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Riggs, Christina. "Colonial Visions". Museum Worlds 1, nr 1 (1.07.2013): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/armw.2013.010105.
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During the Egyptian revolution in January 2011, the antiquities museum in Tahrir Square became the focus of press attention amid claims of looting and theft, leading Western organizations and media outlets to call for the protection of Egypt’s ‘global cultural heritage’. What passed without remark, however, was the colonial history of the Cairo museum and its collections, which has shaped their postcolonial trajectory. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Cairo museum was a pivotal site for demonstrating control of Egypt on the world stage through its antiquities. More than a century later, these colonial visions of ancient Egypt, and its place in museums, continue to exert their legacy, not only in the challenges faced by the Egyptian Antiquities Museum at a crucial stage of redevelopment, but also in terms of museological practice in the West.
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Onderka, Pavel. "Jaroslav Šejnoha and Egypt". Annals of the Náprstek Museum 38, nr 2 (2017): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anpm-2017-0030.
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In 2012, the National Museum – Náprstek Museum accessioned a collection of 13 Egyptian antiquities from the original ownership of Jaroslav Šejnoha, who served as the Czechoslovak Ambassador to Egypt between 1944 and 1946. The collection consists of 13 highly interesting pieces, dating of which spans from the Pre-Dynastic to Greco-Roman Periods.
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Carruthers, William. "Credibility, civility, and the archaeological dig house in mid-1950’s Egypt". Journal of Social Archaeology 19, nr 2 (23.01.2019): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605318824689.
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This article argues that forms of civility governing who possessed the credibility to carry out archaeological fieldwork in Egypt changed during the post-Second World War era of decolonization. Incorporating Arabic sources, the article focuses on the preparation of a dig house used during an excavation run by the Egyptian Department of Antiquities and the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania at the site of Mit Rahina, Egypt, in the mid-1950s. The study demonstrates how the colonial genealogies of such structures converged with political changes heralded by the rise of Egypt's President Nasser. Preparing the dig house, Euro-American archaeologists involved with the excavation had to abide by social norms practiced by the Egyptians who had recently taken charge of the Department of Antiquities. Given that these norms often perpetuated older hierarchies of race, gender, and class, however, the article questions what the end of colonialism actually meant for archaeology in Egypt and elsewhere.
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Michail, Marc. "The legal protection of Egyptian antiquities in light of digital transformation". Journal of Law and Emerging Technologies 2, nr 2 (15.10.2022): 13–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54873/jolets.v2i2.90.
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Historical and cultural heritage serve as a bridge between a country's history and present and serve to define its identity. Egypt therefore takes all necessary steps to safeguard its historical treasures and antiquities by passing laws that serve this objective. There are, however, gaps in each of these laws and regulation that preclude a strict and thorough protection of the Egyptian antiquities. Utilizing contemporary technology has made it easier to sell illicit Egyptian artefacts. Therefore, the Egyptian antiquities cannot get full protection under the laws in place at this time for their protection. As a result, these laws need to be amended to accommodate the digital revolution period. This study tries to examine and identify all difficulties and barriers that come into contact with the stipulations of existing Egyptian antiquities laws and regulations protecting Egyptian antiquities. It outlines the required changes that must be made to several Egyptian laws and regulations in order to keep up with the digital age while also protecting Egyptian national heritage to the fullest extent possible.
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Roehrenbeck, Carol A. "Repatriation of Cultural Property–Who Owns the Past? An Introduction to Approaches and to Selected Statutory Instruments". International Journal of Legal Information 38, nr 2 (2010): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500005722.
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Should cultural property taken by a stronger power or nation remain with that country or should it be returned to the place where it was created? Since the 1990s this question has received growing attention from the press, the public and the international legal community. For example, prestigious institutions such as the J. Paul Getty Museum of Art in Los Angeles and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York have agreed to return looted or stolen artwork or antiquities. British smuggler Jonathan Tokeley-Parry was convicted and served three years in prison for his role in removing as many as 2,000 antiquities from Egypt. Getty director Marion True defended herself against charges that she knowingly bought antiquities that had been illegally excavated from Italy and Greece. New books on the issue of repatriation of art and antiquities have captured the attention of the public. A documentary based on one of these books was shown in theaters and aired on public television. The first international academic symposium on the topic was convened in New York City in January 1995.
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Ratnagar, Shereen. "Appropriation and Its Consequences: Archaeology under Colonial Rule in Egypt and India". Journal of Egyptian History 13, nr 1-2 (16.02.2021): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340055.
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Abstract The beginnings of archaeology in Egypt and in India are the subject of this paper. In both countries, antiquities were carried away by the powerful. Moreover, the hubris of the colonial powers ruling both countries made it inevitable that not only antiquities, but knowledge about the past, were appropriated in different ways. For modern Egyptians, the Pharaonic past was remote in culture and distant in time. The people themselves were until fairly recently prevented from learning the Pharaonic writing, once it was deciphered, by various ways and means. In contrast, in India the colonial administration relied on Indian scholars to teach British personnel the ancient languages, texts, and religion. In neither country was the history of the ancient period taught in schools until the foreign rulers had left. But Indian archaeology became involved in Indian identity and in the framing of the nation as Hindu, and thereby acquired an ugly twist. Self-identification in Egypt in the earlier twentieth century, on the other hand, was possibly more with the Arab world than with the pyramid builders.
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Friedman, David A. "Josephus on the Servile Origins of the Jews". Journal for the Study of Judaism 45, nr 4-5 (23.09.2014): 523–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700631-12340063.
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The story of the Israelites’ slavery in Egypt and subsequent redemption is the central narrative element of the Pentateuch. Josephus’ claim that he was providing an accurate account of the Jews’ ancient history in Jewish Antiquities thus meant that he had to address the Jews’ servile origins; however, first-century Roman attitudes toward slaves and freedmen would have made this problematic for ideological and political reasons. Although Josephus added references to Jews’ slavery to the account of Jewish history in Jewish Antiquities, he appears deliberately to downplay the Jews’ servile origins at key parts of the narrative, including God’s promise to Abraham in Gen 15 and the account of the Jews’ enslavement in Exod 1. Josephus also demonstrates a concern with the servile status of Jacob’s secondary wives Zilpah and Bilhah. The account of Joseph’s life in Jewish Antiquities emphasizes his non-servile qualities and his chance enslavement. Roman hostility to slaves and freedmen, Josephus’ own personal experience of captivity, and the likely presence in Rome of Jewish freedmen might explain Josephus’ sensitivity to the Jews’ servile origins.
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Moser, Stephanie. "The Antiquities Trade in Egypt 1880–1930. The H.O. Lange Papers". Journal of the History of Collections 30, nr 3 (1.11.2017): 533–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhx042.
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Jiménez, Lissette M., Christine A. Fogarty i Edward M. Luby. "More Than “A Room of Antiquities” at the Global Museum: Constructing New Meanings Through the Provenance Research of an Ancient Egyptian Legacy Collection". Collections: A Journal for Museum and Archives Professionals 18, nr 2 (2.03.2022): 301–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15501906221081114.
