Artykuły w czasopismach: „ECONOMIC THICKNESS”

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Shah, Sagarkumar, Vinay Bhatt, Jinesh Shah, Manojkumar Sheladiya i Pratik Kikani. "Study of Thermal Insulating Materials And Costing of Economic Thickness of Insulation". Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, nr 8 (1.10.2011): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/aug2013/79.

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Xie, Ying, Diwen Chen i Fangrui Mai. "Economic pigging cycles for low-throughput pipelines". Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, nr 11 (listopad 2018): 168781401881119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018811198.

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Wax deposition occurs frequently in waxy crude oil pipelines when the level of flow decreases, and pigging is needed at regular intervals. An economic pigging model is established in accordance with the objective function based on the sum of thermal costs, power costs, and single piping costs. Thus, by compiling a program, the most economical pigging cycle will be determined. Furthermore, the calculation methods for hydraulic and thermal constraints are given. Taking the example of the distance between the central processing platform and the land terminal external piping line of the M-field cluster, the effects of different inlet temperatures, throughput, and remnant wax thicknesses on the economic pigging cycle will be analyzed. The results show that with an increase in the inlet temperature, the total costs of the pipeline operation increase, while the pigging cycle will prolong. As throughput increases, total costs will decrease, while the pigging cycle also extends. When throughput is fixed, a remnant wax thickness of 0.4 mm helps reduce the total operating costs of the pipeline at different inlet temperatures. While throughput varies, a remnant wax thickness from 0.2 to 0.4 mm can reduce total costs at a fixed inlet temperature.

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Shen, Tianqing, i Xingwei Shen. "Analysis of Economic Thickness and the Suitable Insulation Thickness of External Wall Insulation Layer". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 719, nr 2 (1.04.2021): 022020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/719/2/022020.

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Paramonova, Ekaterina, Ed D. de Jong, Bastiaan P. Krom, Henny C. van der Mei, Henk J. Busscher i Prashant K. Sharma. "Low-Load Compression Testing: a Novel Way of Measuring Biofilm Thickness". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, nr 21 (31.08.2007): 7023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00935-07.

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ABSTRACT Biofilms are complex and dynamic communities of microorganisms that are studied in many fields due to their abundance and economic impact. Biofilm thickness is an important parameter in biofilm characterization. Current methods of measuring biofilm thicknesses have several limitations, including application, availability, and costs. Here, we present low-load compression testing (LLCT) as a new method for measuring biofilm thickness. With LLCT, biofilm thicknesses are measured during compression by inducing small loads, up to 5 Pa, corresponding to 0.1% deformation, making LLCT essentially a nondestructive technique. Comparison of the thicknesses of various bacterial and yeasts biofilms obtained by LLCT and by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) resulted in the conclusion that CLSM underestimates the biofilm thickness due to poor penetration of different fluorescent dyes, especially through the thicker biofilms, whereas LLCT does not suffer from this thickness limitation.

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Korostovenko, V. V., N. V. Morozova, E. L. Egorova i V. N. Morozov. "SUBSTANTIATION OF ECONOMIC STRIPPING THICKNESS IN PEAT PLACER MINING". MINING INFORMATIONAL AND ANALYTICAL BULLETIN 7 (20.05.2017): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2017-7-0-58-63.

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Li, Chu Ne, Gang Wang i Ya Jun Wang. "Analysis on the Effect of External-Wall Insulation on Energy Consumption of Residential Building in Lanzhou". Advanced Materials Research 936 (czerwiec 2014): 1496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1496.

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Based on the comparison of external wall with different insulation thicknesses and without insulation, residential buildings energy consumption was simulated by using hourly energy consumption simulation software DeST-h in Lanzhou.The effects of external wall insulation on building energy consumption were analyzed. The result shows that the total annual load can be reduced to 42% ~ 72% with the insulation thicknesses vary from 10mm to 80mm. But With the increase of the thickness of the insulation layer, the amount of fluctuation of building load reduce gradually.That is not to say the insulation layer is thicker the energy saving effect is more distinct and there is shoud be the thickness is the most economical thickness. So the economic insulation thickness is determined as 40mm by using a life-cycle cost analysis.

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Küçüktopcu, Erdem, Bilal Cemek i Halis Simsek. "The Economic and Environmental Impact of Greenhouse Heating Pipe Insulation". Sustainability 14, nr 1 (5.01.2022): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010549.

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This study aimed to determine the effect of optimum pipe insulation thickness on energy savings and air pollution under greenhouse conditions. In this regard, an optimization model based on a Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis was carried out using the P1–P2 method. Three fuel types, coal, natural gas, and fuel oil, were tested with nominal pipe sizes ranging from 25 to 65 mm, and hot water was used in the system. Our findings showed that the highest insulation thickness (0.807 m), the greatest energy savings ($62.351/m), and the lowest payback period (0.502 years) were achieved with a 65 mm pipe size for fuel oil. Overall, the insulation minimizes heat loss through the heating pipelines, resulting in economic and environmental benefits. Fuel oil was determined as the best option for savings in this study. Hence, for fuel oil utilization, the emissions of CO2 varied from 2.762 to 3.798 kg/m and SO2 from 0.014 to 0.020 kg/m for pipe thicknesses ranging from 25 and 65 mm, respectively.

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COULSON, ANDREW, i CATERINA FERRARIO. "‘Institutional Thickness’: Local Governance and Economic Development in Birmingham, England". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 31, nr 3 (wrzesień 2007): 591–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00739.x.

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Dylewski. "Optimal Thermal Insulation Thicknesses of External Walls Based on Economic and Ecological Heating Cost". Energies 12, nr 18 (4.09.2019): 3415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183415.

