Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „EFFICIENT OPTICAL NETWORKS”

The Internet has become an integral part of modern societies fuelling ever growing opportunities for the provision of new advanced services which better respond to quickly changing societal needs. Previously the deployment of such services have led to significant increases in energy consumption which is in strong contrast with the global drive for a greener and more energy efficient environments. Network infrastructures are required which support these growing needs but at the same time remain zero-carbon emission complaint. Green photonic network designs centre on techniques to reduce and conserve energy within multilayer network scenarios. In this Thesis, hibernation strategies are proposed where network configurations form selective group of nodes, segmentation of links and partitioning of the light paths within connections to enable "sleep" modes. The strategy is founded on the optimisation and improved power management through a control algorithm implemented as a modification of the Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) signalling and routing protocol. The impact of the strategy on network utilization, number of wavelengths, number of connection requests, number of nodes, network connectivity degree, and power ratio in IP routers has been evaluated on representative optical networks using a simulation framework established using OMNeT++. A trade-off is observed between energy consumption and network performance as a result of hibernation; evaluation of this methodology indicates potential reduction in energy power consumption from 30% up to 75% at the expense of reduced network performance.

Advances in optical coherent transmissions and electrical compensation technologies have stimulated the exploration of novel optical network architectures. Filterless optical backbone networks (F-OBNs) eliminate or minimize the usage of active photonic reconfigurable components, which is also referred to as passive OBN. By introducing passive splitters and combiners to interconnect the fiber links, this type of networks have been proposed as a cost- and energy-efficient alternative to active optical switching networks. However, F-OBN suffers from a constraint on wavelength reuse due to its broadcast nature. Consequently, this architecture always requires more resources, i.e. higher number of wavelengths, than the active optical switching networks. To address this issue, another passive approach for optical core network, i.e., semi-filterless OBN (SF-OBN) has been introduced. By utilizing passive colored components, e.g., Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG), red/blue filters, etc., at some selected nodes, the SF-OBN is able to improve the wavelength usage while keeping the similar level on cost and energy consumption as FOBN. In this thesis project, an optimization model for wavelength assignment and filter placement in SF-OBN has been developed. F-OBN can be considered as a special case without any filter in SF-OBN. Using integer linear programming (ILP) formulation, the model aims to minimize the total number of wavelengths required in the network given the number of filters. Furthermore, wavelength usage, cost and energy consumption in active optical switching, F-OBN and SF-OBN have been compared in order to evaluate the performance of the each network architecture.

Optical packet switching (OPS) is the most prominent candidate transport solution that can seamlessly integrate electrical and optical layers by transferring certain switching functionality from electronics to optics, thus alleviating unnecessarily slow and expensive optical-electrical-optical conversions and signal processing at the switching node. Optical Label Switching (OLS) is an important aspect of the optical packet switched network that enables very low-latency forwarding of ultra-high bit-rate, protocol-independent packets entirely in the optical domain. The objective of the proposed research is to develop novel, efficient techniques to realize several key enabling technologies such as optical label generation and encoding, optical label swapping, all-optical buffering, and spectral efficient transmission system for optical label switched based OPS networks. A novel scheme of generating optical label at the ingress node using optical carrier suppression and separation (OCSS) technique is proposed. This scheme does not suffer from any unavoidable interference, limited extinction ratio or strict synchronization requirements between payload and label as observed by the currently available other label generation methods. One of the primary challenges to realize optical label swapping at the core node of scalable OLS network is the insertion of new optical labels without any wavelength conversion for same wavelength packet routing. A novel mechanism to realize same wavelength packet switching without using any conventional wavelength converter in the OLS network carrying differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) modulated payload and on-off keying (OOK) modulated optical label is demonstrated. Also a new dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) optical buffer architecture using optical fiber delay lines that can provide wavelength selective reconfigurable variable delays is proposed. Optical packet switching provides automated, reconfigurable, and faster provision of both wavelength and bandwidth with finer granularity in the optical layer. However, a newer, cost-effective, and spectrally efficient optical transmission technology is essential to support the explosive bandwidth demand expected by the future optical packet switched networks. To meet this challenge, a spectrally efficient solution for transporting 40 Gbps per channel data over 50 GHz spaced DWDM system is developed by exploiting optical carrier suppression and separation technique and optical duobinary modulation.

Access networks have been going through many reformations to make them adapt to arising traffic trends and become better suited for many new demanding applications. To that end, incorporating fog and edge computing has become a necessity for supporting many emerging applications as well as alleviating network congestions. At the same time, energy-efficiency has become a strong imperative for access networks to reduce both their operating costs and carbon footprint. In this dissertation, we address these two challenges in long-reach optical access networks. We first study the integration of fog and edge computing with optical access networks, which is believed to form a highly capable access network by combining the huge fiber capacity with closer-to-the-edge computing and storage resources. In our study, we examine the offloading performance under different cloudlet placements when the underlying bandwidth allocation is either centralized or decentralized. We combine between analytical modeling and simulation results in order to identify the different factors that affect the offloading performance within each paradigm. To address the energy efficiency requirement, we introduce novel enhancements and modifications to both allocation paradigms that aim to enhance their network performance while conserving energy. We consider this work to be one of the first to explore the integration of fog and edge computing with optical access networks from both bandwidth allocation and energy efficiency perspectives in order to identify which allocation paradigm would be able to meet the requirements of next-generation access networks.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a large number of networked sensor nodes deployed to sense and report a particular phenomenon to a base station. Currently, most WSNs use radio frequency (RF) communications, and this accounts for a significant amount of energy expended. Free space optical (FSO) communications using modulating retroreflectors is potentially attractive for WSNs, due to the lower communications energy required. However, for FSO communications, line of sight (LOS) is required between the transmitter and the receiver. In this thesis, a hybrid Radio Frequency/Free Space Optical (RF/FSO) WSN is proposed. FSO links are used for communications, with RF links providing backup in the absence of LOS. This network has the potential to lower the overall energy consumption of a traditional RF-only WSN. Chapter 1 introduces the WSN and outlines the motivation for the RF/FSO WSN. Chapters 2 and 3 describe the RF and FSO link models used for the RF/FSO WSN. Chapter 4 describes how the WSN networks are configured. The energy model for the sensor node is discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 discusses how network traffic and energy consumption are modelled. The results of the RF/FSO WSN simulations are presented in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 discusses the conclusions from the thesis and suggests areas for future work. Simulations show that for the wide range of scenarios considered, the RF/FSO WSN consumes less energy and has a lifetime at least twice as long as the RF-only WSN. For low and average optical blocking conditions, the RF/FSO WSN is also able to offer at least the same level of network coverage as the RF-only WSN.

Optical fibre has become the dominant theme of transmission in long haul, high data rate communication systems due to its tremendous bandwidth and low loss. Radio over Fibre (RoF) technology facilitates the seamless integration between wireless and optical communication systems and found to be the most promising solution to meet the exponential bandwidth demands expected for the upcoming years. However, the main bit-rate/distance limitation in RoF systems is the chromatic dispersion. In this thesis, the two generations of RoF technologies, namely Analogue RoF (ARoF) and Digital RoF (DRoF) are investigated. The overall aim of this research is to optimise the optical bandwidth utilisation of these two approaches for a typical transmission of the fronthaul link proposed in the next generation Centralised Radio Access Network (C-RAN). Consequently, a number of physical layer design scenarios for the optimised transmission of the Radio Frequency (RF) signals over a Standards Single Mode Fibre (SSMF) are demonstrated. Firstly, for an ARoF transmission, where the analogue RF signals are transported over SSMF using an optical carrier, a bidirectional link transmitting four Downlink/Uplink channels in a chromatic dispersion limited scenario is designed. Simulation results have shown a clear constellation diagram of a 2.5 Gb/s RF signal transmission over 120 km fibre length. Secondly, a DRoF system with reduced optical bandwidth occupancy is proposed. This system employs an optical Duobinary transmission to the digitised RF signal at the transmitter side to reduce its spectrum and to address the chromatic dispersion effect, simultaneously. Simulation results demonstrate the capability of the proposed system to maintain high-quality transmission of the digitised signals over 70 km of fibre distance without dispersion compensation requirements. Finally, an advanced DRoF transmission link based on integrating digital Optical Single Sideband (OSSB) transmission with Duobinary encoding scheme is designed. Simulation results have clearly verified system's robustness against transmission impairments and have better performances in terms of the obtained BER and EVM with respect to the 3GPP standardised values. Moreover, the results show that both transmission distance and power budget are furtherly improved in comparison with two other digital transmission scenarios.

Today's telecommunications networks are relying more and more on optical fibers as their physical medium. Currently the Wavelength Division Multiplexing technology enables hundreds of wavelengths to be multiplexed on a single fiber. Using this technology capacity can be dramatically increased, even to the order of Terabits per second. While WDM technology has given a satisfactory answer to the ever-increasing demand for capacity, there is still a problem which needs to be handled efficiently: survivability. Our proposed fault restoration system optimized between restoration cost and speed. We extended the concept of Forward Equivalence Class (FEC) in Multi Protocol Label switching (MPLS) to our proposed fault restoration system. Speed was found to be in the order of 1 to 3 microseconds using predesigned protection, depending on the configuration of the system. Optimization was done between restoration speed and cost by introducing a priority field in the packet header.

This thesis studies the cycle-based protection schemes for DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) networks. We first present the MSCC (Min-Sum Cycle Cover) Algorithm for simultaneous detection and protection using the Eulerian graph theory, and then analyze the performance of the algorithm through making comparison of it with other algorithms. By extending the features of algorithm SLA (Straddling Link Algorithm) and initial ideas for p-cycle candidate generation (operations called Add and Join), we formulate more advanced cycle-generation algorithms: SP-Add, SP-Join and SP-Merge. We then use the developed heuristic spare capacity planning algorithms based on weighted or unity capacity efficiency of p-cycles, WCIDA, to test the fully restorable p-cycle network design. In addition, two capacitated algorithms will be presented and compared with each other.

Telecommunications operators are continuously exploring new lternatives to up-grade their networks in order to handle the ever increasing Internet traffic demand. However, increase in bandwidth have been accompanied with the increase in power consumption which is an important subject to be addressed. For the said purpose my research is focused on developing methods of bringing energy efficiency in the core telecommunications networks. The target of this thesis is the improvement of the energy efficiency in wired telecommunication networks. Indeed, several research studies have underlined that the already huge energy consumption is destined to increase in the next years since the traffic in telecommunication networks will continue to grow constantly due to the increasing popularity of new bandwidth-consuming applications, and the increase of population using them. This situation thus urges to find strategies that can mitigate the demand of energy in the networks. The main contributions concern the definition of algorithms and strategies that incorporate and exploit the knowledge of the network topology, the carried traffic and the power behavior of network devices to achieve energy efficiency in the network. In particular, during the three years, research work targeting the energy efficient designing of conventional fixed grid (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) WDM networks and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based elastic optical networks is being carried out. The problem is tackled using Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP), greedy heuristics and sophisticated meta-heuristics. Results show that an appropriate design can increase energy efficiency in fixed-grid WDM and flexible-grid elastic optical networks. The problem of power-efficient design of IP-over-WDM networks is investigated through explicitly targeting the minimization of power consumption. Results, obtained over an extensive set of scenarios and networks, indicate that both the MILP and heuristics provide solutions for power-efficient networks. Moreover, it was observed that most of the power in an IP-over-WDM network is consumed by routers and line cards, even when high power consumption of OLAs and WDM terminals is assumed. The other topic covered during my research activity is the investigation of energy-efficient design of flexible-grid networks. The activity was mainly focused on the design of the logical layer, which is usually disregarded when dealing with flexible-grid networks. More precisely, the impact of introducing an energy-aware electronic traffic grooming in flexible-grid network design is evaluated. Two greedy heuristics for the network design are proposed, one exploiting traffic grooming, and their energy efficiency is compared. In summary, this thesis makes important contributions to the networking research community providing new methods and approaches for the definition of energy efficient networking techniques.

Wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical networks are rapidly becoming the technology of choice in next-generation Internet architectures. This dissertation addresses the important issues of improving four aspects of optical networks, namely, routing efficiency, fairness, differentiated quality of service (QoS) and throughput. A new approach for implementing efficient routing and wavelength assignment in WDM networks is proposed and evaluated. In this approach, the state of a multiple-fiber link is represented by a compact bitmap computed as the logical union of the bitmaps of the free wavelengths in the fibers of this link. A modified Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm and a wavelength assignment algorithm are developed using fast logical operations on the bitmap representation. In optical burst switched (OBS) networks, the burst dropping probability increases as the number of hops in the lightpath of the burst increases. Two schemes are proposed and evaluated to alleviate this unfairness. The two schemes have simple logic, and alleviate the beat-down unfairness problem without negatively impacting the overall throughput of the system. Two similar schemes to provide differentiated services in OBS networks are introduced. A new scheme to improve the fairness of OBS networks based on burst preemption is presented. The scheme uses carefully designed constraints to avoid excessive wasted channel reservations, reduce cascaded useless preemptions, and maintain healthy throughput levels. A new scheme to improve the throughput of OBS networks based on burst preemption is presented. An analytical model is developed to compute the throughput of the network for the special case when the network has a ring topology and the preemption weight is based solely on burst size. The analytical model is quite accurate and gives results close to those obtained by simulation. Finally, a preemption-based scheme for the concurrent improvement of throughput and burst fairness in OBS networks is proposed and evaluated. The scheme uses a preemption weight consisting of two terms: the first term is a function of the size of the burst and the second term is the product of the hop count times the length of the lightpath of the burst.
Ph.D.
School of Computer Science
Engineering and Computer Science
Computer Science

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2014.
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Nos últimos anos, a eficiência energética tem se tornado um fator cada vez mais importante para as redes de comunicação, principalmente por fatores econômicos e ambientais. Dentre as tecnologias de redes ópticas de acesso existentes, as Redes Ópticas Passivas (Passive Optical Networks, PONs) são consideradas as mais eficientes em termos de consumo de energia. Apesar disso, os sistemas PON da ITU-T existentes podem dar suporte a dois modos de economia de potência na unidade de rede óptica (optical network unit, ONU), chamados de modos Doze e Cyclic Sleep, que são mecanismos baseados em protocolos para o gerenciamento de potência. Porém, apesar de estes dois modos terem sido padronizados, não há razão técnica para manter a separação entre eles. Neste trabalho de mestrado, nós apresentamos e avaliamos o desempenho de um novo e único modo de gerenciamento de potência para PONs multiplexadas por divisão de tempo (time division multiplexed, TDM), chamado de modo Watchful Sleep, o qual combina as vantagens dos modos Doze e Cyclic Sleep em um framework único e mais simples, e os supera em eficiência energética. Devido à sua eficácia, o modo Watchful Sleep foi aprovado para inclusão nos padrões ITU-T G.984 (G-PON) e ITU-T G.987 (XG-PON). Ele também está sendo considerado para inclusão no padrão de NG-PON (ITU-T G.989), cujo objetivo é padronizar as redes TWDM PON. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
Energy efficiency in communication networks has been growing in importance in the last few years, mainly due to economical and environmental issues. Among the existing optical access network technologies, Passive Optical Networks (PONs) are considered the most energy efficient ones. Despite this fact, existing ITU-T PON systems may support two standardized optical network unit (ONU) power saving modes, namely the Doze and Cyclic Sleep modes, which are protocol-based mechanisms for ONU power management. However, notwithstanding that these two modes have been standardized, there is no technical reason to maintain the separation between them. In this master’s work, we present and evaluate the performance of a new and single power management mode for time division multiplexed (TDM) PONs, called the Watchful Sleep mode, which combines the advantages of both Doze and Cyclic Sleep modes into a unique and simpler framework and outperforms them in energy efficiency. Due to its effectiveness, the Watchful Sleep mode has been approved to be included in the ITU-T G.984 (GPON) and ITU-T G.987 (XG-PON) standards. It is also being considered for the NGPON standard (ITU-T G.989), which aims at standardizing TWDM PON networks.

Depuis quelques années, les réseaux optiques sur puce (ONoC) sont devenus une solution intéressante pour surpasser les limitations des interconnexions électriques, compte tenu de leurs caractéristiques attractives concernant la consommation d’énergie, le délai de transfert et la bande passante. Cependant, les éléments optiques nécessaires pour définir un tel réseau souffrent d’imperfections qui introduisent des pertes durant les communications. De plus, l'utilisation de la technique de multiplexage en longueurs d'ondes (WDM) permet d'augmenter les performances, mais introduit de nouvelles pertes et de la diaphonie entre les longueurs d'ondes, ce qui a pour effet de réduire le rapport signal sur bruit et donc la qualité de la communication. Les contributions présentées dans ce manuscrit adressent cette problématique d’amélioration de performance des liens optiques dans un ONoC. Pour cela, nous proposons tout d’abord un modèle analytique des pertes et de la diaphonie dans un réseau optique sur puce WDM. Nous proposons ensuite une méthodologie pour améliorer les performances globales du système s'appuyant sur l'utilisation de codes correcteurs d'erreurs. Nous présentons deux types de codes, le premier(Hamming) est d'une complexité d'implémentation faible alors que le second(Reed-Solomon) est plus complexe, mais offre un meilleur taux de correction. Nous avons implémenté des blocs matériels supportant ces corrections d'erreurs avec une technologie 28nm FDSOI. Finalement, nous proposons la définition d'une interface complète entre le domaine électrique et le domaine optique permettant d'allouer les longueurs d'ondes, de coder l'information, de sérialiser le flux de données et de contrôler le driver du laser pour obtenir la modulation à la puissance optique souhaitée
Electrical Network-on-Chip (ENoC) has long been considered as the de facto technology for interconnects in multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs). However, with the increase of the number of cores integrated on a single chip, ENoCs are less and less suitable to adapt the bandwidth and latency requirements of nowadays complex and highly-parallel applications. In recent years, due to power consumption constraint, low latency, and high data bandwidth requirements, optical interconnects became an interesting solution to overcome these limitations. Indeed, Optical Networks on Chip (ONoC) are based on waveguides which drive optical signals from source to destination with very low latency. Unfortunately, the optical devices used to built ONoCs suffer from some imperfections which introduce losses during communications. These losses (crosstalk noises and optical losses) are very important factors which impact the energy efficiency and the performance of the system. Furthermore, Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology can help the designer to improve ONoC performance, especially the bandwidth and the latency. However, using the WDM technology leads to introduce new losses and crosstalk noises which negatively impact the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Bit Error Rate (BER). In detail, this results in higher BER and increases power consumption, which therefore reduces the energy efficiency of the optical interconnects. The contributions presented in this manuscript address these issues. For that, we first model and analyze the optical losses and crosstalk in WDM based ONoC. The model can provide an analytical evaluation of the worst case of loss and crosstalk with different parameters for optical ring network-on-chip. Based on this model, we propose a methodology to improve the performance and then to reduce the power consumption of optical interconnects relying on the use of forward error correction (FEC). We present two case studies of lightweight FEC with low implementation complexity and high error-correction performance under 28nm Fully-Depleted Silicon-On-Insulator (FDSOI) technology. The results demonstrate the advantages of using FEC on the optical interconnect in the context of the CHAMELEON ONoC. Secondly, we propose a complete design of Optical Network Interface (ONI) which is composed of data flow allocation, integrated FECs, data serialization/deserialization, and control of the laser driver. The details of these different elements are presented in this manuscript. Relying on this network interface, an allocation management to improve energy efficiency can be supported at runtime depending on the application demands. This runtime management of energy vs. performance can be integrated into the ONI manager through configuration manager located in each ONI. Finally, the design of an ONoC configuration sequencer (OCS), located at the center of the optical layer, is presented. By using the ONI manager, the OCS can configure ONoC at runtime according to the application performance and energy requirements

In this thesis, we analyze allocation of two separate resources in wireless networks: transmit power and buffer space. Controlled allocation of power can provide good performance for both users and the network. Although centralized mechanisms are possible, distributed power control algorithms are preferable for efficient operation of the network. Viewing distributed power allocation as the collection of rational decisions of each user, we make game theoretic problem formulations, devise distributed algorithms and analyze them. First, equilibrium analysis of a vector power control game based on network energy efficiency in a multiple access point wireless network is presented. Then, a distributed mechanism is proposed that can smooth admission control type power control so that every user can stay in the system. Introducing a new externality into utility function, a game theoretic formulation that results in desired distributed actions is made. Next, the proposed externality is investigated in a control theoretic framework. Convergence of gradient based iterative power updates are investigated and stability of corresponding continuous time dynamical system is established. In the final part of the thesis, allocation of buffer space is addressed in a wireless downlink using a queueing theoretic framework. An efficient algorithm that finds optimal buffer partitioning is proposed and applications of the algorithm for different scenarios are illustrated. Implications of the results about cross layer design and multiuser diversity are discussed.

Dans ce travail de thèse, un aperçu général sur les systèmes PON est présenté et sont étudiés les mécanismes et classification PON existants. Après, nous introduisons notre première contribution qui est un algorithme d'allocation dynamique de bande passante pour EPON. Cet algorithme proposé est désigné comme «hcDBA». Par la suite, une amélioration de l'algorithme de hcDBA avec mécanisme de prédiction précoce est présentée. Notre simulation montre bien que notre algorithme hcDBA est performant comparé aux mécanismes existants en termes de taux de perte de paquets et de délai d’accès. Dans notre seconde contribution, nous sommes intéressés au problème de consommation d’énergie qui est un sujet d’actualité dans les réseaux de télécommunication. Les études montrent aujourd’hui que les réseaux d'accès constituent une partie remarquable de la consommation totale d'énergie dans les réseaux de télécommunication. Les organisations ITU-T et IEEE ont publié la recommandation pour la conversation de l'énergie pour les réseaux PONs. Bien que, la consommation totale d'énergie des nœuds ONU est plus importantes que d'autres équipements dans le réseau d'accès fixe, les normes et la plupart des travaux de recherches ont porté sur les économies d'énergie du côté de ONU. Dans cette thèse, nous sommes concentrés sur une méthode d'efficacité énergétique basée sur la conservation de l'énergie du côté de l’OLT. La méthode proposée permet d’économiser de l'énergie en déplaçant dynamiquement des cartes d’OLT en mode de sommeil profond en fonction des charges de trafic entrant et sortant
In this thesis, general overview about PON systems is presented and existing PON mechanisms and classification are investigated. After, a novel dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for EPON is introduced. This proposed algorithm is named as “Half Cycling Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation-hcDBA” by the inspiration of its half cycling processing mode. Later, an improvement of hcDBA algorithm with early prediction mechanism is presented. As a result statement of the study, hcDBA algorithm performs better than existing mechanism in terms of packet loss ratio and access delays. Beside, simulation traffic behavior of EPON’s upstream channel has been investigated in order to support the decision of selecting suitable traffic generator in further studies. Energy conversation is one of the hot topics in telecommunication networks. Access networks constitute remarkable portion of the total energy consumption in telecommunication networks. ITU-T and IEEE organizations published recommendation for energy conversation in PONs. While, total energy consumption of ONUs is more than other equipment in fix access network the standards and most of the researches focused on saving energy at ONU side. In this thesis I focused on an energy efficiency method based on energy conversation on OLT side. The proposed method save energy by dynamically moving OLT cards to deep sleep mode according to the incoming and outgoing traffic loads

Two novel passive wide area network (WAN) approaches, filterless and semi-filterless optical networks, utilizing advanced optical coherent transmission and electrical compensation technologies are introduced. These approaches are able to eliminate or reduce the use of expensive active photonic reconfigurable components by interconnecting nodes with passive components. The resulting networks are more cost- and energy-efficient, as well as more reliable, compared to the networks based on active optical switching. Beside the advantages which filterless optical networks offer, they suffer from broadcasting characteristics. A single wavelength goes further than the intended destination node and consequently any assigned wavelength can only be used once in a given fiber tree. Addressing the drawback of the filterless approach, semi-filterless optical networks introduce passive wavelength filters at some selected nodes. Such an approach can improve resource utilization, because placing filters at some predefined nodes prevents signals from going further than their intended destination and the broadcast nature of the purely filterless approach can be limited. This thesis project proposes an efficient algorithm to design a semi-filterless optical network. Moreover, a simulation tool for filter placement and wavelength assignment has been developed in order to validate the devised algorithm. Performance evaluation, done by using this tool, confirms that a properly designed semi-filterless optical network can provide a significant reduction in resource usage, while keeping the deployment cost as low as the filterless network.
Två nya passiva Wide Area Network (WAN) metoder, filterlösa och delvis-filterlösa optiska nätverk, använder avancerad optisk koherent transmission och elektriska tekniker ersättning införs. Dessa metoder kan eliminera eller minska användningen av dyra aktiva fotoniska omkonfigurerbara komponenter genom att sammankoppla noder med passiva power kopplingar (delare / kombinerarna). De resulterande nätverken är mer kostnads-och energieffektiv, samt mer tillförlitlig, jämfört med nät baserade på aktiv optisk koppling. Filterlösa optiska nät använder avstämningen på sändarna. Dessutom kan de använda våglängden diskriminering mottagarna för att välja specifika våglängder, som tilldelats den avsedda destinationen noden (noder). Kombinera dessa egenskaper med ett passivt optiskt nät ökar flexibiliteten genom att undanröja eller minimera antalet aktiva fotoniska omkopplingselementen på bekostnad av större våglängd användning. Utvidga denna filterlös strategi genom att använda passiv våglängdsfilter på vissa utvalda noder resulterar i en delvis-filterlös optiska nät, kan ett sådant tillvägagångssätt bättre resursutnyttjande. Med utnyttjande av filter och deras icke-broadcast egendom, kan sändningen natur rent filterlös tillvägagångssätt begränsas. Placering filter på vissa fördefinierade noder hindrar signaler från att gå längre än den avsedda destinationen. Denna avhandling föreslår en effektiv algoritm för att konstruera en delvis-filterlös optiskt nätverk. Dessutom har ett simuleringsverktyg för filter placering och våglängd uppdrag tagits fram för att validera fram algoritmen. Utvärdering av prestanda, göras med detta verktyg, bekräftar att en rätt utformad delvis-filterlös optiska nätverk kan ge betydande minskning av resursanvändningen jämfört med filterlös nätverk, samtidigt som alla fördelar med en passiv WAN.