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Non-systematically excavated archaeological legacy collections of antiquities are often undervalued or overlooked by museums because of their unknown provenience and questionable or problematic provenance. This article describes how extensive research into the provenance of an ancient Egyptian legacy collection purchased in Egypt in 1884 by Adolph Sutro that is now stewarded by the Global Museum at San Francisco State University exposes a new expansive research potential for the collection, enabling Museum Studies students and faculty and museum staff to construct innovative interpretive frameworks through integrated Museum Studies curriculum, educational public programming, and exhibitions of the collection in the museum. This case study underscores the importance of provenance research for contextualizing legacy collections and illustrates how this research can be a catalyst for important discussions of the antiquities trade, colonial collecting practices, public educational significance, and ethical collection stewardship, curation, and display.
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Shalem, Avinoam. "Experientia and Auctoritas: ʿAbd Al-Latif Al-Baghdadi’s Kitāb Al-Ifāda Wa’l-Iʿtibār and the Birth of the Critical Gaze". Muqarnas Online 32, nr 1 (27.08.2015): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993-00321p10.
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This short study looks into the mind of the Ayyubid intellectual Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, also known as al-Labbad, who was born in Baghdad in 1162 and died there in 1231–32 at the age of 69. The focus of this article is his famous book Kitāb al-Ifāda wa’l-iʿtibār fi’l-umūr al-mushāhada wa’l-ḥawadith al-muʿāyana bi-arḍ Miṣr (The Book of Instruction and Admonition on the Things Seen [mushāhada] and Events Recorded [muʿāyana] in the Land of Egypt), which, as I argue, is al-Baghdadi’s clear manifestation of his “change of mind” in the fields of scholarship and methods of learning. It seems that a turning point in al-Baghdadi’s academic career occurred during the time he spent in Egypt and, perhaps even and more importantly, in front of the antiquities of Pharaonic Egypt. His descriptions of the pyramids, Sphinx, and huge sculptures of ancient Egypt demonstrate al-Baghdadi’s progressive method of looking at and interpreting nature and thus of rewriting history.
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Niwiński, Andrzej. "Travels of Count Michał Tyszkiewicz to Africa, his excavations in 1861–1862, and the origin of his collection of Egyptian antiquities". Światowit 57 (17.12.2019): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6818.
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Count Michał Tyszkiewicz (1828–1897) was one of the most renowned collectors of the ancient classical art at the end of the 19th century. His interest in archaeology and ancient art was developed during his travel through Egypt in 1861. His Journal of the Travel to Egypt and Nubia, fortunately found in 1992 in Poznań, recounts this journey. From Egypt, Michał Tyszkiewicz brought a collection of antiquities, estimated to have comprised c. 800 objects; today, over a half of them can be found in museums in Paris (Louvre), Warsaw, Vilnius, Kaunas, and Moscow. The majority of the objects originated from excavations conducted by the count, particularly in Thebes (Luxor area), by virtue of an official licence granted to him exceptionally by Mohamed Said Pasha – the then head of the Egyptian state. The present article discusses the circumstances of granting of this permission in the period when a strict state monopoly was imposed on archaeological investigations and presents the course of the excavations along with their results.
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Bodzek, Jarosław. "The Sabakes’ “Owl” from the Collection of the District Museum in Toruń and Some Notes on the Coinage of the Penultimate Achaemenid Satrap of Egypt / „Sówka” Sabakesa ze zbiorów Muzeum Okręgowego w Toruniu i kilka uwag na temat mennictwa przedostatniego achemenidzkiego satrapy Egiptu". Notae Numismaticae - Zapiski Numizmatyczne, nr 16 (20.05.2022): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52800/ajst.1.16.a3.
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There is an imitation of Athenian “owl” struck in the name of Sabakes, the penultimate Achaemenid satrap of Egypt, preserved in the District Museum in Toruń. The piece found its way to the museum together with the coin collection of Walery C. Amrogowicz (1863–1931). It was Professor Mariusz Mielczarek, who originally recognized and published the item. The aim of this article is to publish some new information about the piece. First of all, it has been established that the coin came from the former collection of Jean P. Lambros (1843–1909), a well-known dealer in antiquities from Athens, and had originally been found in Egypt. Some remarks concerning the minting activity of Sabakes are also presented. The iconography, purpose and output of the satrap’s silver and bronze coins are analyzed.
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Chiglintsev, E. A., N. A. Shadrina i G. Yu Artyukh. "“Napoleonic Egyptology”: The Progression of Views Held by Europe about Egyptian Culture during the Early 19th Century". Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 164, nr 3 (2022): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2022.3.161-171.
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This article discusses how the views about the heritage of Egyptian culture were shaped in the minds of the European participants of Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign. The origins of European Egyptology are considered. The extensive contribution of the Arab-Islamic culture of Egypt, which retained both the archaic traces of ancient Egypt and the traditions of Hellenistic and Christian Egypt, into this process is analyzed. The term “Napoleonic Egyptology” is introduced. We defined it as a system of authentic written and visual sources that had a major influence on the initial perception of the ancient Egyptian culture and became the basis of subsequent Egyptological studies carried out by special institutions and destined to help Europeans to have a better understanding of the value of the ancient Egyptian civilization. Of particular interest is how the cultural layers of Egyptian culture of that time either stood out or merged in the image of the East that was developed by the Europeans who took part in the Egyptian campaign. It is emphasized that scholars who accompanied Napoleon’s troops had no idea of any connection between the ancient (Egyptian) and modern (Islamic) components of the regional culture. This hypothesis is substantiated by the structure of the book “Description of Egypt” with its separate volumes devoted to Egyptian antiquities and the Islamic Egypt. In this work, the images of ancient Egypt and modern East are parallel. The idea largely underpinned the evolution of European studies of the ancient Egyptian civilization.
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Kotsonas, Antonis. "GREEK AND ROMAN KNOSSOS: THE PIONEERING INVESTIGATIONS OF MINOS KALOKAIRINOS". Annual of the British School at Athens 111 (15.06.2016): 299–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245416000058.
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Minos Kalokairinos is renowned for his discovery of the Minoan palace of Knossos. However, his pioneering investigations of the topography and monuments of Greek and Roman Knossos, as laid out especially in hisCretan Archaeological Journal, have largely been overlooked. In theJournal, Kalokairinos offers invaluable information on the changing archaeological landscape of Knossos in the second half of the nineteenth century. This enables the identification of several unknown or lost monuments, including major structures, inscriptions and sculptures, and allows the location of the context of discovery to be assigned to specific parts of the ancient city. Additionally, theJournaloffers glimpses into the collection of Knossian antiquities and their export beyond the island. Antiquities from the site ended up in Athens, and as far afield as Egypt and western Europe, and have hitherto been considered as unprovenanced. They are here identified as Knossian and are traced to their specific context of discovery, with considerable implications for our understanding of the topography, the monuments and the epigraphic record of the ancient city.
