Rozprawy doktorskie: „Effluent irrigation”

1

Ali, Inamullah. "Surface irrigation adapted to the land spreading of dairy farm effluent". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83961.

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An important number of Canadian dairy farms manage their manure as solids and in doing so, must handle large volumes of manure seepages and milk house wastewater (dairy farm effluent-DFE). The present project adapted surface irrigation as a more economical and sustainable method of disposing of this large volume of DFE on cropped land near their storage facility. The experimental surface irrigation system consisted of a gated pipe installed perpendicular to the slope of the field allowing the discharged DFE to run down the slope.
The adaptation of the system and the measurement of its environmental impact were conducted on two dairy farms, A and B, in the region South West of Montreal where their DFE were characterized. In 2003 and 2004, DFE was applied on one of two 0.5 and 0.3ha plots, on each farm, to observe losses through the subsurface drainage system, by means of sampling wells, and effects on soil nutrient levels.
The DFE collected in 2002 and 2003 had a lower nutrient content than that collected in 2004 because of higher precipitations. The DFE generally contained between 150-500 mg/L of TKN, 15 to 40 mg/L of TP and 500 to 700 mg/L of TK.
DFE losses through the subsurface drainage system were observed on both farms during each irrigation test. Nevertheless, outlet losses were observed only when irrigating under wet soil conditions or when applying more than 50mm of DFE. Outlet losses represented at the most 1.2% of the total DFE volume applied and 0.32% of the nutrient and bacterial loads.
Although only 65 to 75% of the soil surface was covered by the applied DFE, the irrigation sessions did provide some additional soil moisture for crops, increasing yield by 31% in 2004. Once absorbed by the soil, the applied DFE did not increase the soil nutrient level and variability in the presence of crop. Thus, the DFE contributed to the irrigation and fertilization of the plots.
Surface irrigation to spread low nutrient DFE, as compared to the conventional tanker system reduced the application costs from $3.05/m3, to $0.95/m3.

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Aziz, Edriyana A. "Fate and transport of oestrogenic compounds from sewage effluent irrigation water". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2010. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=12761.

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Gunn, Kpoti Mawutodzi. "Developing Strategies For Year-Round Spray Irrigation of Wastewater Effluent in Ohio". The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1262207613.

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4

Mancino, C. F., L. Salo, A. Hayes, I. Pepper i D. M. Kopec. "The Influence of Effluent Irrigation on Specific Soil Microbial Populations and Parameters". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215852.

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Hayes, A. R., C. F. Mancino, W. Y. Forden, D. M. Kopec i I. L. Pepper. "Irrigation of Turfgrass with Secondary Municipal Sewage Effluent: Soil and Turf Aspects". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216076.

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This field experiment evaluated the use of secondary municipal sewage effluent for irrigation of two turfgrass species. In April 1987 common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) was seeded to a gravelly sandy loans soil and maintained under fairway conditions. Perennial ryegrass (Loliman perenne L.) was overseeded in the fall to maintain an actively growing turf. Plots were irrigated identically with either effluent or potable water. Soil and irrigation water samples were collected periodically and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na), calcium + magnesium (Ca +Mg), bicarbonates (HCO₃), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Effluent water was found to contain a higher sodium absorption ratio (SAR), EC and greater concentrations of all the above elements with the exception of pH. Effluent irrigation lead to significantly lower seed germination and resulted in higher EC, Na, nitrate- nitrogen (NO₃-N), P and K concentrations in soils. Turf quality was assessed by visual evaluation under four N fertilization rates in each irrigation regime. Established effluent irrigated turf did not show signs of osmotic stress with a 15-20% leaching fraction and responded to the nutrient content of this water during periods of higher irrigation rates. However, no single fertilization rate or irrigation regime consistently produced a superior turf quality. Secondary municipal sewage effluent was used successfully for turf irrigation but the greater EC, Na and nutrient content of the water need to be considered by the turf professional making management decisions.

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6

Rui, Li. "The use of treated effluent for agricultural irrigation in the Bottelary River area: Effluent quality, farmers perception and potential extent". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=init_1918_1177917293.

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The Bottelary River area is located in a Mediterranean climate region, where the agricultural sector plays an important role. During the dry summer season, there is not enough precipitation to meet the agricultural irrigation requirements. Some farmers extract river water which is practically the final treated effluent from the Scottsdene Wastewater Treatment Works to irrigate crops. This research investigated the use of treated effluent for agricultural irrigation in this area, particularly focused on the effluent quality, farmers perception, and the potential extent.

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Gallagher, Mark Robert. "Numerical modelling of nitorogen leaching from effluent irrigation on Great Barrier Reef islands /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17121.pdf.

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Xiong, Xianzhe, i mikewood@deakin edu au. "Heavy metal accumulation in soils at three field sites subject to effluent irrigation". Deakin University. School of Ecology and Environment, 2003. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050902.110403.

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Three field sites were chosen to study the environmental assimilative capacity of heavy metals in soil. These sites were the Werribee Farm and the Myome Farm in Australia and Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area in China. The Werribee Farm and the Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area received sewage treatment and application on land for a long time. The Myome farm is an experimental site in which investigations on land application of municipal wastewater on water repellent soils is currently being trailed. Heavy metal contamination, in particular Cr, Cu and Zn, in the Land Filtration soil of Werribee Farm was widespread. More than a century of sewage irrigation has occurred in the Werribee Farm. The temporal distribution pattern of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the soil at this site follow an exponential trend with time and the spatial distribution pattern of accumulation of heavy metals in different paddocks correlates with the number of years of sewage irrigation at that site in the Farm. Extensive sewage irrigation at Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area resulted in significant Cd pollution in soil-plant (rice) system and poses a significant threat to the health of local people. Even after eight years since cessation of sewage irrigation, the bioavailable fractions of Cd in the soil as analyzed by sequential extraction techniques were very high thus illustrating long-term persistence. The simultaneous competitive adsorption of metals in water repellent soils (at Myome Farm in South Australia) was studied. In the competitive situation, Cr, Pb and Cu are the heavy metal cations more strongly adsorbed by the soil, whereas Cd, Ni and Zn are the least adsorbed. The increase in Freundlich adsorption capacity by clay amendment suggested that clayed soils are capable sorption of higher heavy metal loadings compared to the non-clayed water repellent soil, which is more vulnerable to heavy metal inputs. A simple model of environmental assimilative capacity is proposed. The results of comparison of the three field sites shows that the Werribee Farm has a higher environmental assimilative capacity of heavy metals in soil than the soils at Shenyang Zhangshi Irrigation Area and Myome Farm, however heavy metal contamination at Werribee Farm is still a concern. The model of environmental assimilative capacity of heavy metals in soil is an effective tool to assist management of effluent applied land irrigation systems and can be used to better design environmental engineering systems.

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9

Rowan, Michael A. "The utility of drip Irrigation for the distribution of on-site wastewater effluent". The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1078848711.

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Pinheiro, José Alberto Ribeiro. "Aproveitamento de águas de ETAR para abastecimento de cisternas, autotanques e equipamentos similares e rega de espaços públicos. O caso da Estação de tratamento de águas residuais de Fernão Ferro no concelho do Seixal". Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/4085.

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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Tecnologias Ambientais - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
TheEarth's water resourcesare limited and its availabilityisnotgeographicallyevenlydistributed.Only1% of all existing water is fresh waterandistherefore likely tobe usedfor human consumption. To achieve environment sustainability, it is essential the protection of complex ecosystems and the wise use of natural resources; our survival could depend on this. Sustainability cannot be achieved with current models of consumption and the disproportionate use of resources. One solution to this problem is the use of systems for storage and reuse of treated wastewater. In this thesis, the case study focuses on demonstrating the economic viability of building, on the surroundings of the Station of Wastewater Treatment at the community of Fernão Ferro, of a supplying Unit of treated wastewater to be used in tanks, pump trucks, mechanical sweepers and similar equipment, and also to supply the irrigation networks already installed in this community.Thus, considering that the present project aims to increase the life of the treated effluent, it was performed, in the experimental part of this thesis, the calculation for the study’s financial feasibility; it allowed us to conclude that the project is feasible through an application of the National Strategic Reference Framework, 2007/2013 (QREN - Quadro de ReferênciaEstratégicoNacional), that could subsidy 80% of the total investment, and the remaining 20% would be supported by the Seixal township

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11

Peres, Milene Rodrigues [UNESP]. "Uso de água residuária com diferentes sistemas de irrigação no desenvolvimento e na qualidade microbiológica do meloeiro". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93776.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-06-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:55:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 peres_mr_me_botfca.pdf: 447911 bytes, checksum: 06235bd11b664da7bc2fbecfde5fcbb1 (MD5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O aumento da população mundial, aliado à atividade humana e ao fenômeno da urbanização, torna necessário uma disposição eficiente e ambientalmente segura das águas residuárias (esgotos). Deve-se ressaltar que os resíduos orgânicos presentes nestas águas são fontes riquíssimas de matéria orgânica e nutrientes minerais, elementos necessários à produção das culturas. O uso de esgotos tratados, principalmente de origem doméstica na irrigação de culturas, tem sido praticado em muitos países há muitos séculos. Nos países em desenvolvimento ou em processo de industrialização acelerada existe atualmente uma grande necessidade do desenvolvimento de métodos para atender à crescente demanda de água, particularmente para irrigação, e de proteger os mananciais existentes contra a poluição. Conforme esta demanda cresce, o tratamento e uso de águas residuárias vai se tornando mais importante. Em quase todos os países do Oriente Médio grandes projetos de reuso foram e continuam a ser implantados para atender a irrigação e reservar os limitados mananciais existentes para o abastecimento de água potável. Há um enorme potencial de reuso de águas residuárias na agricultura, entretanto, este uso requer estudos que orientem sua aplicação. É fundamental que se inicie o desenvolvimento de padrões e códigos de uso, visando uma atividade sustentada, ecologicamente compatível e isenta de riscos à saúde pública dos grupos de risco envolvidos. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar o uso do esgoto doméstico tratado na irrigação de melão. Foram testadas duas formas de aplicação da água de irrigação: esgoto doméstico tratado e uma fonte de água limpa, com três sistemas de irrigação (gotejamento superficial, gotejamento enterrado e sulco). Foram avaliados o desempenho agronômico e o grau de contaminação do produto agrícola...
The increase of the world population, ally to the human activity and the phenomenon of the urbanization, turns necessary an efficient disposition of wastewater (sewers). It should be emphasized that the present organic residues in wastewaters are rich sources of organic matter and nutrients minerals, necessary elements to the production of the crops. The use of treated sewers, mainly of domestic origin in the irrigation of crops, it has been practiced in many countries from many centuries. In the developing countries exists a great need of the development of methods to assist to crescent demand of water, particularly for irrigation, and of protecting the existent springs against the pollution. As this demand grows, the treatment and use of wastewater goes if turning more important. In almost all of the countries of Middle East projects have been implanted to assist the irrigation and to reserve the limited existent springs for the drinkable water supply. There is an enormous potential of wastewater use in the agriculture, however, this use requests studies to guide its application. It is fundamental that it begins the development of patterns and use codes, seeking a sustained activity, ecologically compatible and it exempts from risks to the public health of the risk groups involved. This dissertation had as objective evaluate the use of domestic wastewater in the melon irrigation. Two water qualities were evaluated: domestic wastewater and a source of clean water, with three irrigation systems (surface drip, subsurface drip and furrow). They were appraised the agronomic acting and the degree of contamination of the agricultural product, for each combination of quality of the water and adopted overhead irrigation. The results showed us that the irrigation systems didn't differ considering the melon yield. The use of wastewater didn't bring benefits for the increase of the productivity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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12

Taylor, Richard Peter. "The use of treated brewery effluent as a water and nutrient source in crop irrigation". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1021265.

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Brewery effluent (BE) needs to be treated before it can be released into the environment, reused or used in down-stream activities. Current technologies used to address this concern at the experimental wastewater treatment plant at Ibahyi Brewery (SAB Ltd) include anaerobic digestion (AD), primary facultative ponds (PFP), high rate algal ponds (HRAP) and constructed wetlands (CW). The aim of this work was to determine if BE treated in these systems might be suitable for crop irrigation. A test crop, cabbage (Brassica oleracea cv. Star 3301), grew best on post-AD and post-PFP BE compared to those irrigated with post-HRAP or post-CW effluent. However, the yield was 13% lower than cabbage plants irrigated with a commercial nutrient solution and fresh water. The relatively high conductivity (3019.05 ± 48.72 μs/cm2) of BE may be the main factor reducing the cabbage yields. Post-HRAP and post-CW BE were the least suitable for irrigated crop production due to the higher conductivity and lower nutrient content of these treated effluents. After three months, soils irrigated with post-AD and post-PFP BE had a significantly higher sodium content and sodium adsorption ratio (3919 ± 94.77 mg/kg & 8.18 ± 0.17) than soil irrigated with a commercial nutrient solution (920.58 ± 27.46 mg/kg & 2.20 ± 0.05; p<0.05). However, this was not accompanied by a deterioration in the soil’s hydro-physical properties, nor a change in the metabolic community structure of the soil (p>0.05). After prolonged irrigation with treated BE, sodium is likely to build up in the soil and this can be expected to be accompanied by a deterioration in the soil physical structure. However, crops species such as millet (Echinochloa esculenta), lucerne (Medicago sativa) and saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) reduced the build-up of sodium in the soil. The results suggest that sodium was mainly removed from the soil through plant-assisted leaching. Of the crops grown, lucerne showed the most promise because it improved the soil physical properties, is able to grow well in alkaline environments, is a popular fodder crop and can be harvested multiple times from a single stand. Brewery effluent is more suitable for soil production systems than hydroponic production systems because the soil was able to act as a buffer against the high pH of post-AD BE, whereas in a hydroponics systems the high pH reduced the availability of key minerals to plants. In conclusion brewery effluent contains sufficient plants nutrients to support the growth of cabbages, saltbush, lucerne and millet. However the sodium content of BE is a concern as it accumulates in the soil, and in the long-term it may lead to soil degradation. It is suggested that the brewery change the pH neutralising treatment of BE from sodium hydroxide to potassium hydroxide, or dolomitic lime (calcium and magnesium carbonate) because this would reduce the introduction of sodium into the system, and would increase the suitability of BE for crop production, given potassium and calcium are plant nutrients. The benefits of developing this nutrient and water resource could contribute to cost-reductions at the brewery, more efficient water, nutrient and energy management, create job opportunities with the potential of improving food security in the local community.

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Hayes, Alan Raymond 1956. "Irrigation of turfgrass with municipal effluent and potable water : soil, water and turf quality aspects". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192002.

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This field experiment evaluated the use of secondary treated municipal wastewater for irrigation of turfgrasses. Common bermudagrass (Cvnodon dactvlon L. Pers.) was seeded to a gravelly sandy loam. In the Fall, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was overseeded to maintain an actively growing turf. Plots were irrigated identically with either effluent or potable water. Soil and water samples were collected periodically and analyzed for pH, salinity, major cations, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Turf quality was assessed using a visual evaluation technique. Effluent irrigation produced significantly lower seed germination and resulted in increased salinity, sodium, nitrate and phosphorus concentrations in soils. Leachate waters contained greater salinity and higher concentrations of major cations than irrigation waters. Established effluent irrigated turf did not show signs of salt stress and produced turf quality as good as potable irrigated plots. High quality turf was grown using secondary sewage effluent for irrigation.

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Chipula, Grivin. "Optimising nutrient potential from compost and irrigation with wastewater to meet crop nutritional requirements". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7951.

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Globally agricultural production is facing serious challenges to provide adequate food supply to meet a growing population. However, the reduced capacity of soil to support and sustain agricultural production as a result of soil fertility decline is impacting negatively on agricultural growth. Increase in the price of inorganic fertilisers and limited availability of nutrients from organic amendments has reduced progress in improving soil fertility. This research therefore aims at contributing knowledge towards evaluating the maximisation/optimisation of nutrients in compost and secondary treated sewage effluent (STSE) amended soils to meet the nutritional requirements of crops for sustainable crop production and environmental protection. STSE was irrigated on soils (sandy loam and clay loam) amended with greenwaste compost in soil incubation, glasshouse/pot and lysimeter studies. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was grown in the pots and lysimeter studies. The incubation experiment showed that for a clay loam, N mineralisation in treatments with STSE alone and combinations of compost and STSE was higher than the applied N. Increasing compost quantity in compost and STSE nutrient integration resulted in reduced net N mineralisation in the clay loam soil. In the sandy loam, increasing compost contribution in compost and STSE nutrient integration resulted in an increase in net N mineralisation. Cation exchange capacity, microbial diversity, quality of available carbon and drying and rewetting cycles influenced the net nitrogen mineralisation dynamics in both soil types. Increasing the contribution of STSE while reducing compost quantity resulted in increased nitrogen use efficiency and ryegrass dry matter yield. The environmental threat to ground and surface water pollution through NO3 --N leaching may be enhanced by the inclusion of STSE in integrated compost and STSE nutrient supply to plants. Similarly, the threat to eutrophication due to phosphorous leaching is likely to be higher with integration of compost and STSE. Ryegrass dry matter yield reduced with increasing compost contribution while the concentration of N in ryegrass herbage for the combinations of compost and STSE was above the minimum requirement for N in herbage for productive grazing and dairy cattle in the pot experiment. Using compost and STSE of similar characteristics, the ideal approach to maximise nutrient potential from compost through irrigation with STSE is when 25% compost is integrated with 75% STSE with respect to nitrogen supply.

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Mills, Anthony. "Response of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) to irrigation with saline, sodic wastes and nitrogenous, manganiferous effluent". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23082.