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The present study introduces the concept of ecological cost of heating modeled on the economic cost of heating. A method of determining these costs is also proposed. This method allows for an analytical description of the ecological as well as economic net present value of a thermal insulation investment. Consequently, it is possible to determine the optimal values for ecological reasons of the heat transfer coefficient of the building external wall and the thickness of thermal insulation. The present study uses life-cycle assessment (LCA) analysis to determine the environmental impact of thermal insulation materials used to insulate the external vertical wall and to determine the environmental impact of thermal energy production in the energy phase of the building’s life cycle. Various variants characteristic of Polish conditions were studied. Different types of construction materials of the wall, types of heat sources, thermal insulation materials and climate zones occurring in Poland were considered. For all analysed variants, the obtained thermal insulation thickness, optimum for ecological reasons, was much larger than the optimum for economic reasons. Even at the thickness of thermal insulation optimum for economic reasons, the investment was profitable for ecological reasons, i.e., a reduction in environmental load was obtained as a result of the thermal insulation investment. On the basis of the conducted study, it can be concluded that it is preferable to use thermal insulation thicknesses larger than required by current regulations and larger than optimum for economic reasons. The ecological benefits of thermal insulation investments are then significantly greater, with not much smaller economic benefits.

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Dylewski, Robert, i Janusz Adamczyk. "Optimum Thickness of Thermal Insulation with Both Economic and Ecological Costs of Heating and Cooling". Energies 14, nr 13 (25.06.2021): 3835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133835.

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The energy efficiency of the construction sector should be determined by the cleanliness of the environment and, thus, the health of society. The scientific aim of this article was to develop a methodology for determining the optimum thickness of thermal insulation, taking into account both economic and ecological aspects and considering both heating and cooling costs. The method takes into account the number of degree days of the heating period, as well as the number of degree days of the cooling period. Variants in terms of different types of thermal insulation, various types of construction materials for building walls, climatic zones and heat sources, were taken into consideration. In order to find the optimum thicknesses of thermal insulation, both in economic and ecological terms, a metacriterion was used. The optimum thicknesses of thermal insulation with the use of the metacriterion were obtained in the range of 0.11–0.55 m. It was observed that the values of the optimum heat transfer coefficients for economic and ecological reasons do not depend on the type of construction materials used for vertical walls. The type of applied heat source is of the greatest importance for the size of the economic and ecological benefits. The proposed mathematical model for determining the optimum thickness of thermal insulation with the use of a metacriterion is a kind of generalization of earlier models from the literature.

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Ahmad, Aftab, i Luai Al-Hadhrami. "Thermal performance and economic assessment of masonry bricks". Thermal Science 13, nr 4 (2009): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0904221a.

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The objective of this study was to assess the thermal performance and economic assessment of different types of clay and concrete masonry brick wall samples used in building construction. In this study, eighteen types of clay bricks and two types of concrete bricks were analyzed for thermal performance. The bricks were classified and grouped based on the brick configuration, material, and size. The analysis of the results shows that the equivalent thermal conductivity does not depend only on the brick material and configuration but also on the brick thickness. The bricks having same configuration and size, the equivalent thermal conductivity variation is large depending on the type of material used, especially for concrete brick. In general, the brick with lesser thickness has lower conductivity as compared to those having higher thickness. However, the effect of brick length on equivalent thermal conductivity is insignificant. The economic analysis showed that the insulated clay brick type 16 is the most economical brick among the types of brick studied. Moreover, it is worthwhile to note that the net present value of normal concrete brick (type 19) is reduced by about 45% by making the concrete brick lightweight (type 20).

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Dylewski, Robert, i Janusz Adamczyk. "Impact of the Degree Days of the Heating Period on Economically and Ecologically Optimal Thermal Insulation Thickness". Energies 14, nr 1 (26.12.2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010097.

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The article proposes methods for determining the optimal thermal insulation thickness for economic and ecological reasons, depending on the number of degree days of the heating period. Life cycle assessment was used for the ecological analysis. Analyses were performed for selected variants typical of Polish conditions. The optimal thermal insulation thickness as well as the amount of economic and ecological benefits depends very much on the condition of the building without thermal insulation, but also on the heat source used and the thermal insulation material to be used. For each variant, the optimal thermal insulation thickness for ecological reasons is much greater than the optimal for economic reasons. Taking into consideration the climatic zone and the associated number of degree days of the heating period, the colder the zone, the greater the optimal insulation thickness, as well as economic and ecological benefits.

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Kaynakli, Omer. "Economic thermal insulation thickness for pipes and ducts: A review study". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 30 (luty 2014): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.09.026.

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Baniassadi, Amir, Behrang Sajadi, Majid Amidpour i Navid Noori. "Economic optimization of PCM and insulation layer thickness in residential buildings". Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 14 (kwiecień 2016): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2016.01.008.

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He, Dakuo, Zhengsong Wang, Le Yang i Zhizhong Mao. "Optimization Control of the Color-Coating Production Process for Model Uncertainty". Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9731823.

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Optimized control of the color-coating production process (CCPP) aims at reducing production costs and improving economic efficiency while meeting quality requirements. However, because optimization control of the CCPP is hampered by model uncertainty, a strategy that considers model uncertainty is proposed. Previous work has introduced a mechanistic model of CCPP based on process analysis to simulate the actual production process and generate process data. The partial least squares method is then applied to develop predictive models of film thickness and economic efficiency. To manage the model uncertainty, the robust optimization approach is introduced to improve the feasibility of the optimized solution. Iterative learning control is then utilized to further refine the model uncertainty. The constrained film thickness is transformed into one of the tracked targets to overcome the drawback that traditional iterative learning control cannot address constraints. The goal setting of economic efficiency is updated continuously according to the film thickness setting until this reaches its desired value. Finally, fuzzy parameter adjustment is adopted to ensure that the economic efficiency and film thickness converge rapidly to their optimized values under the constraint conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed optimization control strategy is validated by simulation results.

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Tong, Yurou, Hui Yang, Li Bao, Baoxia Guo, Yanzhuo Shi i Congcong Wang. "Analysis of Thermal Insulation Thickness for a Container House in the Yanqing Zone of the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 24 (7.12.2022): 16417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416417.