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Graham, Ian. "Homeless hieroglyphs". Antiquity 62, nr 234 (marzec 1988): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00073609.
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Recently, more than ever, Mesoamericanists have had reason to share in the regret felt by Egyptologists at one aspect of the history of antiquities-looting in Egypt - one clearly tinged with tragic irony. For, as Brian Fagan (1975: 11, 261) and others have pointed out, attempts to remove sculpture from ancient Egyptian sites on a large scale began only in the 1820s, and that was just the period when Champollion was achieving his basic decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. Since the coveted basrelief sculptures usually had to be prised from their settings by using chisels and crowbars, any associated hieroglyphic inscriptions tended to end up in smithereens. Champollion himself, as he travelled through Egypt seeking and transcribing texts, became appalled at the destruction, yet more than half a century would pass before collectors and museums came to recognize the damage they were causing through their purchases.
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Arbeloa Borbon, Paula. "A lasting bond: on a transferred death ritual from ancient Cynopolis." SPAL. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla 2, nr 32 (2023): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/spal.2023.i32.20.
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This paper seeks to analyse two groups of reddish wax magic figurines discovered in the cemetery of the ancient city of Cynopolis and preserved at the Antiquities Museum of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, with the aim of offering a critical and updated exegesis of these exceptional magical artefacts from Roman Egypt. By analysing features including material, colour, morphology and iconography, and by examining the effigies alongside parallel rituals, I argue that this ensemble should be best understood as a ‘transferred death ritual’, whose aim was to ensure an effective death and the sending of the deceased to the underworld.
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Wright, G. R. H., i D. White. "Siegecraft and spoliation,c.500 BC: a tale of two cities". Libyan Studies 36 (2005): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900005483.
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AbstractAt some date shortly after the Persian conquest of Egypt (525 BC) a Persian army dispatched by the satrap of Egypt, Aryandes, was encamped on the Lykaian Hill outside the city of Cyrene, threatening its capture. How far hostilities had advanced is not known, but very soon the army abandoned its position and marched off on the return way to Egypt (Herodotus IV, 16–67, 200–203). Herodotus' account is an involved story how the Persian force came to be in Cyrenaica, and it is not clear why it departed from Cyrene with little achieved there. The episode would be of limited substance except for the chance discovery of some antiquities in the region of the Persian camp. About 20 years later, in 498 BC, a Persian force was deployed in Cyprus to reduce the city of Paphos in the aftermath of the unsuccessful Cypriote uprising to support the Ionian revolt. A siege mound was raised against the city wall employing an unexpected variety of material. Latterly the mound has been excavated and afforded wide ranging information. Hitherto these archaeological facts have not been considered in conjunction, and an attempt to do so may be instructive.
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Kazimierczak, Mariola. "MICHAŁ TYSZKIEWICZ (1828–1897): AN ILLUSTRIOUS COLLECTOR OF ANTIQUITIES". Muzealnictwo 60 (4.01.2019): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2202.
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Michał Tyszkiewicz was an outstanding collector of antiquities and a pioneer of Polish archaeological excavations in Egypt conducted in late 1861 and early 1862, which yielded a generous donation of 194 Egyptian antiquities to the Paris Louvre. Today Tyszkiewicz’s name features engraved on the Rotunda of Apollo among the major Museum’s donors. Having settled in Rome for good in 1865, Tyszkiewicz conducted archaeological excavations there until 1870. He collected ancient intaglios, old coins, ceramics, silverware, golden jewellery, and sculptures in bronze and marble. His collection ranked among the most valuable European ones created in the 2nd half of the 19th century. Today, its elements are scattered among over 30 major museums worldwide, e.g. London’s British Museum, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen, New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, or the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. The latest investigation of M. Tyszkiewicz’s correspondence to the German scholar Wilhelm Froehner demonstrated that Tyszkiewicz widely promoted the development of archaeology and epigraphy; unique pieces from his collections were presented at conferences at Rome’s Academia dei Lincei or at the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris, and published by Italian, French, Austrian, and German scholars. He was considered an expert in glyptic, and today’s specialists, in recognition of his merits, have called a certain group of ancient cylinder seals the ‘Tyszkiewicz Seals’, an Egyptian statue in black basalt has been named the ‘Tyszkiewicz Statue’, whereas an unknown painter of Greek vases from the 5th century BC has been referred to as the ‘Painter Tyszkiewicz’.
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Mahmoud, Shadia Mohamed Salem. "Nationalization and Personalization of the Egyptian Antiquities: Henry Salt a British General Consul in Egypt 1816 to 1827". International Journal of Culture and History 3, nr 2 (24.12.2016): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijch.v3i2.7357.
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<p>In 1998, an anthropologist, Philip L. Kohl stated that archaeological findings are manipulated for nationalist purposes and that archaeology’s development during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is associated with nationalism, colonization, imperialism, sometimes personal in Europe.<a title="" href="file:///F:/Nationalization%20and%20Personalization%20of%20the%20Egyptian%20antiquities.1%20-%20Copy.doc#_ftn1">[1]</a> Kohl’s statement is significant because it conveys how archaeology emerged as a national mission. During the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries, Egyptian antiquities were at the center attention. Mythical and historical evidence for Greeks and Romans inEgypt were cited in order to justify the extensive excavations which were linked to a rising European national self consciousness. Consequently, the great imperialist powers, France and the Great Britain (who saw themselves as heirs of the Greeks and Romans) were determined to fulfill their national museum with the Egyptian antiquities.</p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div><p><a title="" href="file:///F:/Nationalization%20and%20Personalization%20of%20the%20Egyptian%20antiquities.1%20-%20Copy.doc#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Philip L. Kohl, “Nationalism and Archaeology: On the Constructions of Nations and the Reconstructions of the Remote Past,” in <em>Annual Review of Anthropology</em>, Vol. 27 (1998), p. 223. Pp. 223-246</p></div></div>
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Fabiani, Michelle. "Disentangling Strategic and Opportunistic Looting: The Relationship between Antiquities Looting and Armed Conflict in Egypt". Arts 7, nr 2 (14.06.2018): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts7020022.
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Stevenson, Alice, Emma Libonati i Alice Williams. "‘A selection of minor antiquities’: a multi-sited view on collections from excavations in Egypt". World Archaeology 48, nr 2 (14.03.2016): 282–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2016.1165627.
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Malykh, Svetlana E. "Pottery from the Survey in 2022 at the Gebel el-Nur Archaeological Site in Middle Egypt: Dating and Planigraphy". Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, nr 6 (2023): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080027073-7.