The energy consumption of communication networks is continuously growing. Many energy saving approaches have been proposed at the device, system, and network level. The most promising way to address this problem is to utilize photonic technologies as much as possible thanks to their low energy consumption per bit performance. Moreover, several approaches have been proposed to further reduce the energy consumption in optical networks. One popular technique exploits low power modes (e.g., sleep or doze mode) for devices that are not used. However, sleep mode based approaches may affect the way optical connections (i.e., lightpaths) are routed, or alter the characteristics of some devices. This in turn may have a detrimental impact on crucial network/device performance parameters. In other words a green approach may introduce additional delay, change the level of resource utilization in the network, or even impact the lifetime of a device, resulting in increased network operational cost. This thesis provides a study that carefully assesses, in both access and core networks, the trade-off between the benefits of sleep-based energy-efficient schemes and their possible side-effects. In fiber access networks putting a device into sleep mode and waking it up can introduce a significant energy overhead. Already proposed energy-efficient approaches reduce this overhead by aggregating as much as possible the traffic before a transmission. However, aggregating data may cause an additional delay that in some cases might not be acceptable. This thesis investigates the trade-off between energy saving and additional packet delay in the case of a LTE backhaul network based on wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON). The thesis proposes a novel energy-efficient approach based on the dozing concept able to precisely control when a transmitter needs to wake up in order to maximize the time spent in sleep mode, while assuring that packet transmissions are completed before a given deadline. The proposed scheme is also able to exploit possibly diverse traffic delay requirements to further improve energy saving performance. In optical core networks, one way to decrease the energy consumption is to minimize the number of used active devices by aggregating the lightpaths on the lowest possible number of active fiber links. Routing strategies based on this intuition are beneficial in terms of energy saving, but on the other hand may impact the network performance (e.g., blocking probability) by affecting length of the lightpaths and link occupancy distribution. This trade-off is evaluated in the thesis with the help of a specially designed routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) strategy referred to as weighted power aware lightpath routing (WPA-LR). The WPA-LR strategy permits the fine tuning between the minimization of two objectives: energy consumption and network resource (i.e., wavelength) utilization. Evaluation results confirm that energy efficiency and network performance are conflicting objectives. However, the proposed WPA-LR strategy offers energy minimization with acceptable impact on the network performance. The thesis also investigates the impact that sleep-based energy-efficient strategies have on the lifetime of a number of optical network devices, in both access and core networks. In fact, utilizing a sleep mode functionality may change the operational conditions of the device which can impact the device lifetime. This is a crucial aspect to consider because it may directly affect the network operational cost related to fault management. The thesis provides a methodology to assess under which conditions and for which devices an energy-efficient scheme may lead to overall cost benefit vs. a (possible) increase of reparation cost. It was found that in access networks and with business customers a small lifetime variation in optical line terminals (OLTs) or in optical network units (ONUs) can lead to significant cost increase that cannot be covered by the profits coming from the energy saving. In core networks erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) are the most vulnerable devices in terms of impact on their lifetime. For this reason it was found that the usage of green routing algorithms based on putting EDFAs into sleep mode may not always be economically beneficial. In conclusion this thesis provides a different perspective on sleep mode based energy-efficient algorithms where the potential benefit in terms of energy saving is weighted against the impact of a possible degradation of the network performance and devices lifetime. On the other hand these performance degradations can be controlled and limited by the proposed algorithms.
Energikonsumtionen av kommunikationsnätverk, växer kontinuerligt. Många energibesparande åtgärder har föreslagits, såväl på komponentnivå, systemnivå och nätverksnivå. Det mest lovande sättet att hantera energibehov i kommunikationsnätverk är att utnyttja optisk teknologi så mycket som möjligt då denna har potential att ge låg energiförbrukning per bit. Det finns också ett antal föreslagna metoder för att ytterligare reducera energibehovet i optiska nätverk. En av de mest använda teknikerna bygger på att låta enheter som ej används gå ner på låg effekt (”sovläge”). Om detta används i allt för hög utsträckning kan det dock påverka hur optiska förbindelser (sk lightpaths) sätts upp eller ge förändrade egenskaper hos de aktuella komponenterna. Detta kan i sin tur ha en skadlig inverkan på de centrala nätverks- och komponentegenskaper vilket påverkar prestandan. Med andra ord kan en sådan ”grön” ansats baserad på sovläge leda till ökad fördröjning, förändring av resursutnyttjandet i nätet och till och med påverka risken för att det uppstår fel i komponenterna vilket ökar driftskostnaden för nätet. Denna avhandling fokuserar på dessa aspekter och visar upp resultat som belyser avvägningen mellan sovlägesbaserade energieffektiva strategier och deras eventuella bieffekter. Att slå av och väcka upp komponenter i optiska access-nätverk kan vara förknippat med en signifikant extra energikostnad. Tidigare föreslagna energieffektiva strategier försöker reducera denna ökade energikostnad genom att samla så mycket trafik som möjligt innan överföringen sker. Dock kan detta leda till ökad fördröjning som i vissa lägen inte är acceptabel. I avhandlingen undersöker vi avvägningen mellan energibesparingar och ökad paketfördröjning i fallet med LTE distributionsnät baserade på våglängsmultiplexerade passiva optiska nätverk (WDM-PON). Vi föreslår en ny energieffektiv ansats baserad på att enheter försätts i ”slummer-läge”. Detta gör det möjligt att med god precision bestämma när en sändare behöver väckas upp i syfte att maximera tiden i sovläget och att försäkra sig om att paketen kommer fram inom avsedd tid. Strategin är även kapabel att utnyttja differentierad fördröjning för att ytterligare förbättra energibesparingen. Ett sätt att minska energikonsumtionen i optiska distributionsnät är att minimera antalet aktiva enheter genom att exempelvis samla optiska förbindelser till ett minimalt antal aktiva fiberlänkar. Routingstrategier som utgår från denna princip är fördelaktiga ur energisynpunkt men kan å andra sidan skada nätverksprestanda (exempelvis blockeringssannolikhet) genom påverkan på förbindelselängder och annorlunda belastning av länkarna. Denna avvägning utvärderas i avhandlingen med hjälp av en specifikt utformad strategi för routing och våglängstilldelning (RWA) som vi benämner ”viktad effektmedveten optisk förbindelserouting” (WPA-LR). Denna strategi möjliggör noggrann avvägning mellan minimeringen av två kriterier: å ena sidan energikonsumtion, å andra sidan utnyttjandet av nätverksresurser (speciellt väglängdsutnyttjandet). Vår utvärdering bekräftar att energieffektivitet och nätverksprestanda står i motsatsförhållande till varandra. Dock erbjuder WPA-LR strategin minimering av energin med en acceptabel påverkan på nätverksprestanda. Slutligen undersöks i avhandlingen den påverkan som sovlägesbaserade energieffektiva strategier har på livslängden för optiska nätverkskomponenter, både i access- och i distributionsnät. Användning av sovlägesfunktion kan påverka arbetsförhållandena för en komponent, något som i sin tur kan påverka livslängden. Detta är en kritisk aspekt att ta i beaktande då det direkt kan påverka driftskostnaden kopplad till nätunderhållet. En metod ges för att utvärdera under vilka förhållanden och för vilka enheter en energieffektiv strategi kan leda till en total kostnadsfördel jämfört med en (möjlig) ökning av reparationskostnaderna. Ett resultat är att, i accessnät och för företagsanvändare, så kan även en liten variation i feluppkomst i optiska linjeterminaler (OLTs) eller optiska nätverksenheter (ONUs) leda till signifikanta kostnadsförluster vilka inte kan kompenseras genom de vinster som kan åstadkommas med energibesparingar. I distributionsnät är erbium-dopade fiberförstärkare (EDFAs) de mest utsatta enheterna vad gäller inverkan på livslängd. Genom att studera routingstrategier (ex.vis WPA-LR) har vi funnit att användningen av ”gröna” routingalgoritmer baserade på att lägga EDFAs i sovläge inte alltid är ekonomiskt fördelaktigt. Denna avhandling ger ett perspektiv på sovlägesbaserade energieffektiviseringsalgoritmer där de potentiella fördelarna vad gäller minskade driftskostnader ställs mot möjliga försämringar av nätverksprestanda och komponenters livslängd. Å andra sidan kan dessa försämringar hållas under kontroll och begränsas av den föreslagna algoritmen.
La consommation d'énergie des réseaux de communication ne cesse de croître. Ce problème fait l’objet de nombreuses approches orientées vers les économies d'énergie (écoénergétiques) au niveau des appareils (équipements) des systèmes et des réseaux. La façon la plus prometteuse de limiter l’augmentation de consommation évoquée est d'utiliser autant que possible des technologies photoniques, vu leur faible consommation d'énergie par bit. Plusieurs autres approches ont été proposées pour réduire davantage encore la consommation d'énergie dans des réseaux optiques. Une technique populaire exploite les modes de faible puissance (par exemple le mode veille) pour les appareils qui ne sont pas utilisés. Cependant, les approches basées sur le mode de veille peuvent affecter la manière dont les liaisons optiques (circuits optiques) sont acheminées, ou modifier les caractéristiques de certains appareils. Cela peut avoir un impact négatif sur les paramètres de performance des réseaux/équipements cruciaux. En d'autres termes, une approche écoénergétique peut introduire un retard supplémentaire, changer le niveau d'utilisation des ressources dans le réseau, ou même avoir un impact sur le taux d'échec d'un équipement, entraînant une augmentation des coûts d'exploitation du réseau. Cette thèse évalue attentivement, à la fois dans le réseau d'accès mais aussi dans le cœur du réseau, le compromis entre les avantages des régimes économes en énergie utilisant le mode veille et leurs effets secondaires possibles. Dans les réseaux d'accès optiques, mettre un équipement en mode veille et le réactiver peut introduire une surcharge d'énergie significative. Les approches d'économie d'énergie déjà proposées réduisent cette surcharge en regroupant autant que possible le trafic avant sa transmission. Toutefois, les données d'agrégation peuvent provoquer un retard supplémentaire qui peut ne pas être acceptable dans certains cas. Cette thèse étudie le compromis entre les économies d'énergie et un retard supplémentaire des paquets dans le cas d'un réseau backhaul LTE basé sur réseau optique passif à multiplexage en longueur d'onde (WDM-PON). La thèse propose une nouvelle approche éco énergétique. Elle développe un concept au travers duquel il est possible de contrôler avec précision quand un émetteur doit se réactiver, afin de maximiser le temps passé en mode veille tout en veillant à ce que les transmissions de paquets soient terminées en temps voulu. Le schéma proposé est également capable d’exploiter les (éventuelles) exigences diverses de retard de trafic pour améliorer encore les économies d'énergie. Dans le cœur des réseaux optiques, on peut diminuer la consommation d'énergie en minimisant le nombre d’équipements actifs utilisés pour l’acheminement des circuits optiques et le nombre de liens actifs à fibres optiques. Les stratégies de routage basées sur ce principe sont bénéfiques en termes d'économie d'énergie, mais peuvent affecter les performances du réseau (par exemple, la probabilité de blocage) en affectant la longueur des circuits optiques et la distribution d’occupation des liens. Ce compromis est évalué dans la thèse avec l'aide d’une stratégie de routage et affectation de longueur d'onde (RWA) appelée routage des circuits optiques conscient de la puissance (WPA-LR). La stratégie WPA-LR permet le réglage fin entre deux objectifs: minimiser la consommation d'énergie et minimiser l’utilisation des ressources réseau (i.e. longueur d'onde). Les résultats de l'évaluation confirment que l'efficacité énergétique et les performances du réseau ont des objectifs contradictoires. Cependant, la stratégie WPA-LR proposée permet la minimisation de l'énergie avec un impact acceptable sur les performances du réseau. La thèse étudie également l'impact que les stratégies d’économie d’énergie basées sur le mode veille ont sur la durée de vie d'un certain nombre d’équipements de réseau optique, dans les deux réseaux d'accès et de base. L'utilisation du mode veille peut en effet modifier les conditions de fonctionnement de l’équipement, ce qui peut influer sur la durée de vie de l'appareil. Ceci est un aspect crucial à considérer, car il peut affecter directement le coût opérationnel du réseau lié à la gestion des pannes. La thèse propose une méthodologie pour évaluer dans quelles conditions et pour quels dispositifs un système économe en énergie peut conduire à des avantages de coûts globaux par rapport à une (possible) augmentation des coûts de maintenance. Dans les réseaux d'accès et auprès de clients commerciaux, il a été constaté qu’une petite variation de taux d'échec dans les terminaux de ligne optique (OLT) ou dans les unités de terminaison de réseau optique (ONUs) peut conduire à des pertes financières importantes qui ne peuvent être compensées par les bénéfices provenant des économies d'énergie. Dans les cœurs de réseaux les amplificateurs à fibre dopée en erbium (EDFA) sont les équipements les plus vulnérables en termes d'impact sur leur durée de vie. Pour cette raison, l'utilisation d'algorithmes de routage écoénergétiques basé sur la mise en mode veille des EDFA peut par conséquent n’être pas toujours économiquement avantageuse. En conclusion, cette thèse fournit une perspective différente sur des algorithmes économes en énergie basés sur l’utilisation du mode veille. Leur bénéfice potentiel en termes d'économie d'énergie est comparé à l'impact d'une éventuelle dégradation d’une part de la performance du réseau et d’autre part de la durée de vie des équipements. Ces dégradations de performances peuvent être contrôlées et limitées par les algorithmes proposés.
Zużycie energii elektrycznej w sieciach komunikacyjnych stale rośnie. Do tej pory zostało zaproponowanych wiele metod oszczędzania energii na poziomie urządzeń, systemów i sieci. Najbardziej obiecującym podejściem do tego problemu jest wykorzystanie technologii optycznych, z uwagi na ich niskie zużycie energii „per bit”. Ponadto wiele różnych metod przeznaczonych dla sieci optycznych zostało przedstawionych w literaturze. Jedna z popularnych technik wykorzystuje tryb niskiego poboru energii (uśpienia) w urządzeniach, które nie są używane. Jednakże techniki wykorzystujące tryb uśpienia mogą mieć wpływ na kierowanie optycznych połączeń sieciowych (lightpaths) lub zmieniać właściwości urządzeń. Natomiast to może mieć negatywny wpływ na kluczowe parametry wydajności sieci czy urządzeń sieciowych. Innymi słowy algorytmy oszczędzające energię mogą wprowadzić dodatkowe opóźnienia, zmienić wykorzystanie zasobów sieciowych, a nawet wpływać na awaryjność urządzeń zwiekszając tym samym koszt eksploatacji sieci. Praca ta przedstawia i analizuje kompromis pomiędzy korzyściami płynącymi z energooszczędnych algorytmów opartych na trybie uśpienia, a ich ewentualnymi skutkami ubocznymi, zarówno w sieciach dostępowych, jak i szkieletowych. W przypadku optycznych sieci dostępowych proces wprowadzenia urządzenia w tryb uśpienia i jego wybudzenia może spowodować znaczący narzut energetyczny. Proponowane sposoby zmniejszenia tego narzutu agregują ruch sieciowy przed jego transmisją, Jednakże taka agregacja powoduje dodatkowe opóźnienia transmisji, które w niektórych przypadkach mogą być niedopuszczalne. Praca ta analizuje kompromis pomiędzy oszczędzaniem energii, a dodatkowymi opóźnieniami transmisji w przypadku sieci LTE-backhaul, bazowanej na technologii pasywnych sieci optycznych, opartych na multipleksowaniu z podziałem długości fali WDM-PON (Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network). Niniejsza praca proponuje nowatorską metodę oszczędzania energii, opartą na koncepcji drzemki (dozing), która precyzyjnie kontroluje czas wybudzania nadajnika, tak aby zmaksymalizować czas spędzony w trybie drzemki, przy zapewnieniu, że transmisja danych zostanie zakończona przed upływem wymaganego czasu. Proponowana metoda wykorzystuje również zróżnicowane wymagania maksymalnych opóźnień transmitowanych danych do dalszej poprawy wydajności energetycznej. Jednym ze sposobów zmniejszania zużycia energii w światłowodowych sieciach szkieletowych jest zredukowanie liczby aktywnych urządzeń, poprzez umiejętne kierowanie optycznych połączeń sieciowych przy użyciu już aktywnych łączy światłowodowych. Kierowanie ruchu sieciowego oparte na tym pomyśle jest korzystne z punktu widzenia oszczędzania energii, choć z drugiej strony może mieć wpływ na parametry wydajnościowe sieci (np. zwiększenie prawdopodobieństwa blokady połączeń) poprzez oddziaływanie na długość połączeń, czy zajętość łączy. Przytoczony problem jest analizowany w tej pracy za pomocą specjalnie zaprojektowanego algorytmu routingu i przypisania długości fali RWA (Routing and Wavelength Assignement), nazwanego WPA-LR (Weighted Power Aware Lightpath Routing). Algorytm WPA-LR pozwala na precyzyjną regulację pomiędzy redukcją zużycia energii i optymalizacją wykorzystania zasobów sieciowych. Wyniki wykonanej analizy problemu potwierdzają, że efektywność energetyczna i wydajność sieci to cele ze sobą sprzeczne. Jednakże proponowana strategia (WPA-LR) umożliwia kontrolę i osiągnięcie kompromisu pomiędzy zmniejszeniem zużycia energii, a pogorszeniem wydajności sieci. Praca ta bada również wpływ energooszczędnych strategii, opartych o tryb uśpienia, na trwałość optycznych urządzeń sieciowych, zarówno w sieciach dostępowych, jak i szkieletowych. Używanie trybu uśpienia może zmienić warunki pracy urządzenia, które z kolei mogą mieć wpływ na jego trwałość. Natomiast zmniejszenie trwałości urządzenia może bezpośrednio oddziaływać na koszt eksploatacji sieci związany z zarządzaniem awariami. Niniejsza praca proponuje metodologię oceny, na jakich warunkach i w przypadku których urządzeń, używanie algorytmów oszczędzania energii może prowadzić do ogólnych korzyści finansowych lub strat związanych ze wzrostem kosztu eksploatacji sieci. W pracy stwierdzono, że w sieciach dostępowych, w szczególności obsługujących klientów biznesowych, mały wpływ na awaryjność optycznych terminali ONU (Optical Network Unit) lub optycznych urządzeń dystrybucyjnych OLT (Optical Line Terminal) może prowadzić do znacznego zwiększenia kosztów, które mogą przekroczyć zyski związane z oszczędzaniem energii. W sieciach szkieletowych wzmacniacze światłowodowe EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) są najbardziej wrażliwymi urządzeniami pod względem wpływu na ich awaryjność. W pracy dowiedziono, że użycie energooszczędnych algorytmów kierowania połączeń światłowodowych, opartych na wprowadzaniu EDFA w tryb uśpienia, nie zawsze jest korzystne ekonomicznie. Niniejsza praca przedstawia nowatorskie spojrzenie na energooszczędne algorytmy oparte na wprowadzaniu urządzeń w tryb uśpienia, gdzie potencjalne korzyści w zakresie oszczędzania energii są porównane ze stratami związanymi z degradacją wydajności sieci lub żywotności urządzeń sieciowych.

