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Valentin, Hervé. "Économie populaire urbaine et environnement : le cas du Sénégal (Dakar, Thiès, Rufisque)". Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010040.
Pełny tekst źródłaAvner, Paolo. "Effectiveness and Political Economy of Climate Change Mitigation Policies at the Urban Scale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0022.
Pełny tekst źródłaUrbanization is one of the most defining traits of the 21st century with people flocking to cities in massive numbers in developing countries. Given the inertia and path dependence that urban forms display, there is a strong need to get urbanization right today. One key aspect is to ensure low-carbon and sustainable urban futures and avoid carbon-intensive lock-ins, in particular for emissions stemming from urban transport. Technology in the form of more efficient vehicles and alternative fuels currently does not seem to be able to achieve this goal alone. And as urban transport CO2 emissions are partially a by-product of urban forms; land-use, housing and transport policies are increasingly recognized as important levers to curb transport demand and promote soft and collective transport modes which contribute to emission mitigation.However important, reducing CO2 emissions is but one of city policy makers’ objectives: acting on poverty, providing basic services and access to affordable housing to name a few are equally important. So that policies aiming to reduce emissions, that would jeopardize other goals or result in lower welfare levels (mainly through higher housing costs) have low chances of being accepted and implemented. Successful urban-transport climate policies need to be both effective and politically acceptable.Starting from this assessment, this dissertation investigates how a subset of urban, land and transport policies and investments can contribute to curb transport-related CO2 emissions and what are the welfare consequences for households in urban areas. This is done through the development, calibration and application of a micro-economically founded land use – transport model (NEDUM-2D) to real-world urban areas
Mirabel, François. "Energie, transports et externalités : comportements et politiques optimales de localisation et de déplacement dans l'espace urbain". Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON10040.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe main object of this thesis is to bring to light the fondamental features of individual's rational behaviours in order to specify the equilibrium configuration of locations and movements in urban area. In such a case, the object is to compare this equilibrium configurations with socially optimal structures and to identify the externalities which explain the differences between the two types of configurations. In a normative approach, the final object is to precise the public policies that the government has to set in order to modify (or to influence) the location's and movement's homogeneous behaviours of individuals and finally, to restore the urban social optimum. From this point of view, the theoretical analysis of this thesis (which are conducted in spatial and temporal dynamic frameworks) are lead in the neoclassical paradigm of the "welfare economics". . . Our work is divided into two parts based on the distinction between location's questions and movement's questions
Curien, Rémi. "Services essentiels en réseaux et fabrique urbaine en Chine : la quête d’une environnementalisation dans le cadre d’un développement accéléré : enquêtes à Shanghai, Suzhou et Tianjin". Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1191.
Pełny tekst źródłaEnvironmentalising the country's development without significantly changing the pace of economic and urban growth: such is the difficult challenge set since 2006 by the Chinese authorities to deal with the increasing pressure bearing on natural environment and major environmental damage caused by accelerated development. China is probably the only country in the world where a goal of energy and environmental sobriety in the provision of urban utilities (water, waste-water, electricity, gas, heating, waste management) is so vigorously sought in circular economy policies, more specifically in eco-industrial parks and eco-cities projects, in the context of a strong and extended economic and urban development. Based on an investigation conducted in Shanghai, Suzhou and Tianjin, three cities at the forefront of transformations in China, and combined with a study of the national framework and the overall situation in the country, the thesis aims to analyze the substance and the forms of the urban utilities' environmentlisation implemented in China. Our research shows that the ambitious Chinese policies of urban utilities' environmentalisation leads in the cities to a partial improvement in the environmental quality of their provision, while the horizon of sobriety and circular economy remains distant. The prevalence of the developmentalist urban fabric stands structurally in the way of the emergence of resources reuse-oriented alternative technical systems to conventional networks. The urban utilities' environmentalisation path taken in the Chinese cities is too technocentric and too exogenous to urban planning for the environmentalisation and especially the quest for sobriety to be more substantial. Operationally, these findings encourage a greater integration of utilities' provision issues in the planning and development of cities, both in China and beyond the Chinese context
Burlat, Claire. "La légitimité des institutions productives dans les sociétés démocratiques européennes : le cas de l’internationalisation de la « firme urbaine » française en Suède et Roumanie". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20020.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work confronts the phenomenon of management practices internationalization of corporations to the legitimacy of intermediate institutions. The case study deals with the internationalization of a French company, Veolia Environnement, in Sweden and Romania. Being specialized in local public services, this firm is considered as “urban”. The results show the legitimating processes the “urban firm” resorts to while settling abroad thanks to its “institutional dimension”. Such processes turn into “high-level” and “low-level” regulations. When the firm regulates on the “high level”, it tries to implement cooperation strategies with the public institutions. When the firm regulates on the “low-level”, it promotes a management model, associated with individuals’ socialization processes, into the labor organizations. In both cases the firm aims at pursuing or replacing the public authority, hence its “institutional dimension”. Thus, the legitimacy of the “urban firm” depends on the regulation of a collective action that faces a democratic principle varying according to the countries. In France, the “urban firm” develops its “institutional dimension” owing to the fact that there is a delegated democracy. In Sweden, its action is limited by the effective participating democracy. As to Romania, the democracy in constitution can, on the one hand, be seen as an obstacle to its economic expansion. But on the other hand, it enables the development of its “institutional dimension”