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The article analyzes the ceramic material discovered in 2022 during the survey of the settlement and necropolis of Gebel el-Nour (Beni Suef governorate, Middle Egypt) by the Russian-Egyptian archaeological expedition (Institute of Oriental Studies RAS – Supreme Council of Antiquities of Egypt). Pottery fragments belong to the household group – tableware and kitchen utensils; they are dated to the Ptolemaic (332–30 BC) and Roman Periods (30 BC to 395 AD), mostly to the 1st–2nd centuries AD. Numerous analogies for the Gebel el-Nour pottery come from Memphite and Theban regions, but mostly from Middle Egypt, including Graeco-Roman cities of the Fayum Oasis. Technological features of the pottery from Gebel el-Nour indicate that the ancient population used mainly the products of local pottery workshops, but imported ceramics were also found, for example, a bowl with “barbotine” decoration from Aswan and an amphora for olive oil from Leptis Magna (Libya). Kitchen and table utensils from Gebel el-Nour demonstrate the Hellenization of pottery and similarity not only with the ceramic types synchronous with it from other Egyptian regions, but also with pottery from Asia Minor and Magna Graecia. In the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods, the original Egyptian types of tableware and kitchen utensils practically disappear, while everywhere there is a replacement for Hellenizated shapes. Thus, Egypt as a whole and Gebel el-Nour in particular organically fit into the Hellenic world both at the level of nobility and ordinary population. This process was extended in time and prepared by earlier changes in Egyptian material culture.
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Fewster, Gregory. "Two Letters from B.P. Grenfell to C.T. Currelly in the Royal Ontario Museum Archive: New Evidence for the Acquisition of Egyptian Antiquities in Canada". Mouseion 20, nr 1 (1.04.2024): 53–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/mous.20.1.03.
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This article presents and comments upon two unpublished letters, presently housed at the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), written by B.P. Grenfell in Oxyrhynchus to his Egypt Exploration Fund (EEF) colleague C.T. Currelly. Though brief, the letters provide valuable insights into matters pertaining to the activities of the EEF at the turn of the twentieth century, including the social relationships between various EEF excavators and how such relationships contributed to the movement of artifacts out of Egypt in general and irregularities in the practice of artifact distribution in particular. They also offer new details about the various means by which Currelly was acquiring Egyptian artifacts at a formative time for what would become Canada's foremost archaeological museum, the ROM.
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Geraths, Cory. "Early Christian Rhetoric(s) In Situ". Journal for the History of Rhetoric 20, nr 2 (maj 2017): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jhistrhetoric.20.2.0209.
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ABSTRACT In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, an unprecedented number of Gnostic manuscripts were unearthed at sites across Egypt. Discovered on the Cairo antiquities market, in ancient trash heaps, and in buried jars, these papyri have radically refigured the landscape of early Christian history. Rhetoric, however, has overlooked the Gnostics. Long denigrated as heretical, Gnostic texts invite historians of rhetoric to (re)consider the role of gender in the early Church, the interplay between gnōsis and contemporary rhetorical concepts, and the
development of early Christian rhetorical practice(s) within diverse historical contexts, including the Second Sophistic. In response to recent calls for rhetorical archaeology, this essay returns to Cairo, Oxyrhynchus, and Nag Hammadi. These three locations refigure early Christian rhetoric(s) in situ.
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Neagu, Florentina-Stefania. "The influence of geopolitical events on tourism in Egypt". Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 12, nr 1 (1.05.2018): 661–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2018-0059.
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Abstract The political, military, terrorist acts that took place during 2011-2017 have affected the tourism industry to a large extent, their effects being seen in the gradual decrease of the number of tourists generating income not only for tourism agencies, but also for tourism objectives for small merchants selling their products near tourist attractions. This has led to the closure of several souvenir shops, but also to the reduction of revenue generated by the flow of tourists to hotels, guides, restaurants. The Egyptian government has attempted to relaunch tourism by contracting a loan from the International Monetary Fund, reopening tourist attractions such as King Seti and Queen Nefertari, the Antiquities Ministry is continuing to finance the acquisition of metal detectors and scanners that are located in the tourist attractions included in the patrimony national. On the other hand, the fiscal measures adopted by the government, which impose VAT on local goods and services, have led to a price increase for all products and ultimately affecting not only citizens but also tourists who find that prices for tourist packages have increased within a few months. To highlight how great the influence that geopolitical events have on Egyptian tourism, data were analyzed for the period 2011-2017 of the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics of Egypt, World Tourism Organization and the World Factbook..
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Oueijan, Naji. "Oriental Antiquity and Romantic Locality: The Gaze Backward and Inward". International Journal of Arabic-English Studies 11, nr 1 (1.01.2010): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33806/ijaes2000.11.1.2.
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The Romantic literary figures found in the distant antiquities of the Orient, of Greece, and Arabia, irresistible attractions embodying the underlying genuine history of Western civilization and culture. Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, the Arabian Desert, and Egypt reflected a world of antiquity, which provided the Romantics with the opportunity to gaze backward and, consequently, explore remote otherness—itself responsible for shaping present Western Self. The Romantic artists and literary figures believed that this region enfolds within its antiquities the mysteries of the mind. They found in the tranquility of Oriental antique places, whether in reality or through the power of their imaginative faculties, possible prospects of hidden realities essential for self receptiveness, which had been despondent amidst the contradictions and complexities of the urban civilizations of Europe; i.e. those remote places, whether directly or indirectly gazed at, provided them with the opportunity to personally experience and perceive fundamental realities, which may have been underside Western civilization. To them, to dig into the mysteries of Self, they had to locate Self in Oriental antique sites. Crossing the demarcation line between the present and the past was an irresistible venture, which set in motion the recreation or location of Self by transcending its consciousness (the present or West) into the sub-consciousness (the past or East). Accordingly, the gaze backward was indeed a gaze inward..
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Zakaria, Nevine Nizar. "Egypt's cultural heritage in conflict situations: examination of past and present impact". Fieldwork and Research, nr 28.2 (28.12.2019): 521–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.2083-537x.pam28.2.29.
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In recent decades, the remarkable cultural heritage of Egypt has been threatened by loss or damage due to many conflict situations. These have led to looting, smuggling, vandalism, encroachment, illegal activities, and many more threats which put the fate of Egypt’s heritage in jeopardy of disappearance and demolition. The loss of Egyptian heritage is not only a loss of history, but of cultural identity, memory and existence. These types of threats are by no means a recent phenomenon, but have been going on for centuries. This paper presents a research into the history of Egyptian heritage in times of conflict especially in the 19th and 20th centuries. Furthermore, it also examines the severe crisis that endangered Egyptian heritage in the 21st century, notably the aftermath of the 2011 Revolution and the subsequent, widespread pillaging of archeological sites and museums. These recent conflicts highlighted concerns about the future of Egyptian antiquities and their protection, and raised serious concerns about how to protect Egyptian patrimony and preserve the collective cultural memory of Egypt. A comprehensive, comparative analysis of Egyptian and international legislation pertraining to cultural heritage protection has been conducted in order to examine its efficiency in protecting Egypt’s cultural heritage.
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WOODMAN, NEAL, CLAUDIA KOCH i RAINER HUTTERER. "Rediscovery of the type series of the Sacred Shrew, Sorex religiosus I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1826, with additional notes on mummified shrews of ancient Egypt (Mammalia: Soricidae)". Zootaxa 4341, nr 1 (30.10.2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4341.1.1.
