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Hernández, Jesús V. Robicheaux Francis J. "Many-body dipole interactions". Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Physics/Dissertation/Hernandez_Jesus_41.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaKaram, Charbel. "Optical shielding of collisions between ultracold polar molecules". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP137.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work is part of the ongoing research into quantum gases of ultracold molecules. This rapidly expanding field positions these systems as promising platforms for the complete control of quantum gases for applications such as quantum simulation or ultracold chemistry.When these molecules are prepared in their absolute ground state and trapped, observations reveal the rapid escape of molecules from the trap due to collision processes that are still not fully understood, preventing any applications. One solution is to expose these molecules to an electromagnetic field to suppress these losses by "shielding" collisions between molecules. Shielding involves transforming attractive interactions into repulsive ones.In this thesis, I propose a new technique for collision shielding based on a two-photon process in the optical domain. The main motivation for this method is to combine the advantages of existing techniques in the microwave domain while eliminating their limitations.I begin by exploring and modeling long-range interactions between polar molecules, dominated by dipole-dipole interactions. I present my calculations of the potential energy curves of long-range interactions between two molecules in their electronic ground state as well as in electronically excited states. This calculation, carried out in the coupled angular momentum basis in the laboratory frame, allowed me to identify configurations where the interaction between the molecules is repulsive.Thus, it is necessary to couple the attractive initial state of the colliding molecules to this repulsive state. I modeled the interaction between two molecules in a two-photon Raman-type scheme within the dipole approximation. At infinity, the individual molecules are placed in conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), to protect them from photon scattering, which contributes to the heating of the quantum gas.When the molecules interact, I showed that their exposure to the two photons is modeled through a 5-level scheme, each of which is composed of multiple components. This imposes the need to consider this intrinsic complexity for a faithful representation of the molecules' behavior, departing from known small-level models. The Rabi frequencies and the detuning of the two lasers allow control over the evolution of the collision between molecules.By applying time-independent scattering theory, I propagated the wave function of the two molecules, whose interaction is described by the light-dressed potential curves, using a purely quantum formalism. I calculated the elastic, inelastic, and reactive collision rates induced by the lasers.My goal was to determine the conditions under which the elastic collision rate dominates the inelastic and reactive collision rates, which account for the observed losses. For Rabi frequency and detuning values compatible with typical experimental conditions, the elastic collision rate remains lower than the other rates, preventing effective shielding, though still demonstrating the real influence of the lasers. The main reason for this limited effectiveness is that the proposed scheme relies on second-order dipole-dipole interactions, which are not strong enough to induce sufficiently intense couplings to protect the molecules from losses.To address this issue, we propose using a weak static electric field, which could couple states at the first order, inducing stronger dipole-dipole interactions and thereby more effective shielding. Such a field is necessary for future experiments aiming to study anisotropic effects in quantum gases of ultracold molecules
Zhang, Yuan. "STM Investigation of Electric Polar Molecular Self-Assembly and Artificial Electric Polar Molecular Rotors". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1416927903.
Pełny tekst źródłaAfrousheh, Kourosh. "Observation of Resonant Electric Dipole-Dipole Interactions Between Cold Rydberg Atoms Using Microwave Spectroscopy". Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2970.
Pełny tekst źródłaA Rydberg state 46d5/2 of laser cooled 85Rb atoms has been optically excited. A fraction of these atoms has been transferred to another Rydberg state 47p3/2 or 45f5/2,7/2 to introduce resonant electric dipole-dipole interactions. The line broadening of the two-photon 46d5/2-47d5/2 microwave transition due to the interaction of 46d5/2 with 47p3/2 or 45f5/2,7/2 atoms has been used as a probe of the interatomic interactions. This experiment has been repeated with a DC magnetic field applied. The application of a weak magnetic field (≤0. 6G) has reduced the line broadening due to the resonant electric dipole-dipole interaction, indicating that the interactions are suppressed by the field. Theoretical models have been developed that predict the energy shifts due to the resonant electric dipole-dipole interaction, and the suppression of interactions by magnetic fields. A novel technique for sensitive measurement of magnetic fields using the 34s1/2-34p1/2 one-photon microwave transition has also been presented. Using this technique, it has been possible to calibrate magnetic fields in the magneto-optical trap (MOT) apparatus to less than 10mG, and put an upper bound of 17mG on any remaining field inhomogeneity.
Parsa, Nitin. "Non Linear Interaction of Microwaves with Ferroelectric Materials". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1451999954.
Pełny tekst źródłaIlyas, Nahid. "From Growth to Electronic Structure of Dipolar Organic Semiconductors on Coinage Metal Surfaces". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321297.
