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Prendergast-Miller, Miranda T. "The role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in denitrification". Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=56282.
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Rasanayagam, Maretta Sharima. "Inhibitory effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi on other soil fungi". Thesis, University of Kent, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332661.
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Rosling, Anna. "Responses of ectomycorrhizal fungi to mineral substrates /". Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s296.pdf.
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Husted, Lynn. "Low soil temperature and efficacy of ectomycorrhizal fungi". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30930.
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The influence of root-zone temperature on the efficacy of various ectomycorrhizal fungi, i.e., their ability: (1) to colonize roots in a nursery environment, (2) to persist and colonize new roots in the field and (3) to improve the growth, nutrition, and physiology of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings, was examined in controlled environment experiments using water baths to regulate root-zone temperature.
Eight-week-old non-mycorrhizal seedlings were inoculated with 13 different inocula (1 forest floor inoculum, 12 specific fungi), then transplanted into 6, 16, or 26°C peat:vermiculite mixes for 8 weeks. Maximum root colonization occurred at 16°C for most inocula. The 6°C mix strongly reduced mycorrhiza formation with only 8 of the 13 inocula forming any mycorrhizae during the 8-week test period. Primary infection from ectomycorrhizal propagules (spores and hyphal fragments) was reduced more than was secondary infection from established mycorrhizae; once established, all inocula colonized new roots in 6°C forest soil.
Fall-lifted cold-stored seedlings infected with 8 inocula (forest floor, 7 specific fungi) were planted into 6 and 12°C forest soil mixtures with or without indigenous ectomycorrhiza inoculum. Survival and colonization of new roots by inoculant fungi was good (> 50%) for the 12-week test duration despite the significant potential for infection by indigenous inoculum. High persistence appeared to be due to successful (>75%) root colonization by the inoculant fungi in the nursery production phase, to the relative weakness of ectomycorrhizal propagules (spores and hyphal fragments) compared with live ectomycorrhizal attachments, and to the favorable pattern of lateral root egress from the container plug after planting.
Colonization of new roots by established mycorrhizae showed an effect of soil temperature in the presence, but not the absence, of indigenous inoculum. Percent new root colonization by inoculant fungi was lower in the 12°C forest soil. Rapid extension of lateral roots in the 12°C soil increased the likelihood that short roots initiated near the tips of elongating roots would be infected by indigenous fungi. There was no evidence of active or passive interactive replacement between inoculant and indigenous fungi. However, Hebeloma crustuliniforme appeared to inhibit mycorrhizal formation by indigenous fungi; roots not infected by this fungus remained non-mycorrhizal. Application of slow-release fertilizer reduced new root colonization by E-strain but had no effect on colonization by H. crustuliniforme or indigenous forest floor fungi.
Non-inoculated seedlings (controls) and seedlings inoculated with 5 different inocula (forest floor, 4 specific fungi) were planted in 6 and 12°C forest soil for 3 weeks. Inoculation influenced the rate at which seedlings acclimated to the 6°C soil with respect to resistance to water flow and net photosynthetic rate, but had no effect on pre-dawn stomatal conductance. Differences among inoculation treatments were related to the size and nutritional status of seedlings at the time of transplanting. Seedlings infected with Laccaria bicolor or E-strain exhibited the least decrease in resistance to water flow due to the relatively small size (dry weight, short root number) of their root systems at the time of transplanting. Net photosynthetic rate and new foliage production correlated positively with shoot N and P (% dry weight) and the proportion of total seedling N and P contained in shoot tissues at the time of planting.
Non-inoculated seedlings (controls) and seedlings inoculated with forest floor or 5 specific fungi were planted in 6 and 12°C forest soil for 12 weeks. The presence of "any" mycorrhiza at the time of transplanting did not improve seedling growth under the experimental conditions (i.e., cool, acidic soils with an indigenous ectomycorrhizal fungal population). On average, mycorrhizal infection increased N and P uptake at 12°C but not at 6°C. Growth response to specific fungi was very variable with some fungi depressing seedlings growth (e.g., E-strain and H. crustuliniforme) and others strongly promoting it (forest floor inoculum, L. bicolour, Thelephora terrestris). Seedling response to the various inocula was not related to the degree of mycorrhizal infection at the time of planting nor to the source of inocula; but was associated with differences in the content and distribution of nutrients at the time of transplanting and differences in total nutrient uptake, root efficiency, nutrient-use efficiency and net photosynthetic rate after transplanting. Root efficiency was not proportional to the number of short roots per unit root or to the amount of external mycelium attached to the various mycorrhizae. Implications for applied forestry and research are discussed in the final chapter.Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Nygren, Cajsa. "Functional diversity in nutrient acquisition by ectomycorrhizal fungi /". Uppsala : Dept. of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200854.pdf.
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Valentine, Lori Lisa. "The biodiversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Quercus garryana /". View full-text version online through Southern Oregon Digital Archives, 2002. http://soda.sou.edu/awdata/040226b1.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Southern Oregon University, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-43). Also available via Internet as PDF file through Southern Oregon Digital Archives: http://soda.sou.edu. Search Bioregion Collection.
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Jonsson, Lena. "Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Swedish boreal forests /". Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1998. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1998/91-576-5609-6.gif.
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Howard, Kay. "The effect of the fungicide phosphite on ectomycorrhizal fungi". Thesis, Howard, Kay ORCID: 0000-0003-3977-1243 (2001) The effect of the fungicide phosphite on ectomycorrhizal fungi. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2001. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/3215/.
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In Western Australia, the fungicide phosphite is being applied to selected native plant communities in order to reduce the impact of the root and collar rot pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi. The effect of this fungicide on the growth and function of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and their mycorrhizas was unknown. Taking the hypothesis that phosphite has a deleterious effect on mycorrhizal fungi, this study explored potential detrimental effects of phosphite on early colonising ectomycorrhizal fungi.
Ten isolates of Scleroderma and Pisolithus from Western Australia, isolated from a range of host plants. These isolates were partnered with Agonis flexuosa, Melaleuca scabra, Eucalyptus globulus, E. sieberi and four clonal lines of E. marginata (jarrah) in vitro. The isolates that formed a mantle, Hartig net and epidermal cell elongation characteristic of a successful symbiosis, were chosen for further studies on two contrasting E. marginata clonal lines, that were resistant or susceptible to P. cinnamomi. Foliar drenching with phosphite induced different responses in the two clonal lines when they were non-mycorrhizal. Phosphite decreased root production in the resistant clone, and increased the number of plantlets that produced roots in the susceptible clonal line. Generally, 3 g phosphite/L reduced the host response to mycorrhizal infection, and mycorrhizas reduced root responses to phosphite compared to those seen in non-mycorrhizal plants.
To determine if phosphite could have a direct inhibitory effect on the hyphae of ECM fungi, three isolates of Laccaria, Scleroderma and Pisolithus were grown in pure culture, on media containing a range of phosphite and phosphate concentrations. The biomass of Laccaria generally decreased as phosphite concentration increased at low phosphate concentrations. As phosphate concentration increased, the biomass of each Laccaria isolate generally increased irrespective of phosphite concentration. In hyphae of the three isolates of Laccaria, the increasing concentrations of phosphate in the media resulted in significant accumulation of phosphate. In two isolates, external phosphite supply had no effect on phosphate uptake. Scleroderma and Pisolithus tolerated the same concentration of phosphite as phosphate, while Laccaria was more sensitive to phosphite. There was a significant difference in growth between Laccaria isolates, while there was less variation between isolates of Scleroderma and Pisolithus. Scleroderma was most sensitive with two isolates being killed by 40 mM and the third being killed by 100 mM phosphite, while 120 – 140 mM phosphite was fungicidal to Laccaria and Pisolithus isolates.