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In 1826, Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire described the Sacred Shrew, Sorex religiosus [= Crocidura religiosa] from a series of 22 embalmed individuals that comprised a portion of the Italian archeologist Joseph Passalacqua’s collection of Egyptian antiquities from an ancient necropolis near Thebes, central Egypt. Living members of the species were not discovered until the beginning of the 20th century and are currently restricted to the Nile Delta region, well north of the type locality. In 1968, the type series of S. religiosus was reported lost, and in 1978, a neotype was designated from among a small collection of modern specimens in the Natural History Museum, London. Our investigations have revealed, however, that the type series is still extant. Most of the specimens used by I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire to describe S. religiosus still form part of the Passalacqua Collection in the Ägyptisches Museum, Berlin, Germany. We summarize the taxonomic history of S. religiosus, review the history of the Passalacqua collection, and explain why the type series was thought to have been lost. We designate an appropriate lectotype from among the original syntypes of S. religiosus in the Ägyptisches Museum. Our examination of the shrew mummies in the Passalacqua collection also yielded a species previously unrecorded from either ancient or modern Egypt: Crocidura pasha Dollman, 1915. Its presence increases the number of soricid species embalmed in ancient Egypt to seven and provides additional evidence for a more diverse Egyptian shrew fauna in the archeological past. Finally, we provide details that will assist in better understanding the variety of mummification procedures used to preserve animals in ancient Egypt.
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Radwan, Waleed. "Mystery of Sunken Antiquities and its Effect in Promoting Tourism in Egypt: Case Study Alexandria Governorate-". Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality 21, nr 3 (1.12.2021): 80–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jaauth.2021.95688.1239.
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Kravchenko, Inna. "Archaeological Antiquities of Church and Archaeological Museum at Kyiv Theological Academy (1872-1919)". Eminak, nr 2(42) (15.08.2023): 252–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.2(42).651.
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The purpose of the research paper is to study the formation history of the collection of archaeological antiquities of the Church and Archaeological Museum at Kyiv Theological Academy, the ways of their acquisition by the Museum, the content of the archaeological collections, the personalities of the collectors, and the historical fate of the holdings.
Scientific novelty. The history of the formation and content of the collections of archaeological antiquities is separated from the general issue of the activities of the Church and Archaeological Society and the Museum at Kyiv Theological Academy.
Conclusions. The Church and Archaeological Museum at Kyiv Theological Academy, founded in 1872, was the largest and most significant in the territory of modern Ukraine in terms of the number, variety, and value of the objects stored. Despite its initial focus on collecting mainly church objects, during the existence of the Museum, its collection accumulated a lot of other archaeological and historical artifacts. Accumulation of antiquities in the Museum contributed to their preservation and scientific study.
Among the archaeological antiquities of the Museum were objects of the Stone, Copper, and Bronze Ages, ancient Egyptian, antique Greek and Rome, Greek colonies of the Northern Black Sea region, Hellenistic, Scythian, Sarmatian, Gothic, Slavic, Byzantine, Kyivan Rus, Lithuanian era, period of 1569-1795, and the items belonged to the Cossacks of the 18th century, etc.
Objects came from the territory of modern Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, Russia, Egypt, Turkey, Greece, Palestine, etc. Mainly, there were artifacts from excavations and accidental finds. Collections were given to the Museum by private individuals. Among them, the greatest contribution to the enriching of holdings belonged to Archimandrite Antonin (Kapustin), Bishop Porfyrii (Uspenskyi), M.O. Leopardov, V.Z. Zavitnevich, V.I. Hoshkevich, numerous donators from the clergy, teachers, and archeology enthusiasts. The greatest contribution to the preservation, research, scientific description, and publication of the Museum’s collections belonged to M.I. Petrov.
Disasters of the 20th century (two world wars, the revolutions of 1917, and the dominance of atheistic ideology in the USSR) negatively affected the preservation of the rich collections of the Church and Archaeological Museum at Kyiv Theological Academy. Many museum objects disappeared, were stolen, or were simply destroyed; the Museum itself also ceased to exist. However, part of the collections survived, and some items from them are still stored in some Kyiv museums.
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Khalil, Mona M. E., Safia M. Khodary, Youssef M. Youssef, Mohammad S. Alsubaie i Ahmed Sallam. "Geo-Environmental Hazard Assessment of Archaeological Sites and Archaeological Domes—Fatimid Tombs—Aswan, Egypt". Buildings 12, nr 12 (8.12.2022): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122175.
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The Fatimid state was established in Egypt in 969 and lasted until the end of the dynasty in 1171. During the Fatimid rule in Egypt, a large set of monuments were erected. A significant portion of these monuments were shrines dedicated to the descendants of the Prophet Muhammed, especially in Aswan. Groundwater rising, at present, has introduced severe deterioration to the ancient earthen mud-brick architecture of the Fatimid tombs in Aswan city (Egypt). However, monitoring the influence of anthropogenic and environmental aspects on the deterioration issues in Fatimid tombs has not yet been considered. To this end, the scope of this pilot study is to investigate the structural stability and weathering vulnerability of the building materials of mud-brick structures in the Fatimid Cemetery before restoration labor. This was achieved using an integration of remote sensing (Landsat 8 and SRTM-DEM) and hydrogeological datasets in the Geographic Information System (GIS), along with a physicochemical and mineralogical analysis of various materials (the bearing soil, wall plasters, and Muqarnas) from the affected cemeteries. The morphological and mineralogical compositions of the collected samples were analytically examined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and CT scan. Moreover, geotechnical studies were conducted for the perched soil water and subsoil, including the analysis of the physiochemical composition and heavy metals using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results of multitemporal analysis of land use/land cover (LULC) changes displayed the growth and appearance of wetlands near the Fatimid tombs area over the last decades, boosting the geo-environmental risks from soil water rising. Furthermore, the detailed analytical investigations of building materials and soil foundations showed that this unique and substantial ancient Islamic archaeological site of Egypt shows weak geotechnical properties, and it is highly sensitive to natural and anthropogenic stressors. This innovative methodology can produce novel recommendations and results to the Ministry of Antiquities in Egypt and the Heritage Commission in Saudi Arabia for the adequate restoration of monuments.
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Eggers, Natascha de Andrade. "DISCOVERING ANCIENT EGYPT IN MODERNITY: THE CONTRIBUTION OF AN ANTIQUARIAN, GIOVANNI BELZONI (1816-1819)". Heródoto: Revista do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre a Antiguidade Clássica e suas Conexões Afro-asiáticas 1, nr 1 (13.04.2016): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31669/herodoto.v1i1.28.