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The Manganese Metal Company (MMC) situated in Nelspruit, Eastern Transvaal, South Africa produces a manganiferous saline effluent from a manganese ore leaching process. The high NH₄ content of the waste has been identified as a possible nitrogen fertilizer source. Irrigation of the MMC waste over nearby kikuyu ( Pennisetum clandestinum) pastures could thus potentially solve a waste disposal problem as well as provide fertilization of the pastures, although the high manganese content of the waste poses a risk of manganese toxicity or pollution. The kikuyu pastures are presently used as a land disposal system for a saline waste from a pulp bleaching process. Due to process changes, the dominant salt type in the waste is anticipated to change from KaCl to Na₂SO₄. Pot experiments with kikuyu were undertaken to investigate NaCl versus Na₂SO₄ salinity effects, Mn toxicity threshold levels and MMC waste versus a standard nitrogen fertilizer (NH₄NO₃) yield response. The results demonstrated that kikuyu grass is both salinity and Mn tolerant. Kikuyu salinity tolerance, using electrical conductivity as a salinity index, was significantly greater in NaCl than Na₂SO₄ salinity. This difference was attributed to the formation of SO₄ neutral ion pairs in Na₂SO₄ treatments which decreased cation uptake, increased osmotic stress relative to electrical conductivity and led to a possible SO₄-induced Ca deficiency. Cl adsorption in manganous sulphate and Na₂SO₄ treated soils was speculatively attributed to the formation of an undocumented ettringite-like mineral. Kikuyu exhibited both a fertilization effect and a Mn toxicity effect with manganous sulphate applications. An increase in yield occurred between Mn applications of 800 and 1600 mg/kg soil. This effect was attributed to increased nutrient availability as a result of nitrogen mineralisation and soil desorption processes. Mn applications of 3200 and 8000 mg/kg resulted in severe Mn toxicity symptoms and reductions in yield. Fertilization of kikuyu with NH₄NO₃ and MMC waste produced similar yield responses. Manganese toxicity did not manifest itself in MMC waste treated kikuyu, even at nitrogen loadings of 800 kgN/ha. Manganese attenuation in the soil by MnCO₃ precipitation, oxidation of Mn²⁺ and Mn adsorption are expected to prevent excess Mn²⁺ accumulation which would pose a Mn toxicity and water pollution risk. The disposal of untreated MMC waste as a nitrogen fertilizer substitute for kikuyu pastures is thus in principle a feasible operation in terms of maintaining pasture sustainability and preventing pollution of water resources.

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Ochse, Charles Henry. "Effect of chemical oxygen demand on the ability of some cover crops to prevent mineral accumulation in a sandy vineyard soil irrigated with augmented winery wastewater". Thesis, Cape Peninisula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2002.

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Thesis (MTech (Agriculture))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology.
During the past years government regulations concerning winery effluent became stricter to protect the environment. Wineries are continually improving wastewater management and finding appropriate ways to reduce cellar effluent. Due to water scarcity in South Africa, it could be a huge advantage if winery effluent could be used as irrigation water for vineyards. If the industry can re-use the untreated wastewater, it will not only save a huge amount of irrigation water, but it will also be able to get rid of the vast amount of cellar effluent. Grape production plays a major role in agriculture worldwide. The world production of grapes worldwide in 2013 was 751 MgL. South Africa is the 9th biggest wine producer in the world with 10 X 10HL of wine. In the earlier years of wine production in South Africa, the small volumes of winery wastewater did not have a negative impact on the environment but with the increased volumes over the last years, the possibility of contamination of the soil and the environment has increased. Government decided to regulate the irrigation of cellar effluent with the National Water Act of 1998 as approved by the Department of Water Affairs (DWAF). There are different ways to get rid of cellar effluent. One successful way is by constructed wetlands where plants are used to break down minerals which could be detrimental to the environment. This is a successful way to get rid of cellar effluent but could take up to six weeks before the mineral contents can be broken down by the plants. Another way is to use bio-reactors to break down the contents of the cellar effluent, but this is expensive. Wastewater consists of important nutrients needed for plant growth such as macro-nutrients like N, P, K and micro-nutrients like Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu and a substantial amount of organic matter. If cellar water, just like domestic wastewater is used for irrigation the farmer can save water when he uses less fertiliser, because of the high nutrient content in the cellar effluent. If cover crops such as oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Pallinup) in winter and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) in summer can be used to remove excess cations, as well as unwanted chemicals such as toxic metals from the soil, it may result in effluent water with a higher chemical oxygen demand (COD) level than the current legal limitations that can be used to irrigate the vineyard. The aim of this project was, therefore, to determine the ability of oat and pearl millet cover crop to remove excess minerals from the soil irrigated with augmented water at different COD levels, without a negative effect on growth and yield of the vineyard or wine quality. Field trials were carried out in a Cabernet Sauvignon/99 Richter vineyard established on a sandy soil at the Goudini Cellar near Rawsonville.

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Peres, Milene Rodrigues 1977. "Uso de água residuária com diferentes sistemas de irrigação no desenvolvimento e na qualidade microbiológica do meloeiro /". Botucatu : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93776.

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Orientador: João Carlos Cury Saad
Banca: Raimundo Leite Cruz
Banca: Jarbas Honório de Miranda
Resumo: O aumento da população mundial, aliado à atividade humana e ao fenômeno da urbanização, torna necessário uma disposição eficiente e ambientalmente segura das águas residuárias (esgotos). Deve-se ressaltar que os resíduos orgânicos presentes nestas águas são fontes riquíssimas de matéria orgânica e nutrientes minerais, elementos necessários à produção das culturas. O uso de esgotos tratados, principalmente de origem doméstica na irrigação de culturas, tem sido praticado em muitos países há muitos séculos. Nos países em desenvolvimento ou em processo de industrialização acelerada existe atualmente uma grande necessidade do desenvolvimento de métodos para atender à crescente demanda de água, particularmente para irrigação, e de proteger os mananciais existentes contra a poluição. Conforme esta demanda cresce, o tratamento e uso de águas residuárias vai se tornando mais importante. Em quase todos os países do Oriente Médio grandes projetos de reuso foram e continuam a ser implantados para atender a irrigação e reservar os limitados mananciais existentes para o abastecimento de água potável. Há um enorme potencial de reuso de águas residuárias na agricultura, entretanto, este uso requer estudos que orientem sua aplicação. É fundamental que se inicie o desenvolvimento de padrões e códigos de uso, visando uma atividade sustentada, ecologicamente compatível e isenta de riscos à saúde pública dos grupos de risco envolvidos. Esta dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar o uso do esgoto doméstico tratado na irrigação de melão. Foram testadas duas formas de aplicação da água de irrigação: esgoto doméstico tratado e uma fonte de água limpa, com três sistemas de irrigação (gotejamento superficial, gotejamento enterrado e sulco). Foram avaliados o desempenho agronômico e o grau de contaminação do produto agrícola... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The increase of the world population, ally to the human activity and the phenomenon of the urbanization, turns necessary an efficient disposition of wastewater (sewers). It should be emphasized that the present organic residues in wastewaters are rich sources of organic matter and nutrients minerals, necessary elements to the production of the crops. The use of treated sewers, mainly of domestic origin in the irrigation of crops, it has been practiced in many countries from many centuries. In the developing countries exists a great need of the development of methods to assist to crescent demand of water, particularly for irrigation, and of protecting the existent springs against the pollution. As this demand grows, the treatment and use of wastewater goes if turning more important. In almost all of the countries of Middle East projects have been implanted to assist the irrigation and to reserve the limited existent springs for the drinkable water supply. There is an enormous potential of wastewater use in the agriculture, however, this use requests studies to guide its application. It is fundamental that it begins the development of patterns and use codes, seeking a sustained activity, ecologically compatible and it exempts from risks to the public health of the risk groups involved. This dissertation had as objective evaluate the use of domestic wastewater in the melon irrigation. Two water qualities were evaluated: domestic wastewater and a source of clean water, with three irrigation systems (surface drip, subsurface drip and furrow). They were appraised the agronomic acting and the degree of contamination of the agricultural product, for each combination of quality of the water and adopted overhead irrigation. The results showed us that the irrigation systems didn't differ considering the melon yield. The use of wastewater didn't bring benefits for the increase of the productivity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Yu, Xiaojiang. "An environmental feasibility study of land based sewage effluent disposal at Bolivar using plantation trees /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envy94.pdf.

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Azevedo, Leonardo Pretto de [UNESP]. "Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica e produção de alface americana (Lactuca sativa L.) sob diferentes sistemas de irrigação, utilizando águas residuárias". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93763.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-06-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:15:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 azevedo_lp_me_botfca.pdf: 665165 bytes, checksum: 451d83c7c677e62bbaf23503d1d6324a (MD5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
A crescente expansão demográfica, o aumento da demanda por água potável, a elevação dos índices de poluição, o manejo inadequado de solos e florestas, e a contaminação de rios e lençóis freáticos têm causado sérios problemas ambientais, indisponibilizando grande porcentagem da água doce existente para utilização direta. Estima-se que apenas metade da população da América Latina seja beneficiada com redes de coleta de esgoto e que 90% deste volume coletado esteja sendo despejado em algum corpo de água superficial sem tratamento prévio. Como alternativa para este problema, grande quantidade de águas residuárias tem sido utilizada na agricultura, tornando imprescindível o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e métodos de aplicação segura destes efluentes na irrigação de produtos para consumo humano. Visando a necessidade de desenvolver técnicas seguras de aplicação de águas residuárias na agricultura, buscou-se no presente trabalho comparar parâmetros de produção, qualidade microbiológica e acúmulo de nitrato na cultura da alface americana, submetida à irrigação com água potável e com efluente de tratamento de esgoto doméstico, nos sistemas de irrigação por gotejo (superficial e enterrado), sulcos e microaspersão. A alface foi cultivada a campo, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, localizada no município de Botucatu. As irrigações foram realizadas a cada 48 horas, durante os últimos trinta dias da cultura, repondo a lâmina evapotranspirada neste período. Verificou-se neste trabalho que os maiores valores de produção foram obtidos na irrigação por gotejo superficial, com águas residuárias. Quando comparada a influência do tipo de água utilizada em cada sistema, os valores de produção obtidos também foram maiores para a irrigação com águas residuárias no gotejo superficial, gotejo enterrado... .
The demographic expansion, the demand increase by potable water, the increase on pollution rates, the unsuitable soil and forests management, and the contamination of rivers and subsurface water have caused serious environment problems, and it became unavailable a high percentage of water for direct use. Only 49% of Latin American population has a sewer net; from this number, it was estimated that 90% hasn't been treated before being thrown away in a surface water source, causing more problems. A high quantity of wastewater has been used in agriculture as an alternative to this problem, what attracts the attention to the need of more researches about the development of a new technology and secure methods to apply effluents on irrigated crops to human consume. Counting on the possibility of develop secure techniques to apply wastewater in agriculture, this work had the aim of comparing American lettuce production, microbiological quality and nitrate level, using irrigation with potable water and domestic sewer treatment effluent, under drip (surface and subsurface), furrow and sprinklers irrigation systems. Lettuce was planted in a field, on Lageado Experimental Farm, Agronomical Sciences College, São Paulo State University, in Botucatu / SP, Brazil. The irrigations were carried out each 48 hours, during the last thirty days of the crop, adding the water rates lost in this period. It was verified in this work that higher production values were obtained with wastewater applied with surface drip irrigation. When comparing the influence of the kind of water used in each system, the production values also were higher on wastewater irrigation with drip irrigation (surface and subsurface) and furrows. On microbiological quality, only the lettuce irrigated by subsurface drip irrigation and furrows showed safe contamination values to fecal coliform and Salmonella, according to... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

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Salomão, Luís Antônio. "Irrigação de eucalipto com efluente sanitário de lagoa facultativa = avaliação da produtividade agrícola". [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258558.

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Orientador: Ronaldo Stefanutti
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: O tratamento de efluentes domésticos é uma necessidade para a manutenção da qualidade dos corpos hídricos, da biota natural dos sistemas bem como para a conservação dos recursos naturais. Neste sentido, as lagoas de estabilização são bastante utilizadas no Brasil como sistema de tratamento de efluentes sanitários. O pós-tratamento de lagoa de estabilização adotando-se o reuso de efluentes sanitários na irrigação de culturas agrícolas é prática recomendável para complementar o tratamento do efluente e/ou fornecer nutrientes necessários para o desenvolvimento de culturas agrícolas, mas devem ser avaliados os impactos ambientais. Neste sentido, foi desenvolvida, na UGRHI 08 (Unidade Hidrográfica de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos Sapucaí/Grande), no município de Franca-SP, em uma área cedida pela Escola Técnica Estadual Professor Carmelino Correa Junior (Colégio Agrícola), pesquisa para avaliar a produtividade da cultura de Eucalyptus urograndis, no período de 28 a 56 meses após o plantio dos eucaliptos, por meio do monitoramento do DAP (diâmetro à altura do peito) da planta quando realizada irrigação com efluente proveniente de lagoa facultativa considerando ainda, o risco de promover a contaminação do lençol freático. A área dividida em 8 tratamentos foi irrigada da seguinte maneira: T1 Água - necessidade hídrica do eucalipto e sem adubação química, T2 Água - necessidade hídrica do eucalipto e adubação química, T3 Efluente - 1/3 da necessidade hídrica do eucalipto e adubação química, T4 Efluente - 1/2 da necessidade hídrica do eucalipto e adubação química, T5 Efluente - necessidade hídrica do eucalipto e adubação química, T6 Efluente - necessidade hídrica do eucalipto e sem adubação, T7 Efluente - 1,5 necessidade hídrica do eucalipto e adubação química e T8 Sem irrigação e sem adubação química. A adubação química foi realizada antes do plantio, 6 meses e 1 ano após o plantio. Foram monitorados os líquidos percolados e extraídos de coletores de drenagem livre instalados no solo nas profundidades de 0,30m, 0,60m e 0,90m. Os resultados de DBO e DQO demonstraram que o sistema solo-planta apresentou-se extremamente eficiente na remoção da matéria orgânica presente no efluente aplicado, sendo 95% para DBO e 93% para DQO. A irrigação com efluente na proporção de 1/3 da necessidade hídrica da planta, tratamento T3, apresentou um bom desenvolvimento da planta, do ponto vista do DAP, suprindo suas necessidades nutricionais e seu percolado apresentou baixo percentual de Nitratos em concentrações superiores a 10mgNO3-N.L-1, minimizando o risco de contaminação da água subterrânea Os resultados de DBO e DQO demonstraram que o sistema solo-planta apresentou-se extremamente eficiente na remoção da matéria orgânica presente no efluente aplicado, sendo 95% para DBO e 93% para DQO. O presente estudo concluiu, então que a irrigação com dosagens adequadas de efluentes, sendo que nas condições da pesquisa, com subdosagens, pode substituir a adubação do ponto de vista do DAP com baixo risco de contaminação do lençol freático
Abstract: The treatment of domestic sewage is a necessity for maintaining the quality of water bodies, the natural systems biota and for the conservation of natural resources. In this sense, stabilization ponds are widely used in Brazil as a system of wastewater treatment. The stabilization pond post-treatment adopting the reuse of wastewater for irrigation of crops is recommended practice to complement the treatment of effluent and/or provide nutrients necessary for the development of agricultural crops, but the environmental impacts must be evaluated. The research was performed in UGRHI 08 (Watershed Management Unit Water Resources Sapucaí / Grande) in the city of Franca, São Paulo, in an area ceded by the State Technical School "Professora Carmelina Correa Junior" (Agricultural College), school unit connected to the Paula Souza Center. The study was designed to assess whether there will be increased productivity of Eucalyptus urograndis culture, in the period from 28 to 56 months after planting the eucalyptus, by monitoring the DAP (Diameter at Breast Height) plant when performed irrigation with effluent from a facultative pond and considering the risk of promoting groundwater contamination. The area was divided into 8 irrigated treatments as follows: T1 Water - water requirement of eucalyptus and without fertilization, T2 Water - water requirement of eucalyptus and chemical fertilization, T3 Effluent - 1/3 of the water requirements of eucalyptus and chemical fertilization, T4 Effluent - half of the water requirements eucalyptus and chemical fertilization, T5 Effluent - water requirement of eucalyptus and chemical fertilization, T6 Effluent - water requirement of eucalyptus without fertilization, T7 Effluent - 1.5 water requirement of eucalyptus and chemical fertilization and T8 without irrigation and fertilization. The chemical fertilization was carried out before planting, 6 months and 1 year after planting. Percolate liquids extracted from free drainage collectors installed on the ground depths of 0,30m, 0,60m and 0,90m were monitored. The results of BOD and COD have demonstrated that soilplant system showed to be extremely efficient in removing organic matter present in the effluent applied, being 95% for BOD and 93% for COD. Irrigation with wastewater in the proportion of 1/3 of the water requirements of the plant, T3, showed a good development of the plant, in terms of DAP, supplying its nutritional needs and its percolate liquid had low percentage of nitrates in concentrations higher than 10mgNO3-N.L-1, minimizing the risk of groundwater contamination. This study concluded that irrigation with adequate doses of effluent, and in terms of the present research, with sub dosages, can replace fertilization in terms of DAP at low risk of groundwater contamination
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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Jüschke, Elisabeth. "Effluent irrigation and agricultural soils effects on the dynamics of organic carbon and microbial activity in agricultural soils in Israel". Hamburg Kovač, 2008. http://d-nb.info/993077013/04.

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Hoskins, Tyler Courtney. "Water and nutrient transport dynamics during the irrigation of containerized nursery crops". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/48165.

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Increased water- and fertilizer-use-efficiency in containerized crop production, via reduced water loss, enhances crop-available nutrients while reducing non-point source agrichemical contributions in accordance with regulatory standards. Previous studies detailed nutrient leaching patterns throughout crop production seasons, leaving little known about water and dissolved nutrient (solute) movement through soilless substrates during irrigation. The following experiments evaluated fundamental water and solute transport principles through pine-bark based substrates. 1) Ilex crenata Thunb. 'Bennett's Compactum' were grown in 2.7 L containers. Tensiometers detected wetting front (WF) movement throughout the substrate during irrigation. 2) Tracer solution (containing NO3-, PO43- and K+) and deionized water (DI) were applied to substrate-filled columns to characterize tracer breakthrough under saturated and unsaturated conditions. 3) Controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) was topdressed (surface-applied), incorporated (throughout substrate), dibbled (center of substrate) or not applied to fallow substrate, irrigated with DI and leachate analyzed to determine nutrient concentrations throughout irrigation. Tensiometers revealed that seasonal root growth affected substrate pre-irrigation moisture distribution. Wetting fronts channeled through the substrate before becoming thoroughly wetted. Tracer breakthrough occurred with less effluent volume under unsaturated conditions. Breakthrough of NO3- and PO43- was relatively conservative, though 37% of K+ was retained by the substrate. Leachate concentrations for topdressed and incorporated CRF peaked early (first 50mL effluent) before diminishing with continued leaching. Leachate concentrations for dibbled CRF initially increased (first 150mL leachate), plateaued and then diminished. These results show the relative rapidity which water and solutes move through pine-bark during irrigation and demonstrate methods for future research on within-irrigation solute transport.
Master of Science

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23

Nzube, Silumko. "The accumulation of heavy metals in soil and vegetables irrigated with wastewater effluent in the Bauffalo City Region". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d10207673.