Allio, Cédric. "Local policies, urban dynamics and climate change : development of a multiscale modeling framework". Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1073.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe failure of the international community, pointed out in the successive annual Conferences of the Parties, to implement global climate policies has fostered supports for local initiatives, in particular at the urban levels. Local action is believed to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions as local communities are at the cutting edge of the climate change challenge because they have responsibility for a wide range of decisions that affect emissions: land use planning, urban transport and housing policies. However, how to use efficiently local policies to reduce gas emissions at a global scale remains unclear. In this thesis, we developed some tools that can give insights on the role of local policies in climate change mitigation and their interaction with the global scale. The overwhelming majority of energy-economy-environment models conventionally used to assess mitigation costs of climate change focus essentially on the technological determinants of energy trends but do not capture explicitly the role of urban dynamics. We propose a step forward to the representation of the interplay between energy consumption, carbon emissions and the spatial organization of cities
KACEM, ABDELJAOUED. "Le metabolisme des villes : une approche eco energetique". Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010016.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe concept of metabolism includes two main ideas : metabolism of functionning (part one), and metabolism of growth. (part two). The functionning urban metabolism allows to set up some indicators and to show the ability of energy to structure the urban space (urbanization, size, and metabolic costs). The second concept enables us to study the growth of cities and how to control it. We show how tunnel effect, integrating economic, energetic and social spheres, adjusts the growth of cities and secures its sustainable development
Torres, Emmanuel. "Le cadre de vie urbain : essai d'une économie de la qualité". Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50374-1998-201.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe rise of environment problems in cities will require in the years to come an important wave of investments in public and private sector in a context of an increasing social demand of quality. This prospect calls for an economic approach of urban environment. This research proposes to bring new implements to theories of environment economy based at present on the concept of "sustainable development", in order to deal specifically with the urban and local problems of environment. A relative and social conception of environment is used and the quality of this environment is considered as a local public good "coproduced" by urban planning and production actors, and by citizens themselves. We take stock of the possibilities of a monetary evaluation of the quality of urban environment, before to use a multicriteria evaluation approach connected to a local actors decision theory. The conditions of coordination and the regulation of urban actors behaviour are analyzed in relation to this quality. Some theoretical implements proposed in the research are applied to an empiric case : the agglomeration of boulogne in nord pasde-calais
Gaté, Romain. "Régulations de la pollution et de la congestion urbaine dans les villes polycentriques : Formes urbaines et tarification routière". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1G017/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaUrbanization in developed and developing countries has major drawbacks regarding air pollution, Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and congestion externalities due to transport in car-based cities. In this thesis, we study the effects of urban design on pollution, congestion, traveled distances and welfare. We build a theoretical model of residential choices with pollution and congestion externalities arising from commuting, where the location of jobs within the city is endogenous. Finally we collect data from French metropolitan areas to conduct an empirical analysis of spatial determinants of commuting time and distances. This thesis highlights the need of a cautious approach to implement some urban policies that would guarantee a sustainable development of a city. A polycentric city may be a desirable city or not depending on the (i) accessibility of workplaces, (ii) the quality of road infrastructure (high speed), (iii) the employment density and (iv) the distribution of population and workplaces in cities. This thesis also demonstrates the significant role of the housing demand on urban structure when the latter is endogenous in a context of unpriced transport congestion. Some urban densification project might reconsider and quantify the negative externalities (congestion and pollution) which arise when the population grows within any city. These externalities are indirect costs due to the adjustment of the housing and transport demand in the long run
Fortin, Marie-José. "Paysage industriel, lieu de médiation sociale et enjeu de développement durable et de justice environnementale : les cas des complexes d'Alcan (Alma, Québec) et de Péchiney (Dunkerque, France)". Thèse, Paris 1, 2005. http://constellation.uqac.ca/535/1/24605668.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaJouvaud, Magali. "Localisation des services aux entreprises et croissance des agglomérations". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX32037.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis attempt to understand the location and distribution of producer services between agglomerations and their role in the economic growth of cities. Firstly, we analyse locational factors (market proximity, needs in human ressources, services and informations). We point out, with a typology of producer services according to their locational factors, that modalities of service delivery (servuction), type of firms and activities are determinant for explaining the different combinations of locational factors existing in this industry. Secondly, we examine the impact of location decisions in the urban system. Producer services are still very concentrated in the biggest metropolitan areas. Our analysis confirms that agglomerations which high concentration of producer services, grew faster. The relation between producer services and urban growth is explained by their role in the two major mechanisms of urban economic growth. We found that producer services are part of the economic base of agglomerations and generate multiplier effects as well as manufacturing mutipliers. A study of french metropolitan departments underline the favorable effect of producer services and their executive workers on employment productivity and productivity gains. Therefore, producer services importance differs according to cities but their effect is essential for explainning disparities in economic growth of agglomerations: they play a prime role for the structuration of the french urban system
Rivere, Marc. "Socio-histoire du vélo dans l'espace urbain : d'une écologie politique à une économie médiatique… : Toulouse, Genève, Saragosse". Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20030.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhile it used to be quaint and unsuitable, it is now in free service and fashionable… Bicycles' recent renewal in urban spaces is the result of a process which was initiated during the 1970s under the influence of activists who claimed their belonging to the environmental wing of politics. This study seeks to understand how this « cause » was born and was then given recognition to eventually benefit to the new actors who, themselves, now vary its usages. As an entity which only makes sense in the public sphere, that is which claims a transformation of this very space and of its use to assert itself as a part of it, the bicycle highlights the enduring mutation of cities and of those who initiate it. Deliberately focusing on three cities where apathy towards a reconsideration of cars supremacy still dominates should help us understand the major role played by political, cultural, historical and economical facts in each city. Thus, studying the bicycle cause emphasises the contemporary expression of an ever changing society and allows a deeper comprehension of the evolutions of the public space for the past thirty years
Martin, Marie-Catherine. ""Tourisme de congrès et développement urbain durable"". Nice, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NICE0015.