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A large number of temporary housings (THs) were used in the Yanqing zone of the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. Taking a kind of container house (CH) used in Yanqing zone as a model, the objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of insulation thickness on heating energy consumption and corresponding carbon emission. The effect of service life of THs on economic thickness was also discussed. The simulation model was developed using EnergyPlus and the heating energy consumption with different insulation materials was simulated based on the meteorological parameters of the top of Xiaohaituo Mountain (2177.5 m) and the Olympic/Paralympic Village (950 m) in Yanqing zone. In the simulation process, the thermal insulation performance of the CH was enhanced with reference to the requirements of GB/T 51350-2019 Technical Standard for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB) on one hand. Additionally, the insulation performance was evaluated in terms of payback period and carbon emission. On the other hand, the economic thickness of different insulation materials (rock wool (RW), extruded polystyrene (XPS), polyurethane (PU)) and the high performance vacuum insulation panel (HVIP)) for different service lives of CH was studied. Results show that the U-values of the envelope meeting the NZEB standard can decrease approximately 21.4–32.8% of the heating energy consumption, compared with the original envelope. When the service life of CH is extended to 20 years, the carbon emission is reduced by 18.5% and 29.5%. The payback period of HVIP is longest, up to 31.4 a, and the results of economic thickness show that when the service life of the CH ranges from 1 year to 20 years, the economic thickness range of RW is 47–235 mm, XPS is 41–197 mm, PU is 33–149 mm and HVIP is 4–18 mm at the altitude of 2177.5 m. At the altitude of 950 m, the economic thickness range of RW is 28–158 mm, XPS is 26–131 mm, PU is 25–118 mm, and HVIP is 2–12 mm. From an economic point of view, the service life of a CH has a significant impact on the choice of insulation thickness.

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Li, Yan Ru, Han Zhu i Chun Sheng Liu. "Experimental and Economic Analysis of Airport Crumb Rubber Concrete (CRC) Pavement". Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (maj 2011): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.605.

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The feasibility of using crumb rubber concrete (CRC) in airport pavement is discussed by analyzing the capability of crumb rubber concrete. The bending property of CRC is studied by four point loading test of small-sized rubber concrete beams. Comparing with cement concrete (CC) pavement, the board thickness of CRC pavement is analyzed. The conclusions are reached that appropriate mixing of crumb rubber could satisfy strength demand and improve durability of airport pavement, and the thickness of CRC pavement is 93 percent of that of CC pavement. As a result, airport CRC pavement has longer service life and perfect cost performance.

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Karpenko, Alisa V., i Denis V. Karpenko. "Economic Effect of Implementing Rubberised Asphalt". Materials Science Forum 931 (wrzesień 2018): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.649.

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Article covers the questions of economic effectivity and efficiency of implementing rut-resistant rubberised asphalt. Economic data for all road-construction climatic zones in Russia is included into the investigation. Comparison of the two alternatives: pavement with the use of crumb rubber (RBV) and pavement with a known stabilising agent (SMA) is made. Calculation is based on the additives market price and on 0,8% mineral composition weight dosage. Calculation of the presents costs is made for the different road climatic zones with effective pavement thickness of 6 cm.

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Mohamed, Mousa M. "Optimal Thermal Insulation Thickness in Isolated Air-Conditioned Buildings and Economic Analysis". Journal of Electronics Cooling and Thermal Control 09, nr 02 (2020): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jectc.2020.92002.

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Mouës, C. M., G.-J. C. M. van den Bemd, W. J. Meerding i S. E. R. Hovius. "An economic evaluation of the use of TNP on full-thickness wounds". Journal of Wound Care 14, nr 5 (maj 2005): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2005.14.5.26776.

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Ye, Lei, Jin Li, Ruhe Xie i Chaowei Huang. "Multi-objective optimization of economic thickness of insulated compartment for refrigerator vehicles". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1303 (sierpień 2019): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1303/1/012042.

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Açıkkalp, Emin, i Süheyla Yerel Kandemir. "A method for determining optimum insulation thickness: Combined economic and environmental method". Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 11 (czerwiec 2019): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2019.04.004.

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Henry, Nick, i Stephen Pinch. "Neo-Marshallian Nodes, Institutional Thickness, and Britain's ‘Motor Sport Valley’: Thick or Thin?" Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 33, nr 7 (lipiec 2001): 1169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a32184.

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The authors consider the insights into the concept of institutional thickness provided by the industrial cluster located in southern England commonly referred to as ‘Motor Sport Valley’. It is argued that, although Amin and Thrift's original formulation of the concept of institutional thickness was comprehensive in scope, subsequent debate has focused around a somewhat restricted definition—essentially that of overt regionally based public, or quasi-public, institutions. The success of Motor Sport Valley in the absence of such infrastructure points to other sources of institutional strength and highlights the fact that all economic systems are constituted and mediated through a variety of types of institutional structure. The crucial issue when considering economic development, therefore, is not whether economically successful regions contain sources of institutional thickness, but rather the precise nature of the institutions in the area (and those influencing it from the outside) and their relationship with economic growth.

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Marutyan, Alexander S. "Optimization of channels and I-shaped bended closed profiles with tubular shelves from sheets of different thicknesses". Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 17, nr 2 (15.12.2021): 140–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2021-17-2-140-164.

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The continuation of optimization of channels and I-beams bent closed profiles (BCP) with tubular flanges made of rolled sheet of different thicknesses is presented. Such profiles are intended for light steel thin-walled structures (LSWS), which are distinguished by high technical and economic indicators and massive demand in industrial and civil construction, which confirms the relevance of their further development. The main results of the calculation of the optimal bending arrangement of composite sections of I-beams from sheet blanks of different thicknesses, including channel-type BCPs unified in terms of optimal parameters, are also presented. The aim of the study is to show that the characteristics of the LSWS can be further improved by shaping profiles, combining straight and round outlines of closed and open contours in a composite section. Methods. By means of experimental design studies, solution of optimization problems and variant design of I-profiles, their composite sections from sheet blanks of different thicknesses, including blanks of channel profiles, have been refined. The originality of channels and I-shaped BCP has been confirmed by patent examination. Results. The I-shaped BCP consists of two tubular shelves and one double thickness wall. Calculation of the optimal layout of an I-shaped BCP made of rolled sheet of different thicknesses for bending showed that the bearing capacity is limited by the ratio of the thickness of the flanges and the wall of its composite section. In particular, when the thickness of the flanges is 2 times the wall thickness, the strength is maximum at a ratio of width to height of 1/11, and when the thickness of the flanges is 0.6 times the wall thickness, the strength is maximum at a ratio of 1/3.3. With the ratios of the width and height of I-shaped BCP of 1/2.68...1/3 and channel-type BCPs of 1/5.36...1/6, their composite sections should be optimally assembled from standardized blanks.