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The main objective of this article is to allow a better understanding of the relationship between the British Empire and Ancient Egypt, and show the ways through which European countries – and particularly Great Britain – used the image of the Egyptian civilization to build a national identity and memory. Antiquarians who travelled to search for exotic antiquities had a very important role in this process because they left in their notes a record of their thoughts about the cultures of the places they visited and about the material culture they found there. These memories and reports circulated in Europe and were regarded as a source of knowledge, since they offered a version of the unknown “other” and reported the travelers’ interpretations of the past and present of foreign places. In this article I analyze the journal of one of these antiquarians, Giovanni Belzoni, in order to understand how his discourse may have corroborated the construction of a national identity, since he helped to form a large collection of Egyptian pieces of the British Museum, in England.
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Abualyazed, Jehan M. "Assessment of Potential Inscription of Wadi El-Natroun Monasteries in World Heritage List and the Possibilities of Development its Religious and Heritage Tourism". Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 50, nr 2 (30.03.2023): 218–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v50i2.4932.
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Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the tourism potentials of the site of Wadī el-Natroun monasteries in Egypt, which holds religious and historical significance. Currently, only four monasteries remain intact: St. Macarius, Anba Bishoi (or Bishoy), Baramus and Surian. They date back to the 4th and 5th centuries AD when monasticism was initiated in Egypt. These monasteries comprise valuable artistic treasures such as icons, murals, manuscripts, unique books, etc. Additionally, the area holds importance as it is part of The Holy Family Journey in Egypt, with the desert of Scété in Wadi el-Natroun playing a role. The Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities has made several efforts to nominate this site for inclusion on UNESCO's World Heritage list.
Methodos: The study employed various approaches, with the most important being historical and descriptive analytical approaches. Field studies were conducted to assess the cultural heritage of Wadi El-Natroun Monasteries according to UNESCO's criteria.
Results :The study revealed the outstanding universal value of both the monasteries and the contiguous area. However, there are threats jeopardizing the site, such as some lakes drying up as a result of pollution and waste disposal.
Conclusions: The study concludes that inscribing Wadi El-Natroun Monasteries on the World Heritage List would significantly increase international and local tourism interest in the site, preserve it, and attract a greater number of visitors. This would contribute to the development of the local community by improving the area and increasing the number of tourists.
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ALIEV, Bagomed Gadaevich. "PROFESSOR I.N. BEREZIN ABOUT TARKI AND TARKINIANS". Herald of Daghestan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Science, nr 76 (24.04.2020): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/vestdnc76/4.
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The famous Russian orientalist Ilya Berezin (1818–1896) after graduation from Kazan University and reception of the Master degree in Oriental literature at the request of the Trustee of the Kazan district M.N. Musin-Pushkin and on the recommendation of Professor A.A. Kazem-Bek in 1842, together with V.F. Dittel, made a three-year trip to Daghestan and Transcaucasia, Arabia, Turkey, Persia and Egypt, where he studied the languages and life of peoples, literature and antiquities of Eastern countries. The result of these trips was a series of his books, including "a Journey through Daghestan and Transcaucasia" (Kazan, 1849, 1850), which, in particular, contains interesting and important historical and ethnographic data about Daghestan. The article examines and characterizes the information of I.N. Berezin about the Tarkovsky shamkhalstvo and its center - the village of Tarki, where he stayed for a week.
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Serry, Azza, Sherif Mohamed, Mohamed Amin i Youssef Mabrouk. "An analytical study of the different methods of handling informal areas on state property “Case study of the informal unsafe areas near the railway on Sudan street, Giza”". Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, nr 09 (13.09.2021): 409–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/05391.
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The problem of informal areas in Egypt, despite the difference in these informal areas in terms of location, area, population and the quality of services, they share their suffering from rising population density, insufficiency of basic facilities and services, the spread of environmental pollution and low standard of living. The importance of this research lies in a new problem that hinders planning and executive authorities in the development of informal areas, which is land ownership. This comes in different entities such as private property whither for residents or companies, and central authorities such as the Ministry of Endowments, Railway Authority, State Property, or the Antiquities Authority. the research exposes all of this to reach results and solutions that help the planning and executive authorities in providing services to these areas, and in the implementation of vital projects and development projects.
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Meltzer, Edmund S. "Egyptologists, Nazism and Racial “Science”". Journal of Egyptian History 5, nr 1-2 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187416612x632490.
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Abstract Only recently has Egyptology begun to examine ideology and its implications for our self-understanding and our understanding of ancient Egypt, of Egyptology as a discipline, and of the past as a whole. Part of this effort is Thomas Schneider’s important research on Egyptology and Egyptologists in the third Reich. In the present volume, P. Raulwing and T. Gertzen study and document the career and thought of F.W. Freiherr von Bissing; Schneider publishes Georg Steindorff’s letter to John Wilson about Egyptologists in the Third Reich, extensively documenting the scholars mentioned in it and many more besides; and L. Ambridge explores the racial dimension of James H. Breasted Sr.’s historical thought. The continuing influence and relevance of these people and events is shown inter alia by the recent controversy over Steindorff’s collection of Egyptian antiquities.
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A., Afandy, i Taha A. "APPLICATION OF DNA TECHNIQUES FOR IDENTIFICATION OF FUNGAL COMMUNITIES COLONIZING BOOK OF EGYPT VOLUMES V PLANCHES ANTIQUITIES". Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies 4, nr 2 (1.12.2014): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejars.2014.7265.
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Pope, Jeremy. "The Problem of Meritefnut: A “God’s Wife” During the 25th–26th Dynasties". Journal of Egyptian History 6, nr 2 (2013): 177–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18741665-12340008.
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AbstractAt the beginning of the 20th century, a socle and hinge both inscribed for the “God’s Wife Meritefnut” appeared on the antiquities market in Upper Egypt. The inscription upon the hinge affiliated Meritefnut with three additional names from the era of Kushite rule: Shepenwepet, Pi(ankh)y, and Amenirdis. For more than a century, the woman dubbed by Kenneth Kitchen as “the mysterious Meryt-Tefnut” has remained unidentified, and the problems that she presents have never received more than a few sentences of discussion in the published literature to date. Yet the state of the evidence does not warrant resignation. Prosopographical analysis yields only five possible explanations for Meritefnut’s identity, and one of these explanations is considerably more tenable than the others. Moreover, every one of the available explanations challenges at least one widely-held assumption about the official protocol of the God’s Wife of Amun.
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Finkel, I. L., i J. E. Reade. "On Some Inscribed Babylonian Alabastra". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 12, nr 1 (12.03.2002): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186302000123.
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AbstractDemand for scents, spices and comparable products from India and further east was a major incentive for the naval expeditions which led, after 1497 AD, to the creation of European empires in the Orient. There was the same demand in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East, to which these goods travelled through the Red Sea or the Persian Gulf. People in Egypt and Babylonia in the classical period were both middlemen and consumers, and this paper draws attention to the existence of a few alabaster jars that reflect the trade. They are mainly in the Department of the Ancient Near East at the British Museum (previously called the Department of Western Asiatic Antiquities), and are inscribed in Babylonian or Greek with the names of scents or spices. While these inscriptions are unusual, perhaps many more jars were once inscribed in ink which is no longer visible.