In the glasshouse, non-mycorrhizal seedlings of E. marginata, E. globulus and A. flexuosa were sprayed to run-off with 0 to 10 g phosphite/L, and then planted into soil naturally infested with early colonising mycorrhizal species. Phosphite had no effect on the percentage of roots infected with mycorrhizal fungi. In another experiment, E. globulus seedlings ectomycorrhizal with Scleroderma, Pisolithus and Descolea were treated with 0 to 10 g phosphite/L and infection of new roots by ectomycorrhizal fungi was assessed. At the recommended rate (5 g phosphite/L), phosphite had no effect on ectomycorrhizal formation, while at 10 g/L phosphite decreased infection by Descolea by 15%.
An in vitro study was undertaken on a clonal line of E. marginata to determine if the foliar application of 3 g phosphite/L had any effect on the ability of Scleroderma and Pisolithus spores to germinate and infect roots. There was no significant difference in the percentage of infected primary and lateral root tips in phosphite and control plants inoculated with Scleroderma or Pisolithus spores.
To determine if the soluble and cell wall bound peroxidases and phenolics involved in host defence responses are affected by phosphite treatment of the host, a series of interactions with E. marginata, ECM fungi and P. cinnamomi were examined. Phosphite significantly reduced P. cinnamomi lesion length in all mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal treatments and altered static peroxidase activity and phenolic concentrations in the roots of all non-mycorrhizal plants.
Phosphite did not induce changes in peroxidase activity or phenolic concentration in roots of the susceptible clone when in indirect contact with Pisolithus. However, there was a general increase in peroxidase activity and phenolic concentration in roots of the resistant clone in the presence of Pisolithus and P. cinnamomi. In contrast, phosphite decreased peroxidase activity in the susceptible clone in the presence of Scleroderma and had no effect on soluble or cell wall bound phenolics. Phosphite did not alter peroxidase activity or phenolic concentration in roots of the resistant clone challenged by P. cinnamomi in the presence of either Scleroderma or Pisolithus. In contrast, phosphite significantly increased peroxidase activity, and decreased soluble phenolic concentration in the roots of the susceptible clone in the presence of Pisolithus.
A glasshouse trial examined the effect of foliar applied phosphite (3 g/L) on P. cinnamomi infection of roots of mycorrhizal E. marginata plants. Laccaria, Scleroderma and Pisolithus mycorrhiza were established with seedlings and a P. cinnamomi susceptible clonal line of E. marginata prior to phosphite treatment. P. cinnamomi zoospores were inoculated to the root zone 10 days after phosphite application. P. cinnamomi was recovered from 84% and 52% of the untreated seedlings and clonal plants respectively, whether they were ectomycorrhizal or not. By contrast, in phosphite treated plants, P. cinnamomi was recovered in 10% of seedlings and 6% of clonal plants. There was no difference in P. cinnamomi recovery between mycorrhizal types in seedlings and clonal plants. More P. cinnamomi was recovered from mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal clonal plants. There was no correlation between the extent of mycorrhizal fungal colonisation and the percentage of P. cinnamomi infected roots in clonal plants or seedlings.
Overall conclusions
Although only a few ECM fungi and host species were examined in this study, it appears that phosphite, when used at the recommended rate (5 g/L), may not have a detrimental effect on ECM formation. The concentration of phosphite that is fungicidal to ECM fungi in vitro is generally in excess of levels that would be found in treated plant tissues. However, when the recommended rate was exceeded it was shown that phosphite significantly decreased infection by Descolea.
This study has shown that there is variation between genera of ECM fungi, host plants, type of plant (clonal material or seedlings) in response to phosphite. However, this study did not take into account differing phosphate concentrations and its effect on phosphite and mycorrhizal interactions, which would further increase these variations. This demonstrates that generalisations cannot be made on the effect of phosphite on ECM fungi and ECM plants.
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Wilkinson, Anna. "The significance of genetic diversity for ectomycorrhizal fungal productivity and CO₂ efflux". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.600050.
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Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi play key functional roles in forest ecosystems; they are fundamental to the health and nutrition of their plant partners and they cycle vast amounts of photosynthetically fixed carbon (C) through the soil. They also form diverse belowground communities, yet to date only a few studies have tested the effects of EM diversity on host plant responses, with belowground C flux effects remaining ignored. This thesis investigated how increasing species and genotypic richness affected the productivity and CO2 efflux of EM fungal mycelium grown in pure culture, and examined whether similar patterns between diversity and respiration were found in the field. Furthermore, the response of soil respiration to additions of increasingly diverse EM necromass was tested. Results from in vitro studies revealed that not only did productivity and respiration change significantly, but genotype richness also had strong effects on these processes. Biodiversity effects were driven by a combination of selection effects (dominance by a species) and complementarity effects (niche partitioning/complementary resource use). Furthermore, variation in productivity and CO2 efflux between individuals was large, and in some cases differences between genotypes was as great, if not greater, than between species. Strikingly, not only did the addition of EM fungal necromass to soil rapidly enhance respiration above that produced by unamended controls, but CO2 efflux also increased dramatically with increasing necromass richness. The relationship between species richness and soil CO2 efflux in the field was not as pronounced, although further work is needed to distinguish between sources of soil CO2 efflux variation in the field and to address confounding factors. This PhD thesis stresses the importance of diversity for soil C cycling in both living and decomposing EM fungi, and it supports calls to consider fine scale phylogenetic information about microbial communities when testing the effects of diversity on ecosystem processes.
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Phosri, Cherdchai. "Characterization and development of tropical gasteromycete fungi in ectomycorrhizal associations". Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402861.
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Shaw, Timothy M. "Modelling competition between ectomycorrhizal fungi for roots of pine seedlings". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303411.
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Gibson, Fiona. "Establishment of ectomycorrhizal fungi on roots of birch (Betula spp.)". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14901.
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Ali, Nahia A. "Spore germination and the pre-infection phase in ectomycorrhizal fungi". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1986. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843799/.
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Spore germination of seven species of ectomycorrhizal fungi was studied under different conditions. Spores of most species tested did not germinate on laboratory media without stimulators. Various stimulators were tested and the greatest activation was that by Pseudomonas stutzeri which was obtained from fruitbodies of Hebeloma crustuliniforme and stimulated about 21% of spores of that fungus. Effects of plant roots on spore germination were studied in the laboratory and in soil. In mineral salts medium, spores of Paxillus involutus were stimulated by five of seven tree species and one of four non-tree species tested. Spores of Laccaria laccata and H. crustuliniforme were stimulated by birch and pine only, while those of lactarius turpis and Amanita fulva were only slightly stimulated by birch roots. Birch was more stimulatory and the highest germination (30%) was that of H. crustuliniforme at 0-1 mm from the root edge. In soil, spores of P. involutus only, of the seven species tested, were stimulated to germinate near roots of birch and spruce in steamed and untreated soils. Birch stimulated up to 96% of spores to germinate in untreated birch wood soil. Spruce had much less effect on germination in either steamed or untreated soil. The majority of germ tubes grew towards the roots. Exudate from roots of seedlings of birch previously grown in soil was active in stimulating germination of H. crustuliniforme, but not of the other six species tested. Activity of the root exudate was associated with the ninhydrin-positive fraction. The role of the basidiospores of the test fungi in initiating mycorrhizas in soil was also studied. Spores of P. involutus and L. laccata established mycorrhizas with birch, but not spruce or pine roots. Spores of the other five species tested did not establish mycorrhizas with any of the plant tested.