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Kalús, Daniel, Veronika Mučková i Daniel Koudelková. "Energy, Economic and Environmental Assessment of Thermal Barrier Application in Building Envelope Structures". Coatings 11, nr 12 (14.12.2021): 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121538.

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Thermal engineering requirements for building structures are becoming more and more strict. Thermal barriers (TBs) are energy-active elements integrated into the building structure in which a heat transfer medium (water or air) flows. A survey of the scientific literature on the subject points to the fact that this is a very topical and promising area of research and, so far, most studies on TBs are based on calculations, computer simulations and experimental measurements. Few studies have focused on the economic and environmental aspects of TB use. Following the research results presented by authors from all over the world, as well as our contributions in this scientific field that are described in a European patent, three utility models and scientific articles, in this study we have focused on the evaluation of the TB in terms of energy performance, economic efficiency and environmental friendliness by comparing the use of a classical envelope wall with the required thickness of thermal insulation meeting the normative requirements for thermal resistance R ((m2K)/W) and a perimeter wall with an integrated TB significantly eliminating the thermal insulation thickness. We evaluate the use of the thermal barrier using: economic indicator one, where we compare the cost of heat delivered to the TB in a structure with significantly eliminated thermal insulation and the saved cost of thermal insulation at the standard thickness; economic indicator two, where we compare the cost of heat delivered to the TB in a structure with significantly eliminated thermal insulation with the potential gain from the sale of the useful area of the building gained compared to the area at the normative thickness of thermal insulation; and economic indicator three, where we compare the cost of heat delivered to the TB in a structure with significantly eliminated thermal insulation with the cost of grey energy at the normative thickness of thermal insulation. Based on a parametric study based on theoretical assumptions, it can be concluded that the thermal barrier shows a very promising and efficient solution in terms of the evaluation of economic indicators one to three, which are even more significant if we use heat for the TB from renewable energy sources (RES) or waste heat.

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Yamagishi, Toshio, Haruto Takagishi, Alan de Souza Rodrigues Fermin, Ryota Kanai, Yang Li i Yoshie Matsumoto. "Cortical thickness of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predicts strategic choices in economic games". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, nr 20 (2.05.2016): 5582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1523940113.

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Human prosociality has been traditionally explained in the social sciences in terms of internalized social norms. Recent neuroscientific studies extended this traditional view of human prosociality by providing evidence that prosocial choices in economic games require cognitive control of the impulsive pursuit of self-interest. However, this view is challenged by an intuitive prosociality view emphasizing the spontaneous and heuristic basis of prosocial choices in economic games. We assessed the brain structure of 411 players of an ultimatum game (UG) and a dictator game (DG) and measured the strategic reasoning ability of 386. According to the reflective norm-enforcement view of prosociality, only those capable of strategically controlling their selfish impulses give a fair share in the UG, but cognitive control capability should not affect behavior in the DG. Conversely, we support the intuitive prosociality view by showing for the first time, to our knowledge, that strategic reasoning and cortical thickness of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were not related to giving in the UG but were negatively related to giving in the DG. This implies that the uncontrolled choice in the DG is prosocial rather than selfish, and those who have a thicker dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and are capable of strategic reasoning (goal-directed use of the theory of mind) control this intuitive drive for prosociality as a means to maximize reward when there are no future implications of choices.

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Açıkkalp, Emin, i Süheyla Yerel Kandemir. "Optimum insulation thickness of the piping system with combined economic and environmental method". Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 40, nr 23 (5.09.2018): 2876–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1512683.

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Annibaldi, V., F. Cucchiella, P. De Berardinis, M. Rotilio i V. Stornelli. "Environmental and economic benefits of optimal insulation thickness: A life-cycle cost analysis". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 116 (grudzień 2019): 109441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109441.

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Nyers, Jozsef, Laszlo Kajtar, Slavica Tomić i Arpad Nyers. "Investment-savings method for energy-economic optimization of external wall thermal insulation thickness". Energy and Buildings 86 (styczeń 2015): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.10.023.

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Xu, Hui, Juanjuan Ding, Tianlai Li, Chunyan Mu, Xuan Gu i Rui Wang. "A Study on Optimum Insulation Thickness in Walls of Chinese Solar Greenhouse for Energy Saving". Agronomy 12, nr 5 (30.04.2022): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051104.

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Chinese solar greenhouses (CSGs) are characterized by unique walls to reduce the transmission of heat and promote the energy conservation winter production, which promotes cultivation in the northeast region of China in winter. Effective selection of insulation material is important for CSG based on the energy consumption and economic analysis. However, choosing the thickness of the insulation material in walls often discussed with the structure of CSG. There is a lack of research combing insulation thickness for improving the energy conservation. The aim of this study was to find the optimum insulation thickness during the energy conservation based on the structure of walls, the energy consumption in local climatic conditions, the cost of insulation material, and economic payback period over a lifetime. By the economic analysis of insulation thickness, thermal resistance, lifetime energy saving, and payback period, three kinds of typical walls (clay brick (CB), hollow concrete block (HCB) and fly ash block (FAB)) combed with four insulation materials including the expanded polystyrene, the foamed PVC, the perlite, and the rock wool were calculated. The optimum insulation thickness can be found when energy savings reached the maximum. In the northeast region, the association of FAB with rock wool as the insulation layer was the most economic composite wall structure. The optimum insulation thickness was 0.05 m, with the cost only 5 USD/m2. and the price was 5 USD/m2. The thermal resistance of composite wall had a significant effect on the payback period. When thermal resistance increased from 0.2 to 1.2 m2K/W, the payback period varied from 0.4 to 4.3 years. What is more, the energy consumption in local climatic conditions had a more significant effect on payback period. It can be assumed that insulation materials are more favored in cold climatic regions where heating degree-days over 1600 °C days for payback periods is less than 2 years. These results have strong practical and economical significance in saving energy and improving the environment of CSG.