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The present study was conducted to assess selected heavy metal levels (Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni and Pb) in soil and plants that are irrigated by mixed industrial and domestic wastewater in the Buffalo City region. Three types of samples were studied: soil, water and vegetables (spinach and beetroot). Soil analysis showed that most of the heavy metals were found to be acceptable within the SEPA limits. Most of the heavy metal concentrations found in the wastewater indicate that the water is not suitable for irrigation or for livestock use, according to guidelines from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry of South Africa. The level of copper in the wastewater effluent exceeded the level specified by SEPA limits. In the wastewater the lead concentration averaged 3.24 and 1.98 ppm in Tshatshu (TS) and Mlakalaka (ML) respectively, which shows that both sites are not suitable for both irrigation and livestock usage. The heavy metal levels (Ni, Pb, and Cu) in both spinach and beetroot samples exceed the criteria specified by the WHO and SEPA standards. The study recommends terminating the usage of effluent for irrigation and further investigation or monitoring in these water sources.

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Azevedo, Leonardo Pretto de 1978. "Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica e produção de alface americana (Lactuca sativa L.) sob diferentes sistemas de irrigação, utilizando águas residuárias /". Botucatu : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93763.

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Orientador: João Carlos Cury Saad
Banca: Hélio Grassi Filho
Banca: Sergio Nascimento Duarte
Resumo: A crescente expansão demográfica, o aumento da demanda por água potável, a elevação dos índices de poluição, o manejo inadequado de solos e florestas, e a contaminação de rios e lençóis freáticos têm causado sérios problemas ambientais, indisponibilizando grande porcentagem da água doce existente para utilização direta. Estima-se que apenas metade da população da América Latina seja beneficiada com redes de coleta de esgoto e que 90% deste volume coletado esteja sendo despejado em algum corpo de água superficial sem tratamento prévio. Como alternativa para este problema, grande quantidade de águas residuárias tem sido utilizada na agricultura, tornando imprescindível o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e métodos de aplicação segura destes efluentes na irrigação de produtos para consumo humano. Visando a necessidade de desenvolver técnicas seguras de aplicação de águas residuárias na agricultura, buscou-se no presente trabalho comparar parâmetros de produção, qualidade microbiológica e acúmulo de nitrato na cultura da alface americana, submetida à irrigação com água potável e com efluente de tratamento de esgoto doméstico, nos sistemas de irrigação por gotejo (superficial e enterrado), sulcos e microaspersão. A alface foi cultivada a campo, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, localizada no município de Botucatu. As irrigações foram realizadas a cada 48 horas, durante os últimos trinta dias da cultura, repondo a lâmina evapotranspirada neste período. Verificou-se neste trabalho que os maiores valores de produção foram obtidos na irrigação por gotejo superficial, com águas residuárias. Quando comparada a influência do tipo de água utilizada em cada sistema, os valores de produção obtidos também foram maiores para a irrigação com águas residuárias no gotejo superficial, gotejo enterrado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo).
Abstract: The demographic expansion, the demand increase by potable water, the increase on pollution rates, the unsuitable soil and forests management, and the contamination of rivers and subsurface water have caused serious environment problems, and it became unavailable a high percentage of water for direct use. Only 49% of Latin American population has a sewer net; from this number, it was estimated that 90% hasn't been treated before being thrown away in a surface water source, causing more problems. A high quantity of wastewater has been used in agriculture as an alternative to this problem, what attracts the attention to the need of more researches about the development of a new technology and secure methods to apply effluents on irrigated crops to human consume. Counting on the possibility of develop secure techniques to apply wastewater in agriculture, this work had the aim of comparing American lettuce production, microbiological quality and nitrate level, using irrigation with potable water and domestic sewer treatment effluent, under drip (surface and subsurface), furrow and sprinklers irrigation systems. Lettuce was planted in a field, on Lageado Experimental Farm, Agronomical Sciences College, São Paulo State University, in Botucatu / SP, Brazil. The irrigations were carried out each 48 hours, during the last thirty days of the crop, adding the water rates lost in this period. It was verified in this work that higher production values were obtained with wastewater applied with surface drip irrigation. When comparing the influence of the kind of water used in each system, the production values also were higher on wastewater irrigation with drip irrigation (surface and subsurface) and furrows. On microbiological quality, only the lettuce irrigated by subsurface drip irrigation and furrows showed safe contamination values to fecal coliform and Salmonella, according to... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).
Mestre

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Jiang, Shuang. "Bacterial leaching from dairy shed effluent applied to a fine sandy loam under flood and spray irrigations". Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/668.

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Land application of wastes has become increasingly popular, to promote nutrient recycling and environmental protection, with soil functioning as a partial barrier between wastes and groundwater. Dairy shed effluent (DSE), may contain a wide variety of pathogenic micro-organisms, including bacteria (e.g. Salmonella paratyphyi, Escherichia coli. and Campylobacter), protozoa and viruses. Groundwater pathogen contamination resulting from land-applied DSE is drawing more attention with the intensified development of the dairy farm industry in New Zealand. The purpose of this research was to investigate the fate and transport of bacterial indicator-faecal coliform (FC) from land-applied DSE under different irrigation practices via field lysimeter studies, using two water irrigation methods (flood and sprinkler) with contrasting application rates, through the 2005-2006 irrigation season. It was aimed at better understanding, quantifying and modelling of the processes that govern the removal of microbes in intact soil columns, bridging the gap between previous theoretical research and general farm practices, specifically for Templeton soil. This study involved different approaches (leaching experiments, infiltrometer measurements and a dye infiltration study) to understand the processes of transient water flow and bacterial transport; and to extrapolate the relationships between bacterial transport and soil properties (like soil structure, texture), and soil physical status (soil water potential ψ and volumetric water content θ). Factors controlling FC transport are discussed. A contaminant transport model, HYDRUS-1D, was applied to simulate microbial transport through soil on the basis of measured datasets. This study was carried out at Lincoln University’s Centre for Soil and Environmental Quality (CSEQ) lysimeter site. Six lysimeters were employed in two trials. Each trial involved application of DSE, followed by a water irrigation sequence applied in a flux-controlled method. The soil columns were taken from the site of the new Lincoln University Dairy Farm, Lincoln, Canterbury. The soil type is Templeton fine sandy loam (Udic-Ustochrept, coarse loamy, mixed, mesic). Vertical profiles (at four depths) of θ and ψ were measured during leaching experiments. The leaching experiments directly measured concentrations of chemical tracer (Br⁻ or Cl⁻) and FC in drainage. Results showed that bacteria could readily penetrate through 700 mm deep soil columns, when facilitated by water flow. In the first (summer) trial, FC in leachate as high as 1.4×10⁶ cfu 100 mL⁻¹ (similar to the DSE concentration), was detected in one lysimeter that had a higher clay content in the topsoil, immediately after DSE application, and before any water irrigation. This indicates that DSE flowed through preferential flow paths without significant treatment or reduction in concentrations. The highest post-irrigation concentration was 3.4×10³ cfu 100 mL⁻¹ under flood irrigation. Flood irrigation resulted in more bacteria and Br⁻ leaching than spray irrigation. In both trials (summer and autumn) results showed significant differences between irrigation treatments in lysimeters sharing similar drainage class (moderate or moderately rapid). Leaching bacterial concentration was positively correlated with both θ and ψ, and sometimes drainage rate. Greater bacterial leaching was found in the one lysimeter with rapid whole-column effective hydraulic conductivity, Keff, for both flood and spray treatments. Occasionally, the effect of Keff on water movement and bacterial transport overrode the effect of irrigation. The ‘seasonal condition’ of the soil (including variation in initial water content) also influenced bacterial leaching, with less risk of leaching in autumn than in summer. A tension infiltrometer experiment measured hydraulic conductivity of the lysimeters at zero and 40 mm suction. The results showed in most cases a significant correlation between the proportion of bacteria leached and the flow contribution of the macropores. The higher the Ksat, the greater the amount of drainage and bacterial leaching obtained. This research also found that this technique may exclude the activity of some continuous macropores (e.g., cracks) due to the difference of initial wetness which could substantially change the conductivity and result in more serious bacterial leaching in this Templeton soil. A dye infiltration study showed there was great variability in water flow patterns, and most of the flow reaching deeper than 50 cm resulted from macropores, mainly visible cracks. The transient water flow and transport of tracer (Br⁻) and FC were modelled using the HYDRUS-1D software package. The uniform flow van Genuchten model, and the dual-porosity model were used for water flow and the mobile-immobile (MIM) model was used for tracer and FC transport. The hydraulic and solute parameters were optimized during simulation, on the basis of measured datasets from the leaching experiments. There was evidence supporting the presence of macropores, based on the water flow in the post-DSE application stage. The optimised saturated water content (θs) decreased during the post-application process, which could be explained in terms of macropore flow enhanced by irrigation. Moreover, bacterial simulation showed discrepancies in all cases of uniform flow simulations at the very initial stage, indicating that non-equilibrium processes were dominant during those short periods, and suggesting that there were strong dynamic processes involving structure change and subsequently flow paths. It is recommended that management strategies to reduce FC contamination following application of DSE in these soils must aim to decrease preferential flow by adjusting irrigation schemes. Attention needs to be given to a) decreasing irrigation rates at the beginning of each irrigation; b) increasing the number of irrigations, by reducing at the same time the amount of water applied and the irrigation rate at each irrigation; c) applying spray irrigation rather than flood irrigation.

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Gogo-Abite, Ikiensinma. "Effluent Water Quality Improvement Using Silt Fences and Stormwater Harvesting". Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5226.

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Construction sites are among the most common areas to experience soil erosion and sediment transport due to the mandatory foundation tasks such as excavation and land grubbing. Thus, temporary sediment barriers are installed along the perimeter to prevent sediment transport from the site. Erosion and sediment transport control measures may include, but not limited to, physical and chemical processes such as the use of a silt fence and polyacrylamide product. Runoff from construction sites and other impervious surfaces are routinely discharged into ponds for treatment before being released into a receiving water body. Stormwater harvesting from a pond for irrigation of adjacent lands is promoted as one approach to reducing pond discharge while supplementing valuable potable water used for irrigation. The reduction of pond discharge reduces the mass of pollutants in the discharge. In the dissertation, presented is the investigation of the effectiveness of temporary sediment barriers and then, development of a modeling approach to a stormwater harvesting pond to provide a comprehensive stormwater management pollution reduction assessment tool. The first part of the research presents the investigation of the performance efficiencies of silt fence fabrics in turbidity and sediment concentration removal, and the determination of flow-through-rate on simulated construction sites in real time. Two silt fence fabrics, (1) woven and the other (2) nonwoven were subjected to material index property tests and a series of field-scale tests with different rainfall intensities and events for different embankment slopes on a tilting test-bed. Collected influent and effluent samples were analyzed for sediment concentration and turbidity, and the flow-through-rate for each fabric was evaluated. Test results revealed that the woven and nonwoven silt fence achieved 11 and 56 percent average turbidity reduction efficiency, respectively. Each fabric also achieved 20 and 56 percent average sediment concentration removal efficiency, respectively. Fabric flow-through-rates were functions of the rainfall intensity and embankment slope. The nonwoven fabric exhibited higher flow-through-rates than the woven fabric in both field-scale and laboratory tests. In the second part of the study, a Stormwater Harvesting and Assessment for Reduction of Pollution (SHARP) model was developed to predict operation of wet pond used for stormwater harvesting. The model integrates the interaction of surface water and groundwater in a catchment area. The SHARP model was calibrated and validated with actual pond water elevation data from a stormwater pond at Miramar Lakes, Miramar, Florida. Model evaluation showed adequate prediction of pond water elevation with root mean square error between 0.07 and 0.12 m; mean absolute error was between 0.018 and 0.07 m; and relative index of agreement was between 0.74 and 0.98 for both calibration and validation periods. The SHARP model is capable of assessing harvesting safe-yield and discharge from a pond, including the prediction of the percentage of runoff into a harvesting pond that is not discharged. The combination of silt fence and/or polyacrylamide PAM before stormwater harvesting pond in a treatment train for the reduction of pollutants from construction sites has the potential of significantly exceeding a performance standard of 85 percent reduction typically required by local authorities. In fact, the stringent requirement of equaling pre- and post-development pollutant loading is highly achievable by the treatment train approach. The significant contribution from the integration of the SHARP model to the treatment train is that real-time assessment of pollutant loading reduction by volume can be planned and controlled to achieve target performance standards.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering

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27

Marques, Blake Charles Diniz. "Desempenho de unidades gotejadoras operando com diluições de efluentes de laticínios e de água de abastecimento público em escala laboratorial". Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2016. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/588.

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The problem of water crisis is directly related to factors such as increasing population, increased demand for water, climate variations and deterioration of existing resources. In the semi-arid Northeast the predominant characteristics of reduced rainfall, high temperature and high evaporative rate, make the shortage of water for long periods of the year, more and more recurrent. Liquid effluents of dairy industries have the potential for agricultural use due to nutrient intake. However, this practice involves technical feasibility issues inherent in the method of irrigation adopted where the clogging of the emitters becomes more vulnerable, but can be attenuated with the technique of dilution in water. Given the above, the study aimed to analyze the hydraulic performance drippers units applying wastewater dilution dairy (ARL) and the public water supply (AA). For this, it was set up a trial bench, the Pollution Laboratory and Land Degradation (LPDS) of the Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid (UFERSA) campus Mossoro-RN, consisting of four drippers units operating with four different dilutions of ARL in AA (1A0E; 1A1E; 2A1E and 3A1E) and five types of drippers (G1, G2, G3, G4 and G5). The hydraulic performance of drippers units was obtained every 40 hours of operation with dilutions of ARL AA for 200 h at 2014 20/10 10/04 2015 period, using the indicators drip flow ( Q) flow variation coefficient (CVQ), statistical uniformity coefficient (US), distribution uniformity coefficient (CUD) and reduction of the relative flow rate (Dr). At the same time, they quantified the physicochemical and microbiological attributes of ARL dilutions AA. Data were submitted to analysis of simple and multiple regression and parametric test of Pearson correlations. Among the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of dairy effluent, solid values suspended (SS), dissolved solids (DS), pH and total iron (Fe) represented drippers clogging risk ranging from moderate to high. The SS features, SD, pH and Fe predominated in multiple linear regression equations adjusted to the hydraulic performance variables, combinations between types of drippers and dairy effluent dilution levels in the public water supply. At the end of the experimental tests, samples of emitters biofouling were subjected to photographic records and analyzes by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showing the formation of a biofilm on the entire internal area of the sampled emitters resulting in partial clogging and total tested drippers, thus affecting the hydraulic system performance. Hydraulic performance indicators Q, CUD, CVQ and Us satisfactorily expressed the drippers obstruction levels, while Dr. underestimated the risks of obstruction brought about by dairy effluent. The greater susceptibility to clogging occurred in the dripper G2 operating in 1A1E and 3A1E dilutions. On the other hand, the dripper G5 was less susceptible to clogging at operating 2A1E dilution. The screen filter provided good removal of SS with the same size or greater than 130 μm
O problema da crise hídrica está diretamente relacionado com fatores como aumento da população, aumento da demanda por água, variações climáticas e deterioração dos recursos existentes. No semiárido nordestino as características predominantes de índice pluviométrico reduzido, temperatura elevada e alta taxa evaporativa, tornam a escassez de água, por longos períodos do ano, cada vez mais recorrente. Os efluentes líquidos das indústrias de laticínios apresentam potencial para uso agrícola, devido ao aporte de nutrientes. No entanto, esta prática envolve questões relacionadas à viabilidade técnica, inerente ao método de irrigação adotado, onde o entupimento dos emissores se torna a maior vulnerabilidade, mas que pode ser atenuada com a técnica da diluição em água. Diante do exposto, o trabalho objetivou analisar o desempenho hidráulico de unidades gotejadoras aplicando diluições de água residuária de laticínios (ARL) e água de abastecimento público (AA). Para isso, montou-se uma bancada experimental, no Laboratório de Poluição e Degradação do Solo (LPDS) da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA) câmpus Mossoró-RN, constituída de quatro unidades gotejadoras operando com quatro diferentes diluições de ARL em AA (1A0E; 1A1E; 2A1E e 3A1E) e de cinco tipos de gotejadores (G1; G2; G3; G4 e G5). O desempenho hidráulico das unidades gotejadoras foi obtido a cada 40 h de operação com as diluições de ARL em AA, durante 200 h no período de 20/10 de 2014 a 10/04 de 2015, utilizando-se os indicadores: vazão de gotejadores (Q), coeficiente de variação de vazão (CVQ), coeficiente de uniformidade estatístico (Us), coeficiente de uniformidade de distribuição (CUD) e redução da vazão relativa (Dra). Paralelamente, quantificaram os atributos físico-químicos e microbiológicos das diluições de ARL em AA. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de regressão simples e múltipla e teste de correlações paramétricas de Pearson. Dentre as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do efluente de laticínios, os valores de sólidos suspensos (SS), sólidos dissolvidos (SD), pH e ferro total (Fe) representaram risco de obstrução de gotejadores que variam de moderado a alto. As características SS, SD, pH e Fe predominaram nas equações de regressão lineares múltiplas ajustadas às variáveis de desempenho hidráulico, para as combinações entre tipos de gotejadores e níveis de diluição do efluente de laticínios em água de abastecimento público. Ao final dos ensaios experimentais, amostras dos emissores com bioincrustação foram submetidas a registros fotográficos e análises por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura (MEV), evidenciando a formação de um biofilme em toda a área interna dos emissores amostrados tendo como consequência o entupimento parcial e total dos gotejadores testados, afetando dessa forma, o desempenho hidráulico do sistema. Os indicadores de desempenho hidráulico Q, CUD, CVQ e Us expressaram satisfatoriamente os níveis de obstrução de gotejadores, enquanto o Dra subestimou os riscos de obstrução acarretado pelo efluente de laticínios. A maior suscetibilidade ao entupimento ocorreu no gotejador G2, operando nas diluições 1A1E e 3A1E. Por outro lado, o gotejador G5 se mostrou menos suscetível ao entupimento operando na diluição 2A1E. O filtro de tela proporcionou boa remoção de SS com tamanhos iguais ou superiores a 130 μm
2016-11-17

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Silva, Ketson Bruno da. "Desempenho de sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento operando com água residuária da castanha de caju sob diferentes pressões de serviço". Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2012. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/676.

