flow control strategy for a variable speed engine-generator based range-extended electric vehicle. The specific fuel consumption map of the internal combustion engine (ICE) has been obtained by off-line experiments to achieve optimal fuel efficiency. Finally, a typical range-extended electric vehicle is modeled and investigated such as acceleration traversing ramp, maximum speed, fuel consumption and emission are performed on the dynamic model of a range-extended electric vehicle. The energy consumption and cost were compared to tradition range-extended electric vehicle. Computer simulation results obtained, confirm the validity and performance of the proposed power flow control approach using for series hybrid electric vehicle.
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Erdelić, Tomislav, i Tonči Carić. "A Survey on the Electric Vehicle Routing Problem: Variants and Solution Approaches". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (9.05.2019): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5075671.
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In order to ensure high-quality and on-time delivery in logistic distribution processes, it is necessary to efficiently manage the delivery fleet. Nowadays, due to the new policies and regulations related to greenhouse gas emission in the transport sector, logistic companies are paying higher penalties for each emission gram of CO2/km. With electric vehicle market penetration, many companies are evaluating the integration of electric vehicles in their fleet, as they do not have local greenhouse gas emissions, produce minimal noise, and are independent of the fluctuating oil price. The well-researched vehicle routing problem (VRP) is extended to the electric vehicle routing problem (E-VRP), which takes into account specific characteristics of electric vehicles. In this paper, a literature review on recent developments regarding the E-VRP is presented. The challenges that emerged with the integration of electric vehicles in the delivery processes are described, together with electric vehicle characteristics and recent energy consumption models. Several variants of the E-VRP and related problems are observed. To cope with the new routing challenges in E-VRP, efficient VRP heuristics and metaheuristics had to be adapted. An overview of the state-of-the-art procedures for solving the E-VRP and related problems is presented.
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Kambli, Rujuta O. "Electric Vehicles in India: Future and Challenges". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 2 (28.02.2022): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40297.
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Abstract: For the transportation sector, vehicle electrification is a game changer due to major energy and environmental implications driven by high vehicle efficiency i.e. EVs are approximately 3–4 times more efficient than comparable internal combustion engines vehicles (ICEV), zero tailpipe emissions, and reduced petroleum dependency as great fuel diversity and flexibility exist in electricity production. Far-reaching implications for vehicle grid integration extend to the electricity sector and to the broader energy system. The Indian Government is also planning to increase the electric vehicle in the automobile industries. In this paper the future and challenges of the electric vehicles in Indian market is discussed. The different factors like economic, social, technical and environmental which are affecting the electric vehicles market in India are discussed in this paper. The battery and infrastructure development are related to economic and technological factors. Based on the challenges, recommendations are made and it also helps to promote the market growth of electric vehicles. Keywords: Electric vehicle (EV), Comparable Internal Combustion Engines Vehicles (ICEV), carbon emissions.
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Saadaoui, Achraf, Mohammed Ouassaid i Mohamed Maaroufi. "Overview of Integration of Power Electronic Topologies and Advanced Control Techniques of Ultra-Fast EV Charging Stations in Standalone Microgrids". Energies 16, nr 3 (17.01.2023): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031031.
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For longer journeys, when drivers of electric vehicles need a charge on the road, the best solution is off-board ultra-fast chargers, which offer a short charging time for electric vehicle batteries. Consequently, the ultra-fast charging of batteries is a major issue in electric mobility development globally. Current research in the area of power electronics for electric vehicle charging applications is focused on new high-power chargers. These chargers will significantly increase the charging power of electric vehicles, which will reduce the charging time. Furthermore, electric vehicles can be deployed to achieve improved efficiency and high-quality power if vehicle to microgrid (V2µG) is applied. In this paper, standards for ultra-fast charging stations and types of fast charging methods are reviewed. Various power electronic topologies, the modular design approach used in ultra-fast charging, and integration of the latter into standalone microgrids are also discussed in this paper. Finally, advanced control techniques for ultra-fast chargers are addressed.
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Chaple, Rahul G. "Development Of Solar Powered Static Wireless Charging System For Electric Vehicles". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, nr 11 (30.11.2023): 1409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.56759.
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Abstract: Electric vehicles have been introduced to the contemporary world, aligning with the increasing integration of new technologies into daily life. Despite the use of electric vehicles, certain limitations persist, including issues such as heating during charging, potential charging depletion, a scarcity of charging stations, and the high installation cost of such stations. Addressing these challenges, this project proposes a wireless electric vehicle charging station with monitoring capabilities. The aims include preventing overcharging, monitoring battery levels, ensuring cost-effectiveness, promoting eco-friendliness, and strategically placing charging stations in urban areas. The project specifically focuses on the design of a solar-powered electric vehicle charging system, offering a solution to the key issues of fuel dependency and environmental pollution. Electric vehicles have gained global traction and are progressively becoming more prevalent. Beyond their environmental advantages, electric vehicles contribute to cost reduction by substituting electricity for fuel, which is a more economical alternative. This project presents an innovative solution for EV charging, eliminating the need for wires, enabling charging while in motion, harnessing solar power to sustain the charging system, and operating without external power supply requirements. The system incorporates components such as a solar panel, battery, transformer, regulator circuitry, copper coils, AC to DC converter, Atmega controller, and LCD display. Through this integration, the system showcases the wireless charging capability for electric vehicles at charging stations. The LCD display provides real-time information on the total cost, eliminating the necessity for halting the vehicle during the charging process. In summary, the project demonstrates the viability of a solar-powered wireless charging system for electric vehicles, presenting a forward-looking approach to integration.