Pełny tekst źródłaAlcantara, Ortigoza Marisol. "Theoretical studies of electronic, vibrational, and magnetic properties of chemisorbed surfaces and nanoalloys". Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/496.
Pełny tekst źródłaNapolitano, Lia Munhoz Benati. "Estudo através da técnica de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica, em bandas X e Q, dos compostos dinucleares Cu2(TzTs)4 e [Cu(flu)2DMF]2". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-24032010-171758/.
Pełny tekst źródłaWe report detailed Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) studies at X-band (~ 9.5 GHz) and Q-band (~ 34.5 GHz) of powder and single-crystal samples of the dinuclear compounds Cu2(TzTs)4, C40H36Cu2N8O8S8, and [Cu(flu)2DMF]2, C62H50Cu2F12N6O10. Meticulous investigations of their EPR data allow determining the antiferromagnetic interaction parameter, J0, between Cu(II) ions in the dinuclear unit (Hex = J0 S1·S2) as well as the principal values of both matrices g and D, where the first one is related to the Zeeman interaction [Hz = BB0(g1·S1 + g2·S2)] and the latter is associated with the anisotropic spin-spin interactions (Hani = S1·D·S2) between Cu(II) ion pairs in a dinuclear unit. In addition, EPR measurements of single-crystal samples of the compound Cu2(TzTs)4 allow detecting and estimating very weak exchange couplings between neighbour dinuclear units with an estimated magnitude |J\'| = (0.060 ± 0.015) cm-1: this coupling with the environment leads to decoherence (i.e. a quantum phase transition that collapses the dipolar interaction when the isotropic exchange coupling with neighbor dinuclear units equals the magnitude of the intradinuclear dipolar coupling). With reference to [Cu(flu)2DMF]2 compound, it was possible to simulate precisely the seven-line copper hyperfine splitting arising from n = 2 nonequivalent nuclei related to paramagnetic Cu2+ (I = 3/2) centers and, as a consequence of these accurate simulations, the principal values of the hyperfine interaction matrix A (Hhyper = S1·A·I1 + S2·A·I2) could be reliably obtained.
Fratini, Simone. "Cristallisation des polarons à basse densité et transition isolant-métal : effets des interactions coulombiennes à longue portée". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10057.
Pełny tekst źródłaMahmoud, Salman. "Étude théorique des molécules diatomiques BN, SiN et LaH, structure électronique et spectroscopie". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20080/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the present work a theoretical investigation of the lowest molecular states of BN, SiN and LaH molecule, in the representation 2s+1Λ(+/-), has been performed via complete active space self-consistent field method (CASSCF) followed by multireference single and double configuration interaction method (MRSDCI). The Davidson correction noted as (MRSDCI+Q) was then invoked in order to account for unlinked quadruple clusters. The entire CASSCF configuration space was used as a reference in the MRCI calculation which has been performed via the computational chemistry program MOLPRO and by taking advantage of the graphical user interface Gabedit. Forty-two singlet, triplet, and quintet lowest electronic states in the 2s+1Λ(+/-) representation below 95000 cm-1 have been investigated of the molecule BN. While twenty-eight electronic states in the representation2s+1Λ(+/-)up to 70000 cm-1 of the SiN molecule have been investigated.On the other hand the Twenty four low-lying electronic states of LaH in the representation 2s+1Λ(+/-) below 35000 cm-1 have been studied by two different methods and by taking into consideration the spin orbit effect of the molecule LaH we give in the energy splitting of the eight electronic states. The potential energy curves (PECs) together with the harmonic frequency ωe, the equilibrium internuclear distance re, the rotational constants Be and the electronic energy with respect to the ground state Te have been calculated for the considered electronic states of BN, SiN and LaH molecule respectively. Using the canonical functions approach, the eigenvalues Ev, the rotational constants Bv ,the centrifugal distortion constants Dv and the abscissas of the turning points Rmin and Rmax have been calculated for electronic states up to the vibrational level v =51 for LaH molecule.Eighteen and Nine electronic states have been investigated here for the first time for the molecules of BN and SiN respectively, while for LaH, news results are performed for twenty three electronic states of LaH molecule and the spin-orbit effect of LaH molecule is given here for the first time. A comparison with experimental and theoretical data for most of the calculated constants demonstrated a very good accuracy. Finally, we expect that the results of our work should invoke further experimental investigations for these molecules. Our results have been published in Canadian journal of chemistry, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer and we have two other papers in preparation to submit
Garcia, Juan Fernandez. "Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Measurements and Modeling of the Electrical Mobilities of Charged Nanodrops in Gases| Relation between Electrical Mobility, Size, and Charge, and Effect of Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions". Thesis, Yale University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3663632.