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Piombino-Mascali, Dario, Rimantas Jankauskas, Giedrė Piličiauskienė, Rokas Girčius, Salima Ikram, Luigi M. Caliò i Antonio Messina. "Crocodile Rock! A Bioarchaeological Study of Ancient Egyptian Reptile Remains from the National Museum of Lithuania". Archaeologia Lituana 24 (13.03.2024): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/archlit.2023.24.7.
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Remnants of what was believed to be a single baby crocodile, originating from ancient Egypt and curated in the National Museum of Lithuania, have been recently assessed using noninvasive and nondestructive techniques. These had been donated in 1862 to the then Museum of Antiquities by the prominent Polish-Lithuanian collector Count Michał Tyszkiewicz. After careful investigation of the three mummified reptile fragments available, the authors were able to identify at least two individuals based on morpho-anatomical characteristics. This indicates that the two small crocodiles originally described in historic records are still present within the collection and that none of these items was lost during the different lootings perpetrated throughout the museum’s history. Information regarding the post-mortem treatment of these animals was also obtained. This is the first scientific study of animal mummies in the Baltic States, and it should be followed by proper conservation and display of these findings.
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Abudeif, Abdelbaset M., Gamal Z. Abdel Aal, Hatem S. Ramadan, Nassir Al-Arifi, Stefano Bellucci, Khamis K. Mansour, Hossameldeen A. Gaber i Mohammed A. Mohammed. "Geophysical Prospecting of the Coptic Monastery of Apa Moses Using GPR and Magnetic Techniques: A Case Study, Abydos, Sohag, Egypt". Sustainability 15, nr 14 (17.07.2023): 11119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151411119.
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As a result of new discoveries, there is a greater opportunity for development and investment in the Al-Arraba EL-Madfuna region of Abydos, Sohag Governorate, Egypt, which benefits tourism and increases the national economy. The Coptic monastery, which was originally established by Apa Moses, the patriarch of the Coptic Church during the ancient Roman Empire, has vanished inside the current market on this site, along with numerous tombs. As a result, the primary goal of this work is to prospect on this site for these potential archaeological features. Ground magnetic and ground-penetration radar (GPR) surveys were employed for discovering these archaeological issues. This work was done in coordination with the Supreme Council of Antiquities. Ground magnetic and GPR surveys were implemented using the G-857 proton-precession magnetometer and GSSI SIR 4000 with a 200 MHz antenna. The data were processed and interpreted using Geosoft Oasis Montaj and REFLEXW v.5.8 software packages. The magnetic data were filtered to separate the shallower anomalies representing the archaeological remains from those of the deeper ones. Butterworth high pass filter, first vertical derivatives, analytical signal, and tilt derivative were employed to carry out the processing stages. The results were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively to describe these anomalies and determine their locations, geometrical shapes, and depths. The source parameter imaging technique and 3D Euler deconvolution were used to calculate the depths. The analysis of magnetic maps shows that the study site is characterized by a number of anomalies that occur and have geometric squares and rectangle shapes with depths ranging from 0.7 m to ≈4 m. Some of these anomalies are related to potential archaeological objects. GPR findings reveal considerably scattered hyperbolas along several profiles, which may indicate the presence of potential buried objects. The integration of magnetic and GPR results showed that there is some consistency in the identification of the locations of the likely buried archaeological objects and their depths (0.7 to 3 m) for the majority of the discovered targets. The findings of this study suggest excavating at this location and relocating the market in order to protect the buried antiquities from being lost to be safeguarded as a tourist destination target.
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Mazza, Roberta. "Descriptions and the materiality of texts". Qualitative Research 21, nr 3 (2.03.2021): 376–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468794121992736.
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This article builds on the notions of thick and thin description elaborated by Geertz and looks at what descriptive methods have been used in the field of papyrology, a sub-discipline of classics that studies ancient manuscripts on papyrus fragments recovered through legal and illegal excavations in Egypt from the 19th century. Past generations of papyrologists have described papyri merely as resources to retrieve ancient ‘texts’. In the article I argue these descriptions have had negative effects in the way this ancient material has been studied, preserved, and also exchanged through the antiquities market. Through a series of case studies, I offer an alternative description of papyrus fragments as things, which have a power that can be activated under specific circumstances or entanglements. In demonstrating papyrus manuscripts’ unstable nature and shifting meanings, which are contingent on such entanglements, the article calls for a new politics and ethics concerning their preservation and exchange.
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Vickers, Michael, David Gill i Maria Economou. "Euesperides: the Rescue of an Excavation". Libyan Studies 25 (styczeń 1994): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006282.
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There was a time when the Department of Antiquities at the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford was prosperous enough to support a venture which called itself the Ashmolean Expedition to Cyrenaica. The form this exercise took was the excavation over three seasons between 1952 and 1954 of parts of the site of the Greek city of Euesperides situated on the outskirts of Benghazi (Fig. 1 ).Euesperides does not figure large in history. We first hear of it in 515 in connection with the revolt of Barca from the Persians: a punitive expedition was sent by the satrap in Egypt and it marched as far west as Euesperides. Euesperides played a part in the downfall of the Battiads, the ruling house of Cyrene. Arcesilas IV tried to create a safe haven against the day when his regime might be overthrown, and in 462 in effect refounded the city with a new body of settlers attracted from all over Greece.
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Kafafi, Zeidan. "The Antiquities of Jordan in the Reports of Foreign Explorers and Travelers (The Stage Before the Establishment of the Emirate of Jordan in 1921 AD)". Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology 16, nr 3 (31.10.2022): 139–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54134/jjha.v16i3.658.
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This article studies the foreign explorers and travelers who documented the archaeological heritage of Jordan during the 18th and 19th centuries in their travel reports. The article begins with a summary of the historical and social conditions of Jordan at the time, when Jordan was part of the Ottoman state. The article examines the foreign explorers in three sub-periods:
From the end of the Crusader period in the aftermath of the Battle of Hittin in 1187 up to Napoleon’s military expedition to Egypt in 1798.
From Napoleon’s military expedition in 1798 up to the establishment of the Western learned societies interested in the antiquities of Palestine, starting with the British Palestine Exploration Fund in 1865.
From the establishment of the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1865 up to the establishment of the Emirate of Jordan in 1921.
The reports of the travelers and explorers concentrated on sites and regions mentioned in the biblical narratives
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Malykh, Svetlana E. "Notes by Vladimir S. Golenischev on Ancient Egyptian Pottery from the Collection of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts: On the Provenance of Museum Objects". Oriental Courier, nr 3 (2023): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s268684310028344-6.