Pełny tekst źródłaTo restore charm and urbanity in cities, we have to build public equipements in which local population will have the opportunity to meet, to make inquiries, to develop, to communicate, to exchange. . . The encounter center is one of those polyvalent equipements designed to meet the requirements and needs of local population. Builded in a middle-sized city, this structure must welcome a large and heterogeneous public. It must participate to the every day life of the city, offering meeting rooms, showrooms, lecture rooms, cultural, artistic and commercial events. Faisibility studies must precede the building of the encounter center. The encounter center is a learning organisation, based on service culture, sharing management, negociation and employees valorization. Its management relies on quality of servuction process, continuous performances control and permanent listening of its clients. The building of the encounter center must be supported by the creation of the encounter city bureau and the creation of the touristic unity. These organisations have to federate the local touristic supply and to optimisate the quality of this supply, working on : information, cooperation, training, qualification, animation and promotion of the touristic territory. The touristic unity have to manage the urban tourism system and to assure the sustainable regeneration of urban area by developping encounter tourism on its touristic territory. Encounter tourism must be considered as a chance of sustainable urban development for middle-sized cities
Bavay, Reynald. "Planification et action territoriale : les limites de l'intervention publique : le cas de différentes aires urbaines en France, en Belgique et en Grande-Bretagne". Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50377-1999-19-1.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaFontana, Francesca. "Seuils et densités dans les perspectives de régénération urbaine au tournant du XXIè siècle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAG034.
Pełny tekst źródłaAt the beginning of the 21st century, many new challenges have been proposed to the cities in the realms of ecology, economy and sociology. Several western metropolis aim at becoming nowadays a template for a sustainable, smart and fair development, particularly in the “after Kyoto” world. In recent international consultations on the future of cities (e.g. Grand Paris in 2007, followed by Bruxelles 2040, Lille 2030, Big Moscow 2050 etc.) politicians, economists and urban experts discussed together the relationship between regeneration and urban forms. In particular the practices of recycling, rescue and repair became central themes. In order to contain urban expansion, sprawl and lack of identity, the consultations re‐propose the concepts of concentration and intensification of urban areas, of vegetal and artificial density, of mixing and of functional hybridization. These are undeniable qualities of a sustainable city, but unfortunately deprived of real repercussions at the proper human scale. At present, while new inter‐municipal groups redraw their urban limits and envisage to renovate their identity around common goals, our research claims the need to understand and master different degrees of possible modifications on the already established urban fabric. In order for architecture to play a role in situations that are already in progress, reversibility and flexibility become two operational and complementary concepts. Architecture must become capable of integrating in time mutating perspectives and accepting its own transformation and evolution
Tivadar, Mihai. "Structures sociales urbaines et ville écologique". Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50374-2006-Tivadar.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaNicolas, Jean-Pierre. "Ville, transports et environnement. Contributions relatives des paramètres du trafic routier affectant la pollution sonore et atmosphérique en milieu urbain". Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00267185.
Pełny tekst źródłaL'objectif de cette thèse est de mieux se rendre compte d'une part du poids relatifs des émissions polluantes et sonores du trafic routier sur l'environnement et le cadre de vie urbain, d'autre part du poids relatif des caractéristiques du trafic routier dans ses émissions (niveau global du trafic, conditions générales de circulation, caractéristiques technologiques des véhicules).
D'un point de vue méthodologique, deux démarches ont été privilégiées. D'une part une réflexion générale a permis de mieux situer le contexte économique et social, mais aussi technique et scientifique dans lequel le travail s'inscrit. Un premier bilan statique permet ainsi de donner une idée des enjeux actuels liés aux émissions polluantes et sonores du trafic routier en milieu urbain. Chacun des 3 facteurs considérés comme affectant les émissions du trafic (Cf. ci-dessus) a également fait l'objet de ce type d'investigation. D'autre part un outil spécifique a du être développé pour mettre en évidence les liens existants entre les paramètres descriptifs du trafic et ses émissions polluantes et sonores. Nous avons utilisé un modèle d'affectation du trafic appliqué à l'agglomération lyonnaise en 1990, 1994, 2000 et 2010. Les résultats d'affectation obtenus ont permis d'établir des indicateurs de niveaux de pollution liée à la route, compte tenu d'hypothèses sur les relations entre les conditions de circulation et les émissions ainsi que sur la composition du trafic.