Pełny tekst źródłaOver recent years, Ion Mobility–Mass Spectrometry (IMS–MS) measurements have become a widely used tool in a number of disciplines of scientific relevance, including, in particular, the structural characterization of mass-selected biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, or lipids, brought into the gas-phase using a variety of ionization methods. In these structural studies, the measured electrical mobilities are customarily interpreted in terms of a collision cross-section, based on the classic kinetic theory of ion mobility. For ideal ions interacting as smooth, rigid-elastic hard-spheres with also-spherical gas molecules, this collision cross-section (CCS) is identical to the true, geometric cross section. On the other hand, for real ions with non-perfectly spherical geometries and atomically-rough surfaces, subject to long-range interactions with the gas molecules, the expression for the CCS can become fairly intricate.
This complexity has frequently led to the use of helium as the drift gas of choice for structural studies, given its small size and mass, its low polarizability (minimizing long-range interactions), and its sphericity and lack of internal degrees of freedom, all of which contribute to reduce departures between measured and true cross-sections. Recently, however, a growing interest has arisen for using moderately-polarizable gases such as air, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide (among others) in these structural studies, due to a number of advantages they present over helium, including their higher breakdown voltages (allowing for higher instrument resolutions) and better pumping characteristics. This shift has, nevertheless, remained objectionable in the eye of those seeking to infer accurate structural information from ion mobility measurements and, accordingly, there is a critical need to study whether or not measurements carried out in such gases may be corrected for the finite size of the gas molecules and their long-range interactions with the ions, in order to provide cross-sections truly representative of ion geometry. A first step to address this matter is undertaken here for the special case of nearly-spherical, nanometer-sized ions.
In order to attain this goal, we have performed careful and accurate IMS–MS measurements of hundreds of electrospray-generated nanodrops of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMI-BF 4), in a variety of drift gases (air, CO2, and argon), covering a wide range of temperatures (20-100 °C, for both air and CO2), and considering nanodrops of both positive and negative polarity (the latter in room-temperature air only). Thanks to the combined measurement of the mass and mobility of these nanodrops, we are able to simultaneously determine a mobility-based collision cross-section and a mass-based diameter (taking into account the finite compressibility of the IL matter) for each of them, which then allows us to establish a comparison between the two.
Over the entire range of experimental conditions investigated, our measurements show that the electrical mobilities of these nearly-spherical, multiply-charged IL nanodrops are accurately described by an adapted version of the well-known Stokes—Millikan (SM) law for the mobility of spherical ions, with the nanodrop diameter augmented by an effective gas-molecule collision diameter, and including a correction factor to account for the effect of ion—induced dipole (polarization) interactions, which result in the mobility decreasing linearly with the ratio between the polarization and thermal energies of the ion–neutral system at contact. The availability of this empirically-validated relation enables us, in turn, to determine true, geometric cross-sections for globular ions from IMS—MS measurements performed in gases other than helium, including molecular or atomic gases with moderate polarizabilities. In addition, the observed dependence of the experimentally-determined values for the effective gas-molecule collision diameter and the parameters involved in the polarization correction on drift-gas nature, temperature, and nanodrop polarity, is further evaluated in the light of the results of numerical calculations of the electrical mobilities, in the free-molecule regime, of spherical ions subject to different types of scattering with the gas molecules and interacting with the latter under an ion–induced dipole potential. Among the number of findings derived from this analysis, a particularly notable one is that nanodrop–neutral scattering seems to be of a diffuse (cf. elastic and specular) character in all the scenarios investigated, including the case of the monatomic argon, which therefore suggests that the atomic-level surface roughness of our nanodrops and/or the proximity between their internal degrees of freedom, rather than the sphericity (or lack of it) and the absence (or presence) of internal degrees of freedom in the gas molecules, are what chiefly determine the nature of the scattering process.