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Raco, M. "Assessing ‘Institutional Thickness’ in the Local Context: A Comparison of Cardiff and Sheffield". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, nr 6 (czerwiec 1998): 975–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a300975.

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Urban managers have been faced by growing problems in recent decades. Social and economic inequalities within cities have steadily grown, whereas shifting global economic relations have led to the polarisation of more and less successful local (urban) economies. At the same time many nation-states, such as Britain, have opted for greater deregulation and a resurgence of neoliberal strategies of governance, which have had the effect of disempowering local communities and managers just at the time when they would appear to be most vulnerable to the forces of change. In this context a range of authors have argued that the way forward for city authorities is through developing an institutionally based set of local networks and alliances in which a range of interests are represented politically and through which wider global economic forces can be better ‘held down’ at the local level. This ‘institutional thickness’ varies from city to city and this paper, in comparing Cardiff and Sheffield as two case studies, addresses the ways in which institutional relations have developed in those cities and the degree to which they represent effective forms of inclusive local political mobilisation and wider economic leverage. I argue that processes of ‘institutional thickness’ in cities does not necessarily create inclusive forms of local political representation and that institutional presence and interaction and the local policymaking processes they are part of, may in fact reinforce existing local social, economic, and political relations and divisions rather than leading to the encouragement of local corporatist relations.

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Wang, Haitao, Yuge Huang i Liu Yang. "Integrated Economic and Environmental Assessment-Based Optimization Design Method of Building Roof Thermal Insulation". Buildings 12, nr 7 (29.06.2022): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070916.

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The design of thermal insulation in roofs is very important to reduce energy consumption and decrease the environmental impacts of buildings. An integrated economic and environmental assessment-based optimization design method is presented in this paper to find the best candidate insulation design scheme for building roofs, including the determination of roof thermal insulation type and the optimum insulation thickness. In the optimization design method, a zonal method-based double-skin ventilation roof heat transfer model is developed to predict the roof energy consumption. Economic and environmental benefits due to thermal insulation are calculated by using the economic analysis model, the environmental analysis model, and roof energy consumption. Moreover, an integrated dimensionless economic and environmental assessment index is proposed to evaluate different roof thermal insulation design schemes. The optimum insulation thickness is determined by maximizing the sum of economic benefit and environmental benefit due to thermal insulation. The validation results in a real building show that the predicted data for the zonal-based double-skin ventilation roof heat transfer model agreed well with the measured data, with a maximum relative error of 8.2%. The optimum insulation thickness of extruded polystyrene (EPS), mineral wool (MW), and polyurethane (PU) was between 0.082 m and 0.171 m for the single-skin roof in a low-temperature granary in Changsha region in China. The ranking of the integrated assessment indexes of thermal insulation is EPS > MW > PU. A double-skin ventilation roof can reduce the optimum thickness of thermal insulation. The best result is obtained by EPS for the double-skin roof with a grey outer surface color for the low-temperature granary roof in Changsha region in China. The influencing factors of insulation type, roof structure, and roof outer-surface color should be considered in finding the best candidate insulation design solution for building roofs. The integrated economic and environmental assessment-based optimization design method can help designers to efficiently find the best design scheme of thermal insulation to maximize the sum of economic benefit and environmental benefit for building roofs.

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Singh, Rupinder. "Comparison of Hybrid Rapid Mouldings for Zinc Alloy Castings". Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (październik 2011): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.653.

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In this work comparison of hybrid rapid moulds (prepared with three dimensional printing shells supported with dry, green and molasses sand) have been made for techno-economic analysis, for zinc (Zn) alloy shell casting. The comparison has been made on the basis of mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy. Time-temperature curves have been drawn to understand solidification of molten Zn alloy in hybrid moulds of different thicknesses. The results of study suggest that it is feasible to reduce shell wall thickness of hybrid mould cavity from recommended 12mm to 1mm. All castings prepared are consistent with the permissible range of IT grades and are acceptable as per ISO standard UNI EN 20286-1 (1995). Further green sand based hybrid prototypes at 3mm shell wall thickness, shows better dimensional accuracy and mechanical properties.

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Dylewski, Robert, i Janusz Adamczyk. "Economic and Ecological Optimization of Thermal Insulation Depending on the Pre-Set Temperature in a Dwelling". Energies 16, nr 10 (18.05.2023): 4174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104174.

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Improvement of the energy efficiency of buildings contributes to energy savings. It is obvious that thermal modernization of a building reduces the demand for energy needed to heat it. The energy demand itself also depends significantly on the temperature maintained inside the building. The article proposes a methodology for determining the economic and ecological benefits of thermal insulation of a building and the optimal thickness of thermal insulation depending on the pre-set temperature. The analysis includes various types of heat sources and materials used for thermal insulation. A range of pre-set air temperature values in residential premises from 17 °C to 26 °C was analysed. Determining the optimal thickness of the external walls, in accordance with the preferences of building users, even at the level of designing the thermal insulation of the building, is of significant importance for economic and ecological benefits. The optimum thickness of thermal insulation in the case of the ecological assessment was much higher in each variant than in the case of the economic assessment.

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Annibaldi, Valeria, Federica Cucchiella, Idiano D'Adamo, Massimo Gastaldi i Marianna Rotilio. "Energy Improvement in the Building Sector: An Economic Analysis Relating to the most Common Italian Masonry". Key Engineering Materials 919 (11.05.2022): 236–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-52403f.

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The construction sector is a major contributor to total energy consumption, therefore, it is crucial to adopt energy efficiency strategies capable of reducing energy impact in buildings. Among these strategies, exterior wall insulation is one of the most cost-effective options to achieve energy savings for both newly constructed and renovated buildings. In this paper, based on an economic analysis, we aim to determine the economically optimal thickness of insulation material to be used for retrofit interventions of masonry structures. The study analyzes 10 different insulating materials and 5 masonry structures widespread in Italy. The results show that each masonry structure requires a careful evaluation of the thickness of the insulating material to be applied in retrofit operations. Moreover, varying the type of insulating material used, even if applied to the same wall structure, there are different levels of thickness to be applied in order to optimize the performance of the structure.