QC 20160509

Doutoramento em Engenharia Eletrotécnica - Telecomunicações
The work presented herein, studies Next Generation Optical Access Networks (NG-OAN) economically (e.g. energy consumption) and technologically (e.g. rate, reach and dedicated/shared bandwidth). The work is divided into four main topics: energy efficiency in optical access architectures, novel spectrally efficient Long-Reach Passive Optical Networks (LR-PON), crosstalk impacts in heterogeneous and homogenous access networks and hybrid optical wireless transmissions. We investigate the impact of user profiles, optical distribution network topologies and equipment characteristics on resource sharing and power consumption in LR-PON. To have a clear vision on the energy consumption evolution of each part of NG-OAN, a model is proposed to evaluate the energy efficiency of optical access technologies. A spectrally efficient bidirectional Ultra-Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (UDWDM) PON architecture is developed using Nyquist shaped 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation, offering up to 10 Gb/s service capabilities per user or wavelength. Performance of this system in terms of receiver sensitivity and nonlinear tolerance under different network transmission capacity conditions are experimentally optimized. In bi-directional transmis-sion, using frequency up/down-shifting of Nyquist pulse shaped signal from optical carrier, a full bandwidth allocation and easy maintenance of UDWDM networks as well as reduction of Rayleigh back-scattering are achieved. Moreover, self-homodyne detection is used to relax the laser linewidth requirement and digital signal processing complexity at the optical network unit. Simplified numerical model to estimate the impact of Raman crosstalk of multi-system next generation PONs in video overlay is proposed. Coexistence of considered G.98X ITU-T series and coherent multi-wavelength systems is considered and assessed. Additionally, the performances of bidirectional hybrid optical wireless coherent PONs over different optical distribution network power budgets and hybrid splitting ratios are evaluated.
O trabalho aqui apresentado estuda redes óticas de acesso de próxima geração (NG-OAN) nas vertentes económica (consumo de energia) e tecnológica (taxa, alcance e largura de banda dedicada/partilhada). O trabalho está dividido em quatro grandes temas de investigação: a eficiência energética em arquiteturas de acesso ótico, as redes óticas passivas de longo alcance (LR-PON) com nova eficiência espetral, o impacto da diafonia em redes de acesso heterogéneas e homogéneas e as transmissões ópticas híbridas com tecnologias sem fio. Investiga-se o impacto dos perfis dos utilizadores, as tipologias da rede de distribuição ótica, as características do equipamento de partilha de recursos e o consumo de energia em LR-PON. Para se ter uma visão clara sobre o consumo de energia de cada parte das NG-OAN, é proposto um modelo para avaliar a eficiência energética das tecnologias de acesso óticas. Desenvolve-se uma arquitetura PON bi-direcional com elevada eficiência espetral, recorrendo a multiplexagem por divisão de comprimento de onda ultra-densa (UDWDM), modulação de amplitude em quadratura com formato de impulso de Nyquist, oferecendo até 10 Gb/s por utilizador/comprimento de onda. O desempenho deste sistema em termos de sensibilidade do recetor e da tolerância à resposta não linear do canal de comunicação, sob diferentes condições de transmissão, é avaliado experimentalm-ente. Em transmissão bi-direcional, utilizando desvio de frequência (cima/baixo) do impulso com formato de Nyquist relativo à portadora ótica conseguiu-se uma alocação de largura de banda completa e uma manutenção mais simplificada de redes UDWDM, bem como a redução do espalhamento de Rayleigh. Além disso, a deteção auto-homodina é usada para relaxar o requisito de largura de linha do laser e a complexidade do processamento digital de sinal nas unidades da rede ótica. Propõe-se um modelo numérico simplificado para estimar o impacto da diafonia de Raman em sistemas PON de próxima geração, com sobreposição do sinal de vídeo. É analisada a coexistência da série G.98X ITU-T e são considerados e avaliados sistemas coerentes multi-comprimento de onda. Adicionalmente avaliam-se os desempenhos de PONs bi-direcionais híbridas, considerando tecnologia coerente e propagação por espaço livre, para diferentes balanços de potência e taxas de repartição na rede ótica de distribuição.