Heresanu, Vasile. "Electrodéposition sous champ magnétique de zinc et de fer : propriétés magnétiques des arborescences de fer". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004123.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work is concerned with the effects of magnetic fields on arborescence of zinc and iron obtained by electrochemical deposition in thin cell and with the magnetic properties of iron arborescences. For zinc under normal magnetic field, the macroscopic morphology changes are explained by the mechanical action, on the growing aggregate, of fluid convection induced by the Lorentz force. A weak effect is observed at the microscopic scale but none on the crystal structure. An in-plane magnetic field influences the growth only very weakly. For iron, a normal magnetic field has a weak effect. An in-plane magnetic field transforms a morphology with circular symmetry to a morphology with two perpendicular axes of symmetry, one parallel to the field. This is explained by the minimisation of the Zeeman and magnetic dipolar energy. It is shown that magnetic properties are very sensitive to the morphology. Unusual anisotropy and coercivity are observed
List, Nanna Holmgaard. "Theoretical Description of Electronic Transitions in Large Molecular Systems in the Optical and X-Ray Regions". Doctoral thesis, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-201156.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe dissertation was awarded the best PhD thesis prize 2016 by the Danish Academy of Natural Sciences.
QC 20170209
Mellor, Brett Lee. "Liquid Dielectric Spectroscopy and Protein Simulation". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3661.
Pełny tekst źródłaErnandes, Cyrine. "Manipuler l'émission et l'absorption de transitions dipolaires magnétiques par l'utilisation de nano-antennes optiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS091.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuring the last years, technological progresses in the field of nanophotonic have allowed the development of optical nanostructures to manipulate the emission of fluorescent nanoemitters . However, light-matter interactions are usually considered to be mediated by the optical electric field only, discarding the magnetic side of it. Indeed, most of the past studies have been only studying the modification of the excitation or emission properties of electric dipole transitions. Recently, it was demonstrated that magnetic dipole could also be found in lanthanide ions. It was also shown that by changing the magnetic local density of states near these ions, the emission fluorescent of the magnetic transitions could be enhanced or decreased with respect to their electric counterpart. In here, we demonstrate experimentally, in perfect agreement with numerical simulations, the manipulation of magnetic and electric dipolar transitions by means of plasmonic cavities. Using a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM), we bring in close proximity a nanoparticle doped with trivalent europium to plasmonic cavities of different sizes made of aluminum , allowing perfect control over the interactions between the emitter and the nanostructures. In this study, we show both an increase and decrease of electric and magnetic signal from the particle, and we also display the spatial distribution of both the electric and magnetic radiative local density of state at the surface of the cavities.Therefore, this work pave the way to the understanding of ‘magnetic light’ and matter interactions
Bodea, Simona. "Arborescences magnétiques de fer et de cobalt élaborées par électrodéposition". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005942.
Pełny tekst źródłaModeley, Derek. "Etude des états doublement excités de H- et des processus de seuil dans les collisions H-/gaz rare par spectroscopie électronique à zéro degré". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066458.
Pełny tekst źródłaParzefall, Ulrich. "A measurement of trilinear gauge couplings using the DELPHI detector". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366942.
Pełny tekst źródłaTouati, Selim. "Quelques aspects de la violation-CP et interactions de jauges dans le modèle standard et au-delà". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY040.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe standard model (SM) of particle physics is the most accurate theory known to describe the elementary particles and their interactions. Once its 19 free parameters are measured, all kinds of elementary processes can be predicted with unequalled accuracy. To date, no significant deviation from the SM has been observed, making it a true success. However, a number of missing pieces and unexplained facts lead us to believe that this is not the end of the story and that the SM would be a low-energy expression of a more fundamental theory. The search for physics beyond the SM is part of this framework. Among the missing pieces, there is electroweak baryogenesis, the mechanism that is believed to be at the origin of matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe. According to the big bang model, matter and antimatter were created in equal quantities whereas today matter seems to have taken over. The SM does not include such a mechanism. In 1967, a Russian physicist named Andrei Sakharov established three necessary conditions for baryogenesis to happen. One of these conditions stipulates that there would have been interactions that violated C and CP symmetries. CP-violation already exists in the SM. Indeed, the weak interaction can violate CP (already observed) and some strong theoretical arguments lead us to believe that strong interaction should also violate CP, but no such process has yet been observed. In short, it appears that the CP-violation present in the SM is not sufficient to explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry. Therefore, one of the challenges of physics beyond the standard model researches is to find additional sources of CP-violation in order to achieve the amount required for baryogenesis. In this PhD thesis, we first look at some manifestations of CP-violation, such as electric dipole moments (EDMs) of elementary particles, both in the weak sector in the presence of neutrino masses (absent in the SM) as well as in the strong sector. Then, in a second study, we build an effective field theory for gauge bosons. We generalize the Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian for the study of photon interactions, considered as the archetype of an effective field theory, to gauge bosons of arbitrary Lie algebras, several grand unification groups or mixed symmetries
Landis, Stefan. "Réseaux de plots magnétiques sub-microniques réalisés à partir de substrats pré-gravés". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10090.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuplouy, Johan. "Wideband Reconfigurable Vector Antenna for 3-D Direction Finding Application". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/24404/1/Duplouy_Johan.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaCamacho, González Francisco. "Charge-Storage mechanisms in polymer electrets". Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/875/.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this work, the study was performed on polyethylene terephthalate (PETP) and on cyclic-olefin copolymers (COCs). PETP is a photo-electret and contains a net dipole moment that is located in the carbonyl group (C = O). The electret behavior of PETP arises from both the dipole orientation and the charge storage. In contrast to PETP, COCs are not photo-electrets and do not exhibit a net dipole moment. The electret behavior of COCs arises from the storage of charges only.
