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Fariña, Francisca, Juan Romero, Manuel Isorna i Ramón Arce. "Profiling and Prevalence of Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders and Behavioural Addictions in Incarcerated Traffic Offenders". Sustainability 15, nr 12 (19.06.2023): 9771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129771.
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A field study was designed to determine if traffic offenders were characterised by substance-related and addictive disorders and behavioural addictions, and to examine their prevalence in this population. A total of 268 regular drivers (weekly or daily use) participated in the study; 132 incarcerated traffic offenders and 136 drivers with no criminal background. Subsamples were matched in age, sex, and time elapsed since their driving test. Participants responded to a measure of impulse control and addictions. The results revealed a more-than-problematic effect regarding drug addiction, alcohol consumption, and compulsive purchasing in the population of traffic offenders. In contrast, a trivial effect (insignificant) was observed in addiction to gambling, internet, videogames, eating, and sex. Comparatively, traffic offenders reported higher addiction to drugs, alcohol, gambling, compulsive purchasing, and sex, but less addiction to internet than controls. As for caseness analysis, a significant prevalence of caseness (>0.05) was observed in traffic offenders in connection to drugs, alcohol, internet, compulsive purchasing, and eating addictions. Moreover, addiction comorbidity or multi-comorbidity was found to be common (=0.50). The implications of the results for interventions with traffic offenders are discussed.
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Marcinkova, M., L. Straka i F. Novomesky. "Cannabis and alcohol in road traffic: an overview". Acta Medica Martiniana 19, nr 2 (1.08.2019): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acm-2019-0010.
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Abstract Traffic medicine is an important part within the scope of concerns of forensic medicine. We are dealing with consequences of traffic accidents – fatal or survived – but this problem overlaps the borders of our specialization. Sustained injuries are the focus of various fields of medicine and in combination with alcohol and illicit drugs abuse this issue is growing. The following review has an ambition to bring more light into the problem concerning the effect of alcohol and cannabis (which is the most common illicit drug used worldwide) on driving abilities.
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Kalantari Meibodi, Mohammad, Samira Esfandyari, Vahid Siyabi i Sareh Roosta. "Illicit Drug Abuse in Drivers of Motor Vehicle Collisions". Galen Medical Journal 4, nr 1 (19.02.2015): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v4i1.190.
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Background: Motor vehicle Traffic injuries are indeed one of the most important worldwide health problems. Opioids can induce a depressant effect on the central nervous system which may increase the risk of traffic accidents. This cross-sectional case-control study was conducted in Marvdasht, Iran to investigate the presence of drugs in hospitalized non-fatally injured drivers of motor vehicles.Materials and Methods: The cases were 500 drivers of motor vehicle, injured in the road traffic accident and referred to the emergency ward. The controls were 500 patients hospitalized in the same emergency department due to non-traumatic reasons. They were asked about the abuse of any substance during the 72 hours before their referral to the hospital. Urinary samples of patients with negative history of drug consumption were analyzed.Results: From the drivers, 237 (47.4%) of the case group and 278 (55.6%) of the control group had positive-substance consumption. Opium was the common drug abused in the two groups. An eight fold increased risk of road accident was observed for drivers who had used tramadol (OR= 8.2, 95% CI 4.9-13.7, p<0.001). Two or more illicit drugs (poly drug abuse) were detected in 24% of the cases and 31.8% of the controls (50.6% and 57.2% of drug abusers, respectively). Just for tramadol, the prevalence was higher in cases than controls. Conclusion: The results demonstrate the high proportion of illicit drug abuse among Iranian drivers. More health education and policies are necessary to steadily decrease drug abuse in our society.
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Liebenberg, Jade, Lorraine Du Toit-Prinsloo, Gert Saayman i Vanessa Steenkamp. "Drugged driving in South Africa: An urgent need for review and reform". South African Crime Quarterly, nr 67 (15.05.2019): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2019/v0n67a4951.
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Driving under the influence is a major threat to road safety in South Africa. Various psychoactive substances (both licit and illicit) have the potential to adversely affect driving performance and increase the probability of a road traffic accident. While it is common practice in South Africa to test drivers for alcohol levels, testing for additional impairing substances (including drugs of abuse) is rarely performed. In terms of current South African legislation, only driving under the influence of alcohol and a ‘drug having a “narcotic” effect’ is prohibited. This excludes several impairing psychoactive drugs which are not classified as narcotic substances. The aim of this article is to highlight issues and/or limitations surrounding drugged driving and to propose appropriate considerations for revision of the National Road Traffic Act. We also recommend revising existing legislation to include a comprehensive statutory definition and detailed provisions for drug testing to deter impaired driving.
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Liebenberg, Jade, Lorraine Du Toit-Prinsloo, Gert Saayman i Vanessa Steenkamp. "Drugged driving in South Africa: An urgent need for review and reform". South African Crime Quarterly, nr 67 (15.05.2019): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2019/i67a4951.
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Driving under the influence is a major threat to road safety in South Africa. Various psychoactive substances (both licit and illicit) have the potential to adversely affect driving performance and increase the probability of a road traffic accident. While it is common practice in South Africa to test drivers for alcohol levels, testing for additional impairing substances (including drugs of abuse) is rarely performed. In terms of current South African legislation, only driving under the influence of alcohol and a ‘drug having a “narcotic” effect’ is prohibited. This excludes several impairing psychoactive drugs which are not classified as narcotic substances. The aim of this article is to highlight issues and/or limitations surrounding drugged driving and to propose appropriate considerations for revision of the National Road Traffic Act. We also recommend revising existing legislation to include a comprehensive statutory definition and detailed provisions for drug testing to deter impaired driving.
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Erimia, Cristina Luiza. "Considerations Regarding the Impact on Public Health Legalization of Soft Drugs in Romania". European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 5, nr 1 (30.12.2015): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v5i1.p70-73.
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This article aims to analyze the effects of decriminalization of soft drugs in Romania on the health of population, especially the young population and vulnerable groups, but also the costs of combating drug traffic and addiction treatment, which would lower considerably.In this study, we used the domestic legislation on drugs and legislative proposals for decriminalization of certain categories of drugs and tightening of legal status on illicit drug traffic and consumption.In Romania, the marketing of "light drugs" has gained momentum lately, there are about 400 markets so called "shops of dreams". Also, a substantial part of the marketing is done throughout virtual shops.The solution to prevent more serious criminal acts or to reduce the costs borne by society has sparked controversy, both among civil society and professionals in the field.
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Sumina, Vera. "Problems of application of retroactive effect of the criminal law on cases on drug traffic". Narkokontrol 2015, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2072-4160-2015-1-10-14.
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Pannunzio, Vanesa G., Hilda I. Burgos, Manuel Alonso, James R. Mattoon, Eugenia H. Ramos i Carlos A. Stella. "A Simple Chemical Method for Rendering Wild-Type Yeast Permeable to Brefeldin A That Does Not Require the Presence of anerg6Mutation". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2004, nr 3 (2004): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1110724304308077.
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The present work aims to develop a growth medium to render a wild-type strain ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaepermeable to the antifungal drug Brefeldin A. In the current study, a synthetic medium containing 0.1% L-proline and supplemented with3.0×10−3% SDS is employed. When Brefeldin A is added to this medium, a wild-type strain shows increased growth sensitivity and a diminished transport of the amino acid L-leucine. Since Brefeldin A exerts its effect on the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, the medium permits the study of the drug effect on the intracellular traffic of L-leucine permeases.
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Baertsch, Tanja, Marino Menozzi i Signe Maria Ghelfi. "Towards the Validation of an Observational Tool to Detect Impaired Drivers—An Online Video Study". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 12 (20.06.2022): 7548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127548.
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Abuse of alcohol and other drugs is a major risk factor at work. To reduce this risk, workplace drug testing is performed in transportation and other industries. VERIFY, an observational method, is one of the key elements in a procedure adopted by the police of the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, for detecting impaired drivers. The observational method has been successfully applied by adequately trained police officers since 2014. The aim of this study is to examine the interrater reliability of the observational method, the effect of training in use of the method, and the role of having experience in the police force and traffic police force on the outcome when rating a driver’s impairment. For this purpose, driver impairment in staged road traffic controls presented in videos was rated by laypeople (n = 81), and police officers without (n = 146) and with training (n = 172) in the VERIFY procedure. In general, the results recorded for police officers with training revealed a moderate to very good interrater reliability of the observational method. Among the three groups, impaired drivers were best identified by officers with training (ranging between 82.6% and 89.5% correct identification). Trained officers reported a higher impairment severity of the impaired drivers than the other two groups, indicating that training increases sensitivity to signs of impairment. Our findings also suggest that online video technology could be helpful in identifying impaired drivers. Trained police officers could be connected to a road traffic control to make observations via live video. By this method efficiency and reliability in detecting abuse of alcohol and other drugs could be improved. Our findings also apply to workplace drug testing in general.