Cognitive Radio (CR) has emerged as the key technology to enable dynamic spectrum access. Capabilities of CR can meet the unique requirements of many wireless networks. Hence, Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks (CRSN) is introduced as a promising solution to address the unique challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) which have been widely used for reliable event detection for many applications. However, there exist many open research issues for the realization of CRSN. Among others, determination of optimal packet size for CRSN is one of the most fundamental problems to be addressed. The existing optimal packet size solutions devised for CR networks as well as WSN are not applicable in CRSN regime and would cause a waste of energy resources. Hence, the objective of this thesis is to determine the optimal packet size for CRSN that maximizes energy-efficiency while maintaining acceptable interference level for licensed primary users (PU) and remaining under the maximum allowed distortion level between tracked event signal and its estimation at sink. Energy-efficient packet size reduces energy consumption and increases the transmission efficiency for CRSN. In this thesis, the energy-efficient packet size optimization problem is analytically formulated. Then, sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method is used for solving the optimization problem. The variation of optimal packet size with respect to different parameters of CRSN network is observed through numerical analysis. Results reveal that PU behavior and channel bit error rate (BER) are the most critical parameters in determining energy-efficient optimal packet size for CRSN.

The continuous growth of traffic demand driven by the brisk increase in number of Internet users and emerging online services creates new challenges for communication networks. The latest advances in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology make it possible to build Transparent Optical Networks (TONs) which are expected to be able to satisfy this rapidly growing capacity demand. Moreover, with the ability of TONs to transparently carry the optical signal from source to destination, electronic processing of the tremendous amount of data can be avoided and optical-to-electrical-to-optical (O/E/O) conversion at intermediate nodes can be eliminated. Consequently, transparent WDM networks consume relatively low power, compared to their electronic-based IP network counterpart. Furthermore, TONs bring also additional benefits in terms of bit rate, signal format, and protocol transparency. However, the absence of O/E/O processing at intermediate nodes in TONs has also some drawbacks. Without regeneration, the quality of the optical signal transmitted from a source to a destination might be degraded due to the effect of physical-layer impairments induced by the transmission through optical fibers and network components. For this reason, routing approaches specifically tailored to account for the effect of physical-layer impairments are needed to avoid setting up connections that don’t satisfy required signal quality at the receiver. Transparency also makes TONs highly vulnerable to deliberate physical-layer attacks. Malicious attacking signals can cause a severe impact on the traffic and for this reason proactive mechanisms, e.g., network design strategies, able to limit their effect are required. Finally, even though energy consumption of transparent WDM networks is lower than in the case of networks processing the traffic at the nodes in the electronic domain, they have the potential to consume even less power. This can be accomplished by targeting the inefficiencies of the current provisioning strategies applied in WDM networks. The work in this thesis addresses the three important aspects mentioned above. In particular, this thesis focuses on routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) strategies specifically devised to target: (i) the lightpath transmission quality, (ii) the network security (i.e., in terms of vulnerability to physical-layer attacks), and (iii) the reduction of the network energy consumption. Our contributions are summarized below. A number of Impairment Constraint Based Routing (ICBR) algorithms have been proposed in the literature to consider physical-layer impairments during the connection provisioning phase. Their objective is to prevent the selection of optical connections (referred to as lightpaths) with poor signal quality. These ICBR approaches always assign each connection request the least impaired lightpath and support only a single threshold of transmission quality, used for all connection requests. However, next generation networks are expected to support a variety of services with disparate requirements for transmission quality. To address this issue, in this thesis we propose an ICBR algorithm supporting differentiation of services at the Bit Error Rate (BER) level, referred to as ICBR-Diff. Our approach takes into account the effect of physical-layer impairments during the connection provisioning phase where various BER thresholds are considered for accepting/blocking connection requests, depending on the signal quality requirements of the connection requests. We tested the proposed ICBR-Diff approach in different network scenarios, including also a fiber heterogeneity. It is shown that it can achieve a significant improvement of network performance in terms of connection blocking, compared to previously published non-differentiated RWA and ICBR algorithms.  Another important challenge to be considered in TONs is their vulnerability to physical-layer attacks. Deliberate attacking signals, e.g., high-power jamming, can cause severe service disruption or even service denial, due to their ability to propagate in the network. Detecting and locating the source of such attacks is difficult, since monitoring must be done in the optical domain, and it is also very expensive. Several attack-aware RWA algorithms have been proposed in the literature to proactively reduce the disruption caused by high-power jamming attacks. However, even with attack-aware network planning mechanisms, the uncontrollable propagation of the attack still remains an issue. To address this problem, we propose the use of power equalizers inside the network nodes in order to limit the propagation of high-power jamming attacks. Because of the high cost of such equipment, we develop a series of heuristics (incl. Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP)) aiming at minimizing the number of power equalizers needed to reduce the network attack vulnerability to a desired level by optimizing the location of the equalizers. Our simulation results show that the equalizer placement obtained by the proposed GRASP approach allows for 50% reduction of the sites with the power equalizers while offering the same level of attack propagation limitation as it is possible to achieve with all nodes having this additional equipment installed. In turn, this potentially yields a significant cost saving.    Energy consumption in TONs has been the target of several studies focusing on the energy-aware and survivable network design problem for both dedicated and shared path protection. However, survivability and energy efficiency in a dynamic provisioning scenario has not been addressed. To fill this gap, in this thesis we focus on the power consumption of survivable WDM network with dynamically provisioned 1:1 dedicated path protected connections. We first investigate the potential energy savings that are achievable by setting all unused protection resources into a lower-power, stand-by state (or sleep mode) during normal network operations. It is shown that in this way the network power consumption can be significantly reduced. Thus, to optimize the energy savings, we propose and evaluate a series of energy-efficient strategies, specifically tailored around the sleep mode functionality. The performance evaluation results reveal the existence of a trade-off between energy saving and connection blocking. Nonetheless, they also show that with the right provisioning strategy it is possible to save a considerable amount of energy with a negligible impact on the connection blocking probability. In order to evaluate the performance of our proposed ICBR-Diff and energy-aware RWA algorithms, we develop two custom-made discrete-event simulators. In addition, the Matlab program of GRASP approach for power equalization placement problem is implemented.

QC 20120508

Progress in energy harvesting technology and the increasing need for the energy efficient and environmentally friendly applications have called for reconsideration of communication systems. This reconsideration results in new problem formulations regarding the recent developments on energy harvesting systems. Recently, optimal strategies for various types of energy harvesting networks have been developed based on different harvesting models. This thesis reports the results of our research to develop the optimal scheduling structures on an energy harvesting broadcast and fading channels, and to devise online implementable algorithms for a point-to-point communication system. Particularly, structural properties of an optimal offline schedule in, (1) an energy harvesting broadcast channel with one transmitter two receivers, (2) a single user communication system under fading conditions, are investigated. Moreover, an online algorithm is proposed for a single-user energy harvesting communication system considering the physical constraints and necessities regarding implementation. The proposed scheme is implemented through GNU Radio framework on a USRP device.

Exponential growth in the volume of wireless data, boosted by the growing popularity of mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets, is forcing telecommunication industries to rethink network design, and focus on developing high capacity mobile broadband networks. Accordingly, researchers have undertaken developmental work for an integrated wireless-optical broadband access network (WOBAN). Passive optical networks (PONs) and fourth generation (4G) wireless networks are two major candidate technologies for the WOBAN. PON is a wired access technology, well-known for its high capacity, whereas 4G is a wireless broadband access technology, popular for its ease of deployment and ability to offer mobility. Integration of PON and 4G technologies, as a wireless-optical broadband access network, offers advantages such as extension of networks in rural areas, support for mobile broadband services, and rapid deployment of broadband networks. However, these two technologies have different design architectures for handling broadband services which require Quality of Service (QoS), for example, 4G networks use traffic classification for supporting different QoS demands whereas PON does not differentiate between traffic types. This integrated network must also be energy efficient, as a green broadband access network, without hindering QoS. While these technologies both use sleep mode, they differ in their power saving mechanisms. This thesis first addresses a QoS solution for the incompatibility between these technologies. Service class mapping is proposed in Chapter 3 for the integrated WOBAN, based on the M/G/1 queuing model supported by an innovative priority scheduler. Once class mapping is deployed, a power saving mechanism can be devised by exploiting traffic differentiation. Specifically, a class-based strategy is proposed which helps optimise the sleep period for the terminal units of the optical network, without compromising QoS. Since the optical network involves control and terminal nodes, both of which consume power, this thesis proposes an energy efficient mechanism that involves both components. In contrast, other published strategies (Chapter 2) have only considered the terminal units. Chapter 4 presents the mechanism for enabling global sleep (control and terminal nodes) and local sleep (terminal nodes), based on the available traffic's class structure. This mechanism enables sleep for different components within the bandwidth allocation by adapting the switching between predefined polling cycle lengths. As the WOBAN is comprised of both wireless and optical parts, a dynamic resource management mechanism is needed which responds to changing daily traffic patterns across a green integrated network. Consequently, Chapter 5 proposes a mechanism which dynamically adapts the polling cycles, of the optical and wireless parts of the network, to the changing traffic volume and class composition. Tailored sleep durations for the components of the WOBAN are facilitated within the resource management regime, as these components differ in their ability to function efficiently if management of the sleep periods is not responsive to the changing traffic volumes and class composition. This dissertation creates new knowledge by seamlessly integrating the two parts of WOBAN and introducing differentiated, class-based sleep for the components of the hybrid network to help realise a green WOBAN.

This thesis aims to dissert about air transport network design taking into consideration the current needs about efficiency in a very competitive industry. The main focus for this work is the airline's point of view and for this reason is going to be common to talk about profitability. A methodology is proposed to analyse current networks and to introduce modifications. First, an analytical approach is proposed with the aim to understand better the interaction of key parameters in network design at strategical level. Analyitical models demonstrate to be very useful because with a few parameters it is possible to decide if point to point or hub and spoke configuration suits better for an airline, given a set of supply conditions. Furthermore, the performance of networks with stopover configuration is tested, basically because for long routes with low demand this newtorks work well, how it was demonstrated by public transport systems. The differenciation of this research, compared against previous studies, is to include the performance of new entrant airlines in the industry. This aspect is carried out evaluating accurately the impact of fixed costs in the evaluation of cost operators. Despite airlines tend to consider aircraft ownership costs and labor costs as variable ones, they are not. They had an important impact in profit and loss account. A bad utilitzation factor of airplane or crew staff is very undesirable for operator and it can consider do not operate new routes if the resources are not well used. Secondly, analytical models are powerful but it is not possible to evaluate accurately the daily operational aspects for real networks with real flight schedules because these models take into consideration average values of some parameters. For this reason, this thesis develops a Tabu search algorithm to carry out airline network planning, based on linear models of each different planning problem. To do this contribution, these models are developed before for linear programming and they are solved with a combination of complete enumeration algorithm and exhaustive search algorithm. Both algorithms provide exact solution or global optimum for any problem statement. Later, Tabu search algorithm improves performance of searching with lower computational cost. The main conclusion is that Tabu developed is a better tool for airline planning than exact techniques because of lower times of computation. This performs better for large networks that, finally, are real networks. However, exact techniques could be interesting for small airlines that can be start-ups. Third, one of main reasons to develop a quantification of costs for managing airlines is due to the problem of complexity in networks. With the growth of air transportation and congestion at airports, primary or reactionary delays become higher day after day. Reactiveness of network depends of configuration and planning. Airlines manages it with extra reources, one way is allocating buffer times in flight schedule and other is having aircrafts at ground at main bases to enter in service and recover flight plans. Airline network design, planning and efficient algorithms are key assets to provide robustness for airlines. Finally, driving airlines in high competitive environments are difficult. Running low costs is the main decision for managers. However, analysing the problem from theory game point of view, allows finding key reasons to support this argument. First, a Stakelberg model is defined for two competing airlines. This model demonstrates that a war on frequencies or fares damages both competitors. Furthermore, a Cournot model it is shown and it proposes a navigation fee attending to correct utilization of capacity. Both models are a theoretical framework but demonstrate consistency and encourage further investigations.
El diseño de redes de transporte aéreo es un factor clave de eficiencia en una industria altamente competitiva. A pesar de que la rentabilidad es de suma importancia, el sistema considera la experiencia del usuario y los beneficios sociales para obtener un óptimo global. Un enfoque analítico permite derivar principios de diseño de redes de transporte aéreo: la tesis muestra cómo unas pocas variables y sus interacciones explican los factores clave del diseño de la red a nivel estratégico. Los servicios punto-a-punto muestran supremacía en las redes simples y para demandas altas y compensadas, una configuración con escalas es adecuada para rutas lejanas con poca demanda, y las operaciones hub and spoke mejoran las dos estrategias anteriores para redes grandes, cuando la demanda es baja o cuando las frecuencias son altas, pero son más sensibles a la propagación de demoras. El enfoque analítico permite prever el comportamiento de nuevas compañías aéreas entrando en el sector. El modelo incluye costes fijos de propiedad del avión y laborales (al contrario de las hipótesis habituales de la industria, que trabaja con costes variables), puesto que tienen un impacto importante en la cuenta de resultados. Una vez se han derivado guías de diseño, la tesis formula un planteamiento más realista del diseño de redes de transporte aéreo basado en programación matemática lineal, que se resuelve con una combinación del Algoritmo de Enumeración Completa y el Algoritmo de Búsqueda Exhaustiva (ambos proporcionan la solución exacta o un óptimo global para cualquier planteamiento del problema). El modelo incluye asignación de flotas, rutas de aeronaves y programación de tripulaciones. Mientras que los algoritmos exactos son apropiados para aerolíneas pequeñas, los problemas más grandes necesitan Búsqueda Tabú. El crecimiento del transporte aéreo y la congestión en los aeropuertos (a veces propiciada por las operaciones hub&spoke) pueden afectar las demoras con un efecto de bola de nieve o látigo; sin embargo el análisis de la complejidad de la red aérea puede incrementar la resiliencia de las operaciones. Un buen diseño de la red aérea, una buena planificación y unos algoritmos eficientes, son aspectos clave para proporcionar fiabilidad a las aerolíneas y así reducir los recursos inactivos asociados a “colchones de tiempo” (en los horarios de los vuelos) y/o en aviones “de reserva” en la plataforma para recuperar planes de vuelo. El “acolchado” mejora la percepción de la calidad por parte del pasajero, pero con un control activo del horario de vuelos puede conseguirse la misma percepción con costes menores. El entorno competitivo de las aerolíneas se analiza con teoría de juegos: un modelo de Stakelberg para dos aerolíneas competidoras muestra que una guerra de frecuencias o tarifas es perjudicial para ambas aerolíneas. Un modelo Cournot propone una tasa de navegación y de congestión según la correcta utilización de la capacidad. Vuelos (de la misma alianza) a lo largo del mundo con escalas en los hubs principales se proponen como investigación futura