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Cripps, Cathy Lynn. "Ecological and taxonomic studies of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Aspen". Diss., This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-160259/.
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Vishwanathan, Kishore [Verfasser]. "Defense remodelling by ectomycorrhizal fungi in non-hosts / Kishore Vishwanathan". Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1215338651/34.
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Trusty, Paul Evan. "Impact of severe fire on ectomycorrhizal fungi of whitebark pine seedlings". Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/trusty/TrustyP0509.pdf.
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Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a threatened keystone species in subalpine zones of Western North America critical to watersheds and maintenance of high elevation biodiversity. Pine nuts are an important food for wildlife including grizzly bears. Whitebark pine stands have experienced losses up to 90% due to white pine blister rust, mountain pine beetles and replacement due to fire suppression. Active management strategies include letting natural fires burn or applying prescribed fires to clear understory fir, stimulate seedling regeneration and provide openings for nutcrackers to plant seeds. However, post-fire plantings of rust-resistant seedlings have low survival rates. This study evaluated the impact of fire on the mycorrhizal fungi which are obligate mutualists with whitebark pine and to address management concerns. The 2001 Fridley fire burned a portion of a mature whitebark pine forest and a year later 20,000 seedlings were planted. After four years, natural and planted seedlings, on the burn and controls in the adjacent unburned forest were well colonized by mycorrhizal fungi (>90%) although a portion may be nursery E-strain. The severe burn reduced mycorrhizal diversity 27% on natural and planted seedlings and caused a significant shift in mycorrhizal species (determined by ITS sequencing, principal component analysis and multidimensional scaling). Seedlings in the burn (natural and planted) were dominated by Pseudotomentella nigra, Wilcoxina species and Amphinema byssoides while natural seedlings in unburned forest hosted mainly Cenococcum geophilum and Piloderma byssinum. Differences were minimal between planted and natural seedlings in the burn, but roots of planted pines retained the container shape. The functional significance of a species shift to seedling survival is not yet known. Seedlings in all treatments hosted suilloid fungi (Rhizopogon, Suillus) important in pine establishment. A greenhouse bioassay of burned and unburned soils using nursery seedlings did not reflect the full diversity found in the field study, but did reveal suilloid fungi indicating that bioassays can be used as a pre-planting assessment tool for this group. Despite high mycorrhization and availability of suilloids, seedling survival was low (22-42%) suggesting the timing/type of mycorrhization and/or other biotic/abiotic factors are a concern.
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Fransson, Petra M. A. "Responses of ectomycorrhizal fungi to changes in carbon and nutrient availability /". Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/s235.pdf.
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Lonergan, Erin Rebecca. "The use of native ectomycorrhizal fungi in the restoration of whitebark pine". Thesis, Montana State University, 2012. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2012/lonergan/LonerganE1212.pdf.
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Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is an endangered keystone species in western North America. Populations are being decimated by white pine blister rust, mountain pine beetles and fire suppression. Large restoration efforts that include the planting of 200,000 rust-resistant seedlings are ongoing, but survival rates are low. Conifers are routinely inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi in the greenhouse to enhance out-planting success, but this has not been tried with whitebark pine. The goal of this project is to examine the use of native ectomycorrhizal fungi in restoration of whitebark pine with a greenhouse and field study. A main goal of the greenhouse study was to determine if low nitrogen fertilizer is conducive to ectomycorrhizal colonization by the native fungus, Suillus sibiricus. The effects of dried/fresh inoculum, short or long containers, and the drip/injection method were also tested. Results showed that mycorrhizal colonization was maintained with a low nitrogen fertilizer (4-25-15 NPK), although colonization declined at higher levels. Long containers were more conducive to mycorrhizal colonization, but differences were minimal for other variables. The field study conducted at Summit Lake in Waterton Lakes National Park is part of an effort to combat seriously declining pine populations. One thousand seedlings, half inoculated with Suillus sibiricus, were planted in clusters of three in four site condition combinations: burned/unburned areas, with and without beargrass. Survival was higher than for other studies one (95%) and two years (69%) after planting (2010). Results could be due to favorable spring conditions, conducive site conditions (terra-torching), and mycorrhizal inoculation on certain sites. Survival was 24% higher on burns in comparison to unburned sites; microsite increased survival across all sites. Effects of mycorrhizal inoculation were site dependent and survival was increased 17-23% on unburned sites with beargrass; inoculation did not impact seedling survival on burns. Survival was lowest (38%) on poor planting sites (unburned, no beargrass) but these sites benefited greatly from microsite presence. Data suggest site conditions strongly influence early seedling survival and that mycorrhizal inoculation may be beneficial when soil fungi are restricted. Longer term monitoring is necessary to determine how variables affect seedling survival in the future.
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Garza, Ocanas Fortunato. "Competition between ectomycorrhizal fungi during establishment on the roots of tropical pines". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291276.
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Trudell, Steven A. "Patterns of nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios in macrofungi, plants, and soils from two old-growth conifer forests, Olympic National Park, Washington, USA /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5572.
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Mohatt, Katherine Rose. "Ectomycorrhizal fungi of Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) in the Northern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem". Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/mohatt/MohattK0506.pdf.
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Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is an integral component of subalpine ecosystems in the Western United States where it is considered a keystone species. The mature forests which colonize harsh treeline terrain provide habitat for flora and fauna an essential food source to grizzly bears, and are also important in watershed dynamics. Threats which have led to the decline of this tree species, up to 40-90% in parts of its range, include blister rust, mountain pine beetle, fire suppression, and climate change. Pines are obligate ectomycorrhizal symbionts, and host mutualistic fungi on their roots beneficial to tree establishment and sustainability; however, little is known of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi crucial to the survival of P. albicaulis. The goal of this study was to discover the species of ECM fungi associated with P. albicaulis in the Northern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. A survey of fruiting structures of ECM fungi in mature P. albicaulis forests from five mountain ranges revealed at least 44 species. ECM fungi in the Boletales and Cortinariales comprised 50% of the species, 24% were hypogeous, and one Chroogomphus species is new to science. An examination of the roots of P. albicaulis seedlings using morphotyping and sequencing of the ITS region revealed 19 species of ECM fungi, 11 of which were not previously revealed by sporocarps, including 2 Tomentelloid types. Cenococcum geophilum was the most frequent (64% of seedlings) and abundant (49% of root tips) ECM fungus on roots. Pinus albicaulis seeds are primarily distributed by Clark's nutcrackers which cache seed on open slopes at a distance from mature forests. A comparison of the ECM fungi on seedlings in avalanche paths and adjacent mature forests on Scotch Bonnet Mountain revealed a similar species richness, however species composition only partially overlapped . Of necessity, some "seedling clusters" were sampled instead of single seedlings, mostly from paths and they appeared to host more ECM fungi, which likely skewed results. Current efforts to restore this tree, especially by the out-planting of rust-resistant seedlings, can benefit from this research as a knowledge of the ECM fungi could help reestablish this tree in peril.
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Gazzè, Salvatore Andrea. "The bio-inorganic interface : interaction of ectomycorrhizal fungi and exudates with silicate minerals". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546195.
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Abuzinadah, Rida Abdulrahman. "The utilization of organic nitrogen sources by ectomycorrhizal fungi and their host plants". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366224.
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Kurnik, Betsy S. "Diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi on two reclaimed surface mines differing in soil properties". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1698.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 72 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-64).
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Voke, Naomi R. "The effect of roots and ectomycorrhizal fungi on carbon cycling in forest soils". Thesis, University of York, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4087/.