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Eragamreddy, Gouthami, i S. Gopiya Naik. "Optimizing Electric Vehicle Range through Integrating Rooftop Solar on Vehicle". International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 12, nr 1 (5.02.2024): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.120111.
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This paper includes the research work to investigate the optimization of electric vehicle (EV) range by integrating rooftop solar panels onto the vehicle. The primary motivation stems from the increasing power demand for EV charging, requiring substantial grid electricity production. The paper explores the installation of rooftop solar panels to augment the EV range with a single full charge, reducing the dependence on the grid. The simulations are conducted using MATLAB modeling, optimizing solar and grid charging schedules based on solar irradiation data. The outcomes showcase a 1.44 kWh battery integration with an EV equipped with a 1 kW BLDC motor, weighing 800 kg, including payload. The installation of Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic (RTSPV) improved the range of the vehicle with 18.65%, energy consumption is increased with 15.5%, Cost savings in charging the battery is up to 15.5% and travel distance with full charge is increased up to 19.6%. This analysis is made with the reference drive cycle shown in the paper. While the integration of solar panels significantly extends the vehicle range, the research emphasizes the potential for sustainable charging practices to mitigate grid dependence and reduce emissions.
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Eragamreddy, Gouthami, i S. Gopiya Naik. "Optimizing Electric Vehicle Range through Integrating Rooftop Solar on Vehicle". International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 12, nr 1 (5.02.2024): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/10.37391/ijeer.120111.
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This paper includes the research work to investigate the optimization of electric vehicle (EV) range by integrating rooftop solar panels onto the vehicle. The primary motivation stems from the increasing power demand for EV charging, requiring substantial grid electricity production. The paper explores the installation of rooftop solar panels to augment the EV range with a single full charge, reducing the dependence on the grid. The simulations are conducted using MATLAB modeling, optimizing solar and grid charging schedules based on solar irradiation data. The outcomes showcase a 1.44 kWh battery integration with an EV equipped with a 1 kW BLDC motor, weighing 800 kg, including payload. The installation of Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic (RTSPV) improved the range of the vehicle with 18.65%, energy consumption is increased with 15.5%, Cost savings in charging the battery is up to 15.5% and travel distance with full charge is increased up to 19.6%. This analysis is made with the reference drive cycle shown in the paper. While the integration of solar panels significantly extends the vehicle range, the research emphasizes the potential for sustainable charging practices to mitigate grid dependence and reduce emissions.
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Vishnuram, Pradeep, i Sureshkumar Alagarsamy. "Grid Integration for Electric Vehicles: A Realistic Strategy for Environmentally Friendly Mobility and Renewable Power". World Electric Vehicle Journal 15, nr 2 (16.02.2024): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj15020070.
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The promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) as sustainable energy sources for transportation is advocated due to global considerations such as energy consumption and environmental challenges. The recent incorporation of renewable energy sources into virtual power plants has greatly enhanced the influence of electric vehicles in the transportation industry. Vehicle grid integration offers a practical and economical method to improve energy sustainability, addressing the requirements of consumers on the user side. The effective utilisation of electric vehicles in stationary applications is highlighted by technological breakthroughs in the energy sector. The continuous advancement in science and industry is confirming the growing efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs) as virtual power plants. Nonetheless, a thorough inquiry is imperative to elucidate the principles, integration, and advancement of virtual power plants in conjunction with electric automobiles, specifically targeting academics and researchers in this field. The examination specifically emphasises the energy generation and storage components used in electric vehicles. In addition, it explores several vehicle–grid integration (VGI) configurations, such as single-stage, two-stage, and hybrid-multi-stage systems. This study also considers the various types of grid connections and the factors related to them. This detailed investigation seeks to offer insights into the various facets of incorporating electric vehicles into virtual power plants. It takes into account technology improvements, energy sustainability, and the practical ramifications for users.
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Wang, Bin, Xin Yan Lin, Shi Heng Li i Bin Zhang. "Research on a Hub Hydraulic Motor Driving System of Electric Vehicle". Advanced Materials Research 711 (czerwiec 2013): 482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.711.482.
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This paper applies hydraulic transmissions advantages of small volume, light weight, quick response, stable transmission, great transmission torque and agile spatial arrangement etc. to hub electromotor drive electric vehicle, substitutes hub hydraulic motors for hub electromotors, propose a hub hydraulic motor driving system of electric vehicle. The constitution and working principle of system is then described in detail. The hub hydraulic motor driving system proposed in this paper will help electric vehicle to realize continuously variable transmission, leave out reducer and differential mechanism, reduce the unsprung mass of electric vehicle, make the spatial arrangement of electromotors and batteries more flexible, and achieve the integration control of electric vehicles driving, braking and steering.
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Roseline, Dr S. "Resolving Complexities in the Integration of Autonomous Vehicle". International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management 03, nr 04 (23.04.2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/isjem01660.
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Smart vehicles become increasingly prevalent, there is a growing need for sophisticated monitoring systems that go beyond basic parameters. Current Smart EV monitoring systems often lack features that address critical aspects such as engine temperature, drunk and drive prevention, and immediate accident response. There is a pressing need for an all-encompassing monitoring system that enhances both vehicle performance and user safety. This project introduces an advanced Smart E-Vehicle Monitoring System designed to offer a comprehensive suite of features, including engine temperature monitoring, drunk and drive testing, accident detection, and remote control via mobile devices. The system not only ensures optimal vehicle performance but also prioritizes user safety through proactive anomaly detection. Keywords: Smart Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, monitoring systems, performance, Engine temperature, mobile devices.
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Li, Jiashun, i Aixing Li. "Optimizing Electric Vehicle Integration with Vehicle-to-Grid Technology: The Influence of Price Difference and Battery Costs on Adoption, Profits, and Green Energy Utilization". Sustainability 16, nr 3 (29.01.2024): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16031118.
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Over the past decade, the widespread adoption of global green energy has emerged as a predominant trend. However, renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, face significant wastage due to challenges in energy storage. Electric vehicles (EVs) are considered an effective solution to address the energy storage dilemma. “Vehicle-to-grid” (V2G) technology, allowing vehicles to feed electricity into the grid, enhances the efficiency of renewable energy utilization. This paper proposes an electric vehicle game model that comprehensively considers user choices, corporate profits, and green energy utilization. The model, based on difference in prices, electricity rates, and fuel prices, establishes user utility models to determine optimal driving distances and driving decisions. It separately formulates the maximum profit functions for selling conventional electric cars and V2G electric cars, deriving optimal pricing for enterprises and user adoption rates. The research findings indicate that when price difference can offset V2G battery costs, increasing price difference and reducing battery costs effectively enhance electric vehicle adoption rates, increase corporate profits, and improve green energy utilization. Moreover, compared to conventional electric vehicles, V2G electric vehicles demonstrate a comparative advantage, with the implementation of V2G expanding corporate profits and green energy utilization. Validation using Chinese data reveals that when price difference can offset V2G battery costs, drivers are more inclined to choose V2G electric vehicles. Both battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and V2G electric vehicles exhibit adoption rates that can increase by over 35%. This study provides theoretical and model support for the future development of V2G and policy formulation, underscoring the comparative advantages of V2G in enhancing green energy utilization efficiency. Additionally, this study offers valuable insights as a reference for business models in the V2G electric vehicle industry.
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Gao, De Quan, Yi Ying Zhang i Xiang Zhen Li. "The Internet of Things for Electric Vehicles: Wide Area Charging-Swap Information Perception, Transmission and Application". Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (grudzień 2012): 1560–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1560.
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Electric vehicle (EV) is an emerging type of mobile intelligent power consumption device and energy storage terminal in Smart Grid. In order to solve automation and intelligence support problem for wide area electric vehicles charging-swap services, we make full use of technology. we analyze practical demands of electric vehicle charging-swap networks operation service scenarios and define the Internet of Things (IoT) architecture for electric vehicles for wide area unified operations and monitoring management in this paper. Then, we design a perception integration model for battery packs real-time information collection in mobile scenes. We also present a multimode collaborative communications method to implement large scale interconnection and intercommunication among electric vehicles, charging-swap devices and operation center. Finally we develop operations and monitoring platform demo for cross-regional electric vehicle charging-swap networks management using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA).
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Pietracho, Robert, Christoph Wenge, Przemyslaw Komarnicki i Leszek Kasprzyk. "Multi-Criterial Assessment of Electric Vehicle Integration into the Commercial Sector—A Case Study". Energies 16, nr 1 (31.12.2022): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010462.
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Transforming the transport sector to zero emission is an integral part of changes to the energy sector worldwide. This effects not only the electrification of the private sector but also the commercial sector. The aim of this study is to develop methodologies, algorithms and associated requirements for the integration of electric vehicles into a logistics application with a possible reduction in operating costs. The most favorable solution for a company was evaluated using the analytic hierarchy process algorithm considering three main aspects: economic, environmental and technical. An analysis of the environmental impact of the vehicle fleet in terms of atmospheric emissions was also conducted, based on the data available for combustion and electric vehicles, considering the well-to-tank approach. The costs associated with operating an electric vehicle were identified and compared to the current costs associated with operating a standard diesel-based fleet. Incorporating the identified costs of electrifying the vehicle fleet, an algorithm was implemented to reduce the number of vehicles in the company and, thereby, significantly reducing the costs associated with fleet maintenance.
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Nagendra, M. Bhaskar Sai. "DESIGN OF IOT BASED TRICYCLE". INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, nr 04 (15.04.2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem30753.
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The rapid advancement in Internet of Things (IoT) technology has opened up numerous opportunities for innovation across various industries. In the transportation sector, IoT has the potential to revolutionize conventional vehicles into smart, connected modes of transportation. This project focuses on the design of an IoT-based electric tricycle, aimed at providing a sustainable and efficient mode of personal transportation.The electric tricycle integrates IoT technology to enhance its functionality and user experience. Key features include real-time monitoring of vehicle parameters such as speed, battery status, and location, enabling remote tracking and management through a dedicated mobile application. Additionally, the tricycle incorporates smart safety features such as collision detection and automatic emergency braking, enhancing rider safety on the road.The design phase involves the selection of appropriate components and the integration of IoT modules, sensors, and actuators into the tricycle framework. The fabrication process encompasses building the chassis, integrating the electric propulsion system, and assembling the IoT components. Emphasis is placed on ensuring durability, reliability, and energy efficiency throughout the construction process.Overall, the project aims to contribute to the advancement of sustainable transportation solutions by leveraging IoT technology to create an innovative, eco-friendly electric tricycle. Through this endeavor, we envision promoting the adoption of electric vehicles and facilitating a more connected and efficient urban mobility ecosystemTop of Form Keywords: IoT-based electric tricycle, Sustainable transportation, Connected vehicles, Electric vehicle innovation, Real-time monitoring, Safety features, Fabrication process, Integration of IoT technology, User experience, Smart mobility solution
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Hossain, M. S., Laveet Kumar, M. M. Islam i Jeyraj Selvaraj. "A Comprehensive Review on the Integration of Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Development". Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (11.10.2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3868388.
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In this article, the concept of an electric vehicle (EV) as a sustainable development (SD) is discussed, and the viability of the development of electric vehicles is assessed. This study broadens the conventional definition of sustainable development by incorporating and prioritizing crucial areas of technology, environment, and policy performance. The proposed review studies have summarized the elements that can promote the integration of electric vehicle technology. The innovation of the EV has just become a modern innovation. At the same time, some obstacles, such as policy and lower adoption, are resisting its goals. To overcome this situation, electric cars have to adopt some innovative approaches that can be another path to success. The review result shows that the proposal discusses the technological advancements of electric vehicles worldwide and paves the way for further improvements. The results also mentioned technological development to reduce emissions and help us understand the impact on the environment and health benefits. However, the summary would be advantageous to both scholars and policymakers, as there is a lack of integrative reviews that assess the global demand and development of EVs simultaneously and collectively. This review would provide insight for investors and policymakers to envisage electric mobility.
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Roper, Preston. "Electric Vehicle-Grid Integration Spurs Faster Development". Natural Gas & Electricity 35, nr 8 (11.02.2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.22107.
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P. H., Femy, i Jayakumar J. "A Review on the Feasibility of Deployment of Renewable Energy Sources for Electric Vehicles under Smart Grid Environment". International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 9, nr 3 (30.09.2021): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.0903061.
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Nowadays, Energy consumption in the field of transportation comes next to industrial consumption worldwide. If transportation is completely powered by renewable energy, the utilization of fossil fuels can be drastically reduced, which will result in a lesser amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) can act as an alternative to make transportation pollution-free. Large-scale usage of EVs causes high electricity demand on the supply system. This problem can be overcome by utilizing renewable energy sources (RESs) for Electric Vehicle charging. Due to the unpredictability of RESs, coordinating EV charging with other loads and renewable generation is problematic. By using EVs as energy units, power fluctuations in the electric grid can be compensated. This paper presents a summary of recent research in the domain of integration of renewable energy sources with electric vehicles (EVs) under the smart grid environment. Electric vehicles-smart grid integrated systems face several issues related to communication, grid infrastructure and control in the future power system. Feasibility of integration of solar and wind energy systems with electric vehicles is discussed in section 2. The existing research articles in this area are classified into two based on the purpose: EVs integration into the electric grid and Vehicle to grid services. The function of V2G in the electricity market, as well as its management concerns, are investigated in section 3. Finally, the research gaps and future scope of incorporating electric vehicles with renewable energy sources and the Smart grid are highlighted.
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Guia, Talal, Benalia M’Hamdi i Ali Khechekhouche. "Electric vehicle charging stations load impact on the distribution network". Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 10, nr 9 (16.12.2024): 20813. https://doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl10iss9pp20813.
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Integrating large numbers of electric vehicles will lead to operational and planning difficulties for distribution networks. The installation of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) increases power losses, affects stability, and degrades the reliability of the distribution network, resulting in dissatisfaction among customers. This work describes the impacts of the integration of electric vehicle charging stations on power losses, voltage stability index, and the main reliability indices as a function of the position and size of electric vehicle charging stations. This investigation was carried out on the IEEE 33 bus test system. According to the results, a high concentration of EVs increases peak demand, leading to greater energy losses, adversely affecting stability, and degrading reliability indices of the distribution network. The choice of installation points for EVCS is therefore very important, as some points induce greater energy losses than others and affect stability and reliability more than others. Measures to mitigate the effects of EVCS installation on distribution networks are crucial.
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Kene, Raymond, Thomas Olwal i Barend J. van Wyk. "Sustainable Electric Vehicle Transportation". Sustainability 13, nr 22 (9.11.2021): 12379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212379.
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The future direction of electric vehicle (EV) transportation in relation to the energy demand for charging EVs needs a more sustainable roadmap, compared to the current reliance on the centralised electricity grid system. It is common knowledge that the current state of electricity grids in the biggest economies of the world today suffer a perennial problem of power losses; and were not designed for the uptake and integration of the growing number of large-scale EV charging power demands from the grids. To promote sustainable EV transportation, this study aims to review the current state of research and development around this field. This study is significant to the effect that it accomplishes four major objectives. (1) First, the implication of large-scale EV integration to the electricity grid is assessed by looking at the impact on the distribution network. (2) Secondly, it provides energy management strategies for optimizing plug-in EVs load demand on the electricity distribution network. (3) It provides a clear direction and an overview on sustainable EV charging infrastructure, which is highlighted as one of the key factors that enables the promotion and sustainability of the EV market and transportation sector, re-engineered to support the United Nations Climate Change Agenda. Finally, a conclusion is made with some policy recommendations provided for the promotion of the electric vehicle market and widespread adoption in any economy of the world.
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Zhang, Hongshuo, Yankai Xu, Xuyang Zeng i Jingpeng Zhu. "Spatial-temporal Distribution Prediction of Electric Vehicle Charging Load Considering Vehicle-road-station-network Integration". International Journal of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering 2, nr 1 (14.03.2024): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijmee.v2n1.05.
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Aiming at the problem of inaccurate prediction of spatial-temporal distribution of electric vehicle charging load due to insufficient consideration of vehicle-road-station-network interaction, a prediction model of spatial-temporal distribution of electric vehicle charging load based on gravitation model was proposed. Firstly, considering road network traffic flow and ambient temperature, the relationship between external environment and energy consumption of electric vehicles is analyzed. Secondly, considering the influence of external environmental factors such as temperature on user travel, a travel chain model based on travel intention modification is established. Finally, the selection model of EV charging station based on gravitation model is established. The simulation results show that the proposed model can take into account the interaction of EV, road network, charging station and power grid, and accurately calculate the spatio-temporal distribution of EV charging load, and analyze the characteristics of EV charging demand load in multi-regions.
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Mohamed Belrzaeg, Mohamed Abou Sif, Emad Almabsout i Umar Ali Benisheikh. "A comprehensive review on Vehicle-to-Home integration based on home and industrial perspective". International Journal of Frontiers in Engineering and Technology Research 5, nr 1 (30.09.2023): 080–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.53294/ijfetr.2023.5.1.0024.
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Exchanging power between vehicles and other electric appliances in bidirectional flow is known as Vehicle-to-Anything (V2X) technology in home and industrial regions. The V2X technology involves Vehicle-to-Home (V2H), Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) that enables the bi-directional flow of energy between Electric Vehicles (EVs) and homes or industrial buildings. However, there are challenges associated with V2H integration, including the development of standardized communication protocols, smart grid infrastructure, and ensuring cybersecurity. Regulatory frameworks and interconnection standards also need to be established to ensure the safe and seamless integration of V2H systems into existing energy networks. Conversely, excess energy from renewable sources like solar panels or wind turbines can be stored in the EV battery for later use or to sell back to the grid. The integration of V2H technology offers several advantages such as allowing for increased energy resilience, as EVs can provide backup power during grid outages or natural disasters. Besides, V2H systems can contribute to load balancing by supplying energy to homes or industrial facilities when the demand is high, thereby reducing strain on the electrical grid. This study is considered a reference to the researchers in the field.
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Ajit, Roshan, i Anish Mathew K. "Flexible Solar Cells For Electric Vehicles". Journal of Applied Science, Engineering, Technology and Management 1, nr 1 (8.06.2023): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.61779/jasetm.v1i1.4.
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Flexible solar cells have emerged as a promising technology for integrating renewable energy generation into electric vehicles (EVs), enabling improved energy efficiency and extended driving range. This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of flexible solar cells for electric vehicles, focusing on their current status, challenges, and future prospects. The review covers various types of flexible solar cell technologies, including organic, dye-sensitized, perovskite, and thin-film technologies, and explores their advantages and limitations. Integration methods, efficiency improvements, and durability considerations for flexible solar cells in EV applications are discussed. The paper identifies key research directions and technological advancements required for the widespread adoption of flexible solar cells in the electric vehicle industry.
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Gbadega, Peter Anuoluwapo, i Akshay Kumar Saha. "Predictive Control of Adaptive Micro-Grid Energy Management System Considering Electric Vehicles Integration". International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 59 (15.03.2022): 175–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-42m5ip.
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This paper addresses the problems of control and energy management in micro-grid with the incorporation of renewable energy generation, hybrid storage technologies, and the integration of the electric vehicles (EVs) with vehicle to grid (V2G) technology. The adaptive model predictive control (AMPC) technique is used to optimize the charge/discharge of the EVs in a receding horizon manner in order to reduce operational cost in a renewable energy-based micro-grid. V2G systems integration can be a crucial element in the assurance of network reliability against variability in loads. In this context, the paper presents an AMPC algorithm for the optimization of a micro-grid coupled with a V2G system consisting of six electric vehicle charging stations. The proposed algorithm effectively manages the use of renewable energy sources, vehicles charge, energy storage units, and the purchase and sale of electric power to the external network. Two scenarios are investigated in this paper to examine the performance of the proposed controller to manage the renewable energy sources in the micro-grid system. The first case uses a load shifting mechanism to solve the charge management problem during a known interval of parking time. The second case introduces the EVs with V2G capabilities when connected with the micro-grid. In this case, the vehicle battery collaborates with the ESS of the micro-grid to maximize costs benefits and mitigate the intermittency of renewable generation. Furthermore, other benefits of V2G concepts, such as voltage and frequency control for the micro-grid stability, are investigated. Therefore, it is evident from the obtained results that the proposed control algorithm was able to effectively manage the renewable energy sources, energy storage units, vehicles charge, and the purchase and sale of electric power with the grid. Keywords: Adaptive model predictive control, Energy management system, Electric vehicles, Vehicle to grid technology, Grid reliability, Load shifting, Optimization problem and MATLAB/Simulink.
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Comi, Antonio, i Ippolita Idone. "The Use of Electric Vehicles to Support the Needs of the Electricity Grid: A Systematic Literature Review". Applied Sciences 14, nr 18 (12.09.2024): 8197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14188197.
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The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into the electricity grid through vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology represents a promising opportunity to improve energy efficiency and stabilize grid operations in the context of building sustainable cities. This paper provides a systematic review of the literature to assess the status of the research and identify the road ahead. Using bibliometric analysis and systematic assessment, the critical factors that influence the charging behavior of electric vehicles, the adoption of V2G, and the effective use of EVs as dynamic energy resources are identified. The focus is particularly on the ecological transitions toward sustainability, travel characteristics, technical specifications, requirements, and barriers in real use, and the behavioral and psychological aspects of stakeholders. The results lay the foundation for accurate forecasts and the strategic implementation of V2G technology to support the needs of the electric grid. They emphasize the importance of considering the psychological and behavioral aspects of users in the design of V2G strategies and define the key factors to predict the demand for electric vehicle charging. Furthermore, they highlight the main barriers to V2G adoption, which are primarily related to concerns about battery degradation and economic issues. Privacy and security concerns, due to data sharing with electric vehicle aggregators, also limit the adoption of V2G. Addressing these challenges is essential for the successful integration of electric vehicles into the grid.
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Zade, Michel, Zhengjie You, Babu Kumaran Nalini, Peter Tzscheutschler i Ulrich Wagner. "Quantifying the Flexibility of Electric Vehicles in Germany and California—A Case Study". Energies 13, nr 21 (27.10.2020): 5617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215617.
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The adoption of electric vehicles is incentivized by governments around the world to decarbonize the mobility sector. Simultaneously, the continuously increasing amount of renewable energy sources and electric devices such as heat pumps and electric vehicles leads to congested grids. To meet this challenge, several forms of flexibility markets are currently being researched. So far, no analysis has calculated the actual flexibility potential of electric vehicles with different operating strategies, electricity tariffs and charging power levels while taking into account realistic user behavior. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed case study of the flexibility potential of electric vehicles for fixed and dynamic prices, for three charging power levels in consideration of Californian and German user behavior. The model developed uses vehicle and mobility data that is publicly available from field trials in the USA and Germany, cost-optimizes the charging process of the vehicles, and then calculates the flexibility of each electric vehicle for every 15 min. The results show that positive flexibility is mostly available during either the evening or early morning hours. Negative flexibility follows the periodic vehicle availability at home if the user chooses to charge the vehicle as late as possible. Increased charging power levels lead to increased amounts of flexibility. Future research will focus on the integration of stochastic forecasts for vehicle availability and electricity tariffs.
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Hou, Yingzhen, Neng Zhu, Shenyang Ni i Zhiyuan Zhang. "Building-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-building concepts toward net zero energy building: A small solar house case study in China". E3S Web of Conferences 356 (2022): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235601004.
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In the future, the number of electric vehicles will increase significantly, promoting the integration of renewable energy into buildings and electric vehicles, which helps to achieve energy greening in transportation and architectural fields. The system includes renewable energy, buildings, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems. In this paper, the mathematical model of each system is established, and the electricity consumption of the building and the power generation of PV panels are predicted by the Energyplus software, and the economic evaluation index is proposed. In addition, the research analyses the effect of electric vehicles as electrical vectors in integrated PV panels and storage. The small solar residential data shows that through building-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-building solutions, on-site renewable energy utilization can be achieved, which is also conducive to building a zero-energyconsumption home.
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Borroy Vicente, Samuel, Gregorio Fernández, Noemi Galan, Andrés Llombart Estopiñán, Matteo Salani, Marco Derboni, Vincenzo Giuffrida i Luis Hernández-Callejo. "Assessment of the Technical Impacts of Electric Vehicle Penetration in Distribution Networks: A Focus on System Management Strategies Integrating Sustainable Local Energy Communities". Sustainability 16, nr 15 (28.07.2024): 6464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16156464.
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Aligned with the objectives of the energy transition, the increased penetration levels of electric vehicles as part of the electrification of economy, especially within the framework of local energy communities and distributed energy resources, are crucial in shaping sustainable and decentralized energy systems. This work aims to assess the impact of escalating electric vehicles’ deployment on sustainable local energy community-based low-voltage distribution networks. Through comparative analyses across various levels of electric vehicle integration, employing different charging strategies and system management approaches, the research highlights the critical role of active system management instruments such as smart grid monitoring and active network management tools, which significantly enhance the proactive management capabilities of distribution system operators. The findings demonstrate that increased electric vehicle penetration rates intensify load violations, which strategic electric vehicle charging management can significantly mitigate, underscoring the necessity of load management strategies in alleviating grid stress in the context assessed. This study highlights the enhanced outcomes derived from active system management strategies which foster collaboration among distribution system operators, demand aggregators, and local energy communities’ managers within a local flexibility market framework. The results of the analysis illustrate that this proactive and cooperative approach boosts system flexibility and effectively averts severe grid events, which otherwise would likely occur. The findings reveal the need for an evolution towards more predictive and proactive system management in electricity distribution, emphasizing the significant benefits of fostering robust partnerships among actors to ensure grid stability amid rising electric vehicle integration.
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Fang, Yixiao, Junjie Yang i Wei Jiang. "Optimal Scheduling Strategy of Microgrid Based on Reactive Power Compensation of Electric Vehicles". Energies 16, nr 22 (9.11.2023): 7507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16227507.
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This paper proposes a microgrid optimal scheduling strategy based on the reactive power compensation of electric vehicles to address the issue of interactive fluctuation of voltage and power resulting from a high proportion of new energy integration into the grid. Firstly, for accurate prediction of electric vehicle charging and discharging behavior, the Monte Carlo simulation method was employed for day-ahead prediction. Secondly, an optimization method for reactive power compensation was developed, considering distributed sources such as wind turbines, photovoltaics, and electric vehicles, with the objective of minimizing network loss and power generation costs. Additionally, user-side prices and electric vehicle charging prices were taken into consideration. Finally, utilizing the IEEE14 bus simulation, a comparison was made between the microgrid with and without electric vehicle reactive support capacity. Results demonstrated that, while maintaining a power factor greater than 0.95, the proposed method reduced the average daily generation cost by 0.35%, average daily network loss by 7.0%, average daily bus voltage fluctuation by 48.60%, average electricity price by 2.88%, and EV user charging cost by 21.29%. These findings illustrate that the proposed reactive power compensation optimization method effectively mitigates voltage and power fluctuations resulting from new energy integration, ensuring system safety, reliability, and economic efficiency.
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Khan, Md Khadeer. "Arduino based Smart Electric Vehicle". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, nr 5 (31.05.2023): 3872–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.52433.
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Abstract: The field of robotics is witnessing rapid advancements, leading to their widespread integration in modern technology. The growing popularity of robots across various applications can be attributed to their efficiency and accuracy in performing tasks. This research proposes the development of a Smart Electric Vehicle (SEV) using Arduino technology. The SEV incorporates advanced functionalities, including automatic obstacle avoidance and voice command control. Powered by batteries, it integrates key components such as a PIR sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, L298N motor driver module, and HC-05 Bluetooth module. The human detection system utilizes the PIR sensor to detect human presence, triggering an alarm to alert the driver. Real-time obstacle avoidance is achieved through ultrasonic sensors that adjust the vehicle's direction to prevent collisions. The SEV further demonstrates the application of voice-controlled robotics, enabling effortless command of its movements. Control of the SEV is facilitated through an Android app, which communicates with the Arduino UNO microcontroller via the UART protocol, granting comprehensive control over its movements. This research highlights the potential of SEVs in revolutionizing transportation and logistics, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly solution while ensuring intelligence and safety. By leveraging advanced features and technologies, the Arduino-based SEV showcases the possibilities of integrating robotics into the transportation sector.
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Zhou, Yu Hui. "Study on Extension Functional Integration and Benefit of Electric Vehicle". Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (wrzesień 2011): 556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.556.
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Through the extension of functional analysis of pure electric vehicles, electric vehicles, charge and discharge are presented potential operational benefits, including: clean energy platform for grid peak load shifting, emergency energy and energy storage devices and other effects, the benefits of electric vehicles through the establishment of model quantitative answer to the new energy environment of cost recovery sources of electric vehicles, electric vehicles for the development of new energy obtained solutions.
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Tamanna, Shaik Abdul Wajahat. "A PV Based Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicles". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr 12 (31.12.2021): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39350.
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Abstract: Charging of electric vehicles have been a major problem as the charging stations are not installed every where, either we have to charge the vehicle at home or we should have to go to a charging point and it takes a lot of time. Addition of solar energy generation to electric vehicle will give the advantage of charging the vehicle while it is in parking. The overall performance and endurance of the battery of a electric vehicle can be improved by designing a PV based hybrid energy storage system with the magnetic integration of Bessel low pass filter to the DC-DC converter. The size of battery is reduced, endurance of the battery is also improved and the effectiveness of proposed method is validated by simulation. Keywords: Solar energy generation, hybrid-energy storage system, DC-DC converter, electric vehicle, endurance of the batter.
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Raman, Sekhar Raghu, Ka-Wai (Eric) Cheng, Xiang-Dang Xue, Yat-Chi Fong i Simon Cheung. "Hybrid Energy Storage System with Vehicle Body Integrated Super-Capacitor and Li-Ion Battery: Model, Design and Implementation, for Distributed Energy Storage". Energies 14, nr 20 (12.10.2021): 6553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206553.
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In this paper, a distributed energy storage design within an electric vehicle for smarter mobility applications is introduced. Idea of body integrated super-capacitor technology, design concept and its implementation is proposed in the paper. Individual super-capacitor cells are connected in series or parallel to form a string connection of super-capacitors with the associated management unit to form a panel. These super-capacitor panels are shaped to fit the alternative concept of vehicle design, and it solves the design issues and prepares for configurable electric vehicles. Body integration of super-capacitors enhances the acceleration, and regenerative braking performances of the electric vehicle increases the operating life of the Li-ion battery and improves space utilization by giving more area for the main energy source, the Li-ion battery. Integrating super-capacitor into the car body involves special packaging technology to minimize space and promotes distributed energy storage within a vehicle. This pioneering design encourages future configurable electric vehicles. Model of both the Li-ion battery and the super-capacitor employed is studied with its series internal resistance determined at various C-rates. Loss and the efficiency analysis of the bi-directional converter, traits of body integrated super-capacitors system and control of the interleaved bi-directional converter to regulate the power-sharing in the hybrid energy storage system is presented.
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Lebeau, Philippe, Cedric De Cauwer, Joeri Van Mierlo, Cathy Macharis, Wouter Verbeke i Thierry Coosemans. "Conventional, Hybrid, or Electric Vehicles: Which Technology for an Urban Distribution Centre?" Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/302867.
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Freight transport has an important impact on urban welfare. It is estimated to be responsible for 25% of CO2emissions and up to 50% of particles matters generated by the transport sector in cities. Facing that problem, the European Commission set the objective of reaching free CO2city logistics by 2030 in major urban areas. In order to achieve this goal, electric vehicles could be an important part of the solution. However, this technology still faces a number of barriers, in particular high purchase costs and limited driving range. This paper explores the possible integration of electric vehicles in urban logistics operations. In order to answer this research question, the authors have developed a fleet size and mix vehicle routing problem with time windows for electric vehicles. In particular, an energy consumption model is integrated in order to consider variable range of electric vehicles. Based on generated instances, the authors analyse different sets of vehicles in terms of vehicle class (quadricycles, small vans, large vans, and trucks) and vehicle technology (petrol, hybrid, diesel, and electric vehicles). Results show that a fleet with different technologies has the opportunity of reducing costs of the last mile.
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Guanhua Wang i Qiyan Shu. "The influence of electric vehicles charging and discharging on power grid stability". Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 21, nr 3 (30.12.2024): 064–68. https://doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2024.21.3.0227.
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As a new type of transportation, electric vehicles (EVs) occupy significant advantages in terms of environmental protection, energy conservation and emission reduction, and renewable energy consumption. With the development of new energy grid integration technologies and the reduction of the production cost of electric vehicles, the ownership of electric vehicles has increased dramatically, at the same time, the charging and discharging process of electric vehicles will bring a series of impacts on the stability of the power grid. This paper analyzes the influence of the two operating modes of electric vehicle charging and discharging on the power grid stability.
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Xiao, Jun, Shuo Zhai, Wei Jia, Weisheng Wang, Zhiyuan Zhang i Baining Guo. "Energy Mutual Aid Device of Electric Vehicles: Quadratic Boost Converter with Modified Voltage-Mode Controller". Mathematics 12, nr 10 (14.05.2024): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12101531.
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Electric vehicles are becoming a mainstay of road transport. However, the uneven distribution of the electric vehicle charging piles in cities has led to the problem of “mileage anxiety”. This has become a significant concern of consumers in purchasing electric vehicles. At the same time, it also hinders the development of the electric vehicle industry. For this reason, this paper designs an electric vehicle energy mutual aid device. In the event that the power battery of an electric vehicle is low on energy and there are no suitable charging piles around, the device can also seek energy supplementation from surrounding electric vehicles with sufficient energy. This device should satisfy the characteristics of wide gain, high power, small size, and light weight. Firstly, the quadratic boost converter and its state space model are constructed. It uses only one electrical switching element to realize the light weight of the device, and it also provides wide voltage gain to fulfill the needs of electric vehicle charging. Secondly, an improved voltage mode controller is proposed to address the shortcomings of the conventional voltage mode controller of the quadratic boost converter. It avoids the tradeoff between the transient and steady-state performance due to the integration action of the conventional voltage mode controller. Also, this controller uses less feedback to make the controlled system output the required DC power, reducing the weight of the device. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed energy mutual aid device is verified by simulations and experiments.
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Apata, Oluwagbenga, Pitshou N. Bokoro i Gulshan Sharma. "The Risks and Challenges of Electric Vehicle Integration into Smart Cities". Energies 16, nr 14 (10.07.2023): 5274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16145274.
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The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into smart cities presents a promising opportunity for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing urban sustainability. However, there are significant risks and challenges associated with the integration of EVs into smart cities, which must be carefully considered. Though there are various reviews available on the challenges of integrating EVs into smart cities, the majority of these are focused on technical challenges, thereby ignoring other important challenges that may arise from such integration. This paper therefore provides a comprehensive overview of the risks and challenges associated with the integration of EVs into smart cities in one research paper. The different challenges associated with the integration of EVs into smart cities have been identified and categorized into four groups, namely: technical, economic, social, and environmental, while also discussing the associated risks of EV integration into smart cities. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for a holistic approach to EV integration into smart cities that considers these challenges and risks. It also identifies possible future trends and outlooks to address these challenges and promote the successful integration of EVs into smart cities. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights for policymakers, city planners, and researchers working towards sustainable urban transportation systems.
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Nesterenko, Grigory, Irina Nesterenko, Andrey Karnaukhov, Sergey Voinash, Edward Abdullazyanov i Linar Sabitov. "Integration of a hydrogen fuel cell into an electric vehicle for mainline cargo transportation". E3S Web of Conferences 525 (2024): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202452506002.
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The paper considers the issue of providing electric power to electric traction tractors. The importance of using electric vehicles from the point of view of the environmental situation is described. The use of electric motors for mainline cargo transportation is justified. In this regard, improving the performance of cargo transportation systems is always an urgent task. Increasing the indicators of efficiency, environmental riendliness, reliability and ergonomics within the framework of traditional power plants used today seems unpromising. In this regard, the application of fundamentally new technical solutions in road freight transport is more relevant. The article provides the rationale for choosing a tractor prototype. Such a car is the KAMAZ-54901. It describes how the layout of the placement of the main units and assemblies in the design of an electric vehicle will be changed. The main difference between the proposed design and classic electric vehicles is the possibility of using hydrogen elements to provide electric energy to the engines. The principle of operation of a hydrogen fuel cell is described.