The cell transmission model (CTM) based single destination system optimal dynamic traffic assignment (SD-SO-DTA) model has been widely applied to situations such as mass evacuations on a transportation network. Although formulated as a linear programming (LP) model, embedded multi-period cell network representation yields an extremely large model for real-size networks. As a result, most of these models are not solvable using existing LP solvers. Solutions obtained by LP also involve holding vehicles at certain locations, violating CTM flow dynamics. This doctoral research is aimed at developing innovative algorithms that overcome both computational efficiency and solution realism issues. We first prove that the LP formulation of the SD-SO-DTA problem is equivalent to the earliest arrival flow (EAF), and then develop efficient algorithms to solve EAF. Two variants of the algorithm are developed under different model assumptions and network operating conditions. For the case of time-varying network parameters, we develop a network flow algorithm on a time-expanded network. The main challenge in this approach is to address the issue of having backward wave speed lower than forward wave speed. This situation leads to non-typical constraints involving coefficients with value of less than 1. In this dissertation we develop a new network algorithm to solve this problem in optimal, even with coefficients of value less than 1. Additionally, the developed approach solves for optimal flows that exhibit non-vehicle-holding properties, which is a major breakthrough compared to all existing solution techniques for SD-SODTA. For the case of time-invariant network parameters, we reduce the SD-SO-DTA to a standard EAF problem on a dynamic network, which is constructed on the original roadway network without dividing it into cells. We prove that the EAF under free flow status is one of the optimal solutions of SD-SO-DTA, if cell properties follow a trapezoidal/triangular fundamental diagram. We use chain flows obtained on a static network to induce dynamic flows, an approach applicable to large-scale networks. Another contribution of this research is to provide a simple and practical algorithm solving the EAF with multiple sources, which has been an active research area for many years. Most existing studies involve submodular function optimization as subroutines, and thus are not practical for real-life implementation. This study’s contribution in this regard is the development of a practical algorithm that avoids submodular function optimization. The main body of the given method is comprised of |S⁺| iterations of earliest arrival s - t flow computations, where |S⁺| is the number of sources. Numerical results show that our multi-source EAF algorithm solves the SD-SO-DTA problem with time-invariant parameters to optimum.

ITC/USA 2013 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Ninth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 21-24, 2013 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NV
The focus of this work is the development of a complete network architecture to enhance telemetry performance using a mobile base station (MBS). The present study proposes a means of enabling both the mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) and a cellular network to operate simultaneously within the same spectrum. In this paper the application of a modified k-means clustering to organize several hundred TAs in a complex network environment is presented. A mobile base station is added to the network to locate the congested area and support the network but positioning itself in the mixed network environment. A scenario with two base stations (one mobile and one stationary) is simulated and results are presented. It is observed that use of an additional mobile base station could greatly increase the quality of communication by providing uniform distribution of node traffic and interference across the clusters in a complex telemetry environment with several hundred TAs.

Quality-of-Service (QoS) to users is a critical requirement of resource allocation in wireless networks and has drawn significant research attention over a long time. However, the QoS requirements differ vastly based on the wireless network paradigm. At one extreme, we have a millimeter wave small-cell network for streaming data that requires very high throughput and low latency. At the other end, we have Machine-to-Machine (M2M) uplink traffic with low throughput and low latency. In this dissertation, we investigate and solve QoS-aware resource allocation problems for diverse wireless paradigms. We first study cross-layer dynamic spectrum allocation in a LTE macro-cellular network with fractional frequency reuse to improve the spectral efficiency for cell-edge users. We show that the resultant optimization problem is NP-hard and propose a low-complexity layered spectrum allocation heuristic that strikes a balance between rate maximization and fairness of allocation. Next, we develop an energy efficient downlink power control scheme in a energy harvesting small-cell base station equipped with local cache and wireless backhaul. We also study the tradeoff between the cache size and the energy harvesting capabilities. We next analyzed the file read latency in Distributed Storage Systems (DSS). We propose a heterogeneous DSS model wherein the stored data is categorized into multiple classes based on arrival rate of read requests, fault-tolerance for storage etc. Using a queuing theoretic approach, we establish bounds on the average read latency for different scheduling policies. We also show that erasure coding in DSS serves the dual purpose of reducing read latency and increasing the energy efficiency. Lastly, we investigate the problem of delay-efficient packet scheduling in M2M uplink with heterogeneous traffic characteristics. We classify the uplink traffic into multiple classes and propose a proportionally-fair delay-efficient heuristic packet scheduler. Using a queuing theoretic approach, we next develop a delay optimal multiclass packet scheduler and later extend it to joint medium access control and packet scheduling for M2M uplink. Using extensive simulations, we show that the proposed schedulers perform better than state-of-the-art schedulers in terms of average delay and packet delay jitter.
PHD

The main aspiration behind the contributions of this research work is the achievement of simultaneuos delay-efficiency, autonomy, and security through innovative protocol design to address complex real-life problems. To achieve this, we take a holistic approach. We apply theoretical mathematical modeling implementing implications of social-economic behavioral characteristics to propose a cross-layer network security protocol. We further complement this approach by a layer-specific focus with implementations at two lower OSI layers. For the cross-layer design, we suggest the use of game and mechanism design theories. We design a network-wide consumer-centric and delay-efficient security protocol, DSIC-S. It induces a Dominant Strategy Incentive Compatible equilibrium among all rational and selfish nodes. We prove it is network-wide socially desirable and Pareto optimal. We address resource management and delay-efficiency through synergy of several design aspects. We propose a scenario-based security model with different levels. Furthermore, we design a valuation system to integrate the caused delay in selection of security algorithms at each node without consumer's knowledge of the actual delays. We achieve this by incorporating the consumer's valuation system, in the calculation of the credit transfers through the Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) payments with Clarke's pivotal rule. As the utmost significant contribution of this work, we solve the revelation theorem's problem of misrepresentation of agents' private information in mechanism design theory through the proposed design. We design an incentive model and incorporate the valuations in the incentives. The simulations validate the theoretical results. They prove the significance of this model and among others show the correlation of the credit transfers to actual delays and security valuations. In the layer-specific approach for the network-layer, we implement the DSIC-S protocol to extend current IPsec and IKEv2 protocols. IPsec-O and IKEv2-O inherit the strong properties of DSIC-S through the proposed extensions. Furthermore, we propose yet another layer-specific protocol, the SME_Q, for the datalink layer based on ATM. We develop an extensive simulation software, SMEQSIM, to simulate ATM security negotiations. We simulate the proposed protocol in a comprehensive real-life ATM network and prove the significance of this research work.
Ph. D.

L'énergie est une ressource clé dans les systèmes commandés en réseau, en particulier dans les applications concernant les réseaux sans fil. Cette thèse étudie comment économiser l'énergie dans les capteurs sans fil avec une co-Conception contrôle et communication. Cette thèse examine les techniques et les approches existantes qui sont utilisées pour économiser l'énergie d'un point de vue de la communication et du contrôle. Cet étude est organisée selon une architecture de communication par couches couvrant de bas en haut les couches Physique, Liaison, Réseau, et Application. Puis, à partir de la conclusion que la puce radio est un important consommateur d'énergie, une loi conjointe de gestion des modes radio et de contrôle en boucle fermée est établie. La gestion des modes radio exploite les capacités de la puce radio à communter dans des modes de basses consommation pour économiser l'énergie, et d'adapter la puissance de transmission aux conditions du canal. Il en résulte un système de contrôle basé sur des événements où le système fonctionne en boucle ouverte à certains moments. Un compromis naturel apparaît entre l'économie d'énergie et les performances de contrôle. La loi conjointe est établie avec une formulation de contrôle optimal utilisant la Programmation Dynamique. Cette thèse résout le problème optimal dans les deux cas d'horizon infini et fini. La stabilité du système en boucle fermée est étudiée avec la formulation Input-To-State Stability (ISS). La principale conclusion de cette thèse, également illustrée dans la simulation, est que la conception à travers différentes couches dans les systèmes commandés en réseau est essentielle pour économiser l'énergie dans les noeuds sans fil
Energy is a key resource in Networked Control Systems, in particular in applications concerning wireless networks. This thesis investigates how to save energy in wireless sensor nodes with control and communication co-Design. This thesis reviews existing techniques and approaches that are used to save energy from a communication and a control point of view. This review is organized according to the layered communication architecture covering from bottom to top the Physical, Data Link, Network, and Application layers. Then, from the conclusion that the radio chip is an important energy consumer, a joint radio-Mode management and feedback law policy is derived. The radio-Mode management exploits the capabilities of the radio chip to switch to low consuming radio-Modes to save energy, and to adapt the transmission power to the channel conditions. This results in an event-Based control scheme where the system runs open loop at certain time. A natural trade-Off appears between energy savings and control performance. The joint policy is derived in the framework of Optimal Control with the use of Dynamic Programming. This thesis solves the optimal problem in both infinite and finite horizon cases. Stability of the closed loop system is investigated with Input-To-State Stability framework. The main conclusion of this thesis, also shown in simulation, is that cross-Layer design in Networked Control System is essential to save energy in the wireless nodes