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Johnstad, Petter Grahl. "Comparative harms assessments for cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco: Risk for psychosis, cognitive impairment, and traffic accident". Drug Science, Policy and Law 8 (styczeń 2022): 205032452210952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503245221095228.
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Researchers have associated cannabis use with risk for psychosis, cognitive impairment, and traffic accident. However, this review shows that the association between moderate cannabis use and psychosis is no stronger, and often considerably weaker, than the corresponding association for moderate tobacco use. The same holds for associations with cognitive impairment. For the risk of traffic accident, the review confirms that the risk from alcohol use is substantially stronger than the risk from cannabis use, while the corresponding risk from tobacco use appears to be almost as strong as that from cannabis use. It thus appears that the risk for psychosis, cognitive impairment, and traffic accident associated with cannabis use is generally comparable to that from tobacco use. The article discusses different interpretations of these comparative harms assessments and presents two points of methodological critique to argue that the risks associated with cannabis and other generally criminalized drugs are probably exaggerated. First, any measurement of harms associated with high escapist activities such as drug abuse will be affected by the general dysfunction associated with the underlying reason why a person settles for frequent escapism. From this perspective, cannabis and tobacco use disorder are probably both associated with underlying problems and life issues that are, in and of themselves, associated with psychopathology, and researchers should be careful not to conflate the selection effect from belonging to the population segment that opts for high escapist lifestyles with any (putative) harmful effect from drug use itself. Second, criminalization probably shifts the composition of the user population in the direction of more dysfunctional users. From this perspective, the association between substance use disorder and underlying problems and life issues is stronger for criminalized substances, since people who live troubled lives are less likely to be deterred by the prospect of legal problems.
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Mena, Jorge, Álvaro I. Sánchez, María Isabel Gutiérrez, Juan-Carlos Puyana i Brian Suffoleto. "The association between alcohol restriction policies and vehicle-related mortality in Cali, Colombia, 1998-2008". International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 3, nr 2 (24.07.2014): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v3i2.157.
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Mena, J., Sánchez, Á., Gutiérrez, M., Puyana, J., & Suffoleto, B. (2014). The association between alcohol restriction policies and vehicle-related mortality in Cali, Colombia, 1998-2008. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 3(2), 149-158. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v3i2.157Aims: To determine whether the implementation of alcohol control policies was associated with changes in the incidence of road traffic deaths.Design: Ecologic study conducted using an interrupted time series analysis. Full restrictive polices banned alcohol between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. Most restrictive polices prohibited alcohol between 1 a.m. and 10 a.m. Restrictive policies prohibited alcohol between 2 a.m. and 10 a.m. Moderately restrictive policies banned alcohol between 3 a.m. and 10 a.m. Lax policies prohibited alcohol between 4 a.m. and 10 a.m.Setting: We used data of road traffic mortality in the population of Cali, Colombia from 1998 to 2008.Participants: The population of Cali in 2008 was 2,184,753 inhabitants; 47% were male.Measures: Aggregated daily counts of road traffic deaths. Restrictive policies were compared with lax policies to estimate the effect of reducing hours of alcohol availability using multiple negative binomial regressions.Findings: There was a decreased risk of road traffic mortality in periods when moderately restrictive policies were in effect (IRR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.72–0.97, p = 0.019). There was an even lower risk of road traffic deaths in periods when most restrictive policies were in effect (IRR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.58–0.85, p < 0.001). In motorcyclists, most restrictive (IRR 0.55, 95% CI 0.38–0.81, p = 0.002) and full restrictive policies (IRR 0.52, 95% CI 0.29–0.94, p = 0.032) were associated with decreased risk of mortality.Conclusions: Our findings support more restrictive alcohol control policies to reduce road traffic mortality. Specifically, reducing the time of alcohol availability was associated with a decrease in road traffic death rates.
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Kamaluddin, Noor Azreena, Nur Sabrina Mohamad Shuhaimi, Wardati Hashim i Siti Zaharah Ishak. "Driving Distractions Perceptions among Young Drivers in an Urban Area of Shah Alam". Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 7, SI8 (5.10.2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7isi8.3908.
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Distracted driving is one of the contributing factors to traffic accidents. This study aimed to identify the causes of driving distractions, evaluate the effects of distractions, and propose recommendations for managing driving distractions among young drivers. Questionnaires were analyzed using the SPSS by applying descriptive statistics and odds ratios. Results suggested mobile phone usage, reaching for objects, and alcohol and drug intoxication are the most common causes of driving distractions among young drivers. There is a statistically insignificant effect of any type of distractions on the driving performance of young drivers with regards to traffic violations and road traffic accident involvement. Keywords: Distraction; Young Drivers; Safety; Distracted Driving eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7iSI8.3908
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Pandya, Amee D., Sapna Gupta, Supriya D. Malhotra i Pankaj Patel. "Piperacillin-tazobactam induced hypokalaemia". International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 7, nr 12 (24.11.2018): 2459. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20184866.
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Electrolytes imbalance has been reported with the use of several antimicrobials in clinical scenarios. Piperacillin/tazobactam is a commonly used antibiotic with tolerable side effects and broad antimicrobial activity in general practice. Herein we report a case of a 27 year old male presented with Road Traffic Accident with depressed frontal bone fracture, fracture humerus and fracture of great toe complicated with Ventilator associated Pneumonia (VAP) who developed hypokalemia secondary to intravenous piperacillin-tazobactam. Upon withdrawal of the drug, serum potassium normalized in 2 days. There were no other underlying renal or hepatic illness and other causes of hypokalemia. Hypokalemia is a serious adverse effect of piperacillin-tazobactam and should be suspected while treating patients with this drug in clinical practice especially in Intensive Care Units (ICU). We concluded this causality as probable/likely category according to WHO-UMC Causality Categories.
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D'Amico, Ferdinando, Giulia Roda, Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet i Silvio Danese. "Anti-adhesion Molecules in IBD: Does Gut Selectivity Really Make the Difference?" Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, nr 1 (23.05.2019): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190307165703.
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease is lifetime chronic progressive inflammatory disease. A considerable portion of patients, do not respond or lose response or experience side effect to “traditional” biological treatment such as anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α agents. The concept that the blockade of T cell traffic to the gut controls inflammation has stimulated the development of new drugs which selectively targets molecules involved in controlling cell homing to the intestine. The result is the reduction of the chronic inflammatory infiltration in the gut. In this regard, anti-adhesion molecules represent a new class of drugs for patients who don’t respond or lose response to traditional therapy. Moreover, some of these molecules such as vedolizumab, offer the advantage to target the delivery of a drug to the gut (gut selectivity) which could increase clinical efficacy and limit potential adverse events. In this article, we will give an overview of the current data on anti-adhesion molecules in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.
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Jian-qiang, DENG. "Traffic Accident Injury and the Possibility of Mechanical Asphyxia Leading to Death Co-Exist in a Case Report of Forensic Investigation". International Journal of Forensic Sciences 8, nr 3 (2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000324.
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The case analysis of forensic medicine of deaths as a result of the traffic accident, if the effect of trauma is clear that is not difficult to make a forensic expert opinion, but if combined with other special reasons may arouse speculation of the parties, so it’s necessary to screening and attention in details. This paper reports a death case caused by a traffic accident, in the process of autopsy we found the deceased with severe craniocerebral injury, minor cyanosis in his lips and hands nail bed, besides, a foreign body which was identified as an apple core was also found at the entrance above his throat. The driver suspected that the dead died of mechanical asphyxia caused by the apple core. After comprehensive and systematic autopsy, forensic histopathological examination and toxic drug examination, it was determined that the victim died of craniocerebral injury caused by traffic accident, and asphyxia caused by foreign bodies was excluded. It is uncommon for mechanical asphyxiation obstructed by a foreign body and traffic accident injuries to coexist in the same case. The case reported in this article is coincidental, rare, and has caused controversy. It is worth the attention of forensic professionals.
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Dell, Melissa. "Trafficking Networks and the Mexican Drug War". American Economic Review 105, nr 6 (1.06.2015): 1738–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20121637.
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Drug trade-related violence has escalated dramatically in Mexico since 2007, and recent years have also witnessed large-scale efforts to combat trafficking, spearheaded by Mexico's conservative PAN party. This study examines the direct and spillover effects of Mexican policy toward the drug trade. Regression discontinuity estimates show that drug-related violence increases substantially after close elections of PAN mayors. Empirical evidence suggests that the violence reflects rival traffickers' attempts to usurp territories after crackdowns have weakened incumbent criminals. Moreover, the study uses a network model of trafficking routes to show that PAN victories divert drug traffic, increasing violence along alternative drug routes. (JEL D72, D85, K42, O17, Z13)
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Lee, Yutae. "Effect of Platoon Formation Policy and Platoon Size for Connected Autonomous Vehicles on Mixed Traffic Capacity". Chiang Mai Journal of Science 51, nr 1 (31.01.2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/cmjs.2024.005.