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Hrázský, J., i P. Král. "Effects of the thickness of rotary-cut veneers on properties of plywood sheets. Part 1. Compressibility of plywood materials". Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 9 (10.01.2012): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4575-jfs.

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The paper summarizes results of the institutional research aimed at the determination of compressibility or values of the reduction of thickness of compressed plywood sheets. Assessing the effect of thickness and thickness tolerances of veneers to a value of compressibility in relation to production parameters was carried out on the collection of plywood whole-beech sheets of the nominal veneer thickness of 1.5 mm. The plywood sheets were manufactured as seven-ply ones and urea-formaldehyde resin DUKOL S was used for their manufacture. Following characteristics were assessed: thickness differences, size of shrinkage, compressibility of veneers. Sheets were pressed using a pressure of 1.5 and 1.7 MPa. Values of changes in the thickness of veneers in pressed veneer sheets and coefficients of compressibility of particular properties were then statistically analyzed. Basic economic evaluation was carried out of the effect of compressibility on the amount of production costs.

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Yang, Hong Mei. "Development of Economic-Type X70 Linepipe Steel Hot Strip". Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (sierpień 2013): 446–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.446.

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In order to reduce the production cost, economic-type X70 pipeline steels with the thickness of 14.6 and 15.9mm were redesigned . The latest alloy system of pipeline steel designed by non-molybdenum C-Mn-Cr-Nb alloy system, which replaces the high-molybdenum C-Mn-Mo-Nb alloy system, was adopted along with acicular ferrite microstructure. The microstructure of X70 strip is homogeneous and ferrite grains are fine, resulting in high strength, excellent low-temperature toughness and weldability.

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Elistratova, Y., A. Seminenko, V. Uvarov i O. Scherbinina. "THE ECONOMIC ASPECT OF THE SCALE-FORMING DIGNOSTICS LAYERS IN PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS". Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 8, nr 5 (15.05.2023): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2023-8-5-42-51.

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The reliability and efficiency component of the 3rd generation heat and power network is characterized by the use of heat exchange devices, namely the plate type. Its main function is to heat the coolant for the needs of hot water supply and heating systems. However, the peculiarities of the chemical composition of the heat carrier cause contamination of heat exchangers in the form of scale layers on the heating surfaces. The process of scale formation on the plates of heat exchangers is one of the key factors affecting the failure of equipment and an increase in the energy intensity of heat distribution points, which leads to a decrease in the quality of services provided and an increase in financial costs in the field of heat supply. In the course of the study, by summarizing the known data, a sequence is formed for calculating the transport costs for the operation of plate heat exchangers under various conditions of scale formation. At the same time, the influence of scale thickness on the total cost of pumping one square meter of coolant is taken into account. This allows comparing transportation costs and the cost of removing scale from heating surfaces (according to the accepted cleaning method) depending on the thickness of the salt-forming layer and cleaning periods. The results of the study confirm the feasibility of regular monitoring of the thickness of salt-forming layers in plate heat exchangers to reduce operating costs for pumping the coolant.

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Kavian, Soheil, Mohsen Saffari Pour i Ali Hakkaki-Fard. "Optimized Design of the District Heating System by Considering the Techno-Economic Aspects and Future Weather Projection". Energies 12, nr 9 (8.05.2019): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091733.

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High mountains and cold climate in the north-west of Iran are critical factors for the design of optimized District Heating (DH) systems and energy-efficient buildings. It is essential to consider the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) that includes all costs, such as initial investment and operating costs, for designing an optimum DH system. Moreover, considering climate change for accurately predicting the required heating load is also necessary. In this research, a general optimization is carried out for the first time with the aim of a new design concept of a DH system according to a LCC, while considering all-involved parameters. This optimized design is based on various parameters such as ceiling and wall insulation thicknesses, depth of buried water and heating supply pipes, pipe insulation thickness, and boiler outlet temperature. In order to consider the future weather projection, the mentioned parameters are compared with and without climate change effects in a thirty-year period. The location selection was based on the potential of the region for such a system together with the harsh condition of the area to transport the common fossil fuel to the residential buildings. The obtained results show that insulation of walls is more thermally efficient than a roof with the same area in the selected case. In this case, polyurethane is the best material, which can cause a reduction of 59% in the heating load and, consequently, 2332 tons of CO2 emission annually. The most and the least investment payback periods are associated with the polyurethane and the glass wool insulation materials with the amounts of seven and one years. For the general optimization of the DH system, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method with a constriction coefficient was chosen. The results showed that the optimal thickness of the polyurethane layer for the thermal insulation of the building exterior walls is about 14 cm and the optimal outlet temperature of the boiler is about 95 °C. It can be also concluded that the optimal depth for the buried pipes is between 1.5 to 3 m underground. In addition, for the pipe with elastomeric insulation layer, the thickness of 2 cm is the optimal choice.

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Do, Jeong-Yun, Doo-Kie Kim, Hun Song i Young-Kug Jo. "Reliability-based Approach to Optimal Economic Estimation of Concrete Cover Thickness under Carbonation Environment". International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials 3, nr 2 (30.12.2009): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4334/ijcsm.2009.3.2.103.

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Daşdemir, Ali, Tolga Ural, Mustafa Ertürk i Ali Keçebaş. "Optimal economic thickness of pipe insulation considering different pipe materials for HVAC pipe applications". Applied Thermal Engineering 121 (lipiec 2017): 242–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.001.

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Liu, Xiaojun, Xin Chen i Mehdi Shahrestani. "Optimization of Insulation Thickness of External Walls of Residential Buildings in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone of China". Sustainability 12, nr 4 (20.02.2020): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041574.

