Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / ECONOMIC THICKNESS

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „ECONOMIC THICKNESS”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "ECONOMIC THICKNESS"

Shah, Sagarkumar, Vinay Bhatt, Jinesh Shah, Manojkumar Sheladiya i Pratik Kikani. "Study of Thermal Insulating Materials And Costing of Economic Thickness of Insulation". Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, nr 8 (1.10.2011): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/aug2013/79.

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Xie, Ying, Diwen Chen i Fangrui Mai. "Economic pigging cycles for low-throughput pipelines". Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, nr 11 (listopad 2018): 168781401881119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018811198.

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Wax deposition occurs frequently in waxy crude oil pipelines when the level of flow decreases, and pigging is needed at regular intervals. An economic pigging model is established in accordance with the objective function based on the sum of thermal costs, power costs, and single piping costs. Thus, by compiling a program, the most economical pigging cycle will be determined. Furthermore, the calculation methods for hydraulic and thermal constraints are given. Taking the example of the distance between the central processing platform and the land terminal external piping line of the M-field cluster, the effects of different inlet temperatures, throughput, and remnant wax thicknesses on the economic pigging cycle will be analyzed. The results show that with an increase in the inlet temperature, the total costs of the pipeline operation increase, while the pigging cycle will prolong. As throughput increases, total costs will decrease, while the pigging cycle also extends. When throughput is fixed, a remnant wax thickness of 0.4 mm helps reduce the total operating costs of the pipeline at different inlet temperatures. While throughput varies, a remnant wax thickness from 0.2 to 0.4 mm can reduce total costs at a fixed inlet temperature.

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Shen, Tianqing, i Xingwei Shen. "Analysis of Economic Thickness and the Suitable Insulation Thickness of External Wall Insulation Layer". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 719, nr 2 (1.04.2021): 022020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/719/2/022020.

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Paramonova, Ekaterina, Ed D. de Jong, Bastiaan P. Krom, Henny C. van der Mei, Henk J. Busscher i Prashant K. Sharma. "Low-Load Compression Testing: a Novel Way of Measuring Biofilm Thickness". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, nr 21 (31.08.2007): 7023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00935-07.

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ABSTRACT Biofilms are complex and dynamic communities of microorganisms that are studied in many fields due to their abundance and economic impact. Biofilm thickness is an important parameter in biofilm characterization. Current methods of measuring biofilm thicknesses have several limitations, including application, availability, and costs. Here, we present low-load compression testing (LLCT) as a new method for measuring biofilm thickness. With LLCT, biofilm thicknesses are measured during compression by inducing small loads, up to 5 Pa, corresponding to 0.1% deformation, making LLCT essentially a nondestructive technique. Comparison of the thicknesses of various bacterial and yeasts biofilms obtained by LLCT and by using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) resulted in the conclusion that CLSM underestimates the biofilm thickness due to poor penetration of different fluorescent dyes, especially through the thicker biofilms, whereas LLCT does not suffer from this thickness limitation.

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Korostovenko, V. V., N. V. Morozova, E. L. Egorova i V. N. Morozov. "SUBSTANTIATION OF ECONOMIC STRIPPING THICKNESS IN PEAT PLACER MINING". MINING INFORMATIONAL AND ANALYTICAL BULLETIN 7 (20.05.2017): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2017-7-0-58-63.

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Li, Chu Ne, Gang Wang i Ya Jun Wang. "Analysis on the Effect of External-Wall Insulation on Energy Consumption of Residential Building in Lanzhou". Advanced Materials Research 936 (czerwiec 2014): 1496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.1496.

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Based on the comparison of external wall with different insulation thicknesses and without insulation, residential buildings energy consumption was simulated by using hourly energy consumption simulation software DeST-h in Lanzhou.The effects of external wall insulation on building energy consumption were analyzed. The result shows that the total annual load can be reduced to 42% ~ 72% with the insulation thicknesses vary from 10mm to 80mm. But With the increase of the thickness of the insulation layer, the amount of fluctuation of building load reduce gradually.That is not to say the insulation layer is thicker the energy saving effect is more distinct and there is shoud be the thickness is the most economical thickness. So the economic insulation thickness is determined as 40mm by using a life-cycle cost analysis.

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Küçüktopcu, Erdem, Bilal Cemek i Halis Simsek. "The Economic and Environmental Impact of Greenhouse Heating Pipe Insulation". Sustainability 14, nr 1 (5.01.2022): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010549.

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This study aimed to determine the effect of optimum pipe insulation thickness on energy savings and air pollution under greenhouse conditions. In this regard, an optimization model based on a Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis was carried out using the P1–P2 method. Three fuel types, coal, natural gas, and fuel oil, were tested with nominal pipe sizes ranging from 25 to 65 mm, and hot water was used in the system. Our findings showed that the highest insulation thickness (0.807 m), the greatest energy savings ($62.351/m), and the lowest payback period (0.502 years) were achieved with a 65 mm pipe size for fuel oil. Overall, the insulation minimizes heat loss through the heating pipelines, resulting in economic and environmental benefits. Fuel oil was determined as the best option for savings in this study. Hence, for fuel oil utilization, the emissions of CO2 varied from 2.762 to 3.798 kg/m and SO2 from 0.014 to 0.020 kg/m for pipe thicknesses ranging from 25 and 65 mm, respectively.

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COULSON, ANDREW, i CATERINA FERRