Artykuły w czasopismach: „Electric double-layer formation”

1

Qu, Danqi, i Hui-Chia Yu. "Direct Numerical Simulation of Electric Double Layer Formation". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-01, nr 1 (1.05.2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-011133mtgabs.

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Xu, Yan, Wei Dong Yi i Ko Wen Jwo. "Research on the Electrical Model of a Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor". Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (grudzień 2012): 917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.917.

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The electrical model of a capacitive soil moisture sensor is considered in this paper. In the new model established, the contact resistor and contact capacitance are taken into account. It is pointed out that the electric double layer causes the formation of the contact resistor and contact capacitance. The electrical properties of the electric double layer are the effect of both physical electricity and electrochemistry, so the relationship between the contact capacitance and the soil relative permittivity does not follow the formula of the parallel plate capacitor. Based upon the diffuse electric double layer model, this paper successfully derives the formula of the contact capacitor , whose coefficients are determined by MATLAB simulation based on experimental data, and the soil relative permittivity. Besides, this paper has established the sensor-output-voltage-Vo -soil-moisture-θ curve and compared it to that derived from the model without considering the electric double layer. It is demonstrated that the correlation coefficient between the curve derived from the model this paper established and the experimental data is 0.9997, more accurately describing the relation between the sensor output voltage Vo and soil moisture θ.

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Qu, Danqi, Robert Termuhlen i Hui-Chia Yu. "Direct Numerical Simulation of Electric Double Layer Formation in Supercapacitors". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-02, nr 3 (23.11.2020): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-023533mtgabs.

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Jargulinski, W., i J. Szelka. "Formation of a Double Electric Layer on the Metal-Plastic Boundary". Materials Science 40, nr 5 (wrzesień 2004): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11003-005-0104-z.

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Teuber, M., M. Strautmann, J. Drillkens i D. U. Sauer. "Lifetime and Performance Assessment of Commercial Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Based on Cover Layer Formation". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11, nr 20 (30.04.2019): 18313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b00057.

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Hsieh, Chien-Te, i Yi-Tian Lin. "Synthesis of mesoporous carbon composite and its electric double-layer formation behavior". Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 93, nr 1-3 (lipiec 2006): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2006.02.017.

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Krishnan, Karthik, Premkumar Jayaraman, Subramanian Balasubramanian i Ulaganathan Mani. "Nanoionic transport and electric double layer formation at the electrode/polymer interface for high-performance supercapacitors". Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, nr 46 (2018): 23650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta09524h.

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Lennartsson, W. "Some aspects of double layer formation in a plasma constrained by a magnetic mirror". Laser and Particle Beams 5, nr 2 (maj 1987): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600002792.

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The discussion of parallel electric fields in the earth's magnetosphere has undergone a notable shift of emphasis in recent years, away from wave-generated anomalous resistivity towards the more large-scale effects of magnetic confinement of current carrying plasmas. This shift has been inspired in large part by the more extensive data on auroral particle distribution functions that have been made available, data that may often seem consistent with a dissipation-free acceleration of auroral electrons over an extended altitude range.Efforts to interpret these data have brought new vigor to the concept that a smooth and static electric field can be self-consistently generated by suitable pitch-angle anisotropies among the high-altitude particle populations, different for electrons and ions, and that such an electric field is both necessary and sufficient to maintain the plasma in a quasi-neutral steady state. This paper reviews and criticizes certain aspects of this concept, both from a general theoretical standpoint and from the standpoint of what we know about the magnetospheric environment. It is argued that this concept has flaws and that the actual physical problem is considerably more complicated, requiring a more complex electric field, possibly including double layer structures.

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Brodskaya, Elena. "Role of Water in the Formation of the Electric Double Layer of Micelles". Journal of Physical Chemistry B 116, nr 19 (8.05.2012): 5795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp3024183.

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ICHIYANAGI, Mitsuhisa, Shankar Devasenathipathy, Yohei SATO i Koichi HISHIDA. "Transient Characteristic of Electric Double Layer Formation in Buffer Solutions by Varying pH". Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2003 (2003): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2003.429.

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Dahlin, Andreas B., Raphael Zahn i Janos Vörös. "Nanoplasmonic sensing of metal–halide complex formation and the electric double layer capacitor". Nanoscale 4, nr 7 (2012): 2339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2nr11950a.

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Moya, A. A. "Theory of the formation of the electric double layer at the ion exchange membrane–solution interface". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, nr 7 (2015): 5207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp05702c.

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The study of the formation of the electric double layer at the membrane–solution interface based on the Nernst–Planck and Poisson equations including different diffusion coefficient and dielectric constant values in the solution and membrane phases.

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Omura, Yasuhisa, Hiroshi Inokawa i Katsutoshi Izumi. "Titanium silicide and titanium nitride formation by titanium-ion implantation for MOS LSI applications". Journal of Materials Research 6, nr 6 (czerwiec 1991): 1238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1991.1238.

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A 70-nm-thick, 19-μΩ · cm TiSi2 layer is formed using a Ti-ion implantation technique. TiN/TiSi2 double layers, whose surface morphology is superior to that obtained with conventional deposition and reaction techniques, can also be simultaneously formed by Ti-ion implantation into monocrystalline Si screened with the Si3N4 film. Discrete pn-junction diodes with a shallow TiSi2 layer and Ti-polycide-gate MOS capacitors are fabricated to determine the influences of Ti-ion implantation on electrical characteristics. The leakage current of the B-doped p+n junction and As/P-doped n+p junction with Ti-ion implanted silicide layer is low enough for device applications. Silicide formation on the gate polycrystalline-Si does not affect the breakdown electric field strength of a 20-nm-thick gate oxide. MOS capacitors showed normal C-V characteristics.

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Kim, Sung-Hun, i Won-Ju Cho. "Lithography Processable Ta2O5 Barrier-Layered Chitosan Electric Double Layer Synaptic Transistors". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, nr 3 (29.01.2021): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031344.

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We proposed a synaptic transistor gated using a Ta2O5 barrier-layered organic chitosan electric double layer (EDL) applicable to a micro-neural architecture system. In most of the previous studies, a single layer of chitosan electrolyte was unable to perform lithography processes due to poor mechanical/chemical resistance. To overcome this limitation, we laminated a high-k Ta2O5 thin film on chitosan electrolyte to ensure high mechanical/chemical stability to perform a lithographic process for micropattern formation. Artificial synaptic behaviors were realized by protonic mobile ion polarization in chitosan electrolytes. In addition, neuroplasticity modulation in the amorphous In–Ga–Zn-oxide (a-IGZO) channel was implemented by presynaptic stimulation. We also demonstrated synaptic weight changes through proton polarization, excitatory postsynaptic current modulations, and paired-pulse facilitation. According to the presynaptic stimulations, the magnitude of mobile proton polarization and the amount of weight change were quantified. Subsequently, the stable conductance modulation through repetitive potential and depression pulse was confirmed. Finally, we consider that proposed synaptic transistor is suitable for advanced micro-neural architecture because it overcomes the instability caused when using a single organic chitosan layer.

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Gavrilyuk, A. P., I. L. Isaev, V. S. Gerasimov i S. V. Karpov. "Physical principles of the formation of a nanoparticle electric double layer in metal hydrosols". Colloid and Polymer Science 298, nr 1 (23.11.2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00396-019-04573-8.

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Kirillova, Ekaterina V., i Victor P. Stepanov. "A Potential-Induced Transformation in the Double Electrical Layer on the Rhenium Electrode in Alkali Chloride Melts". Materials 14, nr 20 (12.10.2021): 6009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14206009.

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Structural transformations in the adsorption layer caused by an electric potential are investigated using the experimental data on the capacitance of a double electric layer for a rhenium electrode in molten sodium, potassium and cesium chlorides at 1093 K. Likening the double electric layer to a flat capacitor, as well as the effective length of the shielding of the electrode charge and changes in the charge sign depending on the applied potential are estimated. It is found that near the minimum potential of the capacitance curve, the shielding length decreases proportionally to the square of the potential due to the deformation of the double layer. The deformation reaches critical values at the potentials of −0.65, −0.38 and −0.40 V for the Re|NaCl, Re|KCl and Re|CsCl systems respectively, and decreases sharply at more positive potentials. The analysis of the dependence of the charge density on the electrode revealed the effect of shielding of potential-induced rhenium cations by salt phase anions. The strong Raman-active Re–Cl stretching mode was observed at 292 cm−1. This can be explained by the transfer of anions across the interface resulting in the formation of ordered layers of ion associations (possibly, ReXn(n − 1)−) on a positively charged surface.

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Zhao, Yongpeng, Xiangyang Sun i Zaiping Nie. "Seismoelectric Effect of Oil-Wetted Porous Media Containing Two-Phase Flow". Electronics 12, nr 2 (9.01.2023): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020346.

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In oil reservoirs, if oil mainly has wettability in the solid phase, such as in carbonate reservoirs, the medium is oil-wetted. For oil-wetted porous media containing an oil and water two-phase flow, there are electric double layers at both the oil–solid interface and the oil–water interface, which can stimulate the seismoelectric effect. To date, most of the studies on the seismoelectric effects of porous media have mainly focused on water-wetted porous media, however, there are few reported studies on cases of oil-wetted porous media, especially on oil-wetted porous media containing an oil–water two-phase flow. In this paper, we adopted the oil-wetted pore model, in which oil and water are assumed to be immiscible, and each phase is continuous and distributed in parallel. We also considered the influence of the electric double layer at both the oil–solid interface and the oil–water interface on the seismoelectric effect. It was concluded that the seismoelectric effect of oil-wetted porous media containing a two-phase flow is mainly caused by the electric double layer at the oil–water interface, while the effect of the electric double layer at the oil–solid interface can be ignored. We regarded the two-phase flow as an equivalent fluid, and then we derived a governing equation of the seismoelectric effect and proposed the flux-averaging method to derive the electrokinetic coupling coefficients under the excitation of a steady acoustic field and a time-harmonic acoustic field. We also investigated the effects of formation parameters, namely, water saturation, pore size, water viscosity and porosity, on the seismoelectric effect, which can provide a theoretical reference for the study of seismoelectric logging in oil-wetted porous formations containing a two-phase flow.

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Singh, Nagendra, H. Thiemann i R. W. Schunk. "Electric fields and double layers in plasmas". Laser and Particle Beams 5, nr 2 (maj 1987): 233–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600002743.

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Various mechanisms for driving double layers in plasmas are briefly described, including applied potential drops, currents, contact potentials, and plasma expansions. Some dynamic features of the double layers are discussed. These features, as seen in simulations, laboratory experiments and theory, indicate that double layers and the currents through them undergo slow oscillations, which are determined by the ion transit time across an effective length of the system in which the double layers form. It is shown that a localized potential dip forms at the low potential end of a double layer, which interrupts the electron current through it according to the Langmuir criterion, whenever the ion flux into the double is disrupted. The generation of electric fields perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field by contact potentials is also discussed. Two different situations have been considered; in one, a low-density hot plasma is sandwiched between high-density cold plasmas, while in the other a high-density current sheet permeates a low-density background plasma. Perpendicular electric fields develop near the contact surfaces. In the case of the current sheet, the creation of parallel electric fields and the formation of double layers are also discussed when the current sheet thickness is varied. Finally, the generation of electric fields (parallel to an ambient magnetic field) and double layers in an expanding plasma are discussed.

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Elshin, V. V., i Yu E. Golodkov. "Studying electric double layer under sorption of gold on activated carbons from thiocarbamide solutions". Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 24, nr 6 (13.01.2021): 1337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2020-6-1337-1346.

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The purpose of the article is to research the mechanism of gold-thiocarbamide complex sorption by activated carbons by studying the properties of the resulting electric double layer. The study of the electric double layer of coal sorption surface is conducted using a polar conductometric method based on the simultaneous use of polarization dependences on direct current and conductometric measurements on alternating current. It is shown that the sorption of thiocarbamide complexes of gold occurs more intensively at the cathodic values of sorbent potentials. Dependence of the adsorption value on the potential is actually linear in the negative region from 0.05 to 0.2 V. The absolute value of goldthiocarbamide sorption at the negative sorbent potential of 0.2 V coincides with the maximum values of the polarization current for direct current and conductivity for alternating current. The electrochemical reduction reaction of thiocarbamide compounds results in the formation of neutral thiocarbamide molecules, it might be the reason for gold deposition in a metallic form on the surface of the carbon sorbent. Neutralization of active compounds in the electric double layer creates conditions for the activation of positively charged gold ions directing to the negatively charged sorbent surface. The anodic region of sorbent polarization is characterized by the maximum values of gold ion sorption at the positive potential of 0.2 V. In this case the sorbent surface should be recharged, since in the same region of the potential the maximum AC conductivity is observed. Such conditions should lead to the destruction of the thick part of the electric double layer and, consequently, create favorable sorption conditions. The conducted studies allowed to derive a conclusion that the sor ption of gold-thiocarbamide complexes by activated carbons is significantly influenced by the sorbent potential. The use of the polar conductometric method for studying the electric double layer makes it possible to explain the features of given compound sorption on activated carbons.

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Schmidt, Elliot, Sha Shi, P. Paul Ruden i C. Daniel Frisbie. "Characterization of the Electric Double Layer Formation Dynamics of a Metal/Ionic Liquid/Metal Structure". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, nr 23 (6.06.2016): 14879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b04065.

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Xu, Ke, Md Mahbubul Islam, David Guzman, Alan C. Seabaugh, Alejandro Strachan i Susan K. Fullerton-Shirey. "Pulse Dynamics of Electric Double Layer Formation on All-Solid-State Graphene Field-Effect Transistors". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, nr 49 (13.11.2018): 43166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b13649.

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Gunell, H., L. Andersson, J. De Keyser i I. Mann. "Self-consistent electrostatic simulations of reforming double layers in the downward current region of the aurora". Annales Geophysicae 33, nr 10 (30.10.2015): 1331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-1331-2015.

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Abstract. The plasma on a magnetic field line in the downward current region of the aurora is simulated using a Vlasov model. It is found that an electric field parallel to the magnetic fields is supported by a double layer moving toward higher altitude. The double layer accelerates electrons upward, and these electrons give rise to plasma waves and electron phase-space holes through beam–plasma interaction. The double layer is disrupted when reaching altitudes of 1–2 Earth radii where the Langmuir condition no longer can be satisfied due to the diminishing density of electrons coming up from the ionosphere. During the disruption the potential drop is in part carried by the electron holes. The disruption creates favourable conditions for double layer formation near the ionosphere and double layers form anew in that region. The process repeats itself with a period of approximately 1 min. This period is determined by how far the double layer can reach before being disrupted: a higher disruption altitude corresponds to a longer repetition period. The disruption altitude is, in turn, found to increase with ionospheric density and to decrease with total voltage. The current displays oscillations around a mean value. The period of the oscillations is the same as the recurrence period of the double layer formations. The oscillation amplitude increases with increasing voltage, whereas the mean value of the current is independent of voltage in the 100 to 800 V range covered by our simulations. Instead, the mean value of the current is determined by the electron density at the ionospheric boundary.

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Dubal, Deepak P., i Rudolf Holze. "Synthesis, properties, and performance of nanostructured metal oxides for supercapacitors". Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, nr 5 (19.05.2014): 611–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2013-1021.

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AbstractBeyond activated carbon and other forms of high-surface area carbon operating solely as double layer storage materials in capacitors of high capacitance commonly somewhat imprecisely called supercapacitors other electrode materials storing electric charge by reversible and fast superficial redox processes are studied as active masses. The resulting devices combining double layer and Faradaic process-based charge storage – commonly called hybrid ones – show significantly higher capacitances at only marginally diminished power capability. Among the suggested materials metal oxides feature most prominently. Their formation, characterization and properties together with the performance of prepared devices are reviewed here.

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Wakabayashi, M., i T. Ono. "Multi-layer structure of mid-latitude sporadic-<i>E</i> observed during the SEEK-2 campaign". Annales Geophysicae 23, nr 7 (13.10.2005): 2347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-2347-2005.

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Abstract. In the mid-latitude ionospheric region, sporadic-E layers (Es layers) have often been observed, revealing multiple layers. The Es layers observed during the SEEK-2 rocket campaign showed double electron density peaks; namely, there are stable lower peaks and relatively unstable upper peaks. We examined the effects of wind shear and the electric fields on the generation of the multiple layer structure, in comparison with the electron density profile, the neutral wind, and the DC electric field observed by the S310 rocket experiments. The results showed that the neutral wind shear is mainly responsible for the generation of the lower layer, while the DC electric field makes a significant contribution to the formation of the upper layer. The difference between the lower and upper layers was also explained by the enhanced AC electric field observed at about 103–105 km altitude. The external DC electric field intensity is expected to be ~5 mV/m, which is enough to contribute to generate the Es layers in the ionosphere. Keywords. Ionosphere (Electric fields; Ionospheric irregularities, Mid-latitude ionosphere)

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Charnyi, D. V., i Yu A. Onanko. "ANALYSIS OF ELECTROSTATIC PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE FOAM FILTRATION MEDIA". Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", nr 2 (12.12.2019): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg201902-183.

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The relevance of research. The analysis of the aqueous suspension filtration initial stage through clean polystyrene foam filtration media carried out. Such feature of its work as hydro-sorting is considered. The degree of imbalance and interaction with other electrostatic systems in aqueous suspension determines the layer of potential-forming ions, which is formed around the core of the system. It determines system’s sign and most of the electrical double layer charge. It is usually determined using a physical quantity such as electrostatic or ζ-potential. The aim of this work is to determine the electrostatic properties of polystyrene foam granules and the degree of influence on the process of retaining various nature colloidal particles on their surface when filtering an aqueous suspension through them. Research results. The relationship between the sizes of polystyrene foam granules and the concentrations of electrostatic charge on their surface analyzed. Using the Poison-Boltzmann theory, a relationship between an electrostatic charge and an electric double layer of polystyrene foam granules in aqueous suspension showed. The importance of the ζ-potential researching for controlling of colloidal suspensions filtering process substantiated. The electrostatic properties of different morphology colloids studied. Analysis of research data confirms the hypothesis of a very close connection between the various morphologies colloids ζ-potential magnitude and their electric double layer interaction force with electric double layer of polystyrene foam granules in an aqueous suspension. This means that the polystyrene foam filter “charging” time is closely connected to the values of colloids ζ-potential in the filtered aqueous suspension. Conclusions. The initial filtration stage through clean polystyrene foam media is significantly different from the main stage of filtration due to the electrostatic interaction forces predominance. The time difference of the colloidal crusts complete formation completion on polystyrene foam granules of different diameters is so insignificant that it can be neglected and this time is considered the same for polystyrene foam granules of different diameters. Regardless of the origin nature, the retention intensity of the colloids by polystyrene foam filtration media granules and, consequently, the polystyrene filter “charging” time is directly depends on their z-potential value.

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Torrisi, L. "Ion energy enhancement from TNSA plasmas obtained from advanced targets". Laser and Particle Beams 32, nr 3 (30.05.2014): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034614000251.

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AbstractLaser generated plasmas from target normal sheath acceleration produce energetic ions from the rear side of the target due to the formation of a high directive electric field. Fast electrons are ejected from the rear side of the target and a successive Coulomb explosion is driven by the fast electrons generating a high electric field of double layer. The ion acceleration is mainly controlled by the laser intensity and by the square of the laser wavelength. Literature reports that at intensities of the order of 1018 W/cm2 and at wavelengths of about 1 µm the ion energy is of the order of 5 MeV/nucleon. The use of advanced targets realized with the aim to reduce the surface reflection, to increase the laser absorption coefficient and, with an optimal thickness, to increase the electric field of the double layer, permits to enhance the ion energy acceleration, so that the energy of 5.0 MeV per charge state can be reached at about 1016 W/cm2, as it will be presented and discussed.

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Fiates, Juliane, i Gustavo Doubek. "Theoretical Insights into Impact of Electrode and Electrolyte Over Li-Air Battery". Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, nr 3 (1.03.2022): 030521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac59f6.

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The lithium-air battery is getting attention as a good technology for energy storage. Nevertheless, the design of such a device still faces some crucial limitations. The most challenging one concerns the selection of electrodes and solvents to provide good performance during the cell operation. Based on literature evidence, we have selected three system configurations of electrode/electrolyte to be evaluated via molecular dynamics simulation: gold/DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), graphene/DMSO, and graphene/TEGDME (tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether) using lithium hexafluorophosphate—LiPF6. We show that the local concentration distributions for DMSO and Li+ are highly influenced by the electrode material. Furthermore, the Li+ solvation shell presents a more complex arrangement when in composition with TEGDME. Additionally, the electrical double layer capacitance in this solvent shows high impedance to the electrode surface. This investigation noticed that the electric field plays a role over the system, contributing to the solvent organization and the electrical double layer formation. Overall, this study strengthens the idea that theoretical findings may contribute to a complementary investigation, leading some light over experimental Li-air battery data reported in the literature.

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Mandzyuk, V. I., I. F. Mironyuk, N. Ya Ivanichok i B. I. Rachiy. "Impedance spectroscopy of capacitor systems based on saccharide-derived porous carbon materials." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 22, nr 4 (19.11.2021): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.22.4.711-716.

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The electrochemical processes in capacitor systems based on porous carbon materials (PCMs) derived from glucose, lactose, and saccharose at activation temperature of 800 and 1000°C are explored using impedance spectroscopy method. An equivalent electric circuit, which allows modeling of the impedance spectra in the frequency range from 10-2 to 105 Hz, is proposed, and a physical interpretation of each element of the electrical circuit is presented. It is set that in capacitor systems on the basis of the explored materials the accumulation of capacitance occurs due to the formation of a double electric layer at the electrode/electrolyte boundary, and Faradaic processes are minimized. The specific capacity of supercapacitors based on PCMs obtained at 800°C is 91-154 F/g due to the developed microporous structure of materials.

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Budzulyak, I. M., B. I. Rachiy, V. M. Vashchynsky i M. V. Berkeschuk. "Specific Capacitance Characteristics of Carbons, Activated by Potassium Hydroxide". Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 16, nr 1 (30.03.2015): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.16.1.98-106.

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This work is devoted to the study of the charge accumulation in the electric double layer on the polarized electrode of the electrochemical systems. A series of samples of the nanoporous carbon material obtained from natural raw materials. In order to improve its performance it has been made the modification of porous structure of the samples by thermal and chemical treatment. As an activator potassium hydroxide was used. Determination of the specific characteristics of ultracapacitors was conducted in a two-electrode cells by potentiodynamic and galvanostatic methods. The pore formation process was studied by simultaneous thermoanalyzer STA 449 F3 Jupiter. It is shown that the resulting materials have high values of capacitance, which is realized by charge accumulation in the electric double layer, the pseudocapacitance contribution is absent. The optimal modes of carbonization and chemical activation were defined. The dependence of specific characteristics on the modification mode has explained. It is shown that almost all the samples are highly resistant in a wide range of current densities.

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Harlaftis, Filippos, Dean Kos, Qianqi Lin, Kevin T. P. Lim, Calvin Dumesnil i Jeremy J. Baumberg. "Trapping plasmonic nanoparticles with MHz electric fields". Applied Physics Letters 120, nr 20 (16.05.2022): 203303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0091763.

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Dielectrophoresis drives the motion of nanoparticles through the interaction of their induced dipoles with a non-uniform electric field. We experimentally observe rf dielectrophoresis on 100 nm diameter gold nanoparticles in a solution and show that for MHz frequencies, the nanoparticles can reversibly aggregate at electrode gaps. A frequency resonance is observed at which reversible trapping of gold nanoparticle “clouds” occurs in the gap center, producing almost a 1000-fold increase in density. Through accounting for gold cores surrounded by a conducting double layer ion shell, a simple model accounts for this reversibility. This suggests that substantial control over nanoparticle separation is possible, enabling the formation of equilibrium nanoarchitectures in specific locations.

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Grosu, F., Mircea Bologa i I. Kozhevnikov. "Hydrodynamic Aspects of High-Voltage Infiltration Nanogenerator". Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov 57, nr 3 (czerwiec 2021): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52577/eom.2021.57.3.62.

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The hydrodynamic aspects of functioning of a high-voltage infiltration nanogenerator employing the potential energy of a liquid entering a glass filter are discussed. This energy transforms into the electric energy due to the formation of a double electric layer owing to the triboeleсtrization effect during infiltration of the dielectric liquid through the porous structure. To solve the emerged problems, in the equations of a hydrodynamic flow along the infiltration path two local effective parameters were introduced: a mechanic density and dynamic viscosity. The working equations for the motion of the liquid were derived; their solutions for the velocity and the flow rate determining the electric characteristics of a nano-generator, the electric charge and potential as well as their physical relationships were obtained.

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Shi, Mingwei, Zailei Zhang, Man Zhao, Xianmao Lu i Zhong Lin Wang. "Reducing the Self-Discharge Rate of Supercapacitors by Suppressing Electron Transfer in the Electric Double Layer". Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168, nr 12 (1.12.2021): 120548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac44b9.

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For supercapacitors, high self-discharge rate is an inevitable issue that causes fast decay of cell voltage and loss of stored energy. Designing supercapacitors with suppressed self-discharge for long-term energy storage has been a challenge. In this work, we demonstrate that substantially reduced self-discharge rate can be achieved by using highly concentrated electrolytes. Specifically, when supercapacitors with 14 M LiCl electrolyte are charged to 0.80 V, the open circuit voltage (OCV) drops to 0.65 V in 24 h. In stark contrast, when the electrolyte concentration is reduced to 1 M, the OCV drops from 0.80 to 0.65 V within only 0.3 h, which was 80 times faster than that with 14 M LiCl. Decreased OCV decay rate at high electrolyte concentration is also confirmed for supercapacitors with different electrolytes (e.g., LiNO3) or at higher charging voltages (1.60 V). The slow self-discharge in highly concentrated electrolyte can be largely attributed to impeded electron transfer between the electrodes and electrolyte due to the formation of hydration clusters and reduced amount of free water molecules, thereby faradaic reactions that cause fast self-discharge are reduced. Our study not only supports the newly revised model about the formation of electric double layer with the inclusion of electron transfer, but also points a direction for substantially reducing the self-discharge rate of supercapacitors.

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Zhao, Yongpeng, Xiangyang Sun i Zaiping Nie. "Study of the Seismoelectric Effect in Saturated Porous Media Using a Bundle of Capillary Tubes Model". Electronics 12, nr 2 (11.01.2023): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020379.

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The seismoelectric effect is the fundamental basis for seismoelectric logging. Most of the existing theories for the seismoelectric effect are based on the Pride theory, which adopts the assumption of a thin electric double layer and uses the volume-averaging method to derive the seismoelectric coupling equations; hence, the obtained electrokinetic coupling coefficient is not applicable to large-Debye-length cases. In addition, the Pride theory neglects the change in seepage velocity with the radial position of the pore when calculating the streaming current, which leads to an inaccurate reflection of the influence of pore size on the electrokinetic coupling coefficient. In this study, we proposed a flux-averaging method to solve the effective net residual charge density of porous media and further derived the electrokinetic coupling coefficient expressed by the effective net residual charge density. We also investigated the effect of formation parameters and compared the results with those calculated using the Pride theory. Since the proposed method is not limited by the thin electric double layer assumption, it is suitable for both small- and large-Debye-length cases. Moreover, we also carried out flume experiments to investigate the influence of salinity, where both thin and thick electric double layer cases were studied. The comparison between the results of the experiment and simulation verified the correctness of the proposed method. Furthermore, the proposed method took into account the variation in seepage velocity with pore location when solving for the streaming current; therefore, the influence of the pore size on the electrokinetic coefficient can be described more accurately.

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Gunell, H., J. De Keyser, E. Gamby i I. Mann. "Vlasov simulations of parallel potential drops". Annales Geophysicae 31, nr 7 (18.07.2013): 1227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1227-2013.

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Abstract. An auroral flux tube is modelled from the magnetospheric equator to the ionosphere using Vlasov simulations. Starting from an initial state, the evolution of the plasma on the flux tube is followed in time. It is found that when applying a voltage between the ends of the flux tube, about two thirds of the potential drop is concentrated in a thin double layer at approximately one Earth radius altitude. The remaining part is situated in an extended region 1–2 Earth radii above the double layer. Waves on the ion timescale develop above the double layer, and they move toward higher altitude at approximately the ion acoustic speed. These waves are seen both in the electric field and as perturbations of the ion and electron distributions, indicative of an instability. Electrons of magnetospheric origin become trapped between the magnetic mirror and the double layer during its formation. At low altitude, waves on electron timescales appear and are seen to be non-uniformly distributed in space. The temporal evolution of the potential profile and the total voltage affect the double layer altitude, which decreases with an increasing field aligned potential drop. A current–voltage relationship is found by running several simulations with different voltages over the system, and it agrees with the Knight relation reasonably well.

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Khojasteh, Nasrin B., Sabine Apelt, Ute Bergmann, Stefan Facsko i René Heller. "Revealing the formation dynamics of the electric double layer by means of in-situ Rutherford backscattering spectrometry". Review of Scientific Instruments 90, nr 8 (sierpień 2019): 085107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5100216.

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Morrow, R., i D. R. McKenzie. "The time-dependent development of electric double-layers in pure water at metal electrodes: the effect of an applied voltage on the local pH". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468, nr 2137 (10.08.2011): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2011.0323.

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Water maintains a pH value of 7 owing to a balance between dissociation into hydronium (H 3 O + ) and hydroxide (OH − ) ions and their recombination. An examination is made of the effect of applying voltages from 0.1 to 0.82 V on these ions between metal electrodes which act as blocking electrodes. The movement of hydronium ions away from and hydroxide ions towards the anode is followed. This movement results in the formation of an ion double-layer with a steeply rising electric field and a maximum pH of approximately 12. At the cathode, the opposite occurs and the pH reaches a minimum of approximately 1.7. The time constant for double-layer formation is found to increase exponentially with voltage, and the pH at each electrode varies linearly with voltage; thus, the pH can be controlled systematically at each electrode. The dimensions of the double-layers are such that large biomolecules at the electrodes will be immersed in a pH environment close to the extreme values at the electrode. This means that the charge on the molecules may be controlled as they adsorb onto the electrode; this may prove valuable for the operation of biosensors.

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Kumar, Manish, Shogo Taira, Nutthira Pakkang, Kengo Shigetomi i Yasumitsu Uraki. "Stretched lignin/polyacrylonitrile blended carbon nanofiber as high conductive electrode in electric double layer capacitor". Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 13, nr 2 (1.06.2022): 025007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2043-6262/ac7323.

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Abstract In this study, lignin-based conducting carbon nanofiber mat was prepared by electrospinning followed by a thermal treatment. Lignin is a sustainable carbon precursor. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) acts as a binder polymer, which increases the viscosity of the lignin solution using dimethylformamide solvent and helps in the formation of a stable nanofiber. The mixture solution was electrospun, followed by stabilisation and carbonisation to yield carbon nanofibers (CNFs). A fixed amount of external load was provided to the lignin fiber mat during the stabilisation procedure and then carbonised to yield stretched carbon nanofibers (S-CNFs). On stretching the mat, surface conductivity was enhanced by 3 times, and the surface area by 1.3 times compared to that of non-stretched CNFs. Finally, the electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) was assembled with the resulting (CNFs and S-CNFs) nanofiber mat using 6 M of KOH aqueous solution. S-CNFs mat exhibits a specific capacitance of 266 F g−1, which was higher than that of CNFs, i.e. 258 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mVs−1 .

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Nian, Jun-Nan, i Hsisheng Teng. "Influence of the Semiconducting Properties of a Current Collector on the Electric Double Layer Formation on Porous Carbon". Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109, nr 20 (maj 2005): 10279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp044171s.

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Matsushima, Masahiro, Mikio Noda, Golap Kalita, Hideo Uchida, Koichi Wakita i Masayoshi Umeno. "Formation of Graphene-Containing Porous Carbon Film for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor by Pulsed Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 51, nr 4R (1.04.2012): 045103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.51.045103.

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Matsushima, Masahiro, Mikio Noda, Golap Kalita, Hideo Uchida, Koichi Wakita i Masayoshi Umeno. "Formation of Graphene-Containing Porous Carbon Film for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor by Pulsed Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 51 (15.03.2012): 045103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.51.045103.

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Liu, Hsin-Yu, Kai-Ping Wang i Hsisheng Teng. "A simplified preparation of mesoporous carbon and the examination of the carbon accessibility for electric double layer formation". Carbon 43, nr 3 (2005): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.10.020.

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Wu, Jun, Jiapeng Cao, Hailin Bi, Jun Zhang i Qing Cao. "Liquid-solid contact electrification and its effect on the formation of electric double layer: An atomic-level investigation". Nano Energy 111 (czerwiec 2023): 108442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2023.108442.

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Sethi, Astha, Pritesh Parikh, Samatha Benedict, Subimal Deb i Souri Banerjee. "Multi-Peaked Velocity Spectrum of a AC-Electric-Field-Induced Electrolytic Flow with Microelectrodes". Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (listopad 2012): 957–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.957.

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We study the electrolytic flow in a system of coplanar parallel electrodes subjected to an AC field. The model system has been thoroughly examined numerically for a large range of frequencies of the applied potential where we find a peak in the spectrum of the velocity magnitude at high frequencies along with exhibition of a pronounced peak at lower frequencies. Interestingly the first peak in the velocity spectrum shifts to lower frequencies while the second peak to higher frequencies with increasing distance from the electrode edge which suggests a formation of a non-planar electric double layer structure at higher frequencies.

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Sheng, Z. M., J. N. Wang i J. C. Ye. "Synthesis of nanoporous carbon with controlled pore size distribution and examination of its accessibility for electric double layer formation". Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 111, nr 1-3 (kwiecień 2008): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2007.08.005.

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Stepanov, Vladimir, Vladimir Chernov, Yury Parshikov, Viktor Lebedev i Yevgeny Kharanzhevsky. "Radiation-induced separation and accumulation of electric charge in supercapacitors". Nuclear Energy and Technology 4, nr 3 (7.12.2018): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.4.30780.

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In current sources with a radioactive isotope (CSRI), nuclear energy is directly converted into electricity due to the separation of electric charges during the decay of radioactive isotopes. It was previously shown that asymmetric supercapacitors can be used as CSRI prototypes if, after being exposed to pulsed reactor irradiation, the electric charge on their plates increases to several coulombs as a result of internal induced activity. In this paper, the electric charge separation and accumulation in supercapacitors were studied directly in the process of neutron irradiation. The study was focused on the electrophysical characteristics of cylindrical supercapacitors with an organic electrolyte produced by JSC “ELEKOND”. A comparison of symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors showed that an effective charge accumulation occurs in the asymmetric capacitors: it is independent of the neutron flux density and determined by the absorbed radiation dose. The electrical voltage between the plates of a symmetrical supercapacitor with a capacity of 100 F during irradiation up to an absorbed dose of 50 Gy reaches 1.24 mV. When asymmetric supercapacitors are irradiated with the same dose, a significant increase in the potential difference up to 1.15 V is observed during irradiation and for a long time afterwards (1.5·105 s) due to the electric charge redistribution (~ 5·10–3 C) in the electrolyte and carbon particles with the formation of a double electrical layer. The post-radiation increase in the capacity of asymmetric supercapacitors is ~ 5 mF.

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Zhao, Yongpeng, Xiangyang Sun i Zaiping Nie. "Seismoelectric Coupling Equations of Oil-Wetted Porous Medium Containing Oil and Water". Electronics 12, nr 9 (26.04.2023): 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12092003.

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For porous medium containing multiphase fluid, such as oil-wetted porous medium with oil–water dual phase fluid, its fluid interface will also produce electric double layer (EDL), which will play a role in the seismoelectric effects. At this time, the principle of seismoelectric effects is more complex. The existing theory for the seismoelectric effects is the Pride theory used in the water-saturated porous formation, which cannot meet the actual needs of the theoretical research of seismoelectric exploration in the porous formation with multiphase fluid. Carbonate porous formations are often oil-wetted; therefore, it is necessary to study the electrokinetic effects of oil-wetted porous medium containing multiphase fluid. In this paper, we treated the oil–water mixture as an effective fluid, and solved the effective elastic parameters and extended the Biot equations to the case of oil-wetted porous medium with oil–water dual phase fluid. We calculated the effective electromagnetic parameters and derived the macroscopic coupling equations of seismoelectric effects and electroseismic effects, and proposed the new electrokinetic coupling coefficients of the oil-wetted porous medium with dual phase fluid. We also deduced the coupling functions of electric and magnetic fields relative to the solid displacement in the homogeneous porous medium, and studied the polarization characteristics of the electric field. We use the derived coupling equations to simulate the seismoelectric logging while drilling in the model of oil-wetted porous formation with dual phase fluid under the excitation of multipole sources. The influence of drill collar wave on the acoustic field and electric field under the excitation of different sources was investigated, which has a certain guiding role in the selection of electrokinetic logging tools.

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Shoucri, Magdi, François Vidal i Jean-Pierre Matte. "A numerical study of ponderomotive ion acceleration in a dense plasma driven by a circularly polarized high-intensity laser beam normally incident on thin foils". Laser and Particle Beams 34, nr 2 (18.02.2016): 242–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034616000057.