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The cashew crop is a major agricultural activities on national scene, having great economic value to the farmer, and consequently for the agribusiness the country. In northeastern Brazil there are a great number of processing cashew nut industries, generating a significant volume of wastewater. Thus, the scope of this paper was to evaluate the performance of drip irrigation systems operating with wastewater cashew nuts under different operating pressures. The activities were conducted at the Experimental Unit for Water Reuse (UERA), located in Park Zoobotânico, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi - Arid (UFERSA). In this study we tested three types of emitters (G1, G2 and G3), with different nominal flows, orifice areas and labyrinth length. The influence of operating pressures P1 (70kPa), P2 (140kPa), P3 (210 kPa) and P4 (280 kPa) on emitters clogging operating with cashew nuts wastewater were evaluated. The CUC, CUD, CVQ and Q were determined for each 20h of operating. The experiment was mounted on the split split plot scheme, the design completely randomized design with three replications. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression and test average. The results indicated that the cashew nuts wastewater represents risk of drippers clogging for the characteristics pH, calcium, magnesium, manganese, suspended solids and total coliforms; the formation of biofilm resulting from the interaction between the agents physical, chemical and biological provided partial clogging of the emitter and reduction on effluent application uniformity of the units irrigation; the units irrigation under service pressure P1 (70 kPa) had higher drippers clogging in relation the service pressures P2 (140kPa), P3 (210kPa) and P4 (280 kPa); the dripper G1 was more susceptible to clogging compared to the other, due to the greater labyrinth length; and the drip G1 was the most indicated for operation at the operating service pressure P2 (140 kPa), while the drip G2 was most appropriate under pressure service P1 (70 kPa)
A cajucultura é uma das maiores atividades agrícolas no cenário nacional, possuindo grande valor econômico para o agricultor, e consequentemente para o agronegócio do país. No nordeste brasileiro existe grande número de indústrias do processamento da castanha do caju, gerando um volume significativo de águas residuárias. Sendo assim, foi realizado o presente trabalho com o intuito de avaliar o desempenho de sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento operando com água residuária da castanha de caju sob diferentes pressões de serviço. As atividades foram realizadas na Unidade Experimental de Reuso de Água (UERA), localizada no Parque Zoobotânico da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi - Árido (UFERSA). Nesse estudo foram ensaiados três tipos de gotejadores (G1, G2 e G3), com diferentes vazões nominais, áreas do orifício e comprimento dos labirintos. Verificou-se, também, as influências das pressões de serviço P1 (70kPa), P2 (140kPa), P3 (210 kPa) e P4 (280 kPa) no entupimento dos gotejadores operando com água residuária gerada no processamento da castanha de caju. Avaliou-se, a cada 20h de funcionamento, o CUC, CUD, CVQ e Q. O experimento foi montado no esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Os dados foram submetidos às análises de variância e de regressão e teste de média. Os resultados indicaram que a água residuária gerada no processamento da castanha de caju representa risco de obstrução de gotejadores em relação às características pH, cálcio, magnésio, manganês, sólidos suspensos e coliformes totais; a formação de biofilme resultante da interação entre os agentes físico, químico e biológico propiciou entupimento parcial dos gotejadores e, consequentemente, redução na uniformidade de aplicação de efluente das unidades de irrigação; as unidades de irrigação que funcionaram na pressão de serviço P1 (70 kPa) apresentaram maior nível de entupimento de gotejadores em relação àquelas com as pressões de serviço P2 (140 kPa), P3 (210kPa) e P4 (280 kPa); o gotejador G1 foi mais suscetível ao entupimento em relação aos demais, devido ao maior comprimento de labirinto; e o gotejador G1 foi o mais indicado para operação sob a pressão de serviço de P2 (140 kPa), enquanto o gotejador G2 na pressão de P1 (70 kPa) foi a combinação mais adequada
2017-04-26

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Reami, Luciano. "Avaliação de produtividade agricola e de concentrações de metais nos grãos, de cultura de milho irrigada com efluente anaerobio". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258250.

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Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: O trabalho teve a finalidade de avaliar o impacto da irrigação com efluente sanitário, oriundo de tratamento em lagoa anaeróbia, na produtividade da cultura do milho, e na concentração de metais nos grãos. Utilizando a técnica de irrigação por sulcos rasos, foram testados 3 tratamentos correspondentes a adubo mineral e água natural disponível (nascente), efluente anaeróbio desinfetado com hipoclorito de cálcio, e efluente anaeróbio não desinfetado. A produtividade foi semelhante ao da adubação nitrogenada convencional para a 2a safra, e para a 1a safra semelhante somente para os tratamentos efluente anaeróbio e efluente anaeróbio desinfetado. Houve diferença significativa entre os resultados em relação aos tratamentos, para a quantidade de espigas por plantas e a altura das plantas. Em relação aos metais acumulados nos grãos, não resultou em concentrações nocivas a saúde humana, e houve apenas diferença significativa para o metal cobre para a 2ª safra
Abstract: This work had the objective to evaluate the impact of wastewater irrigation on the productivity of corn using effluent from an anaerobic pond, and on physico-chemical and microbiological system soil-water-plant. Using the technique of irrigation by shallow furrows, will be tested 3 treatments corresponding to fertilizer and natural water available, effluent anaerobic disinfected with calcium hypochlorite, and anaerobic effluent not disinfected. They are provided two cropland, one of the rainy season and other in dry period. The productivity was similar to the fertilization nitrogen conventional for the second crop, and for the first crop similar only by the anaerobic treatment and anaerobic desinfected treatment. There was significant difference between the results on treatments for a number of ears per plant and the height of plants, And for accumulated metals in the grains, did not result in harmful concentrations to human health, and there was only significant difference for the metal covers for the 2nd harvest
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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Delgado, Carlos Alexandre Romano. "Potencialidades da utilização de efluentes de lagoas de estabilização para irrigação em agricultura no Alentejo". Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15520.

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Nos últimos anos, tem-se verificado um crescente incremento na reutilização de água na agricultura, devido à crescente escassez dos recursos hídricos de boa qualidade e ao aumento do consumo de água. A poupança deste recurso através da reutilização, contribui para a poupança de água de boa qualidade e para o aproveitamento de efluentes tratados, permitindo que os nutrientes neles contidos sejam reciclados. Como caso de estudo, foram seleccionadas todas as ETAR urbanas com lagoas de estabilização que servem aglomerados com mais de 2000 habitantes em funcionamento no Alentejo e verificada a possibilidade de reutilização em agricultura. Através dos resultados analíticos dos efluentes, verificou-se que houve parâmetros que não cumpriram o normativo que rege as descargas de águas residuais. Os efluentes que apresentaram melhor qualidade para rega, foram os provenientes das ETAR que registaram maior eficiência de remoção acumulada: Alcácer do Sal, Aljustrel, Arraiolos, Barrancos, Beja, Monforte, Vendas Novas e Vidigueira. O resultado do efluente médio da ETAR de Monforte, foi o único que cumpriu inteiramente a legislação portuguesa relativamente à qualidade da água para rega, enquanto que os restantes teriam que ser sujeitos a uma desinfecção por cloragem ou ultra violetas para melhorar a qualidade microbiológica. O pH dos efluentes de Alter do Chão, Arraiolos, Monforte e Vendas Novas ultrapassaram o VMR sendo aconselhável proceder a uma correcção para que não haja alteração da estrutura e alcalinidade do solo. Registaram-se valores elevados de matéria orgânica traduzidos pela concentração elevada de SST, CQO e CB05 nos efluentes das ETAR de Aljustrel, Alter do Chão, Arraiolos, Avis, Barrancos, Campo Maior (Z.E. e Z.O.), Castro Verde, Redondo Horta do Grilo, Reguengos e Vendas Novas, podendo ocorrer colmatagem do solo, depósito sobre as folhas e frutos e entupimento nos equipamentos de rega. A rega com os efluentes estudados é indicada para culturas com grande demanda de fertilizantes e que não apresentem riscos de contaminação como é o caso de cereais, forragens para fenar ou ensilar e culturas industriais (girassol, algodão e árvores). O trabalho enquadra ainda, em termos gerais, a utilização de águas residuais em agricultura, contemplando os usos possíveis, características dos efluentes utilizáveis, comportamento dos agentes poluentes no solo, tratamento de efluentes e os aspectos de natureza prática e legal envolvidos. /*** Abstract - As a consequence of the increase of the demand of water and of the growing shortage of the hydric resources good quality, the reutilization of waters in the agriculture has been suffering, since the last years, a great increment. This reutilization not only allows the saving of hydric resources of good quality, but also contributes to the treatment of the waters. It constitutes an alternative in terms of final destination of the treated effluent and it allows the nutrient contained to be recycle. As an example, it were chosen all the urban wastewaters treatment station headquarters with fixed lagoons, that are responsible to serving agglomerates with more than 2000 inhabitants in operation in Alentejo and it was also checked the possibility of reutilization in agriculture. Through the analytic results of the effluents, there were values that didn't fulfil the standard for the discharge of wastewater. The effluents that were considered to have best quality for irrigation were the ones from the wastewater treatment station: Alcácer do Sal, Aljustrel, Arraiolos, Barrancos, Beja, Monforte, Vendas Novas and Vidigueira because they had the best efficiency in accumulated removal. The only one that followed the portuguese legislation concerning the quality of water for irrigation, was the result of the medium effluent of Monforte wastewater treatment station. The others would have to be desinfected with chorine or ultra-violets to improve their microbiologic quality. The results of the pH on the effluents of Alter do Chão, Arraiolos, Monforte and Vendas Novas exceeded the maximum value recommended, so that, it's advisable to proceed to a correction to maintain the structure and alkalinity of there soils. In the effluents of the wastewaters treatment station of Aljustrel, Alter do Chão, Arraiolos, Avis, Barrancos, Campo Maior (Z.E. and Z.O.), Castro Verde, Redondo Horta do Grilo, Reguengos and Vendas Novas there, were registers of high concentration of Total Suspense Solids, COD and BOD. Considering that, it can ocur an accumulation of sediments on the soil and leaves and fruits and obstruction of the irrigation equipment’s. Irrigation with the studied effluents is indicated for cultures with great search for fertilizers and without dangers of contamination, like cereals, industrial cultures (sunflower, cotton and trees) and fodder for hay ensile. The essay also contains, in general terms, the use of wastewater in agriculture, regarding the possible applications, the characteristics of the useful effluents, the behavior of the agents of polutins in the soil, the eflluents treatment and involved aspects of practical and legal nature.

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Gielen, Gertruda Jacqueline Hariette Petronella. "The fate and effects of sewage-derived pharmaceuticals in soil". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1416.

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The behaviour and impact of pharmaceuticals in the environment are still poorly understood. Pharmaceuticals are widely used and continually released into the environment causing increasing concerns about their impact on the environment beyond the intended human or veterinary use. Prescribed pharmaceuticals, typically, enter the environment either through excretion after human use or disposal of surplus medication. Sewage treatment plants do not completely remove pharmaceuticals and their metabolites and these have been detected in sewage treatment plant effluent and receiving waters. Land application of treated sewage effluent is widely practiced in New Zealand as an alternative to surface water discharge. Methods were developed to determine selected pharmaceuticals in environmental matrices such as sewage effluent, sewage solids, soil, and soil water. From these, pharmaceutical removal efficiencies were determined for three common sewage treatment processes; activated sludge, composting and land application of sewage effluent. The impacts of some common pharmaceuticals on soil microbial communities, together with the effect of prolonged exposure to sewage effluent on these communities were examined. Additionally, toxicity of sewage effluent, and toxicity mechanisms of specific pharmaceuticals were investigated using luminescent micro-organisms and lettuce seedlings. Pharmaceuticals were successfully detected in sewage effluent, sewage solids, compost, soil and soil water. The sewage treatment processes investigated, including land application, were able to remove or reduce pharmaceutical concentrations in sewage. In case of land application, volcanic soils were more efficient than sandy soils in pharmaceutical removal while irrigation rate and level of sewage pre-treatment also showed some effect on removal efficiency. Pharmaceuticals were not acutely toxic at environmental levels currently detected. Exposure of microbial communities to unnaturally high levels of pharmaceuticals did demonstrate that most pharmaceuticals were potentially able to induce stress in the microbial community although microbes were able to metabolise some of these pharmaceuticals. Twelve years of effluent irrigation resulted in microbial adaptation to aspirin, acetaminophen and tetracycline, indicating that these pharmaceuticals had an effect on microbial community. Presently, land application of treated sewage waste may be a suitable treatment for additional pharmaceutical removal provided that land application schemes are designed appropriately, and pharmaceutical accumulation in the soil is occasionally monitored. It would be prudent to recognise the potential risk that could be caused by chronic exposure to pharmaceuticals such that continued vigilance may lead to future indications of chronic effects at an early stage.

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Silva, Aijânio Gomes de Brito. "Efeito da irrigação com efluente de esgoto rico em sódio em propriedades químicas e físico-hídricas de um Argissolo e produtividade de capim Tifton 85 no município de Lins". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-01072013-085609/.

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O uso de efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto (EETE) na agricultura irrigada pode ser uma estratégia alternativa de fornecimento de água e nutrientes para culturas agrícolas. Entretanto se realizado por longos períodos pode adicionar grandes quantidades de sódio ao solo o que poderia levar a degradação de suas propriedades e impacto em aspectos agronômicos de capim Tifton 85. Esse trabalho consistiu de dois objetivos: i) avaliar os efeitos da irrigação com efluente rico em sódio durante mais de oito anos em propriedades químicas e físico-hídricas de um Argissolo Vermelho. Para isso foram estabelecidos três tratamentos avaliados nas profundidades de 0,05-0,15 (P1), 0,25-0,35 (P2) e 0,70-0,80 m (P3): SI - cultivo de capim sem adubação e sem irrigação; A100 - cultivo irrigado com água de abastecimento sódica e adubado com 520,0 kg ha-1 ano-1 de nitrogênio; E66 - cultivo irrigado com EETE e adubado com 343,2 kg ha-1 ano-1 de nitrogênio. Foram determinados: pH do solo (em água e CaCl2), condutividade elétrica do extrato aquoso do solo (CE1:1), concentração de sódio (Na+), potássio (K+), cálcio (Ca2+), magnésio (Mg2+), alumínio (Al3+), carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) do solo, com posterior cálculo de soma de bases (SB), capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), saturação por bases (V) e percentagem de sódio trocável (PST); densidade do solo (?), argila dispersa em água (ADA), condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (Ksat), curva de retenção da água no solo (CR), porosidade do solo (?) e distribuição do tamanho dos poros; ii) avaliar os efeitos da irrigação com efluente rico em sódio durante mais de oito anos em aspectos agronômicos de capim Tifton 85. Para alcançar o segundo objetivo foi estabelecido além do SI, A100 e E66, mais quatro tratamentos: A0 - cultivo de capim sem adubação e irrigado com água de abastecimento sódica; E0, E33 e E100 - cultivo de capim irrigado com EETE e adubado com 0, 171,6 e 520,0 kg ha-1 ano-1 de nitrogênio, respectivamente. Foram determinados: produtividade de massa seca estacional (MS-Estacional), anual (MS-Anual) e acumulação estacional e anual de nitrogênio (N-MS), potássio (K-MS) e sódio (Na-MS) no tecido vegetal de capim Tifton 85. Houve alterações nas propriedades químicas e físico-hídricas do solo em função dos tratamentos e profundidades. Na P1 o E66 aumentou a CE1:1, a densidade do solo, o conteúdo de água residual e diminuiu a concentração de Mg2+ e conteúdo de água de saturação. Já o A100 reduziu a concentração de K+ e Mg2+, o conteúdo de água de saturação e aumentou a densidade do solo e o conteúdo de água residual. Na P2 o E66 aumentou o pH-H2O e a CE1:1, o conteúdo de água de saturação e o conteúdo residual. O A100 aumentou o pH-H2O, o Na+, o PST, a argila dispersa em água, o conteúdo de água de saturação e o conteúdo residual e diminuiu o C e N. Na P3 o E66 aumentou apenas o pH-H2O e o conteúdo de água residual e reduziu o conteúdo de água de saturação. O A100 aumentou o conteúdo de água de saturação, o conteúdo de água residual e a mesoporosidade. As propriedades do solo da P2 parecem ser as mais afetadas pelos efeitos do sódio decorrentes, principalmente, do uso de irrigação com água sódica. As produtividades de MS e acumulação de N-MS e K-MS foram superiores nos tratamentos E66, E100 e A100 e não foram reduzidas ao longo destes anos. A acumulação de Na-MS foi proporcional à produtividade, mas o capim passou a acumular um pouco menos sódio. Na estação chuvosa a MS de capim representou cerca de 72% da MS-Anual, sendo influenciada fortemente pelo período de estacionalidade.
The use of treated sewage effluent (TSE) in irrigated agriculture can be an alternative strategy to supply water and nutrients to crops. However if applied for long periods of time, it can add large amounts of sodium to the soil, resulting in soil properties degradation and impacts on agronomic aspects Tifton 85 Bermudagrass. The objectives of this work were: i) evaluate the effect of irrigation with sodium rich effluent for more than eight years on chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of an Ultisol. For this were established three treatments (WI - growing grass without fertilization or irrigation ; FW100 - irrigation with sodic fresh water supply and fertilized with 520.0 kg ha-1 year-1 nitrogen; E66 - irrigation with TSE and fertilized with 343.2 kg ha-1 year-1 nitrogen) The effects were evaluated at different depths (D1: 0.5-0.15, D2: 0.25-0.35 and D3: 0.70-0.80 m), determining: soil pH (in water and CaCl2), soil electrical conductivity of the aqueous extract (EC1:1) sodium concentration (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), aluminum (Al3+), soil carbon (C) and soil nitrogen (N), with subsequent calculation of sum of bases (SB), cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (V) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP); bulk density (?), water dispersible clay (WDC), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), soil water retention curve (SWRC), soil porosity (?) and pore size distribution. Another objective was to evaluate the effect of irrigation with sodium rich effluent for more than eight years on agronomic aspects of Tifton 85 Bermudagrass. In addition to WI, FW100 and E66 treatments were established another four treatments (FW0 - growing grass without fertilizer and irrigated with sodic water supply; E0, E33 and E100 - growing grass irrigated with TSE and fertilized with 0, 171.6 and 520.0 kg ha-1 year-1 nitrogen, respectively) and determined the productivity of seasonal dry matter (Seasonal-DM), annual (Annual-DM) and nitrogen (N-DM), potassium (K-DM) and sodium (Na-DM) seasonal accumulation and annual in the plant tissue of Tifton 85 Bermudagrass. There were changes in chemical, physical and hydraulic soil properties as a function of treatments and depths. In the D1 the E66 treatment increased CE1:1, the bulk density, the residual water content and decreased the concentration of Mg2+, water content at saturation. FW100 reduced the concentration of K+ and Mg2+, the water content at saturation and increased soil bulk density and residual water content. In the D2, the E66 treatment increased pH-H2O and CE1:1, the water content at saturation and residual water content. The FW100 increased pH-H2O, Na+, ESP, water dispersible clay , the content of water saturation and residual contents and decreased C and N. In the D3 the E66 only increased the pH-H2O and residual water content and reduced water content saturation. The FW100 increased the water content at saturation point, residual water content and mesoporosity. The soil properties of D2 aparently are more affected than other depths by the effects of sodium, mainly from the use of irrigation water with sodium. The DM, N-DM and, K-DM were higher in the treatments E66, E100 and FW100 and there were not observed reductions over the years. The accumulation Na-DM was proportional to productivity, but the grass began to accumulate less sodium. In the rainy season the grass DM accounted for approximately 72% of Annual-DM, being strongly influenced by seasonality period.