COC samples were doped with dyes in order to probe their internal electric field. COCs show shallow charge traps at 0.6 and 0.11 eV, characteristic for thermally activated processes. In addition, deep charge traps are present at 4 eV, characteristic for optically stimulated processes.
PETP films exhibit a photo-current transient with a maximum that depends on the temperature with an activation energy of 0.106 eV. The pair thermalization length (rc) calculated from this activation energy for the photo-carrier generation in PETP was estimated to be approx. 4.5 nm. The generated photo-charge carriers can recombine, interact with the trapped charge, escape through the electrodes or occupy an empty trap.
PETP possesses a small quasi-static pyroelectric coefficient (QPC): ~0.6 nC/(m²K) for unpoled samples, ~60 nC/(m²K) for poled samples and ~60 nC/(m²K) for unpoled samples under an electric bias (E ~10 V/µm). When stored charges generate an internal electric field of approx. 10 V/µm, they are able to induce a QPC comparable to that of the oriented dipoles. Moreover, we observe charge-dipole interaction. Since the raw data of the QPC-experiments on PETP samples is noisy, a numerical Fourier-filtering procedure was applied. Simulations show that the data analysis is reliable when the noise level is up to 3 times larger than the calculated pyroelectric current for the QPC.
PETP films revealed shallow traps at approx. 0.36 eV during thermally-stimulated current measurements. These energy traps are associated with molecular dipole relaxations (C = O). On the other hand, photo-activated measurements yield deep charge traps at 4.1 and 5.2 eV. The observed wavelengths belong to the transitions in PETP that are analogous to the π - π* benzene transitions. The observed charge de-trapping selectivity in the photocharge decay indicates that the charge detrapping is from a direct photon-charge interaction. Additionally, the charge de-trapping can be facilitated by photo-exciton generation and the interaction of the photo-excitons with trapped charge carriers. These results indicate that the benzene rings (C6H4) and the dipolar groups (C = O) can stabilize and share an extra charge carrier in a chemical resonance. In this way, this charge could be de-trapped in connection with the photo-transitions of the benzene ring and with the dipole relaxations.
The thermally-activated charge release shows a difference in the trap depth to its optical counterpart. This difference indicates that the trap levels depend on the de-trapping process and on the chemical nature of the trap site. That is, the processes of charge detrapping from shallow traps are related to secondary forces. The processes of charge de-trapping from deep traps are related to primary forces. Furthermore, the presence of deep trap levels causes the stability of the charge for long periods of time.
Angesichts der Bedeutung der Ladungsspeicherung in Polymerelektreten für viele Anwendungen, wie z.B. in elektromechanischen Wandler, ist es das Ziel dieser Arbeit, zum Verständnis der zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen der kurz- und langfristigen Ladungsstabilisierung beizutragen sowie mögliche Haftstellen zu identifizieren. Ladungs- und Entladungsprozesse in Elektreten geben Hinweise auf Ladungshaftstellen. Diese Prozesse wurden mit thermischen und optischen Methoden bei gleichzeitiger Messung von Ladungs- und Polarisationprofilen untersucht. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden an Polyethylenterephthalat (PETP) und an Cyclischen-Olefin Copolymeren (COC) durchgeführt.
PETP ist ein Photoelektret und weist in der Carbonylgruppe (C = O) ein Dipolmoment auf. Die Elektreteigenschaften ergeben sich sowohl aus der Orientierungspolarisation als auch aus der Ladungsspeicherung. Im Gegensatz zu PETP ist COC kein Photoelektret und zeigt auch keine Orientierungspolarisation. Deshalb folgen die Elektreteigenschaften des COC ausschließlich aus der Ladungsspeicherung. Die COC-Proben wurden mit Farbstoffen dotiert, um das innere elektrische Feld zu untersuchen. Diese Systeme zeigen flache Ladungshaftstellen bei 0,6 und 0,11 eV, die durch thermisch stimulierte Prozesse entladen werden sowie tiefe Haftstellen bei 4 eV, die optisch stimuliert werden können.