L’efficacité énergétique devient un domaine de recherche incontournable dans la communauté scientifique vu son importance dans la lutte contre les crises énergétiques actuelles et futures. L'analyse des performances énergétiques, pour les procédés industriels, nécessite la connaissance des grandeurs physiques impliquées dans les équilibres de masse et d'énergie. D’où la problématique : comment choisir les points de mesure sur un site industriel de façon à trouver les valeurs de tous les indicateurs énergétiques sans avoir des redondances de mesure (respect des contraintes économiques), et en conservant un niveau de précision des résultats ? La première partie présente la formulation du problème d’instrumentation ayant pour but de garantir une observabilité minimale du système en faveur des variables clés. Ce problème est combinatoire. Une méthode de validation des différentes combinaisons de capteurs a été introduite. Elle est basée sur l’interprétation structurelle de la matrice représentant le procédé. Le verrou de long temps de calcul lors du traitement des procédés de moyenne et grande taille a été levé. Des méthodes séquentielles ont été développées pour trouver un ensemble de schémas de capteurs pouvant être employés, en moins de 1% du temps de calcul initialement requis. La deuxième partie traite le choix du schéma d’instrumentation optimal. Le verrou de propagation des incertitudes dans un problème de taille variable a été levé. Une modélisation du procédé basée sur des paramètres binaires a été proposée pour automatiser les calculs, et évaluer les incertitudes des schémas trouvés. Enfin la méthodologie complète a été appliquée sur un cas industriel et les résultats ont été présentés
Energy efficiency is becoming an essential research area in the scientific community given its importance in the fight against current and future energy crises. The analysis of the energy performances of the industrial processes requires the determination of the quantities involved in the mass and energy balances. Hence: how to choose the placement of the measurement points in an industrial site to find the values of all the energy indicators, without engendering an excess of unnecessary information due to redundancies (reducing measurements costs) and while respecting an accepted level of accuracy of the results ? The first part presents the formulation of the instrumentation problem which aims to guaranteeing a minimal observability of the system in favor of the key variables. This problem is combinatory. A method of validation of the different sensors combinations has been introduced. It is based on the structural interpretation of the matrix representing the process. The issue of long computing times while addressing medium and large processes was tackled. Sequential methods were developed to find a set of different sensor networks to be used satisfying the observability requirements, in less than 1% of the initial required computation time. The second part deals with the choice of the optimal instrumentation scheme. The difficulty of uncertainty propagation in a problem of variable size was addressed. To automate the evaluation of the uncertainty for all the found sensor networks, the proposed method suggested modeling the process based on binary parameters. Finally, the complete methodology is applied to an industrial case and the results were presented

Робота присвячена вирішенню науково-прикладної проблеми: підвищенню ефективності функціонування корпоративних комп’ютерних мереж у сенсі збільшення корисної пропускної здатності при фізичних обмеженнях на мережний ресурс в системах з нестаціонарними потоками. Запропонований підхід включає: удосконалений метод аналізу статистичних характеристик та моделі потоків вимог різнорідного мережного трафіку, новий метод оптимального управління комп’ютерною мережею на основі модифікованого критерію узагальненої роботи з інформаційною функцією втрат, який дає можливість знаходити оптимальні управління для складеної мережі в реальному часі, новий метод управління сталістю системи який завдяки монотонно-повільному поверненню особливих точок (полюсів) передатної функції в область сталості забезпечує зменшення варіабельності перехідних процесів у системі управління, удосконалену математичну модель у вигляді передаточної функції мережного вузла як керованого об’єкту, удосконалений метод передачі сигнальної та управляючої інформації на канальному рівні, новий метод оцінки ефективності системи управління, нову інформаційну технологію управління корпоративною комп’ютерною мережею, яка за рахунок етапів ідентифікації, прогнозування, вибору оптимальної стратегії управління, дає можливість досягнення цільових показників QoS для різних сервісів при мінімальних затратах інформаційного ресурсу. Запропоновані моделі і методи є науково-методологічною основою для розробки інформаційної технології створення систем управління ККМ з використанням нових методів розподіленого управління наявними мережними ресурсами в умовах затримки сигнальної та управляючої інформації, і втілені у вигляді відповідних методик та алгоритмічного забезпечення.
Represented work has solved an important scientific and applied problem in the field of information technology based on the performed theoretical and experimental research. We had increased the efficiency of corporate computer networks in terms of increasing usable throughput with physical constraints on network resources in computer systems with non-stationary traffic flows. The study of the current state of corporate computer network (CCN) management in non-stationary flow of requirements allowed to select the main areas of research, such as the adequacy of analysis and forecast of information on the state of the network, delivery delays of signal and control information, optimality of produced control impacts with minimal resource costs. The improved method of analysis of statistical characteristics and flow models of heterogeneous network traffic requirements with marking (prioritization) of traffic flows, aggregated and sparse flows allows to obtain estimates of the predicted network load and adjust the parameters of controllers. A method of optimal control of a computer network has been developed, which, due to the application of a modified criterion of generalized work of Alexander A. Krasovsky using the informational criterion function, makes it possible to find optimal controls for a composite network in real time. The developed method of system stability control allows ensuring a stable state of the system with random delays of signal and control information. The mathematical model was improved in the form of the transition function of the network node as a controlled object. This model, in contrast to the known ones, takes into account the presence of delays in signal and control information. It provides optimal choice of response time constant of the controlled object and sufficient stability resource of the system. The improved method of signal and control information transfer, due to the definition of the optimal distributed hierarchical control structure and the implementation of control information transport in the autonomous network segment at the data link layer reduces the delivery time of service information by 25%. The developed method of evaluating the effectiveness of the network management system allows evaluating the quality of the control system on its impact on network performance. Developed information technology for corporate computer network management makes it possible to achieve quality of service (QoS) objectives for various services at minimal cost of information resources. The practical significance of the obtained results is determined by the fact that the proposed models and methods are the scientific and methodological basis for the development of information technology for CCN control systems using new methods of distributed control of available network resources in terms of signal and control information delays. The developed methods and information technology are implemented by integrating them with the corporate network management system and allow optimal redistribution of switching equipment resources to ensure QoS of different types of network services. The first section reviews and analyzes the current state of the problem of CCN management in non-stationary request flows, existing approaches, methods, hardware and software to solve the tasks. The second section discusses the features of modern traffic in corporate computer networks, identifies four main groups of flows and presents mathematical models for each type of flow: flow from an independent source, aggregated, sparse and labeled flows. The results of experimental traffic analysis are presented in third section and the method of analysis of statistical characteristics and flow patterns of modern CCM was improved. The fourth section develops a method of optimal computer network management based on vector functional with informational criterion function. The fifth section analyzes the stability of the state of the autonomous segment with delays in signal and control information and develops a method for control stability of the system based on forced return in the field of stability. The sixth section presents a mathematical model in the form of the transfer function of the router as a controlled object and proposes an approach to the choice of time constants of the switching node based on the results of asymptotic estimation of signal information delays. The seventh section develops the method for estimation the efficiency of control and develops information technology of management of CCN with stages of identification, forecasting, selection of optimal management strategy, which allows achieving QoS objectives for different services with minimal information resources required for this.

The rapid growth in global mobile phone users has resulted in an ever-increasing demand for bandwidth and enhanced quality-of-service (QoS). Several consortia comprising major international mobile operators, infrastructure manufacturers, and academic institutions are working to develop the next generation wireless communication systems fifth generation (5G) - to support high data rates and increased QoS. 5G systems are also expected to represent a greener alternative for communication systems, which is important because power consumption from the information and communication technology (ICT) sector is forecast to increase significantly by 2030. The deployment of ultra-dense heterogeneous small cell networks (SCNs) is expected to play a major role in meeting the explosive growth of user traffic demand in 5G wireless communication systems. However, while the concept of small cells in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) largely addresses the bandwidth scarcity problem, unless otherwise carefully managed, a large number of uncoordinated and lightly loaded SCNs will significantly increase the access network power consumption, contrary to the green communication target of 5G systems. In addition, to cater for the huge volumes of traffic, the backhaul network power consumption will also increase. This thesis addresses the research challenges facing 5G systems in regard to energy efficiency and QoS. The thesis examines ways to reduce power consumption in access networks, how to design green backhauling solutions, how to develop synergy between wired and wireless backhauling options, and how to increase energy efficiency in a weather-dependent backhaul network without hindering network QoS. Different system models and solution techniques are investigated in order to successfully minimize overall power consumption in 5G HetNets while maintaining network QoS. The thesis contributes as follows: first, an energy-efficient resource management system is introduced to minimize access network power consumption; second, two green backhauling solutions, one for wired optical backhaul and the other for wireless millimeter wave (mmWave) backhaul, are presented; third, a synergy is developed between two energy-efficient backhauling solutions to reduce power consumption; fourth, the impacts of SCN topology and mmWave spectrum are presented; and finally, a hybrid free-space optics (FSO)/mmWave channel model is introduced to minimize power consumption for weather-dependent channels. Each phase of the research listed above also investigates the network QoS, i.e., average delay and jitter for 5G HetNets. The research presented in this thesis therefore contributes new knowledge in energy efficiency and QoS for next generation wireless communication networks and makes important contributions to this field by investigating different system models and proposing solutions to significant issues.

Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук по специальности 05.13. 03 – системы и процессы управления. – Национальный технический университет "Харьковский политехнический институт", Харьков, 2016. Диссертация посвящена решению научно-практической задачи усовершенствования оптимальной по затратам энергии системы управления. В диссертационной работе рассмотрен метод оптимального управления в линейной системе при квадратичном критерии качества с учётом ограничений на управляемые координаты, применительно к разомкнутой системе. Показано, что существует шесть вариантов алгоритмов оптимального управления, в зависимости от сочетания ограничений, накладываемых на управляемые координаты. В зависимости от длительности процесса оптимального управления, алгоритмы располагаются в определённом порядке, относительно друг друга, образуя тем самым область решения задачи, ограниченную временем максимального быстродействия с одной стороны и временем минимальных затрат с другой. Математические зависимости для определения этих ограничений, а также границ соседних алгоритмов внутри этой области выведены в диссертации. В работе предложена функциональная схема двухуровневой системы оптимального управления. На верхнем уровне осуществляется выбор алгоритма оптимального управления и расчёт длительностей его интервалов. Основанием для вычислений служат внешние управляющие данные. При расчёте используются параметры объекта, идентифицированные на нижнем уровне. Контроллер нижнего уровня осуществляет выработку управляющих воздействий на объект, форма и длительность которых определена ЭВМ верхнего уровня. На контроллере нижнего уровня реализована система подчинённого регулирования, с целью удержания объекта на выбранной траектории оптимального движения в фазовом пространстве. Дополнительно, локальный контроллер реализовывает функции нейронного идентификатора параметров.
The thesis for scientific degree of candidate of technical sciences in the specialty 05.13.03 – control systems and processes. – National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute", Kharkov, 2016. The thesis is devoted to solving scientific and practical problems of improvement of cost effective energy control system. In the thesis has given the method of optimal control in a linear open-loop system with quadratic criteria of quality. It is shown that there are six variants of the algorithms of optimal control, depending on the combination of constraints on the controlled axes. Depending on the duration, optimal control algorithms are arranged in a specific order, relative to each other, thereby forming a region of the problem solution by the time of maximum speed with one hand and minimal time costs with other. Mathematical dependences for definition of these limits and the borders of neighbour algorithms within this field are derived in the thesis. In the thesis is proposed a method for the identification of the drive parameters. This method based on recurrent neural network Elman. The mathematical relationship between the weight coefficients of the network layers and parameters of the engine allows using the network learning as a way of identification. The paper presents a functional diagram of a two-tier system of optimal control. On the upper level, there is a choice of algorithm of optimal control and calculation of intervals durations. The lower level controller performs the generation of control actions on the object, the shape and duration of which is determined the upper-level computer.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.13. 03 – системи та процеси керування. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2016. Дисертація присвячена вирішенню науково-практичної задачі вдосконалення оптимальною за витратами енергії системи керування. У дисертаційній роботі розглянуто метод оптимального керування в лінійній системі при квадратичному критерії якості з урахуванням обмежень на керовані координати, стосовно до розімкнутої системи. Показано, що існує шість варіантів алгоритмів оптимального керування, в залежності від поєднання обмежень, що накладаються на керовані координати. В залежності від тривалості процесу оптимального керування, алгоритми розташовуються у певному порядку, відносно один одного, утворюючи область рішення, обмежену часом максимальної швидкодії з одного боку і часом мінімальних витрат з іншого. Математичні залежності для визначення цих обмежень, а також кордонів сусідніх алгоритмів всередині цієї області виведені в дисертації. В дисертації запропоновано метод ідентифікації параметрів позиційного приводу, заснований на рекурентної нейронної мережі Елмана. Математичний зв'язок між ваговими коефіцієнтами рекурентного і зовнішнього шарів мережі з параметрами двигуна дозволяє застосувати здатність мережі до навчання як спосіб ідентифікації. В роботі запропонована функціональна схема дворівневої системи оптимального керування. На верхньому рівні здійснюється вибір алгоритму оптимального керування і розрахунок тривалості його інтервалів. Контролер нижнього рівня здійснює вироблення керуючих впливів на об'єкт, форма і тривалість яких визначена ЕОМ верхнього рівня.
The thesis for scientific degree of candidate of technical sciences in the specialty 05.13.03 – control systems and processes. – National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute", Kharkov, 2016. The thesis is devoted to solving scientific and practical problems of improvement of cost effective energy control system. In the thesis has given the method of optimal control in a linear open-loop system with quadratic criteria of quality. It is shown that there are six variants of the algorithms of optimal control, depending on the combination of constraints on the controlled axes. Depending on the duration, optimal control algorithms are arranged in a specific order, relative to each other, thereby forming a region of the problem solution by the time of maximum speed with one hand and minimal time costs with other. Mathematical dependences for definition of these limits and the borders of neighbour algorithms within this field are derived in the thesis. In the thesis is proposed a method for the identification of the drive parameters. This method based on recurrent neural network Elman. The mathematical relationship between the weight coefficients of the network layers and parameters of the engine allows using the network learning as a way of identification. The paper presents a functional diagram of a two-tier system of optimal control. On the upper level, there is a choice of algorithm of optimal control and calculation of intervals durations. The lower level controller performs the generation of control actions on the object, the shape and duration of which is determined the upper-level computer.