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Abdelhameed, Elbana Maha. "Comparison between surface and subsurface drip irrigation systems using effluents". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/51585.

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Els sistemes de reg per degoteig es consideren com un mètode apropiat per a la reutilització d’aigües regenerades, ja que disminueixen els riscos sanitaris. No obstant això, el problema més important en l’aplicació dels efluents en els sistemes de reg localitzat és l’obturació dels filtres i degoters, el que disminueix la uniformitat de distribució del aigua. L’objectiu principal d’aquesta tesi doctoral va ser comparar el comportament hidràulic d’un sistema de reg per degoteig superficial (DI) i un d’enterrat (SDI) aplicant un efluent terciari amb tres freqüències de rentat dels laterals (sense rentat, un rentat al final de cada temporada de reg i un rentat mensual) amb dos tipus d’emissors (autocompensant i no autocompensant). Altres objectius han estat investigar la influència de la qualitat de l’efluent en el procés de filtració i calcular la pèrdua de càrrega i la durada dels cicles de filtració en el filtre de sorra mitjançant l’anàlisi dimensional. Els resultats van demostrar que la durada del cicle de filtració va dependre principalment de la qualitat de l’efluent aplicat i del diàmetre efectiu de la sorra utilitzada. També es va constatar que l’eficàcia del procés de filtració va ser deguda al diàmetre efectiu de la sorra del filtre i que quan menor va ser el diàmetre efectiu de la sorra utilitzada, més eficaç va ser la filtració. L’anàlisi dimensional va ajudar a desenvolupar un model matemàtic per a descriure la pèrdua de càrrega en el filtre amb un alt coeficient de determinació ajustat i una bona distribució del residus. A més, es va trobar que el cabal del lateral va dependre significativament del tipus de degoter, sistema de reg, la temporada de reg i la freqüència de neteja. En el sistema de DI, el cabal de l’emissor no autocompensant es va incrementar significativament durant l’experiment a causa d’un desgast de l’emissor i es va disminuir significativament en el sistema de SDI degut a l’obturació del degoters. El cabal del degoter autocompensant va augmentar durant l’experiment en els sistemes de DI i SDI. També es va observar que la causa principal de l’obturació de l’emissor en el sistema de DI va ser el desenvolupament de biofilm, mentre que en el SDI es va correspondre a una combinació de factors biològics i físics. Finalment, es va trobar que rentar els laterals una sola vegada al final de cada temporada de reg va ser la millor opció de maneig per assolir la major eficiència de distribució de l’aigua després de 1620 h de reg, tant en DI com SDI.
Los sistemas de riego por goteo se consideran como un método apropiado para la reutilización de aguas regeneradas, ya que disminuyen los riesgos sanitarios. Sin embargo, el problema más importante en la aplicación de los efluentes en sistemas de riego localizado es la obturación tanto de filtros como de goteros, lo que disminuye la uniformidad de distribución del agua. El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es comparar el comportamiento de un sistema de riego por goteo superficial (DI) y otro enterrado (SDI) aplicando un efluente terciario con tres frecuencias de lavado de los laterales (sin lavado, un lavado al final de cada temporada de riego y otro mensual) con dos tipos de emisores (autocompensante y no autocompensante). Otros objetivos fueron investigar la influencia de la calidad del efluente en el proceso de filtración y calcular la pérdida de carga y la duración de los ciclos de filtración en filtro de arena mediante el análisis dimensional. Los resultados demostraron que la duración del ciclo de filtración dependió principalmente de la calidad del efluente aplicado y del diámetro efectivo de la arena utilizada. También se constató que la eficacia del proceso de filtración fue debida al diámetro efectivo de la arena del filtro, pues cuanto menor era el diámetro efectivo de la arena utilizada, más eficaz fue la filtración. El análisis dimensional ayudó a desarrollar un modelo matemático para describir la pérdida de carga en el filtro con un alto coeficiente de determinación ajustado y una buena distribución de los residuos. Además, se encontró que el caudal del lateral dependió significativamente del tipo del gotero, sistema de riego, temporada de riego y la frecuencia del lavado. En el sistema de DI, el caudal del emisor no autocompensante se incrementó significativamente durante el experimento debido a un deterioro del gotero y se disminuyó significativamente por culpa de la elevada porcentaje de los emisores obturados. El caudal del gotero autocompensante aumentó durante el experimento en los sistemas de DI y SDI. También se observó que la causa principal de la obturación del emisor en el sistema de DI fue el desarrollo de un biofilm, mientras que el de SDI se correspondió a una combinación de factores biológicos y físicos. Sin embargo, se encontró que lavar los laterales una sola vez al final de cada temporada de riego fue la mejor opción de manejo para lograr la mayor eficiencia de distribución del agua después de 1620 h de riego tanto en el sistema de riego por goteo superficial como en el enterrado.
Microirrigation is considered as an appropriate method for reclaimed wastewater reuse because it diminishes the health risks. However, the most important problem when applying reclaimed effluents in microirrigation systems is emitter and filter clogging, which lead to low system distribution uniformity. The main target of this PhD dissertation is to compare the performance of a surface (DI) and a subsurface (SDI) drip irrigation systems when applying a tertiary treated effluent under three flushing frequency (no flushing, seasonal flushing and monthly flushing) using two emitter types (pressure and non-pressure compensating). In addition, the study aimed to investigate the influence of effluent quality on the sand filtration process. Another purpose was to compute head loss across the sand media filter and time between backwashing in a sand filter media through dimensional analysis. The results revealed that sand filtration cycle duration depended mainly on the applied effluent quality and sand filter effective diameter. It was also found that the effectiveness of filtration process was significantly due to sand effective diameter, being the smaller the effective diameter the more effective the filtration process. The dimensional analysis helped to develop a mathematical model to calculate head loss across sand filter with a high adjusted coefficient of determination and a good distribution of residuals. Besides, it was found that lateral flow rates depended significantly on emitter type, irrigation system, irrigation season and flushing frequency. In DI system, lateral flow of the non-pressure compensating emitter was significantly increased throughout the experimental time due to emitter failure and significantly decreased in SDI one due to the elevated percentage of clogged emitters. The pressure compensating emitter lateral flow was increased during the experiment for DI and SDI systems. The study, as well, showed that emitter clogging in DI system was primarily due to biological factors and in the SDI one was due to a combination of biological and physical factors. However, it was found that the seasonal flushing frequency was the best management practice for achieving the highest system distribution uniformity after 1620 h of irrigation for both DI and SDI systems.

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Silva, Marcos Schaaf Teixeira da. "Irrigação com efluente de esgoto tratado na cultura da laranja: implicações nas propriedades físicas e químicas de um argissolo vermelho amarelo distrófico típico". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-03092014-163601/.

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A crise da água, o aumento de esgoto domésticos gerado em estações de tratamentos e o despejo destes efluentes em corpos d\'água vêm sugerindo novas soluções para esses problemas. A disposição de água residuária tratada em solos implica na reciclagem de matéria orgânica e dos nutrientes, atuando como um processo complementar ao tratamento dessas águas. Rica em nutrientes principalmente N (nitrogênio), P (fósforo) e Na (sódio), a água residual tratada vem sendo utilizada na agricultura, utilizando critérios técnicos, como fonte de nutrientes para diversas culturas. Diante deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os possíveis efeitos da irrigação com efluente tratado em algumas propriedades químicas e físicas de um solo cultivado com laranja. A área experimental esta situada ao lado da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) do Ribeirão Piracicamirim que se localiza nas margens da rodovia \"Luiz de Queiroz\" no município de Piracicaba-SP. Os tratamentos aplicados foram relacionados ao percentual de umidade da capacidade de campo variando em T100%, T125%, T150%, T200% e TSI (tratamento sem irrigação). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos inteiramente casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com três repetições. A adubação realizada foi a de metade da dose recomendada para a cultura da laranja. Em todo o estudo as amostragens de solo foram realizadas nas camadas 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 e 80-100, enquanto que as amostragens de solução do solo foram realizadas nas profundidades 30, 100 e 200 cm. As variáveis químicas determinadas no solo foram: pH, H + Al, Al, Na, K, Ca e Mg. Em solução do solo as variáveis determinadas foram: pH, CE, Al, Na, K, Ca e Mg. As variáveis físicas determinadas foram: fração granulométrica e grau de dispersão de argilas. O efluente de esgoto tratado (EET) utilizado apresenta baixas concentrações de Ca, Mg, Na, K, Al, CE e RAS quando comparado com valores encontrados na literatura. Por esse fato, o EET apresenta menor potencial de alterações nas propriedades químicas e físicas do solo. O teor de sódio trocável e PST aumentaram no decorrer do experimento, enquanto a concentração de sódio na solução do solo diminuiu. O cálcio trocável no solo sofreu diminuição dos teores nas camadas superficiais, e aumento nas camadas subsuperficias. As perspectivas da irrigação de efluente de esgoto tratado na cultura da laranja são promissoras, haja vista a importância da cultura no cenário brasileiro e mundial. No entanto, estudos de longo prazo são necessários a fim de monitorar os possíveis impactos que a irrigação de EET possa ocasionar na estrutura do solo.
The crisis of the water, the sewage domestic increase generated in stations of treatments and the spilling of these effluents in bodies of water are suggesting new solutions for those problems. The disposition of wastewater treated in soils implicate in the nutrient and organic matter recycling, acting as a complementary process to the treatment of those waters. Rich in nutrients mainly N (Nitrogen), P (Phosphorus) and Na (Sodium) the treated wastewater has been used in the agriculture through technical criteria as source of nutrients for several crops. Before this context, the objective of this work was to analyze the possible effects of the irrigation with effluent treated in some chemical and physical properties of a soil cultivated with Orange. The experimental area located her beside the Station of Sewage Treatment (SST) Piracicamirim that is located in the margins of the highway \"Luiz de Queiroz\" in the municipal district of Piracicaba, São Paulo State. The applied treatments were related to the percentile of humidity of the field capacity varying in T100%, T125%, T150%, T200% and TSI (treatment without irrigation). The experimental design was a split plot scheme of randomized blocks subdivided in time, with five treatments and three repetitions. The accomplished fertilization was the one of half of the dose recommends for the orange crop. In whole the study the soil samplings were accomplished in the layers 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100, while the samplings of soil solution were accomplished in the depths 30, 100 and 200 cm. The chemical variables determined in the soil were pH, H + Al, Al, Na, K, Ca and Mg. In soil solution the variables were pH, CE, Al, Na, K, Ca and Mg. The certain physical variables were fraction particle sizing and degree of clay dispersion. The sewage effluent treated (SET) used presents low concentrations of Ca, Mg, In the, K, Al, CE and RAS when compared with values found in the literature. For that fact, SET present potential minor of alterations in the chemical and physical properties of the soil. The exchangeable sodium and PST increased in elapsing of the experiment, while the concentration of sodium in the soil solution decreased. The exchangeable calcium in the soil suffered decrease in the superficial layers, and increase in the subsuperficial layers. The perspectives of the irrigation of SET in the orange crop are promising, have seen the importance of the culture in the Brazilian and world scenery. However, it is suggested studies of long period in order to monitor the possible impacts to cause in the structure of the soil.

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Zhou, Meiyang. "Irrigation with domestic effluents treated in recirculation vertical flow constructed wetland /". [Sedeh Boker, Israel] : Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 2008. http://aranne5.lib.ad.bgu.ac.il/others/ZhouMeiyang.pdf.

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Mendes, Paulo Eduardo Ferreira. "Água de reúso em rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.): implicações agronômicas e sanitárias". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2014. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/26.

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Due to increasingly irrigation water source scarcity, treated wastewater (TWW) is becoming a more attractive by nutrients source, showing sanitary and agronomics feasibility. In this way, this research evaluated, in a greenhouse conditions influence of superficial drip irrigation on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cv. Crimson Giant production and nutritional status, as well as, soil chemical attributes changes; and, soil and radish sanitary contamination risk submitted to two water sources. The experiment was carried out at CCA/UFSCar, Araras, SP and a completely randomized design was adopted, with two treatments [AB- potable water (PW) and AR- treated wastewater (TWW)]. Soil and radish sample were submitted to sanitary analyses. The results showed that drip TWW didn t commit radish nutritional, production and increased macronutrients availability. However, soil sodium adsortion ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) increased by TWW application, but without salinization and sodification risk. Furthermore, radish showed out of sanitary conditions, indicated by the E. coli and total coliformis contamination, impossible its commercialization and in natura consumption. Considering the obtained results, suggest take appropriate action to improve the TWW treatment efficiency and promote radish sanitary conditions. The obtained results demonstrated the wastewater reuse feasibility as a source of nutrients to radish, substituting or reducing the application of commercial fertilizers and reducing the cost production.
Devido à crescente escassez de fontes hídricas para irrigação, a água de reúso tratada (AR) tem-se tornado cada vez mais interessante por sua composição em nutrientes, viabilidade agronômica e sanitária. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa avaliou em ambiente protegido a influência da irrigação por gotejamento superficial no estado nutricional e produção do rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.) cv. Crimson Giant submetido a duas fontes de água, assim como as alterações nos atributos químicos do solo e o risco de contaminação sanitária de rabanete e do solo. O experimento foi conduzido no CCA/UFSCar, Araras/SP, adotando-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos: água de abastecimento (AB) e água de reúso tratada (AR). Amostras de solo e rabanete foram submetidas a análises sanitárias. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a AR por gotejamento não comprometeu o estado nutricional, a produção do rabanete e elevou a disponibilidade de macronutrientes. Porém, a razão de adsorção de sódio (RAS) e a percentagem de sódio trocável (PST) do solo se elevaram, embora sem risco de salinização e sodificação. Além disso, o rabanete mostrouse fora dos padrões sanitários, indicados pela contaminação por coliformes totais e E. coli, impossibilitando a comercialização e consumo in natura. Considerando-se os resultados obtidos, sugere-se a adoção de medidas que visem à melhoria da eficiência do tratamento da AR e propicie a qualidade higiênico-sanitária do rabanete. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade do efluente, como fonte de nutrientes, substituindo ou diminuindo as adubações com fertilizante e reduzindo os custos de produção.

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Ferran, Marcos de. ""Remediação de um argissolo vermelho amarelo distrófico irrigado com efluente industrial citrícola com o cultivo do Capim-de-Rhodes (Chloris gayana, Kunth)"". Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-05072006-112630/.

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Com o objetivo de utilizar o Capim-de-rhodes como ferramenta de remediação de um Argissolo, textura média, irrigado com efluente industrial, um ensaio foi realizado em condições de campo no município de Matão (Estado de São Paulo), a fim de se verificar a capacidade de exportação de Na pelo Capim, sob diferentes doses de fertilizantes, nitrogenado e potássico. O experimento foi instalado no final da estação seca, em parcelas de 6 X 7 m, com desenho experimental de blocos totalmente casualizados. Os tratamentos foram: testemunha total (solo nu) e cultivo de capim com 0, 50, 100 e 200 kg de N e K2O . ha-1, aplicados a cada corte do capim (40 dias de intervalo). Foram realizadas coletas de solo em três profundidades, antes da aplicação dos tratamentos e depois, juntamente com as duas colheitas de capim; estas últimas visando a avaliação do rendimento agrícola e diagnose foliar. Os resultados indicaram uma nítida resposta em termos de produção de massa seca e teor de sódio na parte aérea quando o capim foi submetido às doses de 50, 100 e 200 kg de N e K2O.ha-1, comparado com o tratamento sem fertilizante. Esta resposta levou o capim a uma capacidade total de exportação de sódio de 120 kg.ha-1, quantidade esta, maior do que a aplicada pela irrigação no período do ensaio (75 kg.ha-1), levando à redução do teor no solo. O Capim-de-Rhodes demonstrou sua utilidade potencial como remediador de solos solódicos. Os resultados indicaram que é possível a prática da irrigação com o efluente, manejando-se adequadamente o capim, principalmente com fertilizantes nitrogenados, indicando também melhoria das características químicas do solo.
With the objective of using Chloris gayana (a grass specie) as a tool on the remediation of a tipic Hapludult, medium texture, irrigated with industrial waste water, a field trial was installed in Matão (state of São Paulo, Brazil) in order to assess the total exportation capacity of sodium by the grass, under different rates of nitrogen and potassium. The experiment was carried out at the end of the dry season, on 6 x 7 meters plot on a randomized complete block design. The treatments were: untreated (nude soil), and grass fertilized with 0, 50, 100 & 200 kg of N and K2O.ha-1, applied at each grass harvesting event (40 days interval). Soil was collected at three depths, before treatment application, and after, together with both grass harvesting; those, with the objective of evaluating yield and foliar analysis. The results indicated a clear response of yield and leaf sodium content when the grass was submitted to 50, 100 & 200 kg.ha-1 of N and K2O, compared to the zero fertilizer treatment. The grass achieved 120 kg.ha-1 exportation capacities in 80 days, which is more than the amount of sodium applied by the irrigation (75 kg.ha-1). Chloris gayana, showed its utility as a potential bio remediator of sodic soils. Also, the results confirmed that is possible to use the soil as a tool to treat waste water containing sodium, by managing adequately the mentioned grass specie, mainly with nitrogen fertilizer, maintaining quality for production.