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Though the input of labile substrates into the rhizosphere by roots is known to promote decomposition of both soil organic matter (SOM) and surface litter, the presence of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi living in symbiosis with plant roots has been shown to coincide with decreased litter decomposition rates in some systems. In a series of field experiments, techniques including forest girdling and soil trenching were used to exclude roots and ECM fungi in order to investigate the mechanisms controlling litter decomposition in forest soils. Soil trenching was carried out in combination with litter bag incubations, and measurements of soil CO2 flux in a 20 year-old Pinus contorta stand. The use of mesh in-growth collars allowed the influence of ECM fungal hyphae on litter mass loss, and their contribution to soil CO2 flux, to be established separately to that of roots. A specialised irrigation system allowed moisture effects caused by root/ECM hyphal water uptake to be investigated. Neither the presence of roots, nor ECM fungi had any influence on litter decomposition, and soil temperature was the only factor found to correlate with litter mass loss. The exclusion of roots and ECM hyphae led to increased utilisation of a simple substrate, 13C-labelled glucose. Results of incubations of four substrates, varying in structural complexity and nitrogen (N) content, suggested that the rapid utilisation of simple substrates by r-strategist microorganisms might be suppressed in the presence of ECM fungi. Though N content appeared to have a positive influence on substrate decomposition, the results were not significant. In contrast, when forest girdling was used in a nearby Tsuga heterophylla stand to exclude plant-assimilate C supply to the soil, a significant reduction in the rate of litter mass loss was observed. The results presented in this thesis indicate a potentially large role of ECM fungi in controlling decomposition in forest soils, and the mechanisms underlying their influence require further investigation.
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Pampolina, Nelson M. "Ecology of ectomycorrhizal fungi in eucalypt plantations in Western Australia and the Philippines". Thesis, Pampolina, Nelson M. (2000) Ecology of ectomycorrhizal fungi in eucalypt plantations in Western Australia and the Philippines. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2000. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51869/.
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Eucalypts are grown in plantations around the world because of their silvicultural characteristics, economic importance and environmental values. In Australia, the establishment of new eucalypt plantations has increased to over 30,000 ha annually, supplying hardwood fibre predominantly to the Pacific Rim countries. In the Philippines, exotic eucalypts are favoured in reforestation and industrial plantation programs, but increasingly slow-growing native species are being established in fast-growing plantations. Wood production, however, in these regions is often constrained by unproductive soil due to long periods of weathering and lateritization (Western Australia), or deforestation and succession of Imperata grasslands (Philippines). Application of phosphatic fertilizers, as well as ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal inoculum are practised in parts of the region. However, the ecology of ECM fungi and the consequence of P application on ECM fungi have not been explored in eucalypt plantations.
This thesis explores the potential role of ECM fungi in Eucalyptus globulus (W. Australia) and E. urophylla (Philippines) plantations and quantifies the effects of P application on ECM fungal dynamics. Commercial eucalypt plantations (a 2 and a 4-year-old E. globulus, a zero and a 19-month-old E. urophylla) were chosen to represent contrasting climates (mediterranean and tropical) and edaphic conditions. Basic studies on fine root growth in E. globulus and associated ECM fungi were undenaken. A 4-year-old E. globulus stand in Australia and a 19-month-old stand of E. urophylla in the Philippines were fertilized with three rates of P (nil = 0, low=100, high=1000 kg P ha-1) and effects on tree biomass, ECM fungi, soil hyphae, fine roots and litter were examined. Finally, to investigate the potential role of ECM fungi in mixed plantations, an indigenous dipterocarp species was introduced into a 25-monthold E. urophylla stand in the Philippines.
Growth of fine roots in E. globulus was maximum in April (0.27 kg m-3) and minimum in August (0.09 kg m-3) when soil moistures were 5.4 and 15.6%, respectively. Over 76% of the fine root biomass and 73% of the soil hyphae were concentrated in the 0-20 cm soil horizon. Fungal diversity under the E. globulus (6 genera and 9 species) was higher than under E. urophylla (3 genera and 3 species). The common genera under E. globulus were Laccaria, Pisolithus, and Scleroderma, whereas Scleroderma and Thelephora were abundant in E. urophylla. The annual basidiocarp biomass was 18 to 23 kg ha-1 under E. globulus compared to over 5.8 kg ha-1 under E. urophylla.
The application of P to E. globulus reduced the number of basidiocarps by 5 (low P) to 14 % (high P), basidiocarp and soil hyphal biomass by 26 to 40 % and 29 to 44 %, respectively, without influencing above-ground ECM fungal diversity. Whole tree biomass or litterfall was not affected, but low P increased fine root biomass in ingrowth cores at 6 months to 364 kg ha-1. Accumulation of N, P, K and Cu generally declined in fungi and litterfall with P, but P and K increased in tree biomass. The total nutrient load was in the order: above-ground tree > soil hyphae > below-ground tree > litter > fine roots > basidiocarps. By contrast, the application of P to E. urophylla had no effect on fungal diversity, fungal biomass, tree growth or litter production, but substantially reduced soil hyphal length by 31 to 52%. The nutrient content of E. urophylla aboveground was approximately equal to the sum of the nutrient load in roots, litter and ECM fungi.
In the E. urophylla plantation where Shorea contorta was introduced, there were 4 ECM fungal species above-ground and 18 ECM morphotypes (11 in 5. contorta and 7 in E. urophylla) below-ground. From RFLP analysis, it was concluded that some species of Scleroderma were able to naturally colonize roots of Shorea and Eucalyptus. Outplanted S. contorta, which were mycorrhizal, had better survival (33-48%) than non-mycorrhizal plants at 18 months.
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Frank, Jonathan L. "Complex mutualism in an Oregon white oak woodland : hypogeous fungi, mycorrhizas and small mammal mycophagy associated with Quercus garryana /". View full-text version online through Southern Oregon Digital Archives, 2005. http://soda.sou.edu/awdata/050801a1.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Southern Oregon University, 2005."A thesis submitted to ... Southern Oregon University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science ..." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-109). Also available via Internet as PDF file through Southern Oregon Digital Archives: http://soda.sou.edu. Search Bioregion Collection.
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Jarvis, Susan. "The effect of climate on the community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the native pinewoods of Scotland". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=201909.
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Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi form obligate symbioses with many forest trees, providing their hosts with nitrogen gained from the soil in exchange for carbon from host photosynthesis. ECM fungi are important for forest health and nutrient cycling, but there is a lack of knowledge about how these fungi will respond to environmental drivers such as climate change. In particular, we do not know how important climate is in determining the distributions and communities of ECM fungi. To address this gap in understanding the impact of climate on the communities of ECM fungi in Scotland was studied using a mixture of observations along natural climate gradients and experimental work. The native pinewoods of Scotland were used as a focus habitat in which to study ECM fungi because of their importance for fungal diversity. Data were collected from existing records of fungi in the national fungal records database, as well as independent surveys of fungi colonising the roots of pine trees using molecular identification. The work conducted found that climatic variation in Scotland at both regional and local scales affected the composition of ECM fungi. In particular, there was a strong impact of rainfall and soil moisture on the distributions of ECM fungi. Comparison of previously collected data and independent surveys showed that molecular identification techniques provided a better method for monitoring fungal distributions. Experimental work showed that genetic variation in the native pines of Scotland could also affect fungal communities, showing both abiotic and biotic factors influence ECM distributions. The work conducted suggests that climate change is likely to affect the distribution of ECM fungal communities in Scotland. In particular, changes in rainfall patterns and increased drought and flooding are predicted to cause shifts in the composition of ECM communities in the native pinewoods.