Pomonti, Vannina. "Nuisances environnementales du trafic automobile et organisation de l'espace et des transports urbains : étude comparée de trois métropoles européennes : Athènes, Amsterdam, Paris". Orléans, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2003ORLE1050.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe thesis studies the links between car traffic pollution and space and transports organisation in urban environment, in the viewpoint of sustainable development. It is based on the study of three metropolises: Athens, Amsterdam, Paris. The first part of the thesis presents the main car traffic nuisances in urban environment (local air pollution and its health impacts, noise, scarce resources consumption, greenhouse gases emissions) as well as the increase of car dependence in areas where the use of car is necessary in everyday life. The cities studies make it possible to observe how space and transport networks organisation, affected by public policies, influence life quality as well as pollution levels. The last part of the thesis offers a typology of the main urban transports policies aiming at implementing a sustainable mobility (technology, taxation, urban planning)
Lalanne, Nicolas. "Modélisation des échanges thermiques et radiatifs en environnement urbain à très haute résolution spatiale : aide à l'interprétation des mesures par télédétection infrarouge". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4731/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe main origin of the energy consumption in France is the residential and commercial sector. In urban environment, housing is mostly old, which means high heat losses. The improvement of energy performances requires the quantification of heat losses. This quantification may be based on a global measurement by an infrared camera with high spatial resolution.The infrared image interpretation requires a description of the radiative terms that make up the signal. For that purpose, a novel simulator is developed. The temperature field is calculated from a meshed three-dimensional scene composed of 1D walls and 2D thermal bridges. This operation is realized by the developed thermal software SUSHI, which is based on solar irradiance pre-computation and on 2D unitary response pre-computation. The software uses as input environmental data measured in the field. The infrared sensor signal is then modelled by adapting the radiative program MOHICANS. This software chain has the distinct advantage of an efficient fusion of dynamic response simulations of temperature and radiance, for areas with unidirectional and 2D heat transfer.The experimental campaign BATIR was set-up for measuring the thermal behavior of a building façade and its convective and radiative environment. A local validation of temperature calculation by SUSHI was realized through a comparison with thermocouple measurement results. Infrared cameras were operated in order to collect the radiance coming from the analyzed façade in band II and III. The radiances calculated by MOHICANS were compared with these acquisitions in order to validate the software chain at this level
Lotteau, Marc. "Développement d’une approche d’intégration des questions de morphologie urbaine dans l’évaluation environnementale des projets d’aménagement à l’échelle du quartier basée sur l’analyse de cycle de vie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0685.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work is a contribution to the environmental assessment of urban development projects in the upstream design phase. It focuses on integrating urban morphology issues with life cycle analysis (LCA) applied to the built environment at the neighborhood scale. The energy performance of buildings is partly determined by design choices relating to the urban form and its interactions with climate. The objective of this thesis is to provide to the design teams a way to take into account the influence of the urban form on the energy potentials of a neighborhood with a life cycle perspective.A preliminary study was conducted on two neighborhoods to detail the influence of the urban form on their energy potentials. An approach to modeling the embodied energy and embodied carbon of buildings is proposed. A sensitivity analysis and a contribution analysis of this model are performed on two generic building shapes. The results demonstrate the key influence of the shape of the buildings and a very strong link between the embodied energy and the building’s compactness. An approach to assessing the passive heating potential and passive summer comfort potential at the neighborhood scale is also developed. It is based on the transformation of a neighborhood in an equivalent urban form (regular array of block buildings), and on the application of metamodels of a thermal simulation engine. The method is tested and discussed on a corpus of 45 case studies. These methodological developments are intended to be integrated into an existing tool for neighborhood LCA (NEST)
Waisman, Henri. "Les politiques climatiques entre prix du carbone, rente pétrolière et dynamiques urbaines". Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00799199.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis investigates the effects of constraints imposed on economic interactions by limitations due to natural resources, among which oil and urban land play a curcial role in the context of climate change. These dimensions, often neglected in existing analyses, have an ambiguous effect since they suggest both the risk of enhanced costs if carbon limitations reinforce the sub-optimalities caused by pre-existing constraints, but also, conversely, the possibility of co-benefits if the climate policy helps to correct some pre-existing imperfections of socio-economic trajectories. To investigate this issue, an innovative modeling framework of the energy-economy interactions is elaborated that embarks the specificities of the deployment of oil production capacities and the issues related to the spatial organization in urban areas. We demonstrate that, beyond the carbon price, the costs of climate policy essentially depend on the sequencing of complementary measures, with a crucial role of spatial policy designed to control transport-related emissions through mobility
Bulteau, Julie. "La mobilité durable en zone urbaine : efficacité et perspectives des politiques d'environnement". Phd thesis, Nantes, 2009. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=d3dbb26b-b715-47f7-a8d9-60b3c23823a6.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research deals with economic policies of sustainable urban transport for travellers. The interest lies in the use of environmental economics instruments and their application to transport economics. The main aim of this work is to compare urban toll with tradable emissions permits system. The first part presents the literature and the second describes the development of microeconomic models. In the first approach, I assess the efficiency, experiments, modelling relevance of both tools, and I compare their results. The purpose of the first part is to establish if a tool is better at obtaining sustainable mobility than the other. From a theoretical point of view, no instrument is better than the other. The second part focuses on modelling. I adjust the standard traffic bottleneck model in order to better adapt the urban toll to the theme of sustainable transport. I add two extensions: the car’s environmental cost and a modal policy to encourage modal split. I then develop a new tradable emissions permits system for urban motorists. Analytical and numerical model’s results show both instruments feasibility and efficiency. Important variables in the models must be taken into account: the value of time, the fixed costs of collective transport and environmental knowledge. These variables will indeed impact on the tools’ success
Bulteau, Julie. "La mobilité durable en zone urbaine : efficacité et perspectives des politiques d'environnement". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00589001.