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Recent technological development allows a queue of vehicles to be driven safely close to each other, which increases road utilization and reduces air drag, thus, resulting in significant energy savings. The queue of vehicles that follow one another in close succession is called a vehicle platoon. In the early stages of connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) platooning, CAVs are expected to form platoons at their departure point according to an appropriate platoon formation policy. However, the effect of platoon formation policy on traffic capacity is rarely considered. This paper analyzes the effect of platoon formation policy and platoon size on the capacity of mixed traffic flow with CAVs, autonomous vehicles, and human-driven vehicles. First, given platoon size distribution, we derive the probability mass function for the position of an arbitrary CAV within a platoon and obtain mixed traffic capacity as a function of CAV penetration rate and average platoon size. The platoon size is heavily influenced by platoon formation policies. So, the platoon size distributions are derived for several platoon formation policies and are applied to obtain the mixed traffic capacities under the platoon formation policies. Some numerical examples are also provided to demonstrate how the key parameters of platoon formation policies affect the mixed traffic capacity.
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Korolev, Denis V., i Vladimir V. Yamerskov. "Non-drug technologies in the prevention of arterial hypertension in civil aviation dispatchers". Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation 18, nr 6 (15.12.2019): 392–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/1681-3456-2019-18-6-392-395.
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Purpose. In recent decades, there has been an increased interest in the study of the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in civil aviation dispatchers, for whom professional stress is one of the leading risk factors in the formation of arterial hypertension in the workplace.
Material and methods. The article presents the survey data of 120 civil aviation dispatchers, who, in order to reduce the prevention of the development of arterial hypertension, underwent a complex of combined color-light-and psycho-correctional music therapy.
Conclusion. As a result of the study, it was proved that the combined color-light therapy technology and psycho-correctional music therapy have a pronounced vasocorrecting effect, which is confirmed by a decrease in systolic and diastolic pressure and heart rate to the level of healthy individuals in the studied contingent of air traffic controllers.
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Bruno, Rosa Maria, i Lorenzo Ghiadoni. "Polyphenols, Antioxidants and the Sympathetic Nervous System". Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, nr 2 (5.04.2018): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666171114170642.
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Background: A high dietary intake of polyphenols has been associated with a reduced cardiovascular mortality, due to their antioxidant properties. However, growing evidence suggests that counteracting oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease might also reduce sympathetic nervous system overactivity. Methods: This article reviews the most commonly used techniques to measure sympathetic activity in humans; the role of sympathetic activation in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases; current evidence demonstrating that oxidative stress is involved in the regulation of sympathetic activity and how antioxidants and polyphenols might counteract sympathetic overactivity, particularly focusing on preliminary data from human studies. Results: The main mechanisms by which polyphenols are cardioprotective are related to the improvement of vascular function and their anti-atherogenic effect. Furthermore, a blood pressure-lowering effect was consistently demonstrated in randomized controlled trials in humans, when the effect of flavonoid-rich foods, such as tea and chocolate, was tested. More recent studies suggest that inhibition of sympathetic overactivity might be one of the mechanisms by which these substances exert their cardioprotective effects. Indeed, an increased adrenergic traffic to the vasculature is a major mechanism of disease in a number of cardiovascular and extra-cardiac diseases, including hypertension, obesity, metabolic syndrome and heart failure. A considerable body of evidence, mostly from experimental studies, support the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species might exert sympathoexcitatory effects both at the central and at the peripheral level. Accordingly, supplementation with antioxidants might reduce adrenergic overdrive to the vasculature and blunt cardiovascular reactivity to stress. Conclusions: While supplementation with “classical” antioxidants such as ROS-scavengers has many limitations, increasing the intake of polyphenol-rich foods seems to be a promising novel therapeutic strategy to reduce the deleterious effects of increased adrenergic tone, particularly in essential hypertension.
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Yan, Xuedong, Essam Radwan i Elizabeth Birriel. "Analysis of Red Light Running Crashes Based on Quasi-Induced Exposure and Multiple Logistic Regression Method". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1908, nr 1 (styczeń 2005): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190800109.
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According to recent national statistics, red light running crashes represent a significant safety problem at signalized intersections. To examine the overall characteristics of red light running crashes, this study used the 1999 to 2001 Florida crash database to investigate the crash propensity related to traffic environments, driver characteristics, and vehicle types. The quasi-induced exposure concept and multiple logistic regression technique were used to perform this analysis. The results showed that traffic factors including number of lanes, crash time, weather, highway character, day of week, urban or rural location, speed limit, driver age, alcohol or drug use, physical defect, driver residence, and vehicle type were significantly associated with the risk of red light running crashes. Furthermore, it confirmed that there were significant interaction effects between the risk factors, including crash time and highway character, number of lanes and urban or rural location, weather condition and driver age, driver age and gender, alcohol or drug use and gender, and type of vehicle and gender.
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Marković, Srđan, Đura Nakarada, Mira Vuković, Miloš Mojović i Dragana Kastratović. "Benzodiazepines consumptions: Influence on traffic accidents". Hospital Pharmacology - International Multidisciplinary Journal 8, nr 3 (2021): 1073–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/hpimj2103073m.
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Introduction: Benzodiazepines belong to the group of anxiolytic sedatives and the most prescribed drugs in the world. Since these drugs have a potential for rapid anxiolytic effect and sedation, as well as driver capability impairment, there is a lack data of safety of benzodiazepines in traffic accidents. The aim: To make an assessment of the interconnection of time series of traffic accidents outcomes with time series of Benzodiazepine anxiolytic consumption in the Republic of Serbia. Methods: This paper is a part of IV phase academic study regarding the factors potentially affecting Benzodiazepine consumption and effects. We conducted a pharmaco-epidemiological time series analysis study of monthly sold Benzodiazepine anxiolytics in pharmacies and indicators of the crush road outcome on a monthly basis in the Republic of Serbia. The research was performed from January 2014 to December 2018. Results: Applying ARIMAX modeling we found a significantly link between DID of alprazolam with monthly total traffic accident, a high stochastic regression positive association of DID of Diazepam with the dependent variable monthly total traffic accident, the prediction of monthly fatalities of traffic accident or traffic accident with severe or slight injuries per total traffic accident we have demonstrated positive influence of DID of alprazolam in second-order autoregressive and moving average model with constant. In prediction of monthly fatalities traffic accident, a significant positive influence of DID of benzodiazepines (all together) in auto-regression model without constant was demonstrated. Conclusion: Consumption of both long-acting (over 12 h) and short-acting benzodiazepines together with all other causes highly determined the total number of traffic accidents on a monthly basis in 2014-2018 in the Republic of Serbia. An assessment of the interconnection of time series of traffic accidents outcomes with time series of Benzodiazepine anxiolytic consumption in the Republic of Serbia we found a significant positive influence of DID of benzodiazepines on traffic accidents outcomes. In total, all used benzodiazepines increase the number of fatal traffic accidents by 8.5 fold per month. Alprazolam additionally contributed with about ten percent (9.7%) to the frequency of traffic accidents on a monthly basis. Measures to prevent traffic accidents at all levels should be effective immediately in order to achieve positive results timely. The authors suggest that the great responsibility is raising awareness of compliance with traffic regulations with doctors who prescribe benzodiazepines.
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He, Xin, Sheng Qin, Genfa Yu, Songxing Zhang i Fengping Yi. "Study on the Effect of Dalbergia pinnata (Lour.) Prain Essential Oil on Electroencephalography upon Stimulation with Different Auditory Effects". Molecules 29, nr 7 (2.04.2024): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071584.
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Dalbergia pinnata (Lour.) Prain (D. pinnata) is a valuable medicinal plant, and its volatile parts have a pleasant aroma. In recent years, there have been a large number of studies investigating the effect of aroma on human performance. However, the effect of the aroma of D. pinnata on human psychophysiological activity has not been reported. Few reports have been made about the effects of aroma and sound on human electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of D. pinnata essential oil in EEG activity response to various auditory stimuli. In the EEG study, 30 healthy volunteers (15 men and 15 women) participated. The electroencephalogram changes of participants during the essential oil (EO) of D. pinnata inhalation under white noise, pink noise and traffic noise stimulations were recorded. EEG data from 30 electrodes placed on the scalp were analyzed according to the international 10–20 system. The EO of D. pinnata had various effects on the brain when subjected to different auditory stimuli. In EEG studies, delta waves increased by 20% in noiseless and white noise environments, a change that may aid sleep and relaxation. In the presence of pink noise and traffic noise, alpha and delta wave activity (frontal pole and frontal lobe) increased markedly when inhaling the EO of D. pinnata, a change that may help reduce anxiety. When inhaling the EO of D. pinnata with different auditory stimuli, women are more likely to relax and get sleepy compared to men.