PETP-Filme zeigen einen transienten Photostrom mit einem Maximalwert ( jp), der von der Temperatur mit einer Aktivierungsenergie von 0,106 eV abhängt. Der thermische Paarabstand (rc) kann für die Photoladungsgeneration in PETP auf ca. 4,5 nm abgeschätzt werden. Die Photoladungsträger können rekombinieren, mit den gespeicherten Ladungen interagieren, über die Elektroden entkommen oder eine leere Haftstelle einnehmen.
PETP zeigt einen kleinen quasi-statischen pyroelektrischen Koeffizienten (QPC) von ca. 0,6 nC/(m²K) für nicht polarisierte Proben, ca. 60 nC/(m²K) für polarisierte Proben und ca. 60 nC/(m²K) für nicht polarisierte Proben mit Vorspannung (E ~10 V/µm). Wenn die gespeicherten Ladungen ein internes elektrisches Feld von ca. 10 V/µm generieren können, sind sie in der Lage, einen QPC herbeizuführen, der vergleichbar mit dem von orientierten Dipolen ist. Es ist außerdem möglich, eine Ladungs-Dipol-Wechselwirkung zu beobachten. Da die QPM-Daten von PETP auf Grund des geringen Signals verrauscht sind, wurde ein numerisches Fourier-Filterverfahren angewandt. Simulationen zeigen, dass eine zuverlässige Datenanalyse noch bei einem Signal möglich ist, dessen Rauschen bis zu 3-mal größer ist als der berechnete pyroelektrische Strom.
Messungen der thermisch stimulierten Entladung von PETP-Filmen ergaben flache Haftstellen bei ca. 0,36 eV, welche mit der Dipolrelaxation der Carbonylgruppe (C = O) assoziiert sind. Messungen der photostimulierten Entladung ergaben tiefe Haftstellen bei 4,1 und 5,2 eV. Die beobachteten Wellenlängen entsprechen Übergängen in PETP analog den π - π* Übergängen in Benzol. Die beobachtete Selektivität bei der photostimulierten Entladung lässt auf eine direkte Wechselwirkung von Photonen und Ladungen schließen. Einen zusätzlichen Einfluß auf die Entladung hat die Erzeugung von Photo-Exzitonen und deren Wechselwirkung mit den gespeicherten Ladungsträgern. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Phenylringe (C6H4) und die Dipolgruppen (C = O) eine zusätzliche Ladung in einer chemischen Resonanz stabilisieren und miteinander teilen können. Daher kann die gebundene Ladung auch durch einen Photoübergang im Benzolring oder durch eine Dipolrelaxation freigesetzt werden.
Die mittels thermisch stimulierter Entladung bestimmte Tiefe der Haftstellen unterscheidet sich deutlich von den mittels photostimulierter Entladung gemessenen Werten. Flachere Haftstellen werden bei der thermisch stimulierten Entladung gefunden und können sekundären Kräften zugeordnet werden. Die tieferen Haftstellen sind chemischer Natur und können primären Kräften zugeordnet werden. Letztere sind für die Langzeitstabilität der Ladung in Polymerelektreten verantwortlich.
Illien, Bertrand. "Etude theorique de molecules organiques en series benzopyranique et dithiolique pour l'optique non-lineaire quadratique. Mise en uvre et corrections apportees aux calculs des proprietes monoelectroniques dans le programme semi-empirique vamp". Rennes 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996REN10063.