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Romanis, Marco. "Evaluation of agricultural effluents and irrigation water as sources of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95474.

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Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Food-borne disease outbreaks caused by Escherichia coli have been linked to the use of faecally-polluted irrigation waters. Thus the overall aim of this research was to evaluate irrigation water and agricultural effluents as sources of antibiotic resistant E. coli in the Western Cape. The aim of the first study was to enumerate and characterise E. coli present in irrigation water and in potential contamination sources. Maximum total coliform and E. coli counts for irrigation sites was log 7.862 and log 5.364 MPN.100 mL-1, respectively. Five out of seven irrigation sites had E. coli counts exceeding national and international guidelines for ‘safe’ irrigation water (<1 000 counts.100 mL-1), making it unsafe for the irrigation of fresh produce. In this study, 46.6% of the E. coli strains were characterised in phylogenetic group B1. It has been shown that E. coli in group B1 have the ability to survive and persist in the external environment. Group B1 was also the most common group among isolates from irrigation sites (79.4%), while isolates from environmental sites grouped mainly in group A0 (54.1%). It was concluded that the wide variation of E. coli types present in irrigation water is a concern that should be further investigated. This raises human health implications since the increased exposure to faecal organisms increases the risk of food-borne outbreaks. The E. coli isolates (n = 120) and the marker (n = 37) and reference strains (n = 6), were evaluated for antibiotic resistance to seven medically-important antibiotics from different classes using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Thirty-five strains (35/163 = 21.5%) exhibited resistance to one or more antibiotics. Piggery effluent was found to harbour the most antibiotic resistant E. coli isolates (9/35 = 25.7%). Among the resistant E. coli strains, the highest occurrence of antibiotic resistance was to trimethoprim (2.5 μg) (68.6%), tetracycline (30 μg) (57.1%), ampicillin (10 μg) (45.7%) and chloramphenicol (30 μg) (34.3%). Seventy-four percent (26/35) exhibited multiple antibiotic resistances to two or more antibiotics. The antibiotic resistant E. coli strains were evaluated for the presence of pathotypes using Polymerase Chain Reaction analysis to detect Intestinal Pathogenic E. coli (InPEC) and Extra-intestinal Pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Five InPEC strains were characterised as four Entero-Pathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains resistant to three or four antibiotics and one Entero-Aggregative E. coli (EAEC) strain resistant to trimethoprim. The antibiotic resistant EAEC strain also possessed the ExPEC-related gene iutA. Two E. coli isolated from the Mosselbank River were both resistant to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim and also possessed the ExPEC-related gene iutA. It was concluded that the diverse antibiotic resistances of E. coli pathotypes present in irrigation water is a concern that should be further investigated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Voedselverwante siekte uitbrake wat deur Escherichia coli veroorsaak word, is gekoppel aan die gebruik van fekale besoedelde besproeiingswater. Dus was die hoof doel van die navorsing om besproeiingswater en landbou-afvalwater te evalueer as bronne van antibiotika-weerstandbiedende E. coli in die Wes-kaap. Die doel van die eerste studie was om die getalle en eienskappe van E. coli te bepaal wat in besproeiingswater en in ander potensiële besmettingsbronne teenwoordig is. Maksimum totale koliforme en E. coli-tellings vir besproeiingspunte was onderskeidelik log 7.862 en log 5.364 MPN.100 mL-1. Vyf uit sewe besproeiingspunte het E. coli-tellings gehad wat hoër is as die nasionale en internasionale riglyne vir ‘veilige’ besproeiingswater (<1 000 tellings.100 mL-1). Dit maak dit onveilig vir die besproeiing van vars produkte. In hierdie studie was 46.6% van die E. coli-stamme in filogenetiese groep B1 gegroepeer. Dit is reeds bewys dat E. coli in groep B1 oor die vermoë beskik om in die eksterne omgewing te oorleef en voort te bestaan. Groep B1 was ook die mees algemene groep onder die isolate van besproeiingspunte (79.4%), terwyl isolate van omgewingspunte meestal in groep A0 (54.1%) gegroepeer is. Die breë variasie E. coli tipes in die besproeiingswater is bekommerniswaardig en sal gevolglik verder ondersoek moet word. Dit bring gesondsheidsimplikasies mee vir mense aangesien die verhoogde blootstelling aan fekale organismes die risiko van voedselverwante uitbrake verhoog. Die E. coli isolate (n = 120) en die merker (n = 37) en verwysingsstamme (n = 6), is teen sewe medies belangrike antibiotikas uit verskillende klasse getoets vir antibiotika-weerstandbiedendheid. Die Kirby-Bauer skyfie diffusie metode is gebruik. Vyf-en-dertig stamme (35/163 = 21.5%) het weerstand teen een of meer antibiotika getoon. Dit is gevind dat vark-afvalwater die meeste antibiotika-weerstandbiedende E. coli-isolate (9/35 = 25.7%) bevat. Die weerstandbiedende E. coli-stamme het die hoogste antibiotika-weerstandheid getoon teen "trimethoprim" (2.5 μg) (68.6%), tetrasiklien (30 μg) (57.1%), ampisillien (10 μg) (45.7%) en chloramfenikol (30 μg) (34.3%). Vier-en-sewentig persent (26/35) het meervoudige weerstandbiedheid teen twee of meer antibiotikas getoon. Die antibiotika-weerstandbiedende E. Coli stamme is getoets vir die teenwoordigheid van patogene deur van Polimerase Ketting Reaksie analise gebruik te maak om ‘Intestinal Pathogenic’ E. coli (InPEC) en ‘Extra-intestinal Pathogenic’ E. coli (ExPEC) op te spoor. Vyf InPEC-stamme is geklassifiseer as vier ‘Entero-Pathogenic’ E. coli (EPEC)-stamme wat weerstandbiedend teen drie of vier antibiotika getoon het en een ‘Entero-Aggregative’ E. coli (EAEC)-stam wat weerstandbiedendheid getoon het teen "trimethoprim". Die antibiotika-weerstandbiedende EAEC-stam het ook die ExPEC-verwante geen, iutA, besit. Twee E. coli isolate van die Mosselbankrivier het weerstand teen beide chloramfenikol en "trimethoprim" getoon en het ook die ExPEC-verwante geen, iutA, besit. Daar is tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die diverse antibiotika-weerstandbiedenheid van E. coli patogene teenwoordig in besproeiingswaters bekommerniswaardig is en verder ondersoek behoort te word.

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Solé, Torres Carles. "Underdrain design and operational conditions in sand media filters using reclaimed effluents in drip irrigation systems". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669332.

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At present, agriculture is the human activity which requires more volume of water. Given the importance and scarcity of this resource, the efficient use of water has become a priority. On one hand, if possible, it is necessary to use irrigation systems such as microirrigation that use water more efficiently. On the other hand, treated wastewater reuse by agriculture helps to have the necessary water at the same time that it allows to release water of higher quality for other uses. In this sense, microirrigation is the safest system to apply reclaimed effluents. However, its main problem is emitter clogging, which can negatively affect crop yields and system maintenance. In order to avoid emitter clogging, the use of filters is compulsory. Those filters that work better with effluents are sand filters, although, due to their pressure requirements, concentrate most of the energy demand of drip irrigation systems. This thesis determines the effect of three types of sand filters with different drainage designs (arm collector, inserted domes and porous media), two media height (0.2 and 0.3 m) and two filtration velocities (30 and 60 m/h) in the quality of filtered water, the pressure loss in the filters, the energy consumption of the system and emitter clogging
En l’actualitat, l’agricultura és l’activitat humana que requereix més quantitat d’aigua. Davant la importància i escassetat d’aquest recurs, l’ús eficient de l’aigua s’ha convertit en una prioritat. D’una banda i si és possible, es fa necessària la utilització de sistemes de reg com el reg per degoteig que empren de forma més eficient l’aigua. D’altra banda, la reutilització d’aigües residuals tractades per l’ús agrícola ajuda a disposar de l’aigua necessària per a reg al mateix temps que permet alliberar aigües de major qualitat per a altres usos. En aquest sentit, el reg per degoteig és el sistema més segur per aplicar aigües regenerades. No obstant això, el seu principal problema és l’obturació dels degoters, que pot afectar negativament al rendiment dels cultius i al maneig de la instal·lació. Per intentar evitar les obturacions, resulta imprescindible instal·lar filtres. Els que millor funcionen amb aquest tipus d’aigües són els filtres de sorra, encara que, degut a la pressió que requereixen, concentren la major part de demanda d’energia dels sistemes de reg per degoteig. En la present tesi es determina l’efecte de tres tipus de filtres de sorra amb diferents dissenys de drenatge (de braços col·lectors, de crepines inserides i de medi porós), l’alçada del medi filtrant (0.2 i 0.3 m) i la velocitat de filtració (30 i 60 m/h) en la qualitat de l’aigua filtrada, la caiguda de pressió en els filtres, el consum energètic del sistema i l’obturació dels degoters

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Silva, Rafael Rodrigues da. "Avaliação sócio-ambiental do uso de efluente de esgoto tratado na irrigação de culturas no Município de Lins - SP". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-01102008-152158/.

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Em todo o mundo, existe uma crescente competição pelo uso de água entre os diversos setores da sociedade. A agricultura é uma grande consumidora do total de água doce disponível. Neste contexto, é desejável uma realocação dos recursos hídricos usados na agricultura para outros setores, tais como o abastecimento público. Desde que realizada de forma controlada, a irrigação com efluentes de estação de tratamento de esgoto (EETE) é altamente atrativa, pois além de possibilitar a liberação de recursos hídricos de melhor qualidade para outras atividades humanas, serve como uma forma de tratamento complementar do efluente, fornecendo ainda água e nutrientes essenciais aos cultivos agrícolas. No entanto, o uso sustentável dos EETEs na agricultura depende não apenas dos aspectos químicos, físicos e biológicos do sistema soloplanta- água, como também de aspectos sócio-econômicos. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos da irrigação com EETE no agrossistema, avaliando a aceitação da prática pelo proprietário rural e mapeando as áreas potencialmente irrigáveis com efluente no município de Lins. Dos 15 proprietários entrevistados, todos se mostraram favoráveis à prática e destinariam, ao menos uma parte da propriedade, para irrigação com o EETE. O fato do resíduo (efluente) originar-se do tratamento de esgoto urbano não influenciou a percepção dos agricultores quanto ao potencial de aproveitamento agrícola do efluente. O principal fator determinante da maior ou menor aceitação da prática diz respeito aos possíveis ganhos econômicos envolvidos (maior produtividade e menor despesa com fertilizantes minerais). Para os proprietários, o maior empecilho à adoção generalizada da prática corresponde aos custos envolvidos no transporte do efluente até as propriedades. Da área total do município de Lins, 73,42% estão cultivados com pastagens e cana-de-açúcar. Considerando-se as instruções técnicas utilizadas para a definição das áreas apropriadas para irrigação com efluente, existe no município um potencial de 112,9 km2 de áreas aptas, ou seja, 19,82% da área total do município passível de receber EETE via irrigação por aspersão. A inexistência de bases legais que regulamentem o uso deste subproduto, se apresenta como o principal fator limitante para a irrigação de culturas no município de Lins.
Worldwide, there is an increasing competition for the use of water between different sectors of society. The agriculture is a major consumer of the total fresh water available. In this context, it is desirable a reallocation of water resources used in agriculture to other sectors, such as public supply. Since done in a controlled way, irrigation with effluent from sewage treatment plants (TSE) is highly attractive, enabling the release of better water quality sources for other human activities, serving as a complementary treatment of the effluent, also providing water and essential nutrients to agricultural crops. However, the sustainable agricultural use of TSE depends not only of chemical, physical and biological aspects of the soil-plant-water system, but also of socioeconomic aspects. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of TSE irrigation in the agrosystem, evaluating the acceptance of the practice by the rural owners and mapping the potentially effluent irrigable areas in the city of Lins. Of the 15 rural owners interviewed, all were in favor of the practice and could reserve, at least a part of the property, for the irrigation with TSE. The fact that the waste (effluent) originates from the treatment of urban sewage has not influenced the perception of farmers about the potential agricultural use of the effluent. The main determining factor of greater or lesser acceptance of the practice relates to the possible economic gains involved (greater productivity and lower expenses with mineral fertilizers). For the rural owners, the biggest drawback to a widespread adoption of the practice corresponds to the costs involved in transporting the sewage to the properties. Of the total area of the municipal district of Lins, 73.42% are cultivated with grassland grass and sugarcane. Considering the technical instructions employed to define the suitable areas for effluent irrigation, there is a local potential of 112.9 km2 of suitable areas, or 19.82% of the total area of the municipality may receive STE via sprinkler irrigation. The lack of legal basis regulating the use of this byproduct represents the main restriction for the crops irrigation in the municipality of Lins.

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Santin, Roberta Clemente. "Emissão de gases de efeito estufa em solo cultivado com pastagem (Tifton 85) e irrigado com efluente de esgoto tratado". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-13082012-104803/.

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Atualmente, os maiores desafios para a humanidade são a iminente escassez de água, o aumento da produção de alimentos e a busca de fontes alternativas de energia. O uso de efluentes de esgoto tratado (EET) para irrigação agrícola pode, além de fornecer água, nutrientes e matéria orgânica para produção agrícola, minimizar o impacto ambiental causado pela sua disposição nos corpos dágua e aumentar a disponibilidade de água para outros fins. Pode ainda, aumentar a produção agrícola em uma mesma área, conservando as áreas florestadas, reduzir as despesas do agricultor com fertilizantes nitrogenados, e atuar na redução dos gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera, pela maior produção de biomassa e pelo acúmulo de carbono no solo através da rizodeposição e deposição de resíduos vegetais. Apesar desses aspectos favoráveis, esta prática interfere no sistema soloplanta- água modificando as entradas e saídas de carbono e nitrogênio de seus diferentes reservatórios Até o presente momento, pouco foi investigado sobre os efeitos da irrigação com esgoto tratado nas emissões de CH4, CO2 e N2O pelo solo. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal quantificar as emissões de CO2, CH4 e N2O, por meio do estudo de um Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico Latossólico, cultivado com capim Tifton 85 e irrigado com efluente de esgoto tratado produzido por tratamento biológico do esgoto do Município de Lins, SP. Tem ainda como objetivo avaliar mudanças ocorridas na química do solo em relação as concentrações de sódio, carbono e nitrogênio e a produtividade da capim. As principais conclusões foram que (i) o capim Tifton 85 foi mais produtivo nos tratamentos que receberam irrigação com EET, quando comparados àqueles irrigados com água; (ii) a concentração de Na no solo apresentou um aumento significativo independente do tipo de irrigação utilizada (EET ou água); (iii) a irrigação com EET contribuiu para elevar as concentrações de carbono e nitrogênio no solo; (iv) as emissões de N2O e CO2 dependem predominantemente da umidade do solo, da temperatura e das quantidades de fertilizantes nitrogenado mineral aplicados e menos do tipo de água utilizada na irrigação; (v) o CH4 foi o único que não apresentou relação direta de suas emissões com a sazonalidade climática; (vi) as emissões de CO2, N2O e CH4 pelos solos irrigados com EET não diferem de pastagens não irrigadas ou irrigadas com água, sendo mais influenciadas pelas práticas de manejo. Os resultados indicam que a irrigação de culturas com EET é uma pratica sustentável.
Nowadays, the humanity is faced with great challenges such as the impending water shortage, the increase in food production or the search for alternative energy sources. The use of treated sewage effluent (TSE) as water and/or nutrient source for agricultural irrigation, can preserve existing water resources by minimising environmental impacts caused by its discharge to surface waters and increase water availability for other purposes. Moreover, wastewater use can contribute to increase agricultural production, preserving forested areas; reduce costs for nitrogen fertilization, and can diminish greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere due to higher biomass production and carbon accumulation in soil through root and plant residue deposition. Despite these favorable aspects, this practice interferes in the soil-plant-water system by modifying the inputs and outputs of carbon and nitrogen from their different pools. Thus, this study aimed at quantifying CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from a Typic Haplustox cropped with Tifton 85 and irrigated with treated sewage effluent from the wastewater treatment plant (anaerobic and facultative ponds) at the city of Lins, SP and evaluates moreover changes in soil chemistry related to sodium, carbon and nitrogen concentrations and grass productivity. The study revealed that: (i) Tifton-85 was more productive at in treatments with TSE irrigation, compared to potable water irrigation, (ii) the Na concentration in the soil increased significantly regardless of the type of irrigation used (TSE or potable water), (iii) TSE irrigation increased the carbon and nitrogen concentrations in soil, (iv) N2O and CO2 emissions were predominantly dependent on soil moisture, temperature and the quantities of mineral nitrogen fertilizers applied as from the type of water used for irrigation, (v) only CH4 emissions had no direct relation to climate seasonality, and (vi) CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions of TSE irrigated soils did not differ from not irrigated or water irrigated pastures, being mainly affected by different management practices. The results indicate that crop irrigation with TSE can represent is a sustainable agricultural practice.