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Kernaghan, Gavin W. "Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi across the subalpine/alpine ecotone of the Canadian Rockies". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ34787.pdf.
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Ramos, Miguel António Marcos. ""Effect of diflubenzuron on the development of Pinus pinaster seedlings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi"". Master's thesis, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/26365.
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Glen, Morag. "Genetic variation in ectomycorrhizal fungi and its exploitation in ecological investigations of eucalypt forests". Thesis, Glen, Morag (2001) Genetic variation in ectomycorrhizal fungi and its exploitation in ecological investigations of eucalypt forests. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2001. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51845/.
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Australian eucalypt forests have extremely high species richness and taxonomic diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi which are root symbionts. Molecular techniques have the potential to distinguish the species present as root associations. PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism) has been useful in northern hemisphere ecosystems, but further development was needed for Australian taxa. Primers and conditions were optimised for the specific amplification of basidiomycete DNA. RFLP analysis of the amplified fragments distinguished 96 of 109 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi from a study site in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest, though some difficulties arose in the Cortinariaceae. In addition, intraspecific variation occurred in a large proportion of the species for which multiple collections were tested. The PCR-RFLP profiles from identified sporocarps were stored in a database to facilitate identification of fungal species colonising ectomycorrhiza.
The basidiomycete ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of two adjacent forest blocks with different management histories were characterised by PCR-RFLP analysis. Both blocks had a high degree of biodiversity in the ectomycorrhizal fungal communities. Fourteen taxa, including the most abundant species on each of the blocks, were identified by reference to the database of PCR-RFLP profiles from sporocarps. Another 135 PCR-RFLP profiles from root-tips were not matched to profiles from sporocarps. These profiles were probably caused by species which had not been sampled as basidiomes, implying that species richness is even greater than has been estimated from sporocarp surveys.
There was a considerable difference between the blocks in the predominant fungal species. The most common and abundant ectomycorrhizal fungus on block A, which has remained unburnt for the last 66 years, was Russula clelandii. This species was not detected on root tips from block P, which has been burnt every 5-6 years during the last 66 years. Conversely, the most commonly found species on block P, Amanita xanthocephala, was found in very low abundance in only two soil cores from block A. The second most abundant fungus on block A was not matched to the database of PCR-RFLP profiles from sporocarps, and the ITS sequence did not retrieve a close match from searches of Genbank. EMBL or private DNA databases.
As the species delimitation of R. clelandii is not clearly defined and collections show a wide range of morphological characters, DNA sequences of collections from across Australia of R. clelandii and two other red-capped Russula species were analysed. In comparison to the level of intraspecific variation seen in other species, a surprising degree of sequence variation among the R. clelandii collections was found, but with no sub-specific grouping which would permit separation of taxa. This is congruent with morphological characters which also show a high degree of variation without unambiguous groups. R. clelandii appears to be a species complex with a very high level of genetic variation.
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Ramos, Miguel António Marcos. ""Effect of diflubenzuron on the development of Pinus pinaster seedlings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi"". Dissertação, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/26365.
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Ahmadi-Moghadam, Ali. "Nitrogen nutrition of ericoid and ectomycorrhizal systems with special reference to utilization of amino-N sources". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299627.
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Lansing, Jennifer Lyn. "Comparing arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in seven North American forests and their response to nitrogen fertilization /". For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Davis and San Diego State University, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-144). Also available via the World Wide Web. (Restricted to UC campuses).
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Belling, Abler Rebecca Alicia. "Trace metal effects on ectomycorrhizal growth, diversity, and colonization of host seedlings". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27402.
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi are essential to seedling establishment in disturbed sites. This dissertation examines the effects of trace metals and soil disturbance on ectomycorrhizal fungi in the laboratory and the field. The first experiment assessed Cu and Zn impact on growth of three ectomycorrhizal species in pure culture. Suillus granulatus and Pisolithus tinctorius were more tolerant to Cu than Paxillus involutus, however, none of the species grew at 250 ppm Cu. Suillus granulatus had the highest Zn tolerance, followed by Paxillus involutus and Pisolithus tinctorius. Sectoring observed in Suillus granulatus was deemed spontaneous and not involved in metal tolerance.The second experiment examined the adsorption of copper and zinc to acidic Uchee fine loamy sand. Contrary to expectations, the soil adsorbed up to 667 ppm Cu and 238 ppm Zn. Adsorption occurred mainly in the non-crystalline fraction of the soil. This analysis is a new approach in mycorrhizal research, and the crucial need for such tactics is discussed.
The third experiment surveyed ectomycorrhizae on a mine reclamation project in Wise County, Virginia. Pinus strobus trees planted 1, 8, 13, and 25 years prior to the experiment were sampled. Colonization was lower than in well developed soils, but occurred on all seedlings. Increased colonization and a late stage mycobiont (Tuber) occurred on roots taken from the 25 year old subsite. A new observation was made of Suillus americanus on one year old seedlings. Lack of species overlap among sites suggests localized inoculum sources.
The last experiment explored Pinus strobus and Pinus virginiana seedlings naturally regenerating on acidic, bare-mineral soil exposed by a road cut in Floyd County, Virginia. Ectomycorrhizal colonization ranged between 30 to 80 percent. Wide variation among individual samples suggests patchy inoculum distribution. Scleroderma citrinum, a common early-stage fungus, was dominant throughout. Other early stage genera included Rhizopogon, Pisolithus, and Thelephora. Mid to late stage genera including Suillus and Lactarius were identified. Cenococcum, often a dominant taxon, was a minor taxon here. The unusual presence of the ericoid mycobionts Hymenoscyphus and Oidiodendron is discussed. These results suggest that native inoculum can be an important resource for seedling recruitment.
Ph. D.
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Moore, Lucy. "The moss layer and ectomycorrhizal fungi as drivers of carbon and nutrient cycling in a Scots pine forest". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225948.
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In boreal and northern temperate forests, the moss layer and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi play important roles in carbon and nutrient cycling. ECM mycelium is present in the lower parts of the moss layer, but little is currently known about the interaction between these two key components of northern forest ecosystems. This thesis aims to address this knowledge gap and to improve our understanding of the mechanisms through which the moss layer and ECM fungi influence carbon and nutrient cycling. Nutrient transfer between litter and Scots pine seedlings in symbiosis with the ECM fungus Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. was investigated in highly controlled microcosm experiments using, for the first time, intact moss and pine litter. In addition, moss removal plots were established in a Scots pine forest which allowed measurement of processes involved in carbon (C) and nutrient turnover and related variables. There was a close, reciprocal exchange of carbon and nutrients between the host plant and ECM mycelium colonising moss and pine litter (Chapter 2). This was greatly enhanced by intensive colonisation of moss litter, suggesting that mosses provide a key source of nutrients for ECM fungi and may facilitate transfer of photosynthetic C belowground. During almost 2 years of decomposition, moss tissue released more nitrogen (N) but retained more C than pine litter (Chapter 3), further highlighting the importance of the moss layer in providing nutrients for overstorey trees, and in the accumulation of recalcitrant C in soil. In addition to contributing directly to C cycling through inputs of recalcitrant C in litter, the moss layer can influence C cycling indirectly, by increasing soil microbial activity; CO2 efflux was on average 1.4 times greater from soil under the moss layer than from soil covered only in pine litter (Chapter 3). The results suggest that an indirect influence can occur via two pathways: through an insulating effect of the moss layer on soil temperature, and through inputs of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leached from moss (Chapter 4), both of which may stimulate activity of soil microbes. These findings demonstrate the importance of both the moss layer and ECM fungi in carbon and nutrient cycling in boreal and northern temperate forests, and indicate that mosses provide a key pathway through which nutrients may bypass sequestration in saprotrophic microbial biomass and be transferred directly from plant tissue to ECM fungi and overstorey trees.