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Juarez, Ruben, Nicole Siegal i Alika K. Maunakea. "The Effects of COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates in Hawaii". Vaccines 10, nr 5 (13.05.2022): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050773.
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Having been affected by the highest increase in COVID-19 cases since the start of the pandemic, Honolulu and Maui counties in Hawaii implemented vaccine passport mandates for select industries in September 2021. However, the degree to which such mandates impacted COVID-19 mitigation efforts and economics remains poorly understood. Herein, we describe the effects of these mandates on changes in three areas using difference-in-difference regression models: (1) business foot traffic; (2) number of COVID-19 cases per 100,000 individuals, and (3) COVID-19 vaccination rates across counties affected or unaffected by the mandates. We observed that although businesses affected by mandates experienced a 6.7% decrease in foot traffic over the 14 weeks after the mandates were implemented, the number of COVID-19 cases decreased by 19.0%. Notably, the vaccination rate increased by 1.41% in counties that implemented mandates. In addition, towards the end of the studied period, the level of foot traffic at impacted businesses converged towards the level of that of non-impacted businesses. As such, the trade-off in temporary losses at businesses was met with significant gains in public health and safety.
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Shihab, Mason Alexander, i Brittany Shoots-Reinhard. "Ironic effects of political ideology and increased risk-taking in Ohio drivers during COVID-19 shutdown". PLOS ONE 17, nr 12 (19.12.2022): e0279160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279160.
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In March 2020, Ohio, along with many other states, enacted a stay-at-home order (i.e., “shutdown”) to limit the spread of COVID-19. As a result of lower traffic, crashes should also have declined. We investigated whether crash rates declined in Ohio during the stay-at-home order and explore possible predictors for the decrease, such as reduced travel in compliance with the order, along with speeding, alcohol, and drug use. In addition, we examined whether support for President Trump would relate to greater travel and greater crashes (particularly during the stay-at-home order, when greater travel indicated lower compliance). The overall rate of crashes fell as people stayed home, mainly due to a decline in minor crashes. In contrast, the rate of serious crashes did not fall. Instead, percentage of alcohol-related crashes increased during the stay-at-home order, and the reduction in travel was associated with greater speeding-related crashes. Because alcohol and speeding tend to increase crash severity, these two factors may explain why severe crash rates were not reduced by lower traffic. Instead, it appears that those drivers remaining on the roads during the shutdown may have been more prone to risky behaviors, evidenced by a greater percentage of alcohol-related crashes across the state during the shutdown and greater speed-related crashes in counties with less traffic. In addition, county-level support for President Trump indirectly predicted greater rates of crashes (of all types) via increased travel (i.e., lower compliance with the shutdown), even while controlling for county-level income, rurality, and Appalachian region. Importantly, this mediated effect was stronger during the weeks of the shutdown, when greater travel indicated lower compliance. Thus, lower compliance with the stay-at-home order and increased risky driving behaviors by remaining drivers may explain why lower traffic did not lead to lower serious crashes.
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Inuwa, Nasiru, Abdullahi Mohammed Jikan-Jatum i Dr Hassana Yahya Bello. "Motorcycles Health and Traffic Safety: Evidence from Commercial Motorcyclists in Gombe State, Nigeria". Journal of Arts and Humanities 6, nr 5 (24.04.2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v6i5.1101.
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<p>Although commercial motorcyclists are gaining acceptance by all and sundry as a means of public transport which are adapted to the contemporary Nigerian society. However, expose to all hazards including accidents are further worsened by the lack of proper knowledge on road safety measures of the commercial motorcycle riders. Therefore, this study evaluates the effects of a commercial motorcycle on health and traffic safety in Gombe metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria. The study was carried out in Gombe Metropolis with using the random sampling technique to select 500 motorcyclists sample size. The data generated were analyzed using simple percentages. The study finds that most of the motorcycles accidents were caused by reckless riding, drug abuse and disregard to traffic rules. Similarly, the study finds that Tricycles are the most important factor causing motorcycle accidents in Gombe metropolis. Furthermore, the study finds that most of the respondents suffer from at least one health challenge as a result of their continuous use of the motorcycle. The study therefore recommends that government and other relevant agencies should be equipped with materials and human resources to embark on regular and massive breath testing of motorcyclists to detect riders who ride under the influence of drugs. This can be achieved through identifying the Drunken riders and make them face the wrath of the law.</p>
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Johnston, P. A., A. Stieber i N. K. Gonatas. "A hypothesis on the traffic of MG160, a medial Golgi sialoglycoprotein, from the trans-Golgi network to the Golgi cisternae". Journal of Cell Science 107, nr 3 (1.03.1994): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.107.3.529.
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We have reported that MG160, an intrinsic membrane sialoglycoprotein of the Golgi apparatus (GA), resides in the medial cisternae of the organelle (Gonatas et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 646–653). In order to resolve the question whether MG160 acquires sialic acid residues in the trans cisternae or trans-Golgi network (TGN) prior to its retrograde transport, we have examined the effects of brefeldin A (BFA) on the post-translational processing of MG160, and the distribution of internalized wheat germ agglutinin covalently linked with HRP (WGA-HRP), which labels the TGN (Gonatas et al. (1977) J. Cell Biol. 73, 1–13). In BFA-treated PC12 cells, MG160 acquires resistance to endo H, but fails to be sialylated. This effect occurs in parallel with the redistribution of MG160 into an ER compartment dispersed throughout the cytoplasm including the nuclear envelope, and the collapse of the WGA-HRP-labelled TGN into vesicles and tubules surrounding the centriole. These results suggest that MG160 is not sialylated in BFA-treated cells because it is sequestered from the sialyltransferase enzyme(s), presumably located in the TGN, and provide evidence supporting the hypothesis for a retrograde transport pathway that recycles resident GA proteins, including MG160, between the Golgi cisternae and the TGN. To examine further the above hypothesis we studied cells treated with BFA and then allowed to recover from the effect of the drug for various lengths of time. After 15 minutes of recovery, cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, typically found in the pericentriolar region, are labeled by both MG160 and WGA-HRP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Pietiäinen, Vilja, Varpu Marjomäki, Paula Upla, Lucas Pelkmans, Ari Helenius i Timo Hyypiä. "Echovirus 1 Endocytosis into Caveosomes Requires Lipid Rafts, Dynamin II, and Signaling Events". Molecular Biology of the Cell 15, nr 11 (listopad 2004): 4911–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-01-0070.
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Binding of echovirus 1 (EV1, a nonenveloped RNA virus) to the α2β1 integrin on the cell surface is followed by endocytic internalization of the virus together with the receptor. Here, video-enhanced live microscopy revealed the rapid uptake of fluorescently labeled EV1 into mobile, intracellular structures, positive for green fluorescent protein-tagged caveolin-1. Partial colocalization of EV1 with SV40 (SV40) and cholera toxin, known to traffic via caveosomes, demonstrated that the vesicles were caveosomes. The initiation of EV1 infection was dependent on dynamin II, cholesterol, and protein phosphorylation events. Brefeldin A, a drug that prevents SV40 transport, blocked the EV1 infection cycle, whereas drugs that disrupt the cellular cytoskeleton had no effect. In situ hybridization revealed the localization of viral RNA with endocytosed viral capsid proteins in caveosomes before initiation of viral replication. Thus, both the internalization of EV1 to caveosomes and subsequent events differ clearly from caveolar endocytosis of SV40 because EV1 uptake is fast and independent of actin and EV1 is not sorted further to sER from caveosomes. These results shed further light on the cell entry of nonenveloped viral pathogens and illustrate the use of viruses as probes to dissect caveolin-associated endocytic pathways.
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Carrick, Grady, Sivaramakrishnan Srinivasan i Khajonsak Jermprapai. "Safety of Freeway Service Patrol Operations: Case Study of Florida Road Rangers". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, nr 33 (6.08.2018): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118789952.