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It is important to reduce primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with residential buildings in the hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) zone of China. Changing the insulation thickness of the external walls of residential buildings (ITEWB) is regarded as an effective way to manage such problems within a budget. This paper aims at developing an innovative way to select the optimal insulation thickness of external walls for residential buildings (OTWRB) in the HSCW zone of China, considering economic, energy and greenhouse gas emissions issues associated with the ITEWB. Four different cities and two different operation modes of the air conditioners (continuous and intermittent) are considered in this study. To explain the selection process, typical hypothetical buildings are simulated in Wuhan, Changsha, Hangzhou and Chengdu. Expanded polystyrene is chosen as the material of the insulation layer while split air conditioners are selected as the equipment for space heating and cooling. Integrated Environmental Solutions-Virtual Environment is used for the dynamic operational energy consumption of buildings. Life cycle cost method is adopted to calculate the economic impact of ITEWB on building performance. The Chinese life cycle database is used to quantize the impacts of ITEWB on building performance in the aspect of energy and greenhouse gas emissions based on the life cycle theory. The most appreciated insulation thickness is chosen from the thickness range of 30 mm to 150 mm. We find that for continuous operation mode of air conditioners in Wuhan, the optimal economic insulation thickness is 70 mm, whereas when considering only energy and environmental aspects, the OTWRB is 150 mm. These are all larger than the current insulation thickness which is 30 mm. When the weighting efficiencies of the economy, energy, and greenhouse gas emissions are different, the OTWRB varies from 70 mm to 150 mm for continuous operation mode. The different cities have little influence on the OTWRB while the different operation modes of air conditioners have some influence on the OTWRB.

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Gao, Dongyang, Huiwei Yang, Wenwen Yu, Xiaogang Wu, Angxuan Wu, Guoyun Lu i Qiang Zheng. "Research on the Mechanical Behavior of Buried Double-Wall Corrugated Pipes". Polymers 14, nr 19 (24.09.2022): 4000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194000.

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The mechanical behavior of buried HDPE double-wall corrugated pipes is mainly affected by the material and the structure of the pipe wall. Here we studied a peculiar material that added fly ash (FA) in high density polyethylene (HDPE) to develop composites. We have conducted research on FA/HDPE composites with different mix proportions. When 5% compatibilizer was added to the 10% FA masterbatch/HDPE composite, the Young’s Modulus of FA/HDPE composite was higher. This paper mainly studies the mechanical behavior of the structure of pipe walls for materials with this proportion of the ingredients. The mechanical behavior of double-wall corrugated pipes with different ratios of interior and exterior wall thicknesses is studied by keeping the sum of the interior and exterior wall thicknesses unchanged. Pipes with six different ratios of interior and exterior wall thicknesses are simulated; the results show that the strain of crest and liner gradually decreased and the valley strain gradually increased with the increase of the exterior wall thickness. By comparing inner and outer wall thickness ratios from 0.67 to 2.33, it is found that the structural performance and economic advantage for the double-wall corrugated pipes is best when the thickness ratio of the interior wall and the exterior wall is controlled to be from 1.3 to 1.8. This paper expounds the deformation mechanism of double-wall corrugated pipes from the perspective of mechanical behavior and structural characteristics, and provides a reference for material selection and structural design of double-wall corrugated pipes.

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Lu, Mei Jun, i Hu Li. "Applicable Strategy on Energy Saving Optimization in External Wall of Rural Residence Based on Low Cost and Low Technology". Applied Mechanics and Materials 438-439 (październik 2013): 1715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.438-439.1715.

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Based on the situation of residential construction, economic characteristics and construction technology in rural region, the design idea on energy saving optimization in rural residence based on low cost and technology is formed. On this basis, combining the characteristics of rural residential construction and the current economic situation in rural areas, applicable strategy on energy saving optimization for external wall in winter cold and summer hot regions of rural residence is put forward, which contains increase of wall thickness, using insulation layer with different thickness for each orientation wall, adopting applicable thermal insulation materials and doing heat-insulating design for west wall. The strategy has good popularization value in winter cold and summer hot regions.

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Sulaiman, Kristedy Permana, i Sapto Budy Wasono. "Perencanaan Perkerasan Kaku (Rigid Pavement) Dengan Menggunakan Wiremesh Pada Ruas Jalan HOS. Cokroaminoto Dan Jalan Moch. Yamin (Tuban)". Ge-STRAM: Jurnal Perencanaan dan Rekayasa Sipil 2, nr 2 (30.09.2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25139/jprs.v2i2.1868.

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Highway is one of the land transportation infrastructure which plays an important role in human life in the field of transportation. Jalan Hos. Cokroaminoto and Jalan Moch. Yamin is a national road that fights important to support the economic flow of the surrounding region and also other cities.The author will compare the calculations using two methods, namely the Bina Marga Method 2002 and the AASHTO 1993 method in order to obtain the value of pavement, besides that it also wants to see which method is more efficient and economical in terms of pavement thickness and cost.From the results of the road pavement planning used, the thickness of the pavement is according to the planned 20-year age from 2017 to the end of the year plan for 2037. Economic factors also taken into account in this analysis include the 1993 AASHTO Method.The input parameters of pavement thickness planning for the 1993 AASHTO method are traffic parameters, subgrade reaction modulus, pavement construction material, reliability, and drainage coefficient. For the Jalan Hos section. Cokroaminoto and Jalan Moch. Yamin concrete plate thickness based on the calculation of the 2002 Bina Marga method is 20 cm, while based on the 1993 AASHTO method it is 29 cm. The difference obtained is quite large, namely 9 cm. This is due to differences in the input parameters of each method. Based on the survey that has been done, the thickness of the existing concrete slab is 29 cm, the thickness is the same as the results of calculations using the AASHTO 1993 method.

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Vatin, Nikolai, Aleksandr Sergeevich Gorshkov, Darya Viktorovna Nemova, Anastasiia Andreevna Staritcyna i Darya Sergeevna Tarasova. "The Energy-Efficient Heat Insulation Thickness for Systems of Hinged Ventilated Facades". Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (czerwiec 2014): 905–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.905.

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Calculation of payback periods of the energy saving actions directed on increase of level of thermal protection of external enclosure structures of buildings is given. Economic efficiency of investments in energy saving actions is analyzed and the model allowing to carry out the specified analysis is offered. Recommendations about reduction of payback periods are provided.Article also is devoted definition of optimum, economically well-founded thickness of a insulant in systems of rear ventilated facades. Are resulted thermotechnical and economic calculations. The optimum thickness of the insulant in the given systems is offered.A number of the energy saving actions is necessary for economy of thermal energy, allowing to eliminate defects of protecting designs or to reduce their influence on building heatconsumption. Construction of hinged ventilated facades at simultaneous introduction of automated individual thermal points with automatic equipment dependent on weather [1] can become an example of the engineering decision on increase of heat-shielding properties of protecting walls.