Pełny tekst źródłaFontana, Francesca. "Seuils et densités dans les perspectives de régénération urbaine au tournant du XXIè siècle". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAG034.
Pełny tekst źródłaAt the beginning of the 21st century, many new challenges have been proposed to the cities in the realms of ecology, economy and sociology. Several western metropolis aim at becoming nowadays a template for a sustainable, smart and fair development, particularly in the “after Kyoto” world. In recent international consultations on the future of cities (e.g. Grand Paris in 2007, followed by Bruxelles 2040, Lille 2030, Big Moscow 2050 etc.) politicians, economists and urban experts discussed together the relationship between regeneration and urban forms. In particular the practices of recycling, rescue and repair became central themes. In order to contain urban expansion, sprawl and lack of identity, the consultations re‐propose the concepts of concentration and intensification of urban areas, of vegetal and artificial density, of mixing and of functional hybridization. These are undeniable qualities of a sustainable city, but unfortunately deprived of real repercussions at the proper human scale. At present, while new inter‐municipal groups redraw their urban limits and envisage to renovate their identity around common goals, our research claims the need to understand and master different degrees of possible modifications on the already established urban fabric. In order for architecture to play a role in situations that are already in progress, reversibility and flexibility become two operational and complementary concepts. Architecture must become capable of integrating in time mutating perspectives and accepting its own transformation and evolution
Gillio, Nicolas. "Le foncier, une ressource territoriale pour le développement économique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAH012/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaEconomic land contributes actively to the development of companies in the territories as a spatial translation of economic activity and as a form of intervention by public bodies in France and in several European countries.The location of economic activities is defined in spatial economics according to the distance to the urban center. The value that economic agents attribute to a central or peripheral location is based on the level of differential rent perceived by landowners. This income, assimilated to the land use cost incorporated in property prices, is a decreasing function of distance to the urban center, which varies according to the different activities (housing, office, retail, industry). The concentration of activities depends on the mechanisms of urban land rent and explains the differences in economic wealth between areas with high concentration of activities and jobs and spaces with low density. The land rent achieved by landowners will result in a trade-off between proximity and distance to the center that the companies would achieve through the market law. However, these explanations are incomplete to explain the divergent economic paths between territories. In spatial economics, land use is adjusted by the firm according to the level of land use they can put up with. However, this approach lacks of relevance when firms derive economic development from a territory without leading to high land rents or when development becomes a strategic issue for the territory. Thus, the concentration of economic activities and land rent are considered as a way to explain optimal locations, but they do not explain all kind of situations. The explanatory model is both dependent on the availability of data, the homogeneity of space and the modeled behavior of economic agents.In order to provide new explanations, we offer an other theoretical approach that is less econometric and more empirical in order to analyze the mechanisms for moderately dense territories where land is highly coveted by private investors. These territories are those of the Plaine de Saint-Exupéry, a metropolitan interface area of the Lyon urban zone, and Metropole Savoie, an area of inhabited plains between Geneva and Grenoble.Using the notion of territorial resource we consider territorial economy to understand the relationships between land and economic activities. The territorial land resource highlights choices of localization for services and industrial activities. These are structured by cooperative relations involving actors in land development and real estate development, alongside local authorities and companies that seek for local ecosystems that are conducive to the development of their business. They may also seek for institutional and geographical proximity, which are different from the concentration of activities.The territorial resource emphasizes the diversity of development models and specific assets. The development of land use strategies, and the methods of coordination between public and private actors that depend on them, explain the functions of redeployment and interface of land. These two functions refer, on the one hand, to the fact that the land use resource facilitates the transformation of activities on the territory and, on the other hand, that land is a condition for the existence of other resources for activities on this territory. In other words, without an interface, land can be allocated to functions unrelated to the specific assets of the territory. Without redeployability, land will be marketed without consideration for its long-term value, but only for its short-term market value. Based on empirical observations on the Plaine de Saint-Exupéry and on Metropole Savoie, we illustrate these notions and show that public management over economic land use, in particular, makes it possible to reveal territorial land resources at a time when the territories have to invent their own sustainable development path
Morel, A. L'Huissier Alain. "Economie de la distribution d'eau aux populations urbaines à faible revenu dans les pays en voie de développement". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1990. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529771.