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Anderson, Ian C. "Inter- and intraspecific variation in Pisolithus from central and eastern mainland Australia /". View thesis, 2000. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030724.145538/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2000."Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Science, University of Western Sydney (Nepean)." "October 2000." Bibliography : leaves 143-179.
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Sims, Karen. "Growth physiology and systematics of some S.E.Asian ectomycorrhizal fungi, with additional reference to isozyme interpretations". Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296723.
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Haigh, Joanna Marie. "Dual mycorrhizal symbiosis in Salix : the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in an ectomycorrhizal genus". Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341482.
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Früh, Elisabeth [Verfasser]. "Fungicide, nanoparticles, and their combined effect on ectomycorrhizal fungi as non-target organisms / Elisabeth Früh". Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1232725803/34.
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Kataoka, Ryota. "The interaction between ectomycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhiza helper bacteria in the mycorrhizosphere of Pinus thunbergii". Kyoto University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/123958.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第14058号
農博第1728号
新制||農||961(附属図書館)
学位論文||H20||N4396(農学部図書室)
UT51-2008-F450
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 二井 一禎, 教授 武田 博清, 教授 縄田 栄治
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Dunstan, W. A. "Factors affecting the establishment of selected edible ectomycorrhizal fungi of Pinus in South-Western Australia". Thesis, Dunstan, W.A. (2002) Factors affecting the establishment of selected edible ectomycorrhizal fungi of Pinus in South-Western Australia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2002. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51844/.
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Establishment of a new industry in plantations of Pinus spp. in south-western Australia, based on edible ectomycorrhizal fungi, will be dependant on the ability of new fungal introductions to survive and proliferate under limitations imposed by biotic and abiotic factors. This thesis investigated factors that would influence establishment of two most valuable fungi, Matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake) and the Pine Mushroom {T. magnivelare). Factors that were investigated included, extant ectomycorrhizal fungi, plant host - fungus compatibility, climate and soils.
A survey of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fimgi associated with introduced Pinus spp. in south-western Australia increased the number of identified species to 15-16 species, from seven previously reported in the literature. Most species form a sub-set of species that have also been introduced to Eastern Australia, and are early colonizers of pines, forming ECM associations with pine seedlings, but are also found with plantationgrown pine trees older than sixty years. Four species of basidiomycetes with resupinate fruitbodies, are new records for Australia, and probably for the Southern Flemisphere. One resupinate fungus (Amphinema byssoides) has been introduced. In contrast, three Tomentella spp., that are part of a suite of at least 25 tomentelloid fungi found in native forests and woodlands in south-western Australia, appear to have made a transition from native to introduced Pinus hosts. Species within other genera of resupinate fungi, that are known to form ECM associations with pines in the Northern Hemisphere, were also identified but not confirmed as ECM fungi of pines in Western Australia. rDNA sequence data strongly suggested that some previous records of ECM fungi have been mis-identified.
In two field experiments, Thelephoraceae {Thelephora terrestris and Tomentella stuposa) formed 50-60% of ectomycorrhizas but sporocarps of both Ilmgi were found infrequently or not at all in surveys. The apparent below-ground dominance by representatives of the Thelephoraceae, as ECM fungi of pines in south-western Australia, is similar to some results from natural conifer forests in Europe and North America.
Sporocarp production, by naturally occurring pine ECM fungi, was measured over a season in experimental plots of five year-old P. radiata trees, that comprised trees planted with a standard treatment and trees planted for agro-forestry, with additional P fertilization and a cover crop of the legume Trifolium subterraneum. Sporocarp production in agro-forestry plots was estimated to be at least ca. 73 kg'1 ha'1 yr'1 d.w., that was significantly greater than that of the standard treatment, and up to an order of magnitude greater than productivity in natural conifer forests. There were also changes in phenology of sporocarp production by different species of fungi between treatments. Comparison of climate between selected locations within the ranges of T. matsutake and T. magnivelare, and locations within south-western Australia strongly suggests that T. magnivelare, and T. nauseosum, syn. T. matsutake from the Western Mediterranean, are more suited to the climate of south-western Australia than Asian T. matsutake. Soils within south-western Australia that are potentially suitable for Matsutake, that are derived from similar parent materials and with similar physical and chemical properties, occupy an undefined proportion of about 3250 km'2 of soil sub-systems within the area that may be climatically suitable.
In vitro synthesis experiments between isolates of Tricholoma matsutake and T.magnivelare and host plants, Pinus dens [flora, P. radiata and P. pinaster, showed that internal structures comparable with natural Pinus densiflora-T. matsutake ECM were formed between P. radiata and T. matsutake. Macro- and micro-morphological features of infected short roots suggested that P. radiata and P. pinaster are suitable hosts for both T. matsutake and T. magnivelare.
In contrast to in vitro synthesis experiments, ECM associations failed to form between T. matsutake and mature P. radiata trees after inoculation with two forms of vegetative mycelium, and ECM also failed to form between T. matsutake and Pinus spp. inoculated with two forms of vegetative mycelium under more controlled conditions in a glasshouse experiment.
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Anderson, Ian C. "Inter- and intraspecific variation in Pisolithus from central and eastern mainland Australia". Thesis, View thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:237.
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Pisolithus is an important ectomycorrhizal genus world-wide, however to date we remain largely ignorant of the genetic and functional variation that exists within isolates of this genus. Fifty-three isolates of Pisolithus were obtained from various locations in central and eastern Australia and genetic variation within the isolates was assessed using ITS-RFLP and ITS sequencing analyses. RFLP analysis initially grouped the isolates into eight RFLP types. Neighbour-joining analysis of ITS sequences with Pisolithus ITS sequences available in databases clustered the majority of isolates into four groups within two major clades, each comprising isolates of similar basidiospre characteristics. Most Australian isolates correspond with recent provisional descriptions of P. albus or P. marmoratus. One isolate (LJ30) had low sequence identity (61.6-78.0%) to the other isolates and probably represents a separate undescribed Australian species. Significant intraspecific variation was observed in ITS-RFLP profiles for the putative P. albus isolates, suggesting that the sole use of RFLP analysis in diversity assessment may over-estimate Pisolithus species richness. Investigations were also initiated to identify if a relationship exists between genetic and physiological diversity in Australian Pisolithus. It is, however, clear that extensive physiological variation exists in Australian Pisolithus isolates. The size and distribution of genets of Australian Pisolithus species I and II ( putative P. albus and P. marmoratus) was also assessed using microsatellite-primed PCR to gain a better understanding of the likely distribution of underground mycelial networks and possible reproduction strategies in native soils. The data demonstrate that both species have the ability to be long-lived and extend for significant distances in native soils in undisturbed conditions. The field site for Pisolithus species I, however, also contained of a large number of small individuals suggesting that this species may employ a life-history strategy combining r-, C and S characteristics depending on local soil conditions
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Karst, Justine Delaney. "Sensitivity in growth responses of tree seedlings to variation in identity and abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31362.