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Raimundo, António M., Afonso M. Sousa i A. Virgílio M. Oliveira. "Assessment of Energy, Environmental and Economic Costs of Buildings’ Thermal Insulation–Influence of Type of Use and Climate". Buildings 13, nr 2 (18.01.2023): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020279.

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Among the aspects with major impacts on the energy and environmental performance of a building, the thermal insulation of the opaque elements of its envelope stands out. This work assesses the influence of the application of thermal insulation to the opaque elements of the building’s envelope on the thermal comfort conditions indoors; moreover, the influence of the thermal insulation on the energy, environmental, and economic costs over the building’s complete life cycle is evaluated. For this purpose, the three most commonly used thermal insulating materials (expanded polystyrene—EPS, extruded polystyrene—XPS, and mineral wool—MW), thicknesses between 0 (without insulation) and 40 cm, five climates (hot, warm, moderate, cold, and very cold), and six types of use (apartment, housing, clinic, school, bank branch, and supermarket) were considered. EPS reveals itself to be the most promising thermal insulation material, both in economic and environmental terms, so it was selected for this study. The EPS’ optimal thickness depends on the building’s type of use, the climate, and the perspective from which the assessment is carried out (energy, environmental, or economic). The results show that the economically optimal thicknesses of thermal insulation are significantly lower than the corresponding ones in environmental terms. Furthermore, the application of thermal insulation to the opaque building’s envelope is more beneficial in energy and environmental terms than from an economic perspective.

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Wieruszewski, Marek, Wojciech Turbański, Katarzyna Mydlarz i Maciej Sydor. "Economic Efficiency of Pine Wood Processing in Furniture Production". Forests 14, nr 4 (28.03.2023): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14040688.

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The wood industry faces challenges due to rising prices and limited wood availability, putting pressure on material efficiency in wood processing. This justifies the analysis of the relationship between efficiency and economy in pine wood processing. The study aimed to measure the impact of variations in the thickness of logs, changes in the technology of their further processing, and changes in prices of raw materials and products on the material efficiency in the context of large-scale production of furniture elements made of pinewood. The raw material input consisted of three categories of log sizes, from which the specialized purpose lumber was produced. The lumber was then processed into semi-finished furniture elements with three technologies: without detecting natural wood defects, with human detection, and with automatic detection. The study was conducted in Poland from 2020 to 2022. The material efficiencies in every stage of the analyzed wood processing and the cost efficiencies were calculated and analyzed based on the results obtained under real industrial conditions. The main findings are as follows: (1) when comparing the logs in the three tested diameter ranges (14–23 cm, 23–30 cm, and more than 30 cm), it can be observed that the overall material efficiency of sawing is in the range of 70%–85% and increases with the thickness of the log; (2) the share of 38 mm specialized sawn timber in the total amount of sawn timber was 41%–58% and increased with increasing log diameter; (3) the economic efficiency of the technological process is 170%–290%, based on the log size and the technology of further processing employed. The determining factor affecting cost efficiencies is unexpected changes in raw material prices and product demand in 2022. The findings suggest that while improvements in processing technology can boost efficiency, they cannot fully offset the rise in raw wood material prices.

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Orzechowski, Tadeusz, i Mateusz Orzechowski. "Optimal thickness of various insulation materials for different temperature conditions and heat sources in terms of economic aspect". Journal of Building Physics 41, nr 4 (1.06.2017): 377–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744259117708733.

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The article presents the methodology for calculating the optimal insulation thickness that is related to the quality of energy supply and fuel prices. Assuming that the total cost following renovation is the sum of the costs of heating and thermal upgrading, it was shown that when calculating the optimal insulation thickness, the thermal resistance of the outer walls should be taken into account. Such calculations, in addition to the characteristics of the heat source, should be carried out taking into account local weather conditions. The study presents the results of such calculations for the building heated with gas and the air-source heat pump. The results of the investigations are referred to the mean climatic conditions recorded in the last 10 years. It was found that for thermal upgrading with the use of foamed polystyrene having the optimum thickness, total investment costs are almost the same, regardless of polystyrene thermal properties. The same also refers to energy costs. The article also provides sample calculations for plaster, the main ingredient of which is perlite. In the case of internal thermal upgrading of the historic buildings, such isolation is recommended in order to prevent moisture problems inside the envelope.

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Lee, Sang Yeop, Jae Young Kwon, Tae Woong Kang, Yeon Gil Jung i Ung Yu Paik. "Effects of Thickness on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Air-Plasma Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings". Materials Science Forum 658 (lipiec 2010): 372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.658.372.

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Thermal barrier coating systems (TBCs) prepared by an air-plasma spray (APS) have been used to protect metallic components of gas turbines because of its economic advantage. To enhance the energy efficiency of gas turbine systems, the operating temperature is increased to over 1300 °C, which requires a new material with low thermal conductivity and an increase of TBC thickness. In this study we have focused the microstructure related to the thickness of TBC and their thermal properties, with specific attention to defect species as well as to its morphology with the thermal exposure time. Resintering of TBC happens during thermal exposure in a high temperature, resulting in the less strain tolerance and the higher thermal conductivity. In order to investigate the thermal properties of TBC related to the microstructural evolution, TBCs with different thicknesses of 200 µm, 400 µm, 600 µm, and 2000 µm were deposited on a flat graphite by the APS. The thermal exposure tests were conducted in different dwell time till 800h at 1100 °C. The thermal diffusivity is significantly increased after thermal exposures, depending on the thermal exposure time. Microstructural analysis clearly shows that the variation of thermal diffusivity is ascribed to the coalescence of small cracks and the resintering effect. The hardness values of TBCs are also increased as well. The relationship between mechanical properties and TBC thickness is discussed, including the effect of thickness on thermal properties.

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