Pełny tekst źródłaCattaruzza, Diego. "Vehicle Routing for City Logistics". Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EMSE0737/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTransportation of merchandise in urban areas has become an important nowadays topic. In fact, transportation is a vital activity for each city, but entail pollution, congestion, accidents.City logistics aims at optimizing the whole urban logistics and transportation process, taking into account environmental and social aspects. This thesis, that is part of the MODUM project, finds its location in this area of research. In particular, MODUM aims at studying a delivery system based on City Distribution Centers.We first present a classification and an analysis of urban good movements and routing problems peculiar to metropolitan areas. A second survey proposes a complete collection of articles that has been done on the Multi Trip Vehicle Routing Problem (MTVRP). The MTVRP is an extension of the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) where vehicles are allowed to perform several trips.We propose an efficient heuristic for the MTVRP that is, in a subsequent step, adapted to a new routing problem, the MTVRP with Time Windows and Release Dates (MTVRPTWR). It is a variant of the MTVRP where each customer is associated with a time window and each merchandise is associated with a release date that represents the instant it becomes available at the depot.We, then, study a variant of the MTVRP where goods belong to different commodities that cannot be transported at the same time by the same vehicle. An analysis is conducted on the benefits of the multi-trip aspect in fleet dimensioning problems.Finally we describe the complex routing problem that arises in MODUM and the simulator that is developed to evaluate the performances of the system
Peng, Zhihao. "Optimisation par essaims particulaires pour la logistique urbaine". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCA010/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this thesis, we are interested in the management of goods flows in urban areas, also called last mile logistics, and associated with various current issues: economic, environmental, and societal. Four main stakeholders are involved by these challenges: shippers, customers, carriers and local authorities, each with different priorities (improving service quality, minimizing the travelling distance, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, etc.). Faced with these challenges in the city, one possible action lever is to optimize the routes for the pickup and/or delivery of goods. Three types of urban flows are considered: from or to the city, and intra-urban. For outgoing and incoming flows into the city, the goods are first grouped in a warehouse located on the suburban area of the city. If there are several warehouses, the associated planning problem is the Location Routing Problem (LRP). We are studying one of its variants called the Capacitated Location Routing Problem (CLRP). In this problem, by respecting the capacity constraint on vehicles and depots, the location of depots and route planning are considered at the same time. The objective is to minimize the total cost, which consists of the cost of opening depots, the cost of using vehicles, and the cost of the travelling distance. For all flows, we are also looking to solve a Pickup and Delivery Problem (PDP), in which a fleet of vehicles simultaneously carries out pickup and delivery operations. We focus on two of its variants: the selective variant where not all requests are satisfied, in a context of paired demands and time windows on sites (Selective Pickup and Delivery Problem with Time Windows and Paired Demands, or SPDPTWPD). The second studied variant is the extension of the first one by adding the possibility of carrying out transport in several stages by introducing operations for the exchange of goods between vehicles at transfer sites (Selective Pickup and Delivery with Transfers or SPDPT). The considered objectives for these two variants of PDP are to maximize profit and to minimize distance. Each studied problem is formally described, mathematically modelled as a linear program and then solved by exact, heuristic and/or metaheuristic methods. In particular, we have developed algorithms based on a metaheuristic called Particle Swarm Optimization, which we have hybridized with local search operators. The approaches are validated on instances of different sizes from the literature and/or on instances that we have generated. The results are critically analyzed to highlight the advantages and drawbacks of each method
Florent, Luc. "Quelle gouvernance pour les activités pédestres ? : un enjeu pour le développement des territoires". Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50377-2007-Florent.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaLotteau, Marc. "Développement d’une approche d’intégration des questions de morphologie urbaine dans l’évaluation environnementale des projets d’aménagement à l’échelle du quartier basée sur l’analyse de cycle de vie". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0685/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work is a contribution to the environmental assessment of urban development projects in the upstream design phase. It focuses on integrating urban morphology issues with life cycle analysis (LCA) applied to the built environment at the neighborhood scale. The energy performance of buildings is partly determined by design choices relating to the urban form and its interactions with climate. The objective of this thesis is to provide to the design teams a way to take into account the influence of the urban form on the energy potentials of a neighborhood with a life cycle perspective.A preliminary study was conducted on two neighborhoods to detail the influence of the urban form on their energy potentials. An approach to modeling the embodied energy and embodied carbon of buildings is proposed. A sensitivity analysis and a contribution analysis of this model are performed on two generic building shapes. The results demonstrate the key influence of the shape of the buildings and a very strong link between the embodied energy and the building’s compactness. An approach to assessing the passive heating potential and passive summer comfort potential at the neighborhood scale is also developed. It is based on the transformation of a neighborhood in an equivalent urban form (regular array of block buildings), and on the application of metamodels of a thermal simulation engine. The method is tested and discussed on a corpus of 45 case studies. These methodological developments are intended to be integrated into an existing tool for neighborhood LCA (NEST)