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Safety service patrols are a proven strategy to mitigate the effects of traffic incidents through quick clearance, incident management, and assistance to other incident responders like police, fire, emergency medical services, and towing. As encountered by other responders, working on or near roadways presents unique hazards for safety service patrol vehicles and operators. Road Rangers are Florida’s branded safety service patrols and, as a mature program with over 100 beats, a suitable case study for safety. This research combined an analysis of Road Ranger traffic crash data for 3 years with a comprehensive safety survey of more than 200 operators to determine safety characteristics related to service patrols. Comparing 200 Road Ranger traffic crashes from 2014 through 2016 with all Florida freeway crashes for the same time period revealed that Road Ranger crashes are five times more likely to involve a parked vehicle, and involve two or more vehicles 95% of the time. Pedestrian involvement, nighttime, shoulder locations, and work zones have higher representation for Road Ranger crashes, but weather is not a factor. Alcohol is three times more likely, drug use five times more likely, and distraction slightly higher when Road Ranger vehicles are struck. A survey of 217 Road Ranger drivers revealed that they are keenly aware of important safety topics like high-visibility safety apparel, non-traffic side vehicle approaches, and the dangers of working where there is limited lateral buffer space. Drivers overwhelmingly believe that they have the training and equipment necessary to do their jobs safely.
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Nassef, Manar M. "Road Safety Requirements". International Journal of BIM and Engineering Science 5, nr 2 (2022): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/ijbes.050205.
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Frequent and severe traffic accidents have become a major concern because they hinder the sustainable development of society. Elements of roadway design play an important role in determining the risk of traffic accidents. Where, the geometry of the road has an effect on both the severity and frequency of road accidents. Road safety is affected by a variety of factors related to the behavior of drivers and the quality of the infrastructure. Some solutions need to be provided in order to reduce the number of traffic accidents, and safety performance functions (SPFs) are essential to the implementation of science-based road safety management. This is because it is preferable to provide preventative protection than to deal with the after-effects of an accident. The ability to address this issue is also dependent on having information about the safety conditions of the road network as well as the amount of finances that are available for the implementation of new road safety initiatives. It also requires the prioritization of the various interventions that may generate benefits, increasing safety, while ensuring that reasonable steps are taken to remedy the deficiencies detected within a reasonable timeframe. Roadside accidents are often considered to be among the most merciless types of accidents. It is possible to significantly lessen the severity of collisions by designing roadsides to be more forgiving. A roadside design that is more forgiving has a limited effect on lowering the overall number of accidents, but it has a significant impact on reducing the severity of collisions, which in turn reduces the number of fatal and injury accidents.
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Samirah, Samirah, Sumarno Sumarno, Ani Nurul Fauziyah, Dini Intan Afrida, Oky Savitri Zaini, Dinda Citra Aprilia, Aditya Dwi Listyaningrum i in. "Effect of glutaraldehyde on the bovine hydroxyapatite-gelatin-alendronate bioscrew and its fabrication". Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 13, nr 1 (1.01.2025): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.56499/jppres24.1938_13.1.46.
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Context: Bone fractures are common body injuries and a global public health issue, caused by a traffic accident, fall, and fall from height. Bovine hydroxyapatite-gelatin-alendronate with the additional glutaraldehyde is a safe and suitable candidate for bone regeneration. Alendronate is a good candidate drug for bone fracture healing. Glutaraldehyde maintains strength in fixing bones by forming strong bonds between bovine hydroxyapatite-gelatin. Aims: To determine the effect of glutaraldehyde (GTA) on the bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA)-gelatin (GEL)-alendronate (ALE) bioscrew to its characteristic: FTIR, pore diameter, Ca/P ratio, compressive, tensile, torque strength, and degradation rate. Methods: The study tested four bioscrew composite formulas based on glutaraldehyde concentration: F1, F2, F3, and F4. Results: BHA-GEL-ALE and BHA-GEL-ALE-GTA bioscrews had spherical shapes with smooth surfaces. The results show that glutaraldehyde significantly affected the pore diameter, Ca/P ratio, tensile, torque strength, and degradation rate (p<0.05), but did not affect compressive strength significantly (p>0.05). For degradation rate, the F3 had the least weight loss and absorbed water, which means Its integrity is best among other formulas. Conclusions: Based on this study, glutaraldehyde affected the tensile, torque strength, degradation rate, shrank the pore diameter, and decreased the Ca/P ratio. BHA-GEL-ALE-GTA as bioscrew was good as a bone fixator. The optimal bioscrew formula was F3.
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Rehman, Hamza Ur, Francesca Russo, Massimo Calovi, Orietta Massidda i Stefano Rossi. "Antimicrobial Performance of Innovative Functionalized Surfaces Based on Enamel Coatings: The Effect of Silver-Based Additives on the Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, nr 3 (25.01.2023): 2364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032364.
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Frequently touched surfaces (FTS) that are contaminated with pathogens are one of the main sources of nosocomial infections, which commonly include hospital-acquired and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). HAIs are considered the most common adverse event that has a significant burden on the public’s health worldwide currently. The persistence of pathogens on contaminated surfaces and the transmission of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens by way of healthcare surfaces, which are frequently touched by healthcare workers, visitors, and patients increase the risk of acquiring infectious agents in hospital environments. Moreover, not only in hospitals but also in high-traffic public places, FTS play a major role in the spreading of pathogens. Consequently, attention has been devoted to developing novel and alternative methods to tackle this problem. This study planned to produce and characterize innovative functionalized enameled coated surfaces supplemented with 1% AgNO3 and 2% AgNO3. Thus, the antimicrobial properties of the enamels against relevant nosocomial pathogens including the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative Escherichia coli and the yeast Candida albicans were assessed using the ISO:22196:2011 norm.
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Duzhyi, I. D., V. V. Shymko, M. H. Kononenko i H. I. Piatykop. "JUSTIFICATION OF THE FEATURES OF ANTIBACTERIAL THERAPY IN CIVILIAN AND COMBAT TRAUMA". Kharkiv Surgical School, nr 4-5 (26.10.2022): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37699/2308-7005.4-5.2022.25.
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Summary. Traumatism around the world is taking on unmanageable proportions. Suffice it to say that every year on a global scale, several million people die from traffic accidents and industrial and domestic injuries. Some die from the actual damage, and most die from purulent-inflammatory complications.
The urgency of the problem. Treatment of inflammatory complications requires significant funds for antibacterial drugs, but their more considerable amount is insufficient given the resistance of the microflora.
Aim. To substantiate the expediency of antibacterial therapy and methods of its application.
Materials and methods. Several experimental studies were conducted on rabbits to reveal the inhibitory effect of antibacterial drugs that enter the internal organs with various administration methods.
Results and their discussion. It turned out that after intramuscular administration, ceftriaxone accumulates in the organs of the abdominal cavity in an insufficient amount to inhibit the growth of microflora. After intravenous administration, ceftriaxone gets in the appendix in 60 % of the control after 1 hour, and after 2 hours, it decreases to 30 %, which is not very effective. After lymphotropic administration, the antibiotic accumulates after 1 hour in an amount sufficient for antibacterial action (70 %) and after 2 hours — in 95 %, which is evidence of the targeting and accumulation of antibiotics with such administration of the drug.
Conclusions. Taking into account the significant disruption of microcirculation in the impression zone, the «mileage» of the vascular bed, the aggregation of formed blood elements in microvessels, and the formation of microthrombi, the intravenous method of drug administration in traumatic disease cannot be considered optimal. This need is met by the lymphotropic way of delivering antibiotics to various organs of the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
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Rols, M. P., M. Golzio, B. Gabriel i J. Teissié. "Factors Controlling Electropermeabilisation of Cell Membranes". Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 1, nr 5 (październik 2002): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153303460200100502.
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Electric field pulses are a new approach for drug and gene delivery for cancer therapy. They induce a localized structural alteration of cell membranes. The associated physical mechanisms are well explained and can be safely controlled. A position dependent modulation of the membrane potential difference is induced when an electric field is applied to a cell. Electric field pulses with an overcritical intensity evoke a local membrane alteration. A free exchange of hydrophilic low molecular weight molecules takes place across the membrane. A leakage of cytosolic metabolites and a loading of polar drugs into the cytoplasm are obtained. The fraction of the cell surface which is competent for exchange is a function of the field intensity. The level of local exchange is strongly controlled by the pulse duration and the number of successive pulses. The permeabilised state is long lived. Its lifetime is under the control of the cumulated pulse duration. Cell viability can be preserved. Gene transfer is obtained but its mechanism is not a free diffusion. Plasmids are electrophoretically accumulated against the permeabilised cell surface and form aggregates due to the field effect. After the pulses, several steps follow: translocation to the cytoplasm, traffic to the nucleus and expression. Molecular structural and metabolic changes in cells remain mostly poorly understood. Nevertheless, while most studies were established on cells in culture ( in vitro), recent experiments show that similar effects are obtained on tissue ( in vivo). Transfer remains controlled by the physical parameters of the electrical treatment.