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Interdependent organisms such as trees and ectomycorrhizal fungi are described as coevolved. Partner species in coevolved interactions are expected to be sensitive to intraspecific variation of each partner due to the intimate and interdependent nature of their interactions. In this thesis, I considered specific aspects of variation in each of the ectomycorrhizal partners and how this variation influenced the other partner. In particular, I used experimental and meta-analytical approaches to evaluate (1) how colonization levels, regardless of ectomycorrhizal fungal taxon, correlated to host growth; (2) how ectomycorrhizal fungi differentially influenced growth of different genera of plant hosts, and (3) how variation in growth of a single host species was correlated to the composition of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in various soil environments. Because controlling for and manipulating ectomycorrhizal fungi on host plants is integral to these questions, I also tested the efficacy of two methods to control colonization by ectomycorrhizal fungi on host plants and found that fungicides and mesh can be effective barriers to colonization. Results from the meta-analysis and experiments indicated that colonization levels did not consistently scale with host growth response, however, suggesting that colonization levels may not be an ecologically useful factor to gauge the growth responses of host plants to ectomycorrhizal fungi. In addition, there was little sensitivity in growth responses of host plants to variation in the identity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Seedlings across multiple host genera increased in biomass and shoot height when inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi regardless of the identity of the fungal associate. When ectomycorrhizas were considered in a multi-specific context (i.e. one host species associated with a community of ectomycorrhizal fungi), variation in host shoot properties was not correlated with species composition of the community of ectomycorrhizal fungi on their roots but rather appeared to be coupled to edaphic conditions. These results indicate that the variation in ectomycorrhizal fungi perceived and selected for by the host plant may be of a discrete (presence/absence of ectomycorrhizal fungi) rather than continuous nature (variation in identity or abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi).Science, Faculty of
Botany, Department of
Graduate
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Anderson, Ian C., of Western Sydney Nepean University, of Science Engineering and Technology Faculty i School of Science. "Inter- and intraspecific variation in Pisolithus from central and eastern mainland Australia". THESIS_FST_SS_Anderson_I.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/237.
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Pisolithus is an important ectomycorrhizal genus world-wide, however to date we remain largely ignorant of the genetic and functional variation that exists within isolates of this genus. Fifty-three isolates of Pisolithus were obtained from various locations in central and eastern Australia and genetic variation within the isolates was assessed using ITS-RFLP and ITS sequencing analyses. RFLP analysis initially grouped the isolates into eight RFLP types. Neighbour-joining analysis of ITS sequences with Pisolithus ITS sequences available in databases clustered the majority of isolates into four groups within two major clades, each comprising isolates of similar basidiospre characteristics. Most Australian isolates correspond with recent provisional descriptions of P. albus or P. marmoratus. One isolate (LJ30) had low sequence identity (61.6-78.0%) to the other isolates and probably represents a separate undescribed Australian species. Significant intraspecific variation was observed in ITS-RFLP profiles for the putative P. albus isolates, suggesting that the sole use of RFLP analysis in diversity assessment may over-estimate Pisolithus species richness. Investigations were also initiated to identify if a relationship exists between genetic and physiological diversity in Australian Pisolithus. It is, however, clear that extensive physiological variation exists in Australian Pisolithus isolates. The size and distribution of genets of Australian Pisolithus species I and II ( putative P. albus and P. marmoratus) was also assessed using microsatellite-primed PCR to gain a better understanding of the likely distribution of underground mycelial networks and possible reproduction strategies in native soils. The data demonstrate that both species have the ability to be long-lived and extend for significant distances in native soils in undisturbed conditions. The field site for Pisolithus species I, however, also contained of a large number of small individuals suggesting that this species may employ a life-history strategy combining r-, C and S characteristics depending on local soil conditionsDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Chen, Yinglong. "Optimization of Scleroderma spore inoculum for Eucalyptus nurseries in China". Thesis, Chen, Yinglong (2006) Optimization of Scleroderma spore inoculum for Eucalyptus nurseries in China. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/665/.
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Scleroderma, a genus of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, is often associated with trees in disturbed habitats and is therefore considered to be suitable for use in plantation forestry. This study investigated aspects of Scleroderma and its mycorrhizas with the view to its future use in plantation forestry in south China. Spores were chosen as inoculum as they are preferred by nursery managers in south China, due to the lack of on-site fermentation and storage facilities.
To determine the need for inoculation, Eucalyptus plantations in south China were sampled for sporocarps and mycorrhizas over two years. This study revealed a low diversity of ECM fungi consisting of 15 taxa fruiting beneath Eucalyptus plantations. The most common genera were Scleroderma and Pisolithus, but they were infrequent and the extent of root colonization was poor. Bioassay trials with E. urophylla as a bait host, using soils collected from 8 eucalypt plantations, confirmed low levels of inoculum in field soil. It was concluded that introduction of suitable ECM symbionts into eucalypt nurseries in south China is desirable in the future. As the Scleroderma genus has not been well studied in Australasia or SE Asia, over 140 collections gathered mainly from eucalypt plantations in south China and south-western Australia were described using sporocarp and spore morphology.
Twelve Scleroderma taxa were recognized from collections made from under eucalypt plantations in south-western Australia and 6 of these were collected from under eucalypt plantations in south China. In conjunction with classical taxonomy, 30 collections, including those used in inoculation trials, were further characterized by phylogenetic analyses of ITS or LSU rDNA sequences. These studies supported classical delineation of some Scleroderma species but not all. Although a limited number of collections were amplified, phylogenetic results showed that most collections in this study were distinct from the European and Malaysian taxa extracted from GenBank (89% bootstrap support for both LSU and ITS regions). In order to optimise spore germination and root colonization, two glasshouse trials were established to examine suitable spore density and spore storage conditions on E. globulus and E. urophylla. A spore density of 105 spores seedling-1 was identified as a suitable dose for promoting root colonization. Spores stored for 5 years at low temperate (4 0C) were almost as effective as freshly collected spores in forming mycorrhizas.
As the compatibility of Scleroderma fungi with plantation trees is unknown, a glasshouse experiment examined the ability of 15 collections of Scleroderma to form mycorrhizas with seedlings of six plantation trees (Acacia mangium, A. mearnsii, E. globulus, E. urophylla, Pinus elliottii and P. radiata) in a nursery potting mix. Most collections were able to aggressively colonize eucalypts and pines, while roots of acacias were poorly colonized. As the Australian collections were more effective in colonizing short roots on eucalypts than the Chinese collections, it was concluded Scleroderma should be sourced from outside China for inoculating eucalypts in Chinese nurseries.
To optimize nursery practices to meet the demand for high quality seedlings and clonal lines of E. urophylla and hybrids, for outplanting in south China, effects of rooting medium and inoculation with 6 Scleroderma collections on the growth of E. urophylla were examined in a nursery in south China. Four types of soil taken from eucalypt plantations in south China were compared to a potting mix composed of vermiculite, peat and sand. The inoculant Scleroderma fungi were able to out-compete indigenous mycorrhizal fungi in the rooting media. However, the potting mix was superior to soils both for plant growth and ECM development under nursery conditions.
This research should facilitate the use of Scleroderma spores in eucalypt nurseries in south China. Spore orchards could be set up in China using Australian Scleroderma spp. from under eucalypts. Spores could be stored dry at 4 0C until they are required for inoculation in potting mixes in containerized nurseries. However, before commercial application, further work on persistence of Scleroderma in the nursery and field, and responses of trees in the field to inoculation, needs to be undertaken.
47
Chen, Yinglong. "Optimization of Scleroderma spore inoculum for Eucalyptus nurseries in China". Chen, Yinglong (2006) Optimization of Scleroderma spore inoculum for Eucalyptus nurseries in China. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/665/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Scleroderma, a genus of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, is often associated with trees in disturbed habitats and is therefore considered to be suitable for use in plantation forestry. This study investigated aspects of Scleroderma and its mycorrhizas with the view to its future use in plantation forestry in south China. Spores were chosen as inoculum as they are preferred by nursery managers in south China, due to the lack of on-site fermentation and storage facilities.