Chabi, Moïse. "Métropolisation et dynamiques périurbaines : cas de l’espace urbain de Cotonou". Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100166/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaMetropolisation is one of the processes responsible for the spatial reconstruction in West Africa. This process is underpinned by for pillars that the found a metropolitan system. We come to identify an approach that allows as to understand the different movements between the center and the periphery.Insert Cotonou in the network of the famous cities is the wish of the Benin political actors. But the desire to city play an more important role in the West Africa region is not always in line with approach of managers and the level of the organization of the urban community. First the difficulties of man live and in an environment inhospitable at the beginning, but forced to bear a heavy load make man’s relation with his environment at the tense. As the environment is not controlled and well managed, is negatively affects the process of metropolisation. Second, the policy of local actors is characterized by carelessness and the lack of strategically thinking about the the future and the role of the pole of the metropolitan area. The analysis of the evolution of the urban policy shows there phases, but the perception of political actors on the city has remained constant since independence. On the economic angle, Benin city is dominated by the informal, which causes problems to everything which is official and determines the morphology of the metropolitan area. Although the architectural and functional changes are obvious, you wonder if this type of economy is an affective pillar. On the contrary, the on which is on social values, such as affection, is not negligible in the reconstruction of urban society. They influence the decision of actors, encouraging either to act in favour of the one country or to abandon it. Production by a variety of situations including the affects of an unhealthy environment, the analysis of the affection for Cotonou and is periphery shows that it is an important element of the city’s axis which promotes suburbanization. The balances of power between these have spatial effects. Responsible for the current state of the Benin metropolis, they determine its spatial configurations. Moreover, Cotonou seems to be in a phase of passive or ‘’incomplete metropolisation”, will the actors have or will they provide the means to meet the challenges for a full or active metropolisation ?
Meite, Youssouf. "Gouvernance du transport urbain et mobilité durable dans le district d'Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAG009/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn Abidjan, the supply of urban transport, dominated by small -scale units alongside modes of mass transit public company remains insufficient for a growing urban population. The urban transport system is characterized by low adapted and degraded infrastructure with a high level of air pollution. Analysis of transactional relationships among stakeholders highlights conflicts of jurisdiction in the governance of urban mobility. These conflicts, which constitute sources of blockage in the official regulation, lead to uncoordinated actions and give rise to the spontaneous creation of a parallel regulation (by the transport unions) in urban stations. Despite these constraints and limitations, this mobility can be part of a logic of sustainability and meet a social need for movement of people especially as it has development potential that only the willingness of all stakeholders can emerge
Krayem, Alaa. "Révéler l'utilisation énergétique spatio-temporelle d'une ville côtière méditerranéenne : le cas de Beyrouth". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30155.
Pełny tekst źródłaTo reduce greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption in urban areas, understanding buildings' energy performance and consumption patterns is essential for implanting effective energy management and efficiency strategies at a city scale. Such plans' implementation at large scale requires information on how the energy demands may change under specific interventions. Urban Building Energy Models (UBEM) are proposed tools to estimate current and future building's energy demand. These models rely on a bottom-up approach, combining both statistical techniques and physics-based methods. This study aims at providing an enhanced modeling approach that simulates buildings' energy demand at high spatial and temporal resolution, which can help in evaluating energy management strategies and decision-making energy policies. The methodology is applied for the city of Beirut, representative of the Mediterranean region where the similarity of buildings technologies and climatic concerns among its cities is pronounced. The main objectives of the thesis are to develop, investigate and adjust a bottom-up energy modeling tool at urban scale; to provide evidence of the tool's suitability to support guidelines for future interventions; and finally to investigate the impact of the city's compactness on daylight availability and thus citizens' well-being. In this case study based on two different districts within the city, a near-city-scale building energy model, BEirut Energy Model BEEM, is generated to estimate the building's stock electricity consumption. To reduce the modeling and computation time, an archetypal classification of the buildings based on their types and periods of construction is adopted. The additional information required to generate the 3D model of the buildings are the number of floors, buildings' areas and a topographic map of the study areas. By coupling the models to the hourly weather conditions, the thermodynamic model of 3,630 buildings is simulated in EnergyPlus. Adapting the model to Beirut's occupancy and users' behaviors is crucial to enhance the reliability of BEEM. The availability of metered electricity data allows the model calibration, which is based on buildings' clustering and finding the clusters' coefficients representative of specific energy patterns. After the training phase, the model's accuracy in predicting electricity consumption is improved. Comparing the actual consumption and the calibrated results, the averaged absolute percentage error of the electricity consumption was reduced from 310% to 41% in district A and from 326% to 39% in district B. The calibrated model is combined with Geographic Information System (GIS) for a spatiotemporal distribution of energy demand patterns, which can help in assessing the most suitable intervention technologies