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Santos, Fernando Leme Godoy dos. "Caracterização química e definição de protocolos analíticos para efluente de esgoto tratado, para uso em sistemas de irrigação agrícola". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-11122009-153611/.

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A crescente competição pelo uso da água entre diversos setores da sociedade e a escassez potencial dos recursos hídricos torna desejável o reuso de águas residuárias, principalmente no setor agrícola, o maior consumidor de água. A utilização de efluentes de esgoto tratado (EET) na irrigação tem sido uma alternativa popular e atrativa, com triplo propósito: tratamento complementar do efluente, fonte de água e fonte de nutrientes ao sistema solo-planta. Entretanto, no Brasil ainda há pouca tradição na utilização de EET na agricultura e carência de pesquisas relacionadas ao tema. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os EETs de duas estações de tratamento do município de Piracicaba-SP (ETE-Piracicamirim e ETE-Cecap), em diferentes épocas do ano (períodos seco e chuvoso). Também foi objetivo desse estudo identificar procedimentos eficientes de estabilização química das amostras, bem como estabelecer técnicas analíticas adequadas para cada espécie química de interesse. Os efluentes foram caracterizados quimicamente, empregando-se diferentes técnicas analíticas (AAS, Fia, IC, ICP-OES) para a determinação das seguintes espécies químicas: Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-. A condutividade elétrica, o pH e a alcalinidade também foram avaliados. Ainda foi verificada a estabilidade das amostras em diferentes tempos de armazenagem, utilizando um conjunto de amostras coletadas especificamente para essa finalidade. Os procedimentos de preparação e armazenagem mostraram-se eficientes por até 12 meses, para os íons NH4+, Cl- e SO42- e por até seis meses para o NO3-, indicando que o procedimento pode ser adotado. Apesar de terem sido observadas diferenças nas características químicas dos efluentes entre as estações de tratamento, bem como entre as épocas do ano avaliadas, a constituição química encontrada em ambas encontra-se nas faixas de concentração adequadas para o uso como fertirrigação, proporcionando dessa forma, benefícios econômicos e ambientais. A escolha, tanto da técnica, como dos protocolos analíticos a serem empregados para caracterização química de EETs, deve considerar o custo analítico envolvido, a precisão e a exatidão requeridas para caracterização de cada espécie química
The increasing competition for the use of water among several sectors of the society and the potential shortage of hydric resources indicate a desirable reuse of residual waters mainly in the agricultural sector which is the largest water consumer. The use of effluents from treated sewage (EET) for irrigation has been a popular and attractive alternative, with triple purpose: complementary treatment of the effluent, source of water and source of nutrients to the soil-plant system. However, in Brazil there is still little tradition in the use of EET in the agriculture and lack of researches related to the theme. The main goal of the present study was to characterize EET\'s from two sewage treatment plants in the city of Piracicaba-SP (ETE-Piracicamirim and ETE-Cecap), in different periods of the year (dry and rainy seasons). Beyond that, to identify appropriate analytical technique procedures for each chemical species of interest and to establish efficient procedures for sample chemical stabilization was also objectives of this work. The effluents were chemically characterized using different analytical techniques (AAS, Fia, IC, ICP-OES) in order to determine the following chemical species: Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-. The electrical conductivity, the pH and the alkalinity were also evaluated. The chemicals stability within the samples was also verified on different storage periods using samples samples collected specifically for this procedure. The employed procedures for sample preparation and the storage were adequate for NH4+ Cl- and SO42- up to 12 months and for NO3- up to 6 months therefore, being appropriate for this type of sample storage. Despite the chemical characteristics differences observed between the treatment plant for the effluents and the differences between the periods of the year for each treatment plant, the chemical characteristicas are within proper concentration range for agricultural irrigation for both stations thus providing economical and environmental benefits. The choice of both the technique and the analytical protocols to be used for chemical characterization of EETs should take under consideration the involved analytical cost, the precision and the accuracy required to characterize each chemical species

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Veronez, Alex Henrique 1977. "Irrigação de eucalipto com efluente sanitário : avaliação econômica e de produtividade agrícola". [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258712.

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Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: Grande parte da água consumida no planeta é utilizada na agricultura. Com o crescimento populacional e a redução crescente de áreas cultiváveis, faz-se necessário desenvolver tecnologias visando aumentar a produtividade. A utilização de esgoto tratado na irrigação de culturas agrícolas pode se tornar uma alternativa, pois esse efluente possui água e nutrientes. A aplicação de esgoto tratado na agricultura também pode ser a solução para sistemas de tratamento de esgoto que possuem a eficiência preconizada na legislação, porém, não contam com corpo receptor com capacidade para receber os efluentes. Nesse trabalho foi verificada a produtividade e a viabilidade econômica da aplicação de efluentes sanitários provenientes de lagoas de estabilização na irrigação da cultura de eucalipto (espécie urograndis). O trabalho experimental foi desenvolvido no município de Franca-SP. Foram instaladas parcelas, constituindo 8 tratamentos, com 4 repetições cada. Dos 8 tratamentos, 2 foram irrigados com água, 5 com efluente e 1 não recebeu nenhum tipo de irrigação. Os tratamentos irrigados com efluente apresentaram produtividade superior aos demais, chegando a ser até 48% maior que a de sequeiro. A análise econômica contou com 4 cenários e um horizonte de projeto de 22 anos. No cenário 1 foi considerada a adequação do sistema de esgotamento sanitário, visando atender a legislação quanto a qualidade do corpo receptor. No cenário 2 foi considerada a aplicação de efluente de acordo com as lâminas de irrigação de cada tratamento. O cenário 3 verificou a situação de sequeiro e o cenário 4 a irrigação com água natural. Na avaliação econômica foram avaliados os indicadores VPL (Valor Presente Líquido) e TIR (Taxa Interna de Retorno). Utilizou-se 2 procedimentos, sendo um avaliando o interesse do agricultor e o outro o do operador do sistema de saneamento. Na análise considerando o interesse do agricultor, o cenário 3 (sequeiro) foi o mais viável. O cenário 4 (irrigação com água natural) apresentou TIR positiva e VPL negativo. Verificou-se que a irrigação com efluente é inviável quando se adota valores de mercado (cenário 2). Na análise econômica, considerando o interesse do operador do sistema de saneamento, foram comparados os cenários 1 e 2. Foi verificado que a aplicação do efluente na cultura de eucalipto (cenários 2) apresentou-se mais viável que a adequação do sistema de esgotamento sanitário. Quanto à viabilidade econômica considerando o interesse do operador do sistema de saneamento, fica evidente, que essa depende da complexidade das obras necessárias para adequação do sistema de tratamento e afastamento de esgoto
Abstract: Great part of the water consumed in our planet is used in agriculture. With population growing and the increasing reduction of farmland, it is necessary to develop technologies aiming to increase productivity. The use of treated effluents in agricultural irrigation can become an alternative, as this sewage contains water and nutrients. The application of treated effluent in agriculture may also be the solution to sewage treatment systems that have its efficiency recommended by legislation, but which do not have a receiving water body that is able to receive the effluents. The present paper was responsible for verifying productivity and economical viability of applying sanitary effluents from stabilization ponds in the irrigation of eucalyptus cultivation. The experimental work was developed in Franca-SP. Parcels were installed, composing 8 treatments, with 4 repetitions each. From the 8 treatments, 2 were irrigated with water, 5 with effluent and 1 did not receive any kind of irrigation. Treatments irrigated with effluent presented a higher productivity compared to the others, reaching up to 48% the productivity of dryland. The economical analysis was done in 4 sceneries and a project horizon of 22 years. In scenery 1 it was considered the adequacy of sewage system, aiming to comply with legislation as with the quality of receiving water body. In scenery 2 was considered the usage of effluent according to irrigation levels of each treatment. In scenery 2 market values were considered. Scenery 3 verified the situation of dryland and scenery 4 irrigation with natural water. In economical evaluation, we evaluated the indicators NPV (Net Present Value) and IRR (Internal Rate of Return). Two different procedures were used, one evaluating the famer¿s interest and the other the sanitation system operator¿s interest. In the analysis, considering the farmer¿s interest, sceneries 3 and 4 presented positive values of IRR, being 3 (dryland) the most viable, we verified that irrigation with effluent is impracticable when adopting market values (scenery 2). In economical analysis, considering the sanitation system operator¿s interest, sceneries 1 and 2 were compared. The usage of effluent in the eucalyptus culture (scenery 2) present to be more viable that the adequacy of the sanitary sewage system. The research proved that the application of sanitary effluent increased productivity. As for economical viability, it is evident that it depends on the complexity of the work required to make the sewage treatment and removal system adequate
Doutorado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Doutor em Engenharia Civil

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Deon, Magnus Dall'Igna. "Reciclagem de água e nutrientes pela irrigação da cana-de-açúcar com efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-21062010-152238/.

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A cultura da cana-de-açúcar, pelo alto consumo de água e de nutrientes, além da destinação industrial, apresenta características ideais para o recebimento de efluente de estações de tratamento de esgoto (EETE) sob a forma de irrigação. Esta prática tem como objetivo a reciclagem de nutrientes e de água, o incremento da produtividade e a economia de fertilizantes, de terra arável e de água potável. Apesar das múltiplas vantagens ambientais, não é desprovida de riscos, e este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a dinâmica de nutrientes no sistema solo-planta de canavial irrigado com efluente de esgoto tratado em dois ciclos consecutivos da cana-soca e a influência do aporte de nutrientes e outros elementos via efluente sobre a nutrição mineral da canade- açúcar. Foram aplicadas lâminas de irrigação com o esgoto tratado entre 0 (sem irrigação) e 200 % da exigência de água pela cultura, em gotejamento subsuperficial. Foram avaliados os aportes de nutrientes e outros elementos pelo efluente, os efeitos na composição nutricional da planta e da fração trocável do solo e o desempenho quantitativo e qualitativo da cultura. Concluiu-se que o efluente pode fornecer até 163 kg ha-1 de N; 14 kg ha-1 P; 145 kg ha-1 de K; 80 kg ha-1 de Ca; 28 kg ha-1 de Mg; 207 kg ha-1 de S; 0,45 kg ha-1 de B; 0,07 kg ha-1 de Cu; 0,25 kg ha-1 de Fe e 0,18 kg ha-1 de Mn, sendo fonte potencial de nutrientes à cultura da cana-de-açúcar, principalmente N, Ca e S, precisando de complementação mineral de P, K, Mg e micronutrientes. O estado nutricional da cultura, avaliado pela diagnose foliar melhorou para N, Mg, S e Cu no segundo ano avaliado. A folha +1 foi mais sensível às alterações de disponibilidade de nutrientes. A presença de elementos no efluente que podem potencialmente provocar degradação nas propriedades físicas do solo, tal como o sódio, contaminação de águas subterrâneas, como o nitrogênio, ou ainda tóxicos, como cromo e cobre, exige monitoramento constante da área agrícola que recebe este resíduo. Neste trabalho de curto prazo, estes elementos não representaram problemas. A irrigação com EETE proporcionou aumento do desempenho vegetativo da cultura e um ganho de produtividade na cana-de-açúcar de até 19,84 e 40,47 Mg ha-1, na primeira e na segunda socas, respectivamente. A qualidade industrial da cana-de-açúcar não foi alterada significativamente pela irrigação com EETE. Este trabalho mostrou que a irrigação com EETE é exequível, possui potencial econômico e seria uma solução possível para parte da demanda agrícola de água e dos problemas de poluição dos corpos dágua naturais.
Sugarcane cultivation, due to the high water and nutrients consumption, besides the industrial utilization, has ideal characteristics for receiving sewage treatment plant effluent (STPE) as irrigation. This practice aims to recycle nutrients and water, increasing productivity and decreasing the use of fertilizers, agricultural land and potable water. Despite the many environmental benefits, it has risks, and this study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of nutrients in the soil-sugarcane plant system irrigated with treated sewage effluent in two consecutive sugarcane ratoon cycles and the influence of nutrient and other elements added as effluent on the sugarcane mineral nutrition. Irrigations with treated sewage were applied up to 200% of the crop water requirement by subsurface drip. Nutrient and other elements input by the effluent, its effect on plant nutritional composition, soil exchangeable fraction and the quantitative and qualitative sugarcane performance were evaluated. Effluent can provide up to 163 kg ha-1 N, 14 kg ha-1 P, 145 kg ha-1 K, 80 kg ha-1 Ca, 28 kg ha-1 Mg, 207 kg ha-1 S, 0.45 kg ha-1 B, 0.07 kg ha-1 Cu, 0.25 kg ha-1 Fe and 0.18 kg ha-1 Mn, being a potential source of N, Ca and S, needing additional P, K, Mg and micronutrients fertilization. Sugarcane nutritional status as assessed by foliar analysis was improved for N, Mg, S and Cu in the second ratoon evaluated. Top visible dewlap leaf was more sensitive to changes in the nutrients availability. The presence of elements in the effluent that can potentially cause degradation in soil physical properties, such as sodium, groundwater contamination, such as nitrogen, or toxic substances, such as chromium and copper, requires constant monitoring of the agricultural area that receives this residue. In these short-term experiments there were no such problems. The replacement of crop evapotranspiration by irrigation with STPE provided an increase in vegetative performance and a gain in productivity of the sugarcane by 19.84 and 40.47 Mg ha-1, in the first and in the second ratoon, respectively. Industrial quality of sugarcane was not significantly affected by irrigation with STPE. This study showed that irrigation with STPE is potentially feasible, has economic potential, and would be a possible solution to part of the agricultural water demand and natural water bodies pollution problems

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SILVA, Manassés Mesquita da. "Irrigação com efluentes secundários no crescimento, produtividade e concentração de nutrientes no solo e na mamoneira". Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2010. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1177.

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A cultura da mamona, devido à elevada necessidade de água e de nutrientes, possui características ideais para o recebimento, via irrigação, de águas residuárias de esgoto doméstico tratado. A principal vantagem desta prática é a reciclagem de água e nutrientes. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar, por meio de experimento em condições de campo, o efeito de três configurações de tratamento de esgoto doméstico, água de abastecimento e lâminas de irrigação sobre o crescimento, produtividade, estado nutricional da planta e fertilidade do solo ao final do experimento. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4x2 com quatro repetições. Os fatores de estudo foram quatro tipos de água (Al - Efluente do reator UASB + Lagoa de polimento; A2 - Efluente do Decanto-Digestor + Filtro anaeróbio + Lagoa de estabilização; A3 - Efluente do Filtro anaeróbio + Lagoa de estabilização e A4 - Água de abastecimento) e duas lâminas de irrigação (Ll=100 e L2=120% da Evapotranspiração de cultivo). A água foi aplicada utilizando um sistema de irrigação localizada por gotejamento com irrigações a cada três dias. Avaliaram-se altura de planta, diâmetro caulinar e número de folhas aos 29, 43, 57, 71 e 86 dias após a germinação. Ao final do experimento foram obtidos a produtividade de sementes, fitomassa aérea, estado nutricional das plantas e a fertilidade do solo. Com base nos resultados concluiu-se que as plantas irrigadas com o efluente tratado apresentaram crescimento e produtividade de sementes significativamente iguais, porém superiores às plantas irrigadas com água de abastecimento. O teor de óleo das sementes foi maior para as plantas irrigadas com 120% da ETc. Em relação ao solo, constatou-se que os teores de P, K e Na no solo não diferiram estatisticamente, para as três configurações de tratamento de água residuária. Por meio da análise foliar da mamoneira, constatou-se que, de maneira geral, a planta não sofreu restrições quanto aos teores de P, Ca e Mg. As concentrações de N, K e Na nos tecidos foliares foram significativamente iguais, para as plantas irrigadas com efluente tratado. Os resultados obtidos permitem considerar que é promissor o aproveitamento de efluentes de esgoto doméstico tratado em cultivos agrícolas.
Castor bean cultivation, due to the high water and nutrients consumption, presents the ideal characteristics for receiving wastewater from treated sewage. Economics of fertilizer, recycling of water and nutrients and increased productivity are the main advantages of this practice. The objective of this study was to investigate, under field conditions, the effect of three configurations of domestic wastewater treatment, water supply and water depth on growth, yield, plant nutritional status and fertility of the soil at the end of the experiment. A randomized block design was used, with 4x2 scheme of factorial analysis with four replications, testing four types of water (Al - effluent from the UASB reactor + Polishing Pond; A2 - effluent from the Digester Decant + Anaerobic Filter + Stabilization Pond; A3 - effluent form the Anaerobic Filter + Stabilization Pond; and A4 - Urban water supply) and two water depths (100% and 120% Crops évapotranspiration). Water was applied using a drip irrigation system every three days. Plant height, stem diameter and number of leaves were evaluated at 29, 43, 57, 71 and 86 days after germination. Productivity of seeds, plant nutritional status and soil fertility were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Based on the results no significant difference in growth and seed production when using treated wastewater. Contribution of nutrients through wastewater favored the growth of plants, but was not enough to increase the production in appropriate levels of mineral fertilization and irrigation. For soil fertility, there was no significant difference in levels of P, K and Na for the three configurations of wastewater treatment. In general, there were no restrictions regarding the contents of P, Ca and Mg in the leaf of castor bean. The concentrations of N, K and Na in the leaf tissues were significantly equal for plants irrigated with treated effluent.

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Gloaguen, Roberta Alessandra Bruschi Gonçalves. "Efeito da irrigação com efluente de esgoto tratado nas propriedades físico-hídricas de um latossolo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11143/tde-27012006-154308/.