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Lee, Robert J., Susan Wang, Mary Jo Turk i Philip S. Low. "The Effects of pH and Intraliposomal Buffer Strength on the Rate of Liposome Content Release and Intracellular Drug Delivery". Bioscience Reports 18, nr 2 (1.04.1998): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1020132226113.
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Targeted liposomal drug formulations may enter cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis and then traffick by membrane flow into acidic intracellular compartments. In order to understand the impact of these intracellular pH changes on liposomal drug unloading, the effect of pH on the release from folate-targeted liposomes of three model compounds with distinct pH dependencies was examined. 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein, which titrates from its anionic to uncharged form following internalization by KB cells, displays strong endocytosis-dependent release, since only its uncharged (endosomal) form is membrane permeable. Endocytosis-triggered unloading of drugs of this sort is enhanced by encapsulating the drug in a weak buffer at neutral pH, so that acidification of the intraliposomal compartment following cellular uptake can occur rapidly. Sulforhodamine B, in contrast, retains both anionic and cationic charges at endosomal pH (∼pH 5), and consequently, escapes the endosomes only very slowly. Doxorubicin, which is commonly loaded into liposomes in its membrane-impermeable (cationic) form using an acidic buffer, still displays endocytosis-triggered unloading, since sufficient uncharged doxorubicin remains at endosomal pHs to allow rapid re-equilibration of the drug according to the new proton gradient across the membrane. In this case, when the extraliposomal [H+] increases 250-fold from 4 × 10−8 M (pH 7.4, outside the cell) to 10−5 M (pH 5, inside the endosome), the ratio of doxorubicin inside to outside the liposome must decrease by a factor of 250. Therefore, the collapse of the transliposomal pH gradient indirectly drives an efflux of the drug molecule from the liposome. Since a change in intraliposomal pH is not required to unload drugs of this type, the intraliposomal compartment can be buffered strongly at acidic pH to prevent premature release of the drug outside the cell. In summary, pH triggered release of liposome-encapsulated drugs can be achieved both with drugs that increase as well as decrease their membrane permeabilities upon acidification, as long as the intraliposomal buffer strength and pH is rationally selected.
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Nkporbu, A. K., i P. C. Stanley. "A Systematic Review of Pattern and Prevalence of Cannabis Use among Transporters and Associated Road Traffic Accidents". International Neuropsychiatric Disease Journal 19, nr 3 (31.03.2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/indj/2023/v19i3372.
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Background: Cannabis (marijuana), while being prohibited in many countries, is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide (WHO, 1997). "Cannabis-impaired driving" refers to the impairment brought on by 9-tetrahydrocannabinol's (THC) cognitive and psychomotor effects, which have a negative impact on a driver of a motor vehicle after THC ingestion. In contrast, a "cannabis-positive driver" is a person who operates a motor vehicle while exhibiting driving impairments due to any measurable THC concentration in blood, oral fluid, or urine. A driver is considered to be "driving under the influence of cannabis" (DUIC) if their cognitive or psychomotor abilities are significantly impaired and their blood, oral fluid, or urine contains a specific amount of THC.
Aim: This study aimed at conducting a systematic review of pattern and prevalence of cannabis use among transporters and the associated road traffic accidents.
Design: A systematic review.
Data Sources: Systematic search for worldwide published literature from PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Cochrane Library and Medline databases.
Study eligibility criteria: These studies provided techniques and/or measurements of the frequency and pattern of cannabis use among transporters and the related traffic incidents.
Data extraction: The first reviewer extracted the data, and the second reviewer verified it. Both reviewers individually critiqued each of the identified papers. Data was extracted from each eligible study (including author, title, year, and study setting) following the Preferred Reporting Items on Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). These data abstraction forms were examined, and studies that satisfied the criteria were added to the meta-analysis.
Findings: Only 10 studies met all of the inclusion criteria out of the 2,251 papers that were recovered after looking at the titles and abstracts (where an abstract was not available, the article was still counted).
Conclusion: The study emphasizes the significance of education, law enforcement, and routine drug testing, reducing bribery among federal prosecutors, and influencing the accessibility of cannabis and other psychiatric substances as assessments for preventing substance cruising and restricting road traffic accidents. It also highlights areas where the study's findings and the scientific literature on risk factors for traffic accidents and preventative measures overlap. To increase acceptance and improve results, it is crucial to incorporate lay perspectives into road safety policies and initiatives.
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Paschall, Mallie J., Robert L. Flewellng i Joel W. Grube. "Using Statewide Youth Surveys to Evaluate Local Drug Use Policies and Interventions". Contemporary Drug Problems 36, nr 3-4 (wrzesień 2009): 427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090903600305.
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This article summarizes two studies that use statewide school-based youth surveys to evaluate local initiatives to reduce alcohol and other substance abuse. The Vermont New Directions evaluation was conducted to assess the effects of a community-based intervention in 23 Vermont communities to reduce youth substance use. Outcome data were obtained from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, which is administered to students in grades 8 through 12 every other year in almost all school districts in the state. Based on a quasi-experimental design, results indicated significant declines in cigarette and marijuana use in intervention districts relative to comparison districts during the study period, and led to legislative action to continue funding the initiative. The Oregon Reducing Youth Access to Alcohol study is now being conducted in 36 Oregon communities (45 school districts) with a randomized controlled design to evaluate six combined environmental strategies to reduce underage drinking. The strategies include a reward and reminder program and minor decoy operations to reduce commercial alcohol availability, party patrol dispersal and minor in possession arrests to reduce social alcohol availability, traffic emphasis, and media advocacy to increase visibility of policy enforcement activities.
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Gine, Eva, Marta Crespo, Ana Muntanola, Emili Montserrat i Francesc Bosch. "Cytosolic Histone H1.2 Releasing under Different Apoptotic Stimuli in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)." Blood 106, nr 11 (16.11.2005): 2108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.2108.2108.
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Abstract Recently, it has been shown that nuclear histone H1.2 is released into cytoplasm when apoptosis is induced by DNA double-strand breaks (DSB’s), this process being dependent on p53 functional status. In addition, cytosolic histone H1.2 induces cytochrome C release in a Bak-dependent manner. Thus, cytosolic histone H1.2 release represents a new mechanism that links DSB’s with activation of the apoptotic mitochondrial pathway. Against this background, we analyzed the release of histone H1.2 in the cytosol of purified CLL cells during apoptosis induced by fludarabine (F), mitoxantrone (M), etoposide, or ionizing radiation. In addition, the presence of histone H1 was correlated with p53 functional status. Cell viability and analysis of apoptosis were investigated by annexin V/PI staining and FACscan analysis. The presence of histone H1 and H1.2 in the cytosolic fraction was assessed by Western Blott using the anti-histone H1 (Upstate) and anti-histone H1.2 (Abcam) antibodies. Histone H1 traffic was also evaluated by using immunofluorescence analysis in CLL cells suspensions. FISH analysis was used to select samples with (n=3) or without (n=6) p53 deletion, and activation of p53 after treatment was assessed by Western Blot. In cases without p53 deletion, increased apoptosis was observed under all stimuli, the FM combination being the most effective. In such cases, histone H1.2 release was apparent 6 hours after the onset of irradiation or pharmacologic treatments, progressively increasing up to 24 hours. In contrast, cases with p53 deletion displayed a low cytotoxic effect upon different treatments. Interestingly, no p53 activation or histone H1.2 release into cytosol was observed. These results were also confirmed by immunofluorescence analysis, in which histone H1.2 was only visible in the cytosol of non-deleted p53 cases. These results demonstrate that, upon drug or irradiation exposure nuclear histone H1.2 is released into the cytoplasm of CLL cells in a p53-dependent manner. This suggests that, in CLL, histone H1.2 traffic contributes to the apoptosis induced by DSB’s and to drug resistance in cases with p53 deletion.
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Dick, Wolfgang, Rudolf Frey i A. Madjidi. "Immediate Pain Relief in Disaster Conditions". Journal of the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine 1, nr 2 (1985): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00065444.
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Disaster conditions can be characterized as rare, extraordinary and unpredictable events which threaten, injure or kill many people at the same time. The prime examples are earthquakes, floods, traffic or train accidents with hundreds of victims.While emergency pain relief measures in a few injured victims can be managed individually and really effectively, the requirement for effective pain relief under disaster conditions is still a problem which is largely unsolved. The primary goal of immediate pain relief is the elimination of pain and anxiety which, in themselves, additionally threaten the elementary body functions.The ideal analgesic drug for adequate pain relief under disaster conditions: 1) should provide the patient with effective analgesia under severe or moderate pain conditions; 2) should ideally sedate the emergency patient to a certain extent; 3) must be effective within a few minutes after intra-muscular, subcutaneous or intravenous administration; 4) should be sufficiently long-acting to avoid the necessity for re-administration several times; 5) should be applicable by paramedical as well as medical personnel; 6) should not have any depressant side effects on respiration and circulation, particularly under conditions of shock and trauma; and 7) should not require intensive monitoring of the patient. This drug has still to be discovered.The intramuscular or subcutaneous administration of most drugs cannot be considered as methods of immediate effectiveness because most drugs are slowly absorbed, particularly under conditions of shock and trauma. Although the opiate drugs such as morphine, pethidine, and so forth, are obviously effective analgesics, particularly under conditions of severe pain, they cause respiratory and circulation depression, especially if the patient is suffering from hemorrhagic shock, dyspnea and hypoventilation due to thoracic trauma, and so forth.