Mangold, Marie. "Pour une sociologie de la "maison durable" : entre production d'une offre techno-centrée et vécu des habitants : projets et acteurs dans les espaces périurbains en Alsace". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAG051.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the early twenty-first century, “sustainable housing” has become a popular catchword, and its goals are increasingly being embraced in the housing sector. This new context calls for analysing the interactions between housing and environment, especially insofar as they relate to the urban phenomenon and its evolutions. This PhD in sociology adopts an interdisciplinary social science perspective (branching out into urbanism, planning and ethnology) in its empirical examination of the construction of individual houses in the Alsace region of France, that take into consideration energy performance and the use so-called “ecological” materials, especially in peri-urban areas.The PhD pursued two main goals. First, based on a study of regional architects and builders, and in light of the evolution of legal frameworks and national real estate markets, it analyses the modalities of production of techno-centric “sustainable houses” that reflect the demands of environmental policies in terms of energy efficiency. Second, based on ethnographical approach and on the characterization of the trajectories of households, it looks into the experiences of residents, their appropriation of the “sustainable houses” and lifestyles. The PhD ultimately offers crosscutting insights into the impact of calls for energy sobriety and individual responsibility by reconsidering the “sustainable house” model and its effects on social and spatial inequalities
Park, Jiyeon. "Aménagement du territoire, levier de développement durable : étude comparée des systèmes d'innovation français et sud-coréens dans le processus de métropolisation". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG036.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe development of a Metropolis is very often associated with the construction of a vast territory, which limits it to the simple search for a pertinent perimeter or level. It implies, however, much more. The French intercommunality, that opens up to various forms of cooperation between different territorial entities, is an interesting approach in this respect. France is, indeed, often presented aborad as an example of cooperation and of decentralization, especially in countries with a strong centralizing tradition, such as South Korea. In this perspective, we will carry out comparative case studies mirroring the process of metropolisation in France and in South Korea. Our study seeks to illustrate how to structure the innovation system (IS) according to the co-construction scheme PAS, making it possible, among otherthings, to co-create an ecosystem of exchange, sharing and arbitration -and thus serving as a driving force and optimizing force in an urban system of specialization. Finally, our study aims at orienting spatial planning towards the integrated approach of sustainable development
Foury, Nazim Fouad. "L'effectivité des instruments de protection et d'aménagement du littoral méditerranéen : cas de l'Algérie". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0220.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Algerian coastline is characterized by rich natural resources which offer important economic potential. Nonetheless, this part of the country finds itself victim of its own success and have to face a multitude of problems, especially the over-exploitation of its resources which have been amplified by a massive urbanization that is accelerated more and more, but also by pollution and a deterioration of the coastal areas. Moreover, and to best answer the numerous incoherencies that result from these multiple problems that hit the Algerian coastline, the state has to take necessary measures to find a right balance between the use of this space and its preservation. The thorough analysis of the institutional and legal framework put in place by the Algerian public authorities, proves the existence of a real inadequacy in terms of coastal governance, as well as incomplete judicial texts with regards to coastal preservation and development. The primary challenge of the government is to redress these shortcomings, by putting in place an integrated and global management policy of the coast that will allow a balanced and sustained development of this space
François, Marie. "EAU ET DÉVELOPPEMENT EN ESPAGNE POLITIQUES ET DISCOURS Les exemples de l'Aragon et de la Région de Murcie". Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00459592.
Pełny tekst źródłaAyadi, Abdessalem. "Vers une organisation globale durable de l’approvisionnement des ménages : bilans économiques et environnementaux de différentes chaînes de distribution classiques et émergentes depuis l’entrepôt du fournisseur jusqu’au domicile du ménage". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO22010/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaUrban logistics and the last mile in particular, is a major concern for cities today. To address this concern, we have established in the introductory chapter a history of the problem of urban logistics. This allows a better understanding of its development over the years, and deducing that it’s essential to study the supply chain in its entirety to better solve the problem of urban logistics. However, we were faced with a daunting task: the lack of comprehensive and reliable data. In addition, there has been a multiplication of distribution channels in recent years. This includes the delivery from warehouses to stores and further to households from the retail space.Therefore, we intended to identify all existing and emerging logistics organizations in France and beyond (one year exchange stay in England and Switzerland for research purposes). To do this, we established in the second chapter certain parameters that differentiate the logistics modes of various organizations upstream (from manufacturers to retail stores) and downstream (from retail stores to households). Unfortunately, there does not exist any economic and environmental assessment to settle between different forms of traditional and modern electronic distribution, by taking into account the various characteristics of different products families (non-food, dry, fresh, frozen) and the diversity of their delivery modes.Faced with constraints of such size, we conducted surveys with different actors of distribution channels, which provided the opportunity to make contacts, thus collect firsthand and so far unpublished technical and economic data. In addition to the resolution of empirical inadequacy in the third chapter, this research also helped to develop a methodological approach related to the reconstruction and evaluation of logistics costs and emissions (in warehouses, transit platforms, retail stores and shared platforms) and also the costs and emissions of vehicles (trucks, delivery van, cars, public transport, bikes, motorbikes and walking).Finally, this research has lead to the construction of a database and the development of a decision support tool to infer, in the fourth chapter, the economic and environmental appraisal of the entire supply chain from the supplier's warehouse to the final customer. This tool can be useful for public policy, future strategies of retailers and Third-Party Logistics providers to focus on efficient and sustainable modes of organization, and even it will benefit the customer to estimate the costs and emissions of its acts of purchase in classic and e-grocery shopping