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AbstractWe use an Eulerian Vlasov code to study the efficient ion acceleration in dense targets by the ponderomotive force of a high-intensity circularly polarized laser beam, normally incident on a dense plasma. The code solves the one-dimensional relativistic Vlasov–Maxwell equations for both electrons and ions. We follow in details the mechanism of formation and evolution of a double-layer structure, where electrons are pushed steadily in the forward direction by the ponderomotive force of the laser beam, trapping an ion population, while an induced space charge electric field pulls ions behind them, forming a double-layer structure supported by the strong ponderomotive pressure of the intense laser beam. We consider the case of a high-density deuterium plasma with n/ncr = 100, where ncr is the critical density. Three cases are studied, by varying the width of the dense target and the intensity of the laser beam (with the normalized vector potential or quiver momentum a0 = 50 and a0 = 100), to follow the physical processes involved in the ion acceleration and the final formation of a neutral plasma jet ejected from the back of the target. We follow the transition from a situation where the laser pulse radiation pressure is acting on the double layer in the target, to a situation where below a given thickness a fraction of the laser energy is transmitted through the target. The absence of noise in the Eulerian Vlasov code allows us to follow accurately the evolution of the phase-space structures of the distribution functions.

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Xu, Xue Feng, B. X. Ma, Feng Chen i Wei Peng. "Study on Effect of Composite Particles in Polishing Process and Its Mechanism". Advanced Materials Research 24-25 (wrzesień 2007): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.24-25.155.

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In this paper, mixed slurries containing silica abrasives and polystyrene (PS) polymer particles in deionized water at pH 10.5 have been evaluated for silicon wafer polishing. By applying the theory of electric double layer model, the effect of the particle interactions in mixed slurry is investigated. Zeta potential measurements and TEM images have been used to show the formation of composite particles. The polishing mechanism with composite particles slurries is discussed. Polishing experiments with the mixed slurries formed by coating smaller (~30nm) abrasives onto softer and larger (~2000nm) polymer particles have shown the superior characteristic with higher removal rate and high surface quality.

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Singh, N., C. Deverapalli, A. Rajagiri i I. Khazanov. "Dynamical behavior of U-shaped double layers: cavity formation and filamentary structures". Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 12, nr 6 (9.08.2005): 783–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-12-783-2005.

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Abstract. Observations from the Polar and FAST satellites have revealed a host of intriguing features of the auroral accelerations processes in the upward current region (UCR). These features include: (i) large-amplitude parallel ( ) and perpendicular () fluctuating as well as quasi-static electric fields in density cavities, (ii) fairly large-amplitude unipolar parallel electric fields like in a strong double layer (DL), (iii) variety of wave modes, (iv) counter-streaming of upward going ion beams and downward accelerated electrons, (v) horizontally corrugated bottom region of the potential structures (PS), in which electron and ion accelerations occur, (vi) filamentary ion beams in the corrugated PS, and (vii) both upward and downward moving narrow regions of parallel electric fields, inferred from the frequency drifts of the auroral kilometric radiations. Numerical simulations of U-shaped potential structures reveal that such observed features of the UCR are integral parts of dynamically evolving auroral U-shaped potential structures. Using a 2.5-D particle-in-cell (PIC) code we simulate a U-shaped broad potentialstructure (USBPS). The dynamical behavior revealed by the simulation includes: (i) recurring redistribution of the parallel potential drop (PPD) in the PS, (ii) its up and downward motion, (iii) formation of filaments in the potential and density structures, and (iv) creation of filamentary as well as broad extended density cavities. The formation of the filamentary structures is initiated by an ion-beam driven instability of an oblique ion mode trapped inside a broad cavity, when it becomes sufficiently thin in height. The filaments of the PS create filamentary electron beams, which generate waves at frequencies above the lower hybrid frequency, affecting plasma heating. This results in plasma evacuation and formation of a cavity extended in height. The waves associated with filamentary electron beams also evolve into electron holes. The transverse and parallel scale lengths of the regions with large and as well as their magnitudes are compared with satellite data.

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Perez-Muñoz, Ana M., Pedro Schio, Roberta Poloni, Alejandro Fernandez-Martinez, Alberto Rivera-Calzada, Julio C. Cezar, Eduardo Salas-Colera i in. "In operando evidence of deoxygenation in ionic liquid gating of YBa2Cu3O7-X". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, nr 2 (27.12.2016): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1613006114.

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Field-effect experiments on cuprates using ionic liquids have enabled the exploration of their rich phase diagrams [Leng X, et al. (2011) Phys Rev Lett 107(2):027001]. Conventional understanding of the electrostatic doping is in terms of modifications of the charge density to screen the electric field generated at the double layer. However, it has been recently reported that the suppression of the metal to insulator transition induced in VO2 by ionic liquid gating is due to oxygen vacancy formation rather than to electrostatic doping [Jeong J, et al. (2013) Science 339(6126):1402–1405]. These results underscore the debate on the true nature, electrostatic vs. electrochemical, of the doping of cuprates with ionic liquids. Here, we address the doping mechanism of the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7-X (YBCO) by simultaneous ionic liquid gating and X-ray absorption experiments. Pronounced spectral changes are observed at the Cu K-edge concomitant with the superconductor-to-insulator transition, evidencing modification of the Cu coordination resulting from the deoxygenation of the CuO chains, as confirmed by first-principles density functional theory (DFT) simulations. Beyond providing evidence of the importance of chemical doping in electric double-layer (EDL) gating experiments with superconducting cuprates, our work shows that interfacing correlated oxides with ionic liquids enables a delicate control of oxygen content, paving the way to novel electrochemical concepts in future oxide electronics.

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