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Ji, Rong, Zhizhong Hao, Hao Wang, Xingfan Li, Linyan Duan, Fangxia Guan i Shanshan Ma. "Application of Injectable Hydrogels as Delivery Systems in Spinal Cord Injury". Gels 9, nr 11 (16.11.2023): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9110907.
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Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological injury caused by traffic accidents, trauma, or falls, which leads to significant loss of sensory, motor, and autonomous functions and seriously affects the patient’s life quality. Although considerable progress has been made in mitigating secondary injury and promoting the regeneration/repair of SCI, the therapeutic effects need to be improved due to drug availability. Given their good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity, injectable hydrogels can be used as delivery systems to achieve controlled release of drugs and other substances (cells and proteins, etc.), offering new hope for SCI repair. In this article, we summarized the types of injectable hydrogels, analyzed their application as delivery systems in SCI, and further discussed the mechanisms of hydrogels in the treatment of SCI, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and pro-neurogenesis. Moreover, we highlighted the potential benefits of hydrogels in the treatment of SCI in combination with therapies, including the recent advances and achievements of these promising tools. Our review may offer new strategies for the development of SCI treatments based on injectable hydrogels as delivery systems.
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Harzand Jadidi, Sepideh, Mohanna Ghorbani i Mostafa Farahbakhsh. "Evaluating knowledge and attitude of physicians regarding medicinal drugs and driving: a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study". Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 45, nr 3 (29.05.2023): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/mj.2023.030.
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Background. Drugged driving is a growing traffic safety issue in many countries. Adequate knowledge of physicians concerning the effects of different medicines on driving can help them prescribe safer medications. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of family physicians regarding the effect of medicines on driving. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 91 family physicians in East Azerbaijan Province. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. This study considered knowledge and attitude as dependent variables and demographic characteristics as independent variables. To investigate the relationship between independent and dependent variables, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square, and multiple linear regression were used. Data were analyzed using Stata version 17. Results. According to the results, almost 65 (71.43%) of the participants were women and 26 (28.57%) were men with an average age of 31.54 years. The average score of physicians’ attitude about the effect of medicines on driving was 71.70 ± 14.94, and the average score of their knowledge was 37.52 ± 10.23. Therefore, 44 (48.35%) of the physicians had a good level of attitude, whereas 46 (52.87%) of them had a low level of knowledge regarding medications and driving. Receiving education regarding medications and driving was significantly correlated with the level of knowledge and the attitude of physicians (P<0.05). However, no significant relationship was observed between the attitude and knowledge of physicians and other demographic variables. Conclusion. Considering physicians’ inadequate knowledge regarding the effect of medicines on driving, it is essential to hold training and retraining courses in the field of medicines and driving for physicians and develop a classification system for the drugs affecting driving in Iran. Practical Implications. The findings of this study can be presented to the policy-makers of the Ministry of Health in order to provide an opportunity to boost the knowledge and attitude of physicians regarding medicines and driving with the support of universities of medical sciences. As a result, an important step can be taken to reduce traffic accidents caused by prescription medicines.
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Muro, Silvia, Christine Gajewski, Michael Koval i Vladimir R. Muzykantov. "ICAM-1 recycling in endothelial cells: a novel pathway for sustained intracellular delivery and prolonged effects of drugs". Blood 105, nr 2 (15.01.2005): 650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-05-1714.
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AbstractIntercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is a target for drug delivery to endothelial cells (ECs), which internalize multivalent anti-ICAM nanocarriers (anti-ICAM/NCs) within 15 to 30 minutes. The concomitant ICAM-1 disappearance from the EC surface transiently inhibited subsequent binding and uptake of anti-ICAM/NCs. Within 1 hour, internalized ICAM-1 diverged from anti-ICAM/NCs into prelysosomal vesicles, resurfaced, and enabled uptake of a subsequent anti-ICAM/NC dose. Thus, internalized ICAM-1 was able to recycle back to the plasma membrane. In vivo pulmonary targeting of a second anti-ICAM/NC dose injected 15 minutes after the first dose was decreased by 50% but recovered between 30 minutes and 2.5 hours, comparable to cultured ECs. Anti-ICAM/NCs affected neither EC viability nor fluid-phase endocytosis and traffic to lysosomes. However, lysosomal trafficking of the second dose of anti-ICAM/NCs was decelerated at least 2-fold versus the first dose; hence the major fraction of anti-ICAM/NCs resided in prelysosomal vesicles for at least 5 hours without degradation. Two successive doses of anti-ICAM/NC/catalase protected ECs against H2O2 for at least 8 hours versus 2 hours afforded by a single dose, suggesting that recurrent targeting to ICAM-1 affords longer effects. ICAM-1 recycling and inhibited lysosomal traffic/degradation of subsequent doses may help to prolong activity of therapeutic agents delivered into ECs by anti-ICAM/NCs.
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He, Mingyan, i Qiang Lin. "The blended teaching mode and its impact on students’ psychological anxiety". CNS Spectrums 28, S2 (październik 2023): S138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852923006028.
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Background Anxiety and depression are common psychological disorders among adolescents, mainly caused by internal factors such as individual personality and physical and mental health, as well as external influences from family, school, and society. The manifestations on students are firstly pressure such as academic discomfort and confusion about future employment; and secondly anxiety and fear towards interpersonal relationships and interactions with people surroundings. The study uses psychological intervention to treat students with psychological anxiety in order to alleviate their symptoms and maintain a sound mental health.Subjects and Methods60 students aged 10-14 from a certain school were chosen and divided into a male group of 30 and a female group of 30. Before and after treatment, the Simplified Mental State Score (MMSE) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores of adolescents were performed, and the effects of single drug treatment and combination treatment were compared. Finally, SPSS 23.0 was used for data analysis, and the measurement data were expressed in the form of mean ± standard deviation and t-test was used.ResultsThe MMSE scores of single drug therapy and combination therapy before treatment were analyzed as t=0.01 and P>0.05, while the PSQI scores were analyzed as t=0.02 and P>0.05; The data analysis of MMSE scores for single drug therapy and combination therapy after treatment was t=4.39, P<0.05, and the data analysis of PSQI scores was t=6.02, P<0.05. The best effect of combination therapy was summarized.ConclusionsPsychological anxiety problems among students often affect their cognition, memory, and life skills. Medication and psychological intervention can alleviate students’ anxiety and improve their quality of life.Acknowledgement Central Party School, research on digital agriculture in the context of rural revitalization (No. 2023DXXTZDDYKT126); Party School of Liaoning Provincial Committee, strengthen the strategic research of agricultural strong province supported by digital technology (No.ZKLM23002); Research on the key technology of traffic big data fusion mining under the background of epidemic prevention and control normalization (No. L22AGL002).
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Kim, Yun Jeong, i Hyun Jeong Lee. "The Effects of Situational Role Playing-Centered Safety Education through Fairy Tales on Children's Safety Knowledge and Safety Problem Solving Ability". Forum of Public Safety and Culture 20 (30.01.2023): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.52902/kjsc.2023.20.65.
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This study investigated the effect of situational role playing-centered safety education through fairy tales on children's safety knowledge and safety problem-solving ability.
The study selected 50 five-year-old children in Y Kindergarten in I Metropolitan City as the study subjects; the children were divided into experimental and control groups of 25 children each. Both groups carried out each assigned program with the same safety topics based on the seven standards for school safety, but the experiment group conducted the safety education program based on situational role playing through fairy tales planned by the researcher, and the control group conducted the annual safety education programs that were planned in kindergarten. Both pre-and post-tests were conducted across two weeks, and the experimental treatment was conducted twice a week for 12 weeks, resulting in a total of 24 sessions. The mean and standard deviation were calculated from the collected data, and covariance analysis was performed to determine the difference between the groups.
The results of this study showed that first, the experimental group improved significantly compared to the control group in terms of safety knowledge and its sub-factors, such as life safety, traffic safety, violence prevention and personal protection, prevention of drug and cyber addiction, disaster safety, occupational safety, and first aid. Second, the experimental group showed a significant improvement over the control group in terms of the ability to solve safety problems and their sub-factors including playing, complying with traffic safety rules, and emergency response.