Pełny tekst źródłaPuthumpally, Joseph Raijumon. "Quantum Interferences in the Dynamics of Atoms and Molecules in Electromagnetic Fields". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS035/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaQuantum interference, coherent superposition of quantum states, are widely used for the understanding and engineering of the quantum world. In this thesis, two distinct problems that are rooted in quantum interference are discussed with their potential applications: 1. Laser induced electron diffraction (LIED) and molecular orbital imaging, 2. Collective effects in dense vapors and dipole induced electromagnetic transparency (DIET). The first part deals with the recollision mechanism in molecules when the system is exposed to high intensity infrared laser fields. The interaction with the intense field will tunnel ionize the system, creating an electron wave packet in the continuum. This wave packet follows an oscillatory trajectory driven by the laser field. This results in a collision with the parent ion from which the wave packet was formed. This scattering process can end up in different channels including either inelastic scattering resulting in high harmonic generation (HHG) and non-sequential double ionization, or elastic scattering often called laser induced electron diffraction. LIED carries information about the molecule and about the initial state from which the electron was born as diffraction patterns formed due to the interference between different diffraction pathways. In this project, a method is developed for imaging molecular orbitals relying on scattered photoelectron spectra obtained via LIED. It is based on the fact that the scattering wave function keeps the memory of the object from which it has been scattered. An analytical model based on the strong field approximation (SFA) is developed for linear molecules and applied to the HOMO and HOMO-1 molecular orbitals of carbon dioxide. Extraction of orbital information imprinted in the photoelectron spectra is presented in detail. It is anticipated that it could be extended to image the electro-nuclear dynamics of such systems. The second part of the thesis deals with collective effects in dense atomic or molecular vapors. The action of light on the vapor samples creates dipoles which oscillate and produce secondary electro-magnetic waves. When the constituent particles are close enough and exposed to a common exciting field, the induced dipoles can affect one another, setting up a correlation which forbids them from responding independently towards the external field. The result is a cooperative response leading to effects unique to such systems which include Dicke narrowing, superradiance, Lorentz-Lorenz and Lamb shifts. To this list of collective effects, one more candidate has been added, which is revealed during this study: an induced transparency in the sample. This transparency, induced by dipole-dipole interactions, is named “dipole-induced electromagnetic transparency”. The collective nature of the dense vapor excitation reduces the group velocity of the transmitted light to a few tens of meter per second resulting in 'slow' light. These effects are demonstrated for the D1 transitions of 85Rb and other potential applications are also discussed
Kosmata, Marcel. "Elastische Rückstoßatomspektrometrie leichter Elemente mit Subnanometer-Tiefenauflösung". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-84041.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this thesis the QQDS magnetic spectrometer that is used for high resolution ion beam analysis (IBA) of light elements at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf is presented for the first time. In addition all parameters are investigated that influence the analysis. Methods and models are presented with which the effects can be minimised or calculated. There are five focal points of this thesis. The first point is the construction and commissioning of the QQDS magnetic spectrometer, the corresponding scattering chamber with all the peripherals and the detector, which is specially developed for high resolution elastic recoil detection. Both the reconstructed spectrometer and the detector were adapted to the specific experimental conditions needed for high-resolution Ion beam analysis of light elements and tested for routine practice. The detector consists of two compo-nents. At the back end of the detector a Bragg ionization chamber is mounted, which is used for the particle identification. At the front end, directly behind the entrance window a proportional counter is mounted. This proportional counter includes a high-resistance anode. Thus, the position of the particles is determined in the detector. The following two points concern fundamental studies of ion-solid interaction. By using a magnetic spectrometer the charge state distribution of the particles scattered from the sample after a binary collision is both possible and necessary for the analysis. For this reason the charge states are measured and compared with existing models. In addition, a model is developed that takes into account the charge state dependent energy loss. It is shown that without the application of this model the depth profiles do not correspond with the quantitative measurements by conventional IBA methods and with the thickness obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The second fundamental ion-solid interaction is the damage and the modification of the sample that occurs during heavy ion irradiation. It is shown that the used energies occur both electronic sputtering and electronically induced interface mixing. Electronic sputtering is minimised by using optimised beam parameters. For most samples the effect is below the detection limit for a fluence sufficient for the analysis. However, the influence of interface mixing is so strong that it has to be included in the analysis of the layers of the depth profiles. It is concluded from these studies that at the Rossendorf 5 MV tandem accelerator chlorine ions with an energy of 20 MeV deliver the best results. In some cases, such as the analysis of boron, the energy must be reduced to 6.5 MeV in order to retain the electronic sputtering below the detection limit. The fourth focus is the study of the influence of specific sample properties, such as surface roughness, on the shape of a measured energy spectra and respectively on the analysed depth profile. It is shown that knowledge of the roughness of a sample at the surface and at the interfaces for the analysis is needed. In addition, the contribution parameters limiting the depth resolution are calculated and compared with the conventional ion beam analysis. Finally, a comparison is made between the high-resolution ion beam analysis and complementary methods published by other research groups. The fifth and last focus is the analysis of light elements in ultra thin layers. All models presented in this thesis to reduce the influence of beam damage are taken into account. The dynamic non-equilibrium charge state is also included for the quantification of elements. Depth profiling of multilayer systems is demonstrated for systems consisting of SiO2-Si3N4Ox-SiO2 on silicon, boron implantation profiles for ultra shallow junctions and ultra thin oxide layers, such as used as high-k materials