To determine the need for inoculation, Eucalyptus plantations in south China were sampled for sporocarps and mycorrhizas over two years. This study revealed a low diversity of ECM fungi consisting of 15 taxa fruiting beneath Eucalyptus plantations. The most common genera were Scleroderma and Pisolithus, but they were infrequent and the extent of root colonization was poor. Bioassay trials with E. urophylla as a bait host, using soils collected from 8 eucalypt plantations, confirmed low levels of inoculum in field soil. It was concluded that introduction of suitable ECM symbionts into eucalypt nurseries in south China is desirable in the future. As the Scleroderma genus has not been well studied in Australasia or SE Asia, over 140 collections gathered mainly from eucalypt plantations in south China and south-western Australia were described using sporocarp and spore morphology.
Twelve Scleroderma taxa were recognized from collections made from under eucalypt plantations in south-western Australia and 6 of these were collected from under eucalypt plantations in south China. In conjunction with classical taxonomy, 30 collections, including those used in inoculation trials, were further characterized by phylogenetic analyses of ITS or LSU rDNA sequences. These studies supported classical delineation of some Scleroderma species but not all. Although a limited number of collections were amplified, phylogenetic results showed that most collections in this study were distinct from the European and Malaysian taxa extracted from GenBank (89% bootstrap support for both LSU and ITS regions). In order to optimise spore germination and root colonization, two glasshouse trials were established to examine suitable spore density and spore storage conditions on E. globulus and E. urophylla. A spore density of 105 spores seedling-1 was identified as a suitable dose for promoting root colonization. Spores stored for 5 years at low temperate (4 0C) were almost as effective as freshly collected spores in forming mycorrhizas.
As the compatibility of Scleroderma fungi with plantation trees is unknown, a glasshouse experiment examined the ability of 15 collections of Scleroderma to form mycorrhizas with seedlings of six plantation trees (Acacia mangium, A. mearnsii, E. globulus, E. urophylla, Pinus elliottii and P. radiata) in a nursery potting mix. Most collections were able to aggressively colonize eucalypts and pines, while roots of acacias were poorly colonized. As the Australian collections were more effective in colonizing short roots on eucalypts than the Chinese collections, it was concluded Scleroderma should be sourced from outside China for inoculating eucalypts in Chinese nurseries.
To optimize nursery practices to meet the demand for high quality seedlings and clonal lines of E. urophylla and hybrids, for outplanting in south China, effects of rooting medium and inoculation with 6 Scleroderma collections on the growth of E. urophylla were examined in a nursery in south China. Four types of soil taken from eucalypt plantations in south China were compared to a potting mix composed of vermiculite, peat and sand. The inoculant Scleroderma fungi were able to out-compete indigenous mycorrhizal fungi in the rooting media. However, the potting mix was superior to soils both for plant growth and ECM development under nursery conditions.
This research should facilitate the use of Scleroderma spores in eucalypt nurseries in south China. Spore orchards could be set up in China using Australian Scleroderma spp. from under eucalypts. Spores could be stored dry at 4 0C until they are required for inoculation in potting mixes in containerized nurseries. However, before commercial application, further work on persistence of Scleroderma in the nursery and field, and responses of trees in the field to inoculation, needs to be undertaken.
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Hesling, Emily. "Arctic-Alpine ectomycorrhizal fungi in Scotland : the ecology of unexplored fungal communities and threats to their survival". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=210086.
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Arctic and alpine habitats are experiencing rapid change under the influences of climate change, land use and elevated nitrogen deposition both in the UK and globally. They are inhabited by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi which perform a critical role supplying a suite of obligately dependent shrubs with nutrients required for survival and growth, in what are typically nutrient poor and climatically harsh habitats. However, there is little data on ECM fungi in the montane zone of Scotland. Communities of arctic-alpine ECM fungi were identified with DNA metabarcoding methods using high throughput sequencing of ECM plant root material and soil. To supplement the taxonomic resolution of these analyses, fungal sporocarps were also collected, described and sequenced to produce identified, habitat-relevant reference sequences. Surveys were conducted over 23 sites spanning the Scottish Highlands (hosts including Arctostaphylos alpinus, A. uva-ursi, Betula nana and Salix herbacea), also including an altitudinal gradient study, and an analysis of a long term experiment in a low-alpine heath testing the influences of heath burning, nitrogen addition and warming. Surveys detected 257 ECM fungal taxa including 23 species new to science and 28 new species for the UK, likely representing the highest degree of novelty of macro-organisms discovered in a terrestrial habitat in recent British history. At least 80 ECM species appear restricted to arctic-alpine habitats in Scotland, and ECM communities associated with alpine dwarf shrubs appear to be comparably or more species rich than those in native Caledonian Pinewoods. ECM fungi were found to have distinct altitudinal niches and biogeographies, with communities significantly influenced by oceanicity at a national scale. Extensive fragmentation and continued degradation of montane dwarf shrub populations through prescribed burning and over-grazing threaten the survival of these highly diverse fungal communities by reducing their resilience in the face of a changing climate.
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Bastias, Brigitte A. "The influence of repeated prescribed burning and forest conversion on soil fungal communities". Thesis, View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/21101.
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Fungi are key components in forest ecosystems, being involved in decomposition of plant biomass and the cycling of nutrients in forest soils. Despite their importance little is understood about the influence forest management practices, such as long-term prescribed burning and forest conversion are having on soil fungal communities. Part of the work described in this thesis investigated the effects of long-term repeated prescribed burning on the total soil fungal community, the diversity of mycelial communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi and the influence of biennial prescribed burning on the cellulolytic soil fungal community using stable isotope probing techniques. The influence of long-term repeated prescribed burning on soil fungal communities was investigated through a series of studies conducted at Peachester State Forest, Queensland, Australia. This site has been the centre of a long-term repeated prescribed burning experiment, established since 1972, consisting of plots subjected to biennial, quadrennial or no burning. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to show that long-term prescribed burning significantly altered the total fungal community structure in the top 10 cm of soil, when compared with unburned plots. Hyphal ingrowth bags, used to target ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mycelia in soil, along with DGGE analysis, indicated that profiles of the soil fungal community from 2 yr burn plots significantly differed from those of the 4 yr burn and unburned plots. Following analysis of clone assemblages from the different burn regimes, results indicated that this difference reflected an altered ECM fungal community composition. 13C stable isotope probing (SIP), following the incubation of soil with 13C labelled cellulose, and DGGE analysis was found to significantly alter the active fungal community in the upper 10cm of soil at Peachester State Forest. Fewer active fungi in the 2 yr burn plots were found to have incorporated 13C compared to the unburned plots, strongly suggesting that the activities of cellulolytic fungi were negatively affected by the 2 yr burning treatment. The thesis also incorporated work that assessed the effect of forest conversion from native eucalypt to Pinus elliottii plantation on the soil fungal community at Beerburrum State Forest, Queensland, Australia. ITS and 18S
RNA and DNA were used, along with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and DGGE analysis, indicating that total and active fungal communities differed significantly between the native eucalypt forest and first rotation P. elliottii plantation. This suggested that the conversion from native eucalypt forest to P. elliotti plantation significantly altered the soil fungal community at the Beerburrum site.
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Hawley, Greer Leigh. "Ectomycorrhizal characterisation, species diversity and community dynamics in Pinus patula Schelcht. et Cham. plantations". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/1165/.
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