This suggests that it is necessary to make active efforts to provide concrete and practical child safety education activities in order to derive sustainable effectiveness in each area of the seven standards for school safety education in the field of early childhood education by utilizing situational role playing-centered safety education programs through fairy tales.
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Schneider, Matthias, Anna-Laura Potthoff, Bernd O. Evert, Marius Dicks, Denise Ehrentraut, Andreas Dolf, Elena N. C. Schmidt i in. "Inhibition of Intercellular Cytosolic Traffic via Gap Junctions Reinforces Lomustine-Induced Toxicity in Glioblastoma Independent of MGMT Promoter Methylation Status". Pharmaceuticals 14, nr 3 (27.02.2021): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14030195.
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Glioblastoma is a malignant brain tumor and one of the most lethal cancers in human. Temozolomide constitutes the standard chemotherapeutic agent, but only shows limited efficacy in glioblastoma patients with unmethylated O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter status. Recently, it has been shown that glioblastoma cells communicate via particular ion-channels—so-called gap junctions. Interestingly, inhibition of these ion channels has been reported to render MGMT promoter-methylated glioblastoma cells more susceptible for a therapy with temozolomide. However, given the percentage of about 65% of glioblastoma patients with an unmethylated MGMT promoter methylation status, this treatment strategy is limited to only a minority of glioblastoma patients. In the present study we show that—in contrast to temozolomide—pharmacological inhibition of intercellular cytosolic traffic via gap junctions reinforces the antitumoral effects of chemotherapeutic agent lomustine, independent of MGMT promoter methylation status. In view of the growing interest of lomustine in glioblastoma first and second line therapy, these findings might provide a clinically-feasible way to profoundly augment chemotherapeutic effects for all glioblastoma patients.
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Jimenez-Puerta, Gonzalo José, Juan Antonio Marchal, Elena López-Ruiz i Patricia Gálvez-Martín. "Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Therapeutic Agents: Potential Mechanisms of Action and Implications in Their Clinical Use". Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, nr 2 (6.02.2020): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020445.
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Due to the great therapeutic interest that involves the translation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) into clinical practice, they have been widely studied as innovative drugs, in order to treat multiple pathologies. MSC-based cell therapy involves the administration of MSCs either locally or systemically into the receptor body where they can traffic and migrate towards the affected tissue and participate in the process of healing. The therapeutic effects of MSCs compromise of different mechanisms such as the functional integration of differentiated MSCs into diseased host tissue after transplantation, their paracrine support, and their impact on the regulation of both the innate and the acquired immune system. Here, we establish and provide recent advances about the principal mechanisms of action through which MSCs can perform their activity and effect as a therapeutic tool. The purpose of this review is to examine and discuss the MSCs capacity of migration, their paracrine effect, as well as MSC-mediated modifications on immune cell responses.
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Seravalle, Gino, Gianmaria Brambilla, Daniela Prata Pizzalla, Anna Casati, Marta Riva, Cesare Cuspidi, Michele Bombelli, Giuseppe Mancia i Guido Grassi. "Differential effects of enalapril–felodipine versus enalapril–lercanidipine combination drug treatment on sympathetic nerve traffic and metabolic profile in obesity-related hypertension". Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 10, nr 3 (marzec 2016): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jash.2016.01.006.
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Melkonyan, Magdalina, Ashkhen Manukyan, Lilit Hunanyan, Artem Grigoryan, Hayk Harutyunyan, Lilit Sukiasyan, Lusine Danielyan i Konstantin Yenkoyan. "Alpha2-Adrenoblockers Regulate Development of Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Behaviour of Rats under Chronic Acoustic Stress Conditions". Pharmaceuticals 14, nr 6 (2.06.2021): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14060529.
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Noise is a wide-spread stress factor in modern life produced by urbanization, traffic, and an industrialized environment. Noise stress causes dysfunction and neurotransmission impairment in the central nervous system, as well as changes in hormone levels. In this study, we have examined the level of α-Tocopherol (α-T) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma and the erythrocytes’ membrane (EM), as well as the behavioral characteristics of a noise-induced stress model in rats. In addition, the modulating effect of α2-adrenoblockers, beditin, and mesedin on the aforementioned parameters has been investigated. For these purposes, albino male rats were divided into four groups: (1) untreated; (2) noise-exposed, (3) noise-exposed and beditin-treated (2 mg/kg, i.p.), and (4) noise-exposed and mesedin-treated (10 mg/kg, i.p.) animals. Noise-exposed groups were treated with 91dBA noise on 60 days with a daily duration of 8 h. Increased MDA and decreased α-T levels in plasma and EM were observed upon chronic high-level noise exposure. Locomotor and behavioral activity assessed with a Y-maze revealed disorientation and increased anxiety under chronic noise exposure. Prominently, α2-adrenoblockers alleviated both behavioral deficits and oxidative stress, providing evidence for the involvement of α2-adrenoceptor in the pathophysiology of noise-induced stress.
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Bhattacharyya, S., C. Iyegbe, Z. Atakan, R. Martin-Santos, J. A. Crippa, X. Xu, S. Williams i in. "Protein kinase B (AKT1) genotype mediates sensitivity to cannabis-induced impairments in psychomotor control". Psychological Medicine 44, nr 15 (29.04.2014): 3315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714000920.
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Background.What determines inter-individual variability to impairments in behavioural control that may underlie road-traffic accidents, and impulsive and violent behaviours occurring under the influence of cannabis, the most widely used illicit drug worldwide?Method.Employing a double-blind, repeated-measures design, we investigated the genetic and neural basis of variable sensitivity to cannabis-induced behavioural dyscontrol in healthy occasional cannabis users. Acute oral challenge with placebo or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, was combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging, while participants performed a response inhibition task that involved inhibiting a pre-potent motor response. They were genotyped for rs1130233 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the protein kinase B (AKT1) gene.Results.Errors of inhibition were significantly (p = 0.008) increased following administration of THC in carriers of the A allele, but not in G allele homozygotes of theAKT1rs1130233 SNP. The A allele carriers also displayed attenuation of left inferior frontal response with THC evident in the sample as a whole, while there was a modest enhancement of inferior frontal activation in the G homozygotes. There was a direct relationship (r = − 0.327,p = 0.045) between the behavioural effect of THC and its physiological effect in the inferior frontal gyrus, whereAKT1genotype modulated the effect of THC.Conclusions.These results require independent replication and show that differing vulnerability to acute psychomotor impairments induced by cannabis depends on variation in a gene that influences dopamine function, and is mediated through modulation of the effect of cannabis on the inferior frontal cortex, that is rich in dopaminergic innervation and critical for psychomotor control.
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Blazhko, Lyudmila, Vladimir Bel'tyukov, Artem Kiselev i Andrey Romanov. "Optimization of Operating Cost at the Expense of Improving the Conditions of a Rolling Stock Interaction With a Railway Track by Equivalent Taper Parameter". Bulletin of scientific research results, nr 2 (23.06.2022): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2022-2-64-74.
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Purpose: Calculation of an economic effect by introducing the parameter of equivalent taper of wheel pairs on account of reduction of operating costs on high-speed train motion and track facility maintenance. Methods: The study used the methods of computer simulation of interaction between a rolling stock and a railway track, methods of mathematical statistics, methodology to make traction calculations in automated system. Results: Measures have been proposed to reduce the forces of a drag for a high-speed rolling stock motion. We’ve calculated an economic effect from introduction of wheel pair equivalent taper parameter on Russian Federation high-speed railroads. Practical importance: Recommendations have been proposed on consideration of wheel pair equivalent taper parameter for to reduce the forces of drag to the motion and on pursuing rail mobile treatment on the sections of high-speed train traffic sections.
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Tyagi, H., i M. K. Gandhi. "A Study to Find Effects of Covid-19 on Brick and Mortar Stores in Roorkee in Uttarakhand". CARDIOMETRY, nr 23 (20.08.2022): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.23.660665.
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Price downturn was long before the COVID-19 pandemic because most retailers have brick-and-mortar stores. It is crucial to review their store portfolios, including stores in at least three separate segments: shops in closed centers, band centers, or standalone locations and outlets. Once customers are happy to come back, each would possibly have a different pattern of traffic. Product will be modeled according to the type of product being sold and whether it is a purchasing requirement or a fringe. A high level of unemployment is also projected to impact the available revenues to be invested. World shocked by corona pandemic and the global economy as a result. No wonder traditional brick and mortar retail has continued to decline for many years. Widespread countermeasures in many countries are now massively escalating this decline to help slow the virus and close down all but main retail outlets (supermarkets/ businesses, pharmacies/drug shops, post office, and banks).