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Do ponto de vista agronômico, a irrigação com efluente tem a grande vantagem de permitir a economia de água e adubos, uma vez que o efluente é naturalmente rico em nutrientes e matéria orgânica; no entanto, é também neste ponto que surgem as preocupações relacionadas ao ambiente. Se mal planejada esta aplicação, o excesso de nutrientes e matéria orgânica pode causar poluição e provocar alterações nas propriedades do solo, tanto químicas quanto físicas e hídricas. Tendo em vista a problemática acima exposta, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito da irrigação com efluentes de esgoto tratado nas propriedades físicas e hídricas de um latossolo. A área experimental situa-se no município de Lins-SP e é composta de três parcelas: parcela Água (A), parcela Efluente (E) e parcela Testemunha (T), numa vertente imediatamente ao lado das lagoas. Todo o estudo foi realizado em 8 profundidades, até 1,875m. Determinou-se, em campo, através do método do perfil instantâneo, a condutividade hidráulica do solo em meio não saturado, K(θ); da mesma forma, determinou-se em laboratório através do método da carga decrescente, a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado, Ksat. Avaliou-se também K(θ) em laboratório pelo sistema Wind (baseado na evaporação), comparando-o ao método do perfil instantâneo (baseado na drenagem). Analisou-se a porosidade do solo, através da distribuição do diâmetro dos poros obtida a partir das curvas de retenção de água. Os resultados mostraram que houve alterações da condutividade hidráulica do solo em ambas as parcelas irrigadas, com água e com efluente, em relação à parcela tomada como referência. Isto demonstra que, não só o efluente, mas também a irrigação convencional deve ser planejada com precauções na região em estudo, uma vez que a própria água de abastecimento utilizada é rica em sódio. As parcelas irrigadas apresentaram diminuição significativa de K(θ) em relação à parcela Testemunha nas umidades elevadas; por outro lado, o K(θ) aumentou nas parcelas irrigadas nas umidades baixas, o que sugere uma mudança na estrutura e na porosidade do solo. Em relação à Ksat, identificou-se um decréscimo nas parcelas irrigadas em relação à Testemunha ao longo de todo o perfil de solo. O sistema de laboratório Wind, mostrou-se mais adaptado a solos irrigados com águas sódicas do que o método do perfil instantâneo. A irrigação com efluente e com água (águas sódicas) levou à diminuição da microporosidade, isto é, a classe de poros de diâmetro entre 0,2 µm e 50 µm. Por outro lado o aumento significativo da criptoporosidade (<0,2 µm) foi identificado em todo o perfil de solo estudado. Houve correlações significativas entre os volumes de microporos e criptoporos, a porcentagem de argila dispersa em água e o Na+, o que resultou da ocorrência dos processos de dispersão e expansão dos agregados.
From the agronomic point of view, irrigation using treated sewage effluent has a great advantage in saving water and fertilizers, once effluent is naturally rich in nutrients and organic matter. However, some concerns related to the environment are raised regarding this aspect. The excess of nutrients and organic matter can cause pollution and provoke changes in the soil chemical, physical and hydraulic properties, in case this application is not well planned. The present work aimed to study the effect of irrigation using sewage treated effluent on the physical and hydraulic properties of an Oxisol. The experimental area is located in Lins-SP, and it is composed of three plots: Water plot, Effluent plot and Control plot located on a slope beside the ponds. All the study was carried out in 8 depths up to 1,875 m. The unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity K(θ) was determined under field conditions using the instantaneous profile method. Similarly, saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, Ksat, was determined by using the falling head method. K(θ) was also evaluated, under laboratory conditions, by using the Wind system (based on evaporation), which was compared afterwards to the instantaneous profile method (based on drainage). The soil porosity was analyzed by means of the pores diameter distribution obtained from the water retention curve. The results showed that there were changes in the soil hydraulic conductivity in both plots irrigated with water and effluent, in relation to the reference one. This fact demonstrates that not only the irrigation with effluent, but also the conventional one must be managed with precautions in the studied area, once the water supplied to the city is rich in sodium. The irrigated plots presented a significant decrease in K(θ) in relation to the Control plot with higher water contents. On the other hand, K(θ) increased in the irrigated plots with lower water content, suggesting a change in the soil porosity. In relation to Ksat, a decrease in the irrigated plots in relation to the Control was identified along the whole soil profile. The Wind system showed to be more adapted to soils irrigated with sodium-rich water when compared to the instantaneous profile method. The irrigation with effluent and with water (sodium-rich waters) induced a decrease in the microporosity, that is, the pores class with diameter comprising between 0,2 µm and 50 µm. On the other hand, a significant increase in criptoporosity (<0,2 µm) was identified in the whole soil profile. Significant correlations among micropores and criptopores volumes, water clay dispersion, and Na+, which resulted from the aggregates dispersion and expansion processes.

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Santos, Alex Paulus Ribeiro dos. "Efeito da irrigação com efluente de esgoto tratado, rico em sódio, em propriedades químicas e físicas de um argissolo vermelho distrófico cultivado com capim-Tifton 85". Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-27092004-165932/.

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A escassez natural de água doce no mundo tem sido agravada pela poluição dos cursos de água. Os sistemas de tratamento de esgotos geram resíduos, dentre eles, o efluente de esgoto tratado, que quando lançado em rios, tem causado impacto ambiental. O uso do efluente de esgoto tem sido considerado uma prática importante para minimizar os impactos negativos aos corpos dágua, sendo que o uso agrícola tem ganhado popularidade em muitos países. Além de se constituir em fonte de água para culturas agrícolas e florestais, o efluente possui elementos essenciais para a nutrição de plantas. No entanto, apesar dos benefícios concretos com o aproveitamento do efluente de esgoto tratado na agricultura, a presença de alguns constituintes como, por exemplo, o Na, pode trazer sérias restrições ao seu uso. O aumento do teor de Na no solo provocado pela irrigação com efluente pode causar toxidez para algumas culturas e modificar propriedades do solo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar os possíveis efeitos da irrigação com efluente em algumas propriedades químicas e físicas de um ARGISSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico cultivado com capim-Tifton 85 no município de Lins/SP. Para atingir o objetivo citado foram realizados estudos que visaram: (i) monitorar a qualidade do efluente, da água de irrigação e da solução do solo quanto à alcalinidade, condutividade elétrica (CE), pH, razão de adsorção de sódio (RAS) e quanto às concentrações de Na, Ca, K, Mg e Al; (ii) monitorar o pH do solo, a acidez potencial (H+Al), os teores dos cátions Na, K, Ca, Mg e Al trocáveis no solo; (iii) verificar a possível ocorrência de dispersão de argilas do solo devido à adição de Na via efluente de esgoto tratado e (iv) determinar a produção de massa seca do capim-Tifton 85 irrigado com água e com efluente. A irrigação com água e efluente foi realizada durante de seis meses por um sistema de irrigação por aspersão convencional, sendo que os volumes adicionados foram determinados com base na manutenção da umidade do solo para desenvolvimento do capim que teve crescimento diferenciado entre os tratamentos. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Tanto o efluente quanto a água apresentaram altos valores de RAS, porém, os menores valores foram observados para o efluente. A acidificação do solo e da solução ocorreu após irrigação com água e efluente. O Al trocável aumentou devido a redução do pH. Tanto a água quanto o efluente ocasionaram aumento do teor de Na no solo, devido à elevada concentração desse elemento na água e no efluente. A dispersão de argilas ocorreu em toda a área e o aumento com o tempo foi mais pronunciado em superfície o que está de acordo com o maior aumento do percentual de sódio trocável (PST) e da RAS da solução do solo. O efluente foi eficiente em suprir o capim-Tifton com água, não resultando em prejuízo de acúmulo de massa seca em relação ao tratamento de irrigação com água.
The natural scarcity of freshwater in the world has been aggravated by the pollution of the watercourses. The systems of treatment of sewage generate residues, such as treated sewage effluent, that when launched into rivers, has caused environmental impact. The use of the sewage effluent has been considered an important practice to minimize the negative impacts on the water supplies, and its use in agriculture has gained popularity in many countries. Besides being a water source for agricultural and forest cultures, the effluent contains essential elements for plant nutrition. However, despite the benefits of the use of treated sewage effluent in agriculture, the presence of some constituent such as Na brings restriction to its use. The level of Na in the soil may increase by means of the irrigation with effluent, and it may cause toxicity to some cultures and modify soil properties. The present study had the objective to verify the possible effects of the irrigation with effluent on some chemical and physical properties of a Typic Hapludults cultivated with Tifton 85 grass in the city of Lins/SP. The studies carried out aimed at: (i) monitoring the quality of the effluent, the irrigation water and the soil solution in relation to the alkalinity, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and in relation to the concentrations of Na, Ca, K, Mg and Al; (ii) monitoring the pH of the soil, the potential acidity (H+Al), the levels of Na, Ca, K, Mg cations and exchangeable Al in the soil; (iii) verifying the possible occurrence of clay dispersion in the soil due to addition of Na through treated sewage effluent and (iv) determining the production of dry mass of Tifton 85 grass. The irrigation with water and effluent was carried out for six months by the use of a sprinkler irrigation system, being that the added volumes had been determined on the basis of the maintenance of the humidity of the soil for the development of grass that had growth differentiated between the treatments. The experimental design was a split plot scheme of randomized blocks subdivided in time, with five treatments (A, E1, E2, E3 and E4) and four replications. Both effluent and water presented high values of SAR, however, lower values were observed for the effluent. The acidification of the soil and the solution occurred after the irrigation with water and effluent. The exchangeable Al increased due to the reduction of pH. Both water and effluent increased the level of Na in the soil, due to the high concentration of this element in the water and in the effluent. The dispersion of clay occurred in all the area, and the increase in time was higher in the surface in accordance with the highest increase of exangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and SAR of the soil solution. The effluent was efficient in supplying Tifton grass with water, not resulting in dry mass accumulation losses in relation to the treatment of irrigation with water.

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FERREIRA, NETO João. "Produção de beterraba (beta vulgaris L.) irrigada com efluente agroindustrial". Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/730.

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A agricultura irrigada é uma atividade que demanda o maior volume de água no tocante ao consumo deste recurso pelo diversos seguimentos como o doméstico industrial e animal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar efluente agroindustrial bruto e diluído proveniente do processamento de leite e frutas, na irrigação das plantas da beterraba avaliando o crescimento e suas características físico-química e microbiológica, bem como os efeitos do efluente no solo. O experimento foi de campo, instalado no setor de Horticultura pertencente ao Instituto Federal da Paraíba Campus Sousa. O delineamento experimental empregado foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (3x5), três tipos de água e cinco doses de N, com 4 repetições totalizando 15 tratamentos e 60 parcelas experimentais, correspondendo aos tipos de água: água do açude de São Gonçalo, água de açude + efluente (1:1) e efluente bruto e as doses de Nitrogênio nas quantidades de 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120% ou 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12g/m2 de N, definidas com base na análise do solo e na recomendação adubação em cobertura para beterraba do Estado de Pernambuco. A água residuária diluída e bruta apresentou maior CE e RAS e menor pH, classificando-se como água de salinidade e sodicidade média, porém apresentou baixa população microbiana do grupo coliformes fecais, encontrando-se dentro da faixa adequada para irrigação da beterraba. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: desenvolvimento aéreo da cultura, determinação dos teores de NPK na folha da beterraba, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, peso, diâmetro, teores de sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez total e em ácido cítrico e os parâmetros microbiológicos do tubérculo da beterraba e atributos químicos do solo após experimento. Observou-se que é possível produzir beterraba com água de reuso diluída e bruta com produção igualando ao irrigar com água de açude empregando-se de 30 a 60% para efluente diluído 1:1 e de 90% da recomendação de adubação para a cultura da beterraba, respectivamente. O efluente causou alteração nas características química do solo, sendo aconselháveis práticas preventivas para evitar a salinização ou sodificação do mesmo. O efluente diluído e bruto não alterou as características, química e microbiológica da beterraba, sendo possível produzir beterraba quanto a esses atributos própria para o consumo sem dano ao consumidor.
Irrigated agriculture is an activity that requires the largest volume of water in relation to the consumption of this resource for a lot of segments such as industrial, domestic and animal. The aim of this study was to use gross agribusiness and diluted effluent from processing milk and fruit, irrigation of sugar beet plants evaluating the growth and its physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics, as well as the effluent effects on the ground. The experiment was field, installed on Horticulture sector belonging to the Federal Institute of Paraiba Campus Sousa. The experimental design was randomized in blocks in a factorial scheme (3x5), three types of water and five doses of N, with 4 repetitions totaling 15 treatments and 60 experimental plots, corresponding to the water types: water from the São Gonçalo dam, dam water + effluent (1:1) and pure effluent and nitrogen doses in amounts of 0, 30, 60 90 and 120% or 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12g / m2 N, defined based on soil analysis and fertilization recommendation in coverage for beet of the State of Pernambuco. The diluted and raw wastewater showed higher EC and RAS and lower pH, ranking as salinity and medium sodicity water, but showed a lower microbial population of fecal coliform, lying within the range for beet irrigation. The following variables were analyzed: air development of culture, determination of NPK content in the beet leaf, fresh and shoot dry, weight, diameter, soluble solids, pH, total acid and citric acid and microbiological parameters tuber beet and soil chemical properties after experiment. It was observed that it is possible to produce beet with diluted gross reuse water to irrigate with matching production with pond water employing 3060% for effluent diluted 1:1 and 90% of fertilizer recommendation for beet culture, respectively. The effluent caused changes in the chemical characteristics of the soil, being advisable preventive practices to prevent the salinization or sodification of it. The diluted and raw wastewater didn’t change the chemical and microbiological beet characteristics, being possible to produce beet related to these very attributes appropriated to the consumption with no damage to consumer.

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Firme, Lilian Pittol. "Efeito da irrigação com efluente de esgoto tratado no sistema solo-planta em Latossolo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-26112007-084125/.

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O uso de efluente de esgoto tratado (EET) na agricultura apresenta-se como uma alternativa viável por se tratar de uma fonte de umidade e de nutrientes minerais aos sistemas agrícolas, aliado à redução da utilização de água de boa qualidade na irrigação, bem como a diminuição da descarga do EET nos rios, minimizando assim possíveis danos ambientais. Entretanto, deve-se ressaltar a importância do monitoramento contínuo do sistema solo-planta em razão do risco da utilização de águas residuárias, sobretudo aquelas ricas em sódio. Desse modo, esse trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento dos efeitos da aplicação de EET no sistema solo-cana-de-açúcar, avaliando possíveis alterações químicas do solo e da planta, e a qualidade do caldo. O experimento foi instalado num campo experimental situado em Lins, São Paulo. A adubação mineral de plantio consistiu na aplicação de metade da dose recomendada do adubo nitrogenado, 15 kg ha-1 de N (nitrato de amônio), 120 kg ha-1 de P2O5 (superfosfato simples) e 80 kg ha-1 de K2O (cloreto de potássio). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos com parcelas subdivididas no tempo com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: SI, sem irrigação; 100 %, umidade do solo na capacidade de campo; 125, 150 e 200% que corresponderam a 25, 50 e 100% a mais da umidade do solo na capacidade de campo, respectivamente. Foram observados aumentos nas concentrações de sódio (Na) nas folhas, fósforo (P) e cálcio (Ca) no caldo, e potássio (K) no colmo. Para os micronutrientes houve diminuições nas concentrações de manganês (Mn) e zinco (Zn) na folha, no caldo e no colmo, e no caso do ferro (Fe) a diminuição ocorreu no caldo. A irrigação com EET não ocasionou prejuízos a qualidade dos colmos industrializáveis. As maiores produtividades foram observadas nos tratamentos 100 e 150, 247,33 e 232,81 t ha-1, respectivamente. No solo, houve incrementos do pH, das concentrações de P, Na, B e Fe, e um decréscimo nas concentrações de Ca, magnésio (Mg), K e cobre (Cu). Os teores de matéria orgânica (MO) decresceram em todo perfil do solo e, os teores de carbono total (CT) e nitrogênio total (NT) não apresentaram alterações em razão da irrigação com EET. A não utilização da dose completa do adubo nitrogenado não implicou na queda da produtividade da cana-planta. As perspectivas para a irrigação da cana-de-açúcar com EET são promissoras, demandando estudos de longo prazo para confirmação dos resultados até agora obtidos e também para o monitoramento de possíveis prejuízos que possam vir a ocorrer no sistema solo-planta.
The use of treated sewage effluent (TSE) in agriculture is a viable alternative once it is a source of humidity and mineral nutrients to the agricultural systems, allied to the reduction of good quality water consumption for agricultural irrigation, as well as the reduction of the discharge of TSE in the water courses, thus minimizing possible environmental damages. However, it should be standed out the importance of the continuous monitoring of the soil-plant system because of the risks represented by the wastewater use, overall those rich in sodium. In this manner, this work aimed to contribute to the knowledge of TSE application effects in the soil-sugarcane system, evaluating the chemical alterations of the soil and the plant, and also the quality of the soup. The experiment was installed in an experimental area situated at Lins, São Paulo State. The mineral fertilization at planting was half of the recommended nitrogen dose, 15 kg ha-1 of N (ammonium nitrate), and also 120 kg ha-1 of P (single superphosphate) and 80 kg ha-1 of K (potassium chloride). The experimental design was in complete blocks with split plots in time, with five treatments and four replicates. Applied treatments were: SI, without irrigation; 100%, soil humidity at the field capacity; 125, 150 and 200% that corresponded to 25, 50 and 100% more soil humidity than the field capacity, respectively. Increases in the concentrations of sodium (Na) in the leaves, phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) in the soup, and potassium in the culms were observed. Considering the micronutrients, reductions on the concentrations of manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in the leaves, culms and soup occurred, while in the case of iron (Fe), observed reductions occurred for the soup. TSE irrigation has not prejudiced the quality of the industrialized culms. The highest yields were observed in the treatments 100 and 150, 247.33 and 232.81 t ha-1, respectively. Increments of the values of pH and concentrations of P, Na, boron (B) and Fe were obtained in the soil, while, in the case of Ca, magnesium (Mg), K and cupper (Cu) concentrations in the soil decreased. The organic matter levels decreased all over the soil profile and, the levels of total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) were not altered by the irrigation with TSE. The non-use of the mineral N fertilizer complete dose did not imply in the fall of the sugarcane-plant productivity. The perspectives for sugarcane irrigation with wastewater are promising, demanding however long-term studies in order to confirm the results obtained till the present moment, and also to the monitoring of possible damages that may occur in the soil-plant system.

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Fultz, Lisa. "Nutrient distribution following application of swine effluent through a subsurface drip irrigation system". 2009. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/Fultz_okstate_0664M_10328.pdf.

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