The efficacy of the energy management systems at dealing with energy consumption in buildings has been a topic with a growing interest in recent years due to the ever-increasing global energy demand and the large percentage of energy being currently used by buildings. The scale of this sector has attracted research effort with the objective of uncovering potential improvement avenues and materializing them with the help of recent technological advances that could be exploited to lower the energetic footprint of buildings. Specifically, in the area of heating, ventilating and air conditioning installations, the availability of large amounts of historical data in building management software suites makes possible the study of how resource-efficient these systems really are when entrusted with ensuring occupant comfort. Actually, recent reports have shown that there is a gap between the ideal operating performance and the performance achieved in practice. Accordingly, this thesis considers the research of novel energy management strategies for heating, ventilating and air conditioning installations in buildings, aimed at narrowing the performance gap by employing data-driven methods to increase their context awareness, allowing management systems to steer the operation towards higher efficiency. This includes the advancement of modeling methodologies capable of extracting actionable knowledge from historical building behavior databases, through load forecasting and equipment operational performance estimation supporting the identification of a building’s context and energetic needs, and the development of a generalizable multi-objective optimization strategy aimed at meeting these needs while minimizing the consumption of energy. The experimental results obtained from the implementation of the developed methodologies show a significant potential for increasing energy efficiency of heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems while being sufficiently generic to support their usage in different installations having diverse equipment. In conclusion, a complete analysis and actuation framework was developed, implemented and validated by means of an experimental database acquired from a pilot plant during the research period of this thesis. The obtained results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed standalone contributions, and as a whole represent a suitable solution for helping to increase the performance of heating, ventilating and air conditioning installations without affecting the comfort of their occupants.
L’eficàcia dels sistemes de gestió d’energia per afrontar el consum d’energia en edificis és un tema que ha rebut un interès en augment durant els darrers anys a causa de la creixent demanda global d’energia i del gran percentatge d’energia que n’utilitzen actualment els edificis. L’escala d’aquest sector ha atret l'atenció de nombrosa investigació amb l’objectiu de descobrir possibles vies de millora i materialitzar-les amb l’ajuda de recents avenços tecnològics que es podrien aprofitar per disminuir les necessitats energètiques dels edificis. Concretament, en l’àrea d’instal·lacions de calefacció, ventilació i climatització, la disponibilitat de grans bases de dades històriques als sistemes de gestió d’edificis fa possible l’estudi de com d'eficients són realment aquests sistemes quan s’encarreguen d'assegurar el confort dels seus ocupants. En realitat, informes recents indiquen que hi ha una diferència entre el rendiment operatiu ideal i el rendiment generalment assolit a la pràctica. En conseqüència, aquesta tesi considera la investigació de noves estratègies de gestió de l’energia per a instal·lacions de calefacció, ventilació i climatització en edificis, destinades a reduir la diferència de rendiment mitjançant l’ús de mètodes basats en dades per tal d'augmentar el seu coneixement contextual, permetent als sistemes de gestió dirigir l’operació cap a zones de treball amb un rendiment superior. Això inclou tant l’avanç de metodologies de modelat capaces d’extreure coneixement de bases de dades de comportaments històrics d’edificis a través de la previsió de càrregues de consum i l’estimació del rendiment operatiu dels equips que recolzin la identificació del context operatiu i de les necessitats energètiques d’un edifici, tant com del desenvolupament d’una estratègia d’optimització multi-objectiu generalitzable per tal de minimitzar el consum d’energia mentre es satisfan aquestes necessitats energètiques. Els resultats experimentals obtinguts a partir de la implementació de les metodologies desenvolupades mostren un potencial important per augmentar l'eficiència energètica dels sistemes de climatització, mentre que són prou genèrics com per permetre el seu ús en diferents instal·lacions i suportant equips diversos. En conclusió, durant aquesta tesi es va desenvolupar, implementar i validar un marc d’anàlisi i actuació complet mitjançant una base de dades experimental adquirida en una planta pilot durant el període d’investigació de la tesi. Els resultats obtinguts demostren l’eficàcia de les contribucions de manera individual i, en conjunt, representen una solució idònia per ajudar a augmentar el rendiment de les instal·lacions de climatització sense afectar el confort dels seus ocupants

Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit portent sur l’optimisation d’une chaufferie collective multi-énergie en l’équipant d’un système de stockage thermique de type hydro-accumulation. L’efficacité de ce dernier dépend de sa capacité à conserver son énergie initiale. Ainsi, pour minimiser les pertes thermiques, le système de stockage doit être correctement isolé. Un modèle de ballon d’hydro-accumulation stratifié est développé et validé expérimentalement. Une étude paramétrique est menée afin d’étudier l’impact, sur les pertes thermiques, de paramètres géométriques et météorologiques. Ensuite, une approche de dimensionnement, fondée sur une stratégie de gestion séquentielle et une étude paramétrique est proposée. Plusieurs critères énergétiques et économiques peuvent ainsi être évalués pour différents volumes de stockage thermique. L’approche de dimensionnement proposée a été appliquée à plusieurs sites exploités par Cofely GDF-Suez, notre partenaire industriel. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le dimensionnement optimal du système de stockage et la gestion intelligente du procédé permettent d'optimiser le fonctionnement d’un site. Des économies énergétiques et financières importantes peuvent ainsi être réalisées. La stratégie de gestion séquentielle proposée n’anticipe pas les besoins du réseau de chaleur. C’est pourquoi une stratégie fondée sur la commande prédictive (MPC pour Model Predictive Control) est susceptible d’améliorer le fonctionnement et les performances d’une chaufferie collective équipée d’un système d’hydro-accumulation. Afin de mettre en œuvre un tel contrôleur, la puissance thermique demandée par le réseau de chaleur doit être correctement prédite. Par conséquent, une méthode de prédiction a été développée. Elle s’appuie sur une analyse multi-résolution par transformée en ondelettes discrète et sur l’utilisation de réseaux de neurones artificiels de type perceptron multicouche. La stratégie séquentielle (non prédictive) et la stratégie prédictive ont été appliquées à une chaufferie collective mixte située dans une commune du nord de la France. Pour ce cas d’étude, la stratégie prédictive est plus efficace. De plus, les résultats montrent que, quelle que soit la stratégie utilisée, équiper la chaufferie d’un système d’hydro-accumulation correctement dimensionné est un investissement rentable. Il permet de minimiser la consommation d’énergie fossile et, par conséquent, le coût économique et les émissions de CO2
The present work deals with optimizing a multi-energy district boiler by adding to the plant a thermal water storage tank. The effectiveness of such a system depends on how long the stored energy can be kept without considerable degradation. The storage tank should be properly insulated to reduce the rate of heat loss. Thus, firstly, a stratified water thermal storage model is developed and experimentally validated. A parametric study is carried out to determine the influence of geometric and meteorological parameters on heat loss. Next, a reliable sizing method based on a sequential management strategy and a parametric study is proposed. Various energy and economic criteria have been evaluated for a range of thermal storage sizes. The proposed methodology has been applied to many plants managed by Cofely GDF-Suez, our industrial partner. Results highlight the ability of a thermal storage tank (optimally sized and managed) to improve the operation of a multi-energy district boiler and realize significant energy and economic savings. The main drawback of the proposed sequential management strategy lies in not taking into account the future power demand. That is why a strategy based on a Model Predictive Controller (MPC) is likely to improve operation and performance. In order to implement such a controller, the power demand has to be accurately forecasted. As a consequence, a short-term forecast method, based on wavelet-based Multi-Resolution Analysis (MRA) and multilayer Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is proposed. Both the sequential and the predictive strategies are applied to a northeast France multi-energy district boiler selected as a case study. The main result to retain is that the efficiency of water thermal storage tank is mainly related to its design and the way it is managed. For this case study, the predictive strategy regardless the size of the storage tank, the predictive strategy is more reliable. Furthermore, in all cases an adequately sized and managed thermal storage tank is a profitable investment. It allows the fossil energy consumption to be significantly reduced. The same remark applies to the functioning costs and CO2 emissions

Passive Optical Networks (PONs) have evolved to provide much higher bandwidth in access networks. They involve low cost equipment, fiber infrastructure, maintenance, and appear to be one of the best candidates for a major component of the next-generation access networks. A PON is capable of delivering bundled voice, data, video and other multimedia services. It is a point-to-multipoint optical network, where an optical line terminal, located at the central office, is connected to multiple ONUs through some intermediate nodes equipped with either optical splitters or array waveguide gratings. In this thesis, we have focused on PONs with splitters only and have developed different optimization models for multicasting and wavelength assignment, i.e., for efficient provisioning of PONs. We consider two different objectives: Maximizing the weighted number of granted requests and maximizing the weighted number of served ONUs under the condition of a limited number of wavelengths. Variants include combinations of the two objectives in order to capture a cost/revenue concern through appropriate definitions of the weights. We developed different models dealing with either a tree or a light mesh topology as well as with traffic-grooming, i.e., Time Division Multiple Access ( TDMA) or without traffic-grooming. Models correspond to integer linear programs and for some of them, we have favored a column generation modeling in order to solve the linear programming relaxation and obtain a scalable solution process. Simulations have been conducted to validate all the models (with/with traffic-grooming). We have also evaluated the performance of the traffic-grooming models to observe the grade of service in terms of the number of served ONUs, bandwidth, bandwidth usage/waste, as well as efficient provisioning of PONs, under three different traffic scenarios for the objective of maximizing the weighted number of ONU s.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the D.Tech.: Electrical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, 2017.
The tremendous growth in the volume of telecommunication traffic has undoubtedly triggered an unprecedented information revolution. The emergence of high-speed and bandwidth-hungry applications and services such as high-definition television (HDTV), the internet and online interactive media has forced the telecommunication industry to come up with ingenious and innovative ideas to match the challenges. With the coming of age of purposeful advances in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology, it is inherently practicany possible to deploy ultra-high speed all-optical networks to meet the ever-increasing demand for modern telecommunication services. All-optical networks are capable of transmitting data signals entirely in the optical domain from source to destination, and thus eliminate the incorporation of the often bulky and high-energy consuming optical­ to-electrical-to-optical (OEO) converters at intermediate nodes. Predictably, all-optical networks consume appreciably low energy as compared to their opaque and translucent counterparts. This low energy consumption results in lower carbon footprint of these networks, and thus a significant reduction in the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission. In addition, transparent optical networks bring along other additional and favourable rewards such as high bit-rates and overall protocol transparency. Bearing in mind the aforementioned benefits of transparent optical networks, it is vital to point out that there are significant setbacks that accompany these otherwise glamourous rewards. Since OEO conversions are eliminated at intermediate nodes in all-optical networks, the quality of the transmitted signal from source to destination may be severely degraded mainly due to the cumulative effect of physical-layer impairments induced by the passage through the optical fibres and associated network components. It is therefore essential to come up with routing schemes that effectively take into consideration the signal degrading effects of physical -layer impairments so as to safeguard the integrity and health of transmitted signals, and eventually lower blocking probabilities. Furthermore, innovative approaches need to be put in place so as to strike a delicate balance between reduced energy consumption in transparent networks and the quality of transmitted signals. In addition, the incorporation of renewable energy sources in the powering of network devices appears to gain prominence in the design and operation of the next-generation optical networks. The work presented in this dissertation broadly focuses on physical-layer impairment aware routing and wavelength assignment algorithms (PLIA-RWA) that attempt to: (i) achieve a sufficiently high quality of transmission by lowering the blocking probability, and (ii) reduce the energy consumption in the optical networks. Our key contributions of this study may be summarized as follows: Design and development of a Q-factor estimation tool. Formulation, evaluation and validation of a QoT-based analytical model that computes blocking probabilities. Proposal and development of IA-RWA algorithms and comparison with established ones. Design and development of energy-efficient RWA schemes for dynamic optical networks.
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