Chen, Yu-An, i 陳昱安. "Detection of molecular interaction induced changes in the electric dipole moment and absorption spectrum using field effect transistors". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bmdu8y.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺北科技大學
分子科學與工程系有機高分子碩士班
106
In this study, the photosensitive property of semiconductor was utilized to explore the application of the field-effect transistor (FET) in molecular spectrometry. This optic spectrometry is an add-on function to its original application in molecular charge sensor. Interaction between Fe2+ and APTES was employed in this proof-of-concept experiment to demonstrate the said add-on function, as this interaction is known to yield prominent changes in both photon absorption as well as molecular electric field. The experiment was begun with modification of APTES on the surface of the FETS, and then Fe2+ in H2O was added for the interaction under detected. The absorption spectrum measured by using the FETs was consistent to the that obtained by commercial spectrophotometers. Both showed an increased absorption with concentration Fe2+ (0.1 ~ 10 mM). On the FET side, upon interaction the increased from 0.9 μA to 2.0 μA due to a change in the molecular charge. Compared with other commercial absorption spectroscopes, the proposed FET system provides information about changes in molecular absorption as well as molecular field associated with the molecular interaction. This is particularly useful when the change in the molecular field is the same for interactions of two different specimens. For example, both interactions between APTES-Co2+ and APTES-Fe2+ systems resulted in the same amount (1.3 μA) in the FET current, and it was not possible to distinguish between the two sets of molecular interaction. With the add-on spectrum measurement, we were able to tell the difference from the spectral characteristic peak; The peaks for Co2+ appear at 590 nm and 650 nm, where as for Fe2+ the peaks showed up at 400 nm and 450 nm. We thus illustrated an approach to improve the selectivity of the FET sensors in the detection of metal ions.
Šulc, Miroslav. "Excitace molekul studenými elektrony". Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-311582.
Pełny tekst źródłaKosmata, Marcel. "Elastische Rückstoßatomspektrometrie leichter Elemente mit Subnanometer-Tiefenauflösung". Doctoral thesis, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25920.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this thesis the QQDS magnetic spectrometer that is used for high resolution ion beam analysis (IBA) of light elements at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf is presented for the first time. In addition all parameters are investigated that influence the analysis. Methods and models are presented with which the effects can be minimised or calculated. There are five focal points of this thesis. The first point is the construction and commissioning of the QQDS magnetic spectrometer, the corresponding scattering chamber with all the peripherals and the detector, which is specially developed for high resolution elastic recoil detection. Both the reconstructed spectrometer and the detector were adapted to the specific experimental conditions needed for high-resolution Ion beam analysis of light elements and tested for routine practice. The detector consists of two compo-nents. At the back end of the detector a Bragg ionization chamber is mounted, which is used for the particle identification. At the front end, directly behind the entrance window a proportional counter is mounted. This proportional counter includes a high-resistance anode. Thus, the position of the particles is determined in the detector. The following two points concern fundamental studies of ion-solid interaction. By using a magnetic spectrometer the charge state distribution of the particles scattered from the sample after a binary collision is both possible and necessary for the analysis. For this reason the charge states are measured and compared with existing models. In addition, a model is developed that takes into account the charge state dependent energy loss. It is shown that without the application of this model the depth profiles do not correspond with the quantitative measurements by conventional IBA methods and with the thickness obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The second fundamental ion-solid interaction is the damage and the modification of the sample that occurs during heavy ion irradiation. It is shown that the used energies occur both electronic sputtering and electronically induced interface mixing. Electronic sputtering is minimised by using optimised beam parameters. For most samples the effect is below the detection limit for a fluence sufficient for the analysis. However, the influence of interface mixing is so strong that it has to be included in the analysis of the layers of the depth profiles. It is concluded from these studies that at the Rossendorf 5 MV tandem accelerator chlorine ions with an energy of 20 MeV deliver the best results. In some cases, such as the analysis of boron, the energy must be reduced to 6.5 MeV in order to retain the electronic sputtering below the detection limit. The fourth focus is the study of the influence of specific sample properties, such as surface roughness, on the shape of a measured energy spectra and respectively on the analysed depth profile. It is shown that knowledge of the roughness of a sample at the surface and at the interfaces for the analysis is needed. In addition, the contribution parameters limiting the depth resolution are calculated and compared with the conventional ion beam analysis. Finally, a comparison is made between the high-resolution ion beam analysis and complementary methods published by other research groups. The fifth and last focus is the analysis of light elements in ultra thin layers. All models presented in this thesis to reduce the influence of beam damage are taken into account. The dynamic non-equilibrium charge state is also included for the quantification of elements. Depth profiling of multilayer systems is demonstrated for systems consisting of SiO2-Si3N4Ox-SiO2 on silicon, boron implantation profiles for ultra shallow junctions and ultra thin oxide layers, such as used as high-k materials.