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Determination the provenance of many museum objects collected in the 19th and early 20th centuries remains problematic in the most cases, since they were mainly purchased from antiques dealers. This is also true for the collection of Egyptian antiquities by Vladimir S. Golenischev, currently located in the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow. Among the various artifacts, more than a hundred ceramic vessels are represented here. An analysis of Golenischev’s card file, his brief notes and notes in pencil and ink on the objects themselves allow us to determine the place of origin of some of them. These were mainly the necropoleis of Gebelein and Semaine (Upper Egypt), less often Berenice (on the Red Sea coast) and Elephantine. This deepens our knowledge about museum objects together with the technological analysis of clay fabric and morphological analysis, which in some cases makes it possible to define the manufacturing place of pottery.
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Last, Richard. "Onias IV and the δέσποτος ερός: Placing Antiquities 13.62-73 into the Context of Ptolemaic Land Tenure". Journal for the Study of Judaism 41, nr 4-5 (2010): 494–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006310x529236.
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AbstractJosephus’ narrative of Onias IV in Ant. 13.62-73 is an account of a Judean refugee who flees to Egypt and manages to acquire land in both Alexandria and Heliopolis. He is also given the authority to construct a temple on his Heliopolis property, which Josephus describes to have previously been δέσποτος. This is a technical term used in the papyri and by classical authors to designate ownerless property, which could be acquired legally only by purchase at the public auction and, in the Roman period, also directly from the idios logos. Scholars have long endeavoured to reconstruct the history behind Josephus’ narrative of the temple of Onias, but they have yet to investigate the function of this technical term within the larger narrative of Ant. 13.62-73, nor the insights that it might provide regarding the historicity of the account. The present article enters into the world of Ptolemaic land tenure in order to contextualize Josephus’ account of Onias’ acquisition of an ownerless temple. It demonstrates that Josephus’ story of Onias’ temple is more nuanced than previously thought.
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Majewska, Aleksandra. "The Egyptian collection from Łohojsk in the National Museum in Warsaw". Światowit 57 (17.12.2019): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6854.
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The National Museum in Warsaw, founded in 1916, took over the function of the older Museum of Fine Arts in Warsaw, founded in 1862. Between 1918 and 1922, the National Museum was systematically enriched through donations by private persons and institutions. One of the most important collections, placed there in 1919, was that originating from an old private museum owned by the Tyszkiewicz family in Łohojsk, donated through the agency of the Society of Fine Arts ‘Zachęta’ in Warsaw. The museum in Łohojsk (today in Belarus, not far from Minsk) was founded by Konstanty Tyszkiewicz (1806–1868). The rich collection of family portraits, paintings, engravings, and other works of art was enriched in 1862 by Count Michał Tyszkiewicz (1828–1897), who bequeathed a substantial part of the Egyptian antiquities brought from his travel to Egypt in 1861–1862. The Łohojsk collection was partly sold by Konstanty’s son, Oskar Tyszkiewicz (1837–1897), but some of these objects were purchased in 1901 by a cousin of Michał Tyszkiewicz, who then donated them to the Society of Fine Arts ‘Zachęta’. At this stage, the whole collection amounted to 626 items, of which 163 were connected to Egypt. During World War II, the National Museum in Warsaw suffered serious losses. At present, the exhibits originating from Łohojsk include 113 original ancient Egyptian pieces, four forgeries, and 29 paper squeezes reproducing the reliefs from the tomb of Khaemhtat of the 18th Dynasty (Theban tomb no. 57).
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Majcherek, Grzegorz. "Alexandria. Kom el-Dikka, season 2017". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 27, nr 1 (11.04.2018): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1964.
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The 2017 season of fieldwork was filled as usual with multiple tasks, covering both archaeological and conservation work. The high point of the year came on 1 April with the official inauguration of the tourist itinerary, constituting the first stage of the Kom el-Dikka Site Presentation Project. Officiating at the well-attended opening ceremony were His Excellency Dr. Khaled el- Enany, Minister of Antiquities of Egypt, accompanied by their Excellencies Mohammed Sultan, Governor of Alexandria, Michał Murkociński, Ambassador of Poland and Prof. Marcin Pałys, Rector of the University of Warsaw (see above, page 30 in this volume). The new itinerary swelled the numbers of visitors over the early summer months, even as the team returned late in the season to a regular schedule of digging and conservation, running all the time a training course for a group of junior SCA staff members. The course focused on basic excavation and conservation techniques and methods including stratigraphic analyses, surveying, pottery processing and drawing. Alexandria Kom el-Dikka Season 2017
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Abdelhafez, Ahmed. "The social role of women in prehistoric Egypt: an analysis of female figurines and iconography". Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences 9, nr 1 (2024): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jhaas.2024.09.00299.
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Female figurines from most periods of ancient Egyptian history occur in a variety of contexts. These images were often fashioned from clay, faience, ivory, stone, and wood. Of these, female figurines discovered in funerary contexts are highly interesting: Did they represent family members of the deceased, or was it a sort of ritual that entailed placing a feminine model with deceased males to serve them in the afterlife? In this paper, I will primarily analyze the social role of women in prehistoric Egypt. Additionally, I will also assess artistic renditions and the overall iconography of feminine figurines from that period. The following questions will help to unravel the aspects: Why were female figurines placed in tombs? What are the artistic features specific to female figurines? What can we learn from the positions in which female figurines were placed? This paper will study examples of female figurine their artistic and social styles and draw comparisons to understand their development. As for the Feminine iconography in this period, we will show the depiction of woman on the antiquities since the age of Badari, with a discussing of the development of the feminine iconography, until the early dynastic era. Through these depictions, we will be able to-functional and social role through the depicted scenes on pottery vessels, mace heads, and tombs. The presence of feminine figurines and iconography in this early stage of the development of ancient Egyptian culture is indicative of the prominent role women essayed in daily life - as mothers, wives, and servants- an aspect the deceased wished to carry forward into the next world.
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Schwartz, Seth. "The “Judaism” of Samaria and Galilee in Josephus's Version of the Letter of Demetrius I to Jonathan (Antiquities13.48–57)". Harvard Theological Review 82, nr 4 (październik 1989): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816000018551.
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The slapdash, seamy character of the second half of Josephus'sAntiquitiesfrequently obscures the author's purpose; the recovery of this information is therefore often neglected, though scholars are becoming increasingly aware of the task's importance. A good example of this scholarly neglect concerns the little narrative complex ofAnt. 13.1-79, covering the period from Judas's death in battle against Bacchides in 160 BCE to the appointment of Jonathan as high priest (152 BCE) and the death of Demetrius I in 150 BCE; the complex concludes with two stories about Jewish affairs in Egypt (13.62-79). These stories have been clumsily introduced into a narrative which is otherwise a close paraphrase of 1 Maccabees, and are not commonly understood to have any relation to their context other than a vague chronological aptness: both stories are said to have occurred, like most of the high priesthood of Jonathan, in the reign of Ptolemy VI Philometor (13.79). I shall argue that the stories have not only a chronological but also a close thematic connection to their context, and that the narrative, properly understood, expresses a propagandists motif not hitherto noticed inAntiquities. Furthermore, this motif may have important implications for our understanding of Antiquities as a whole, and perhaps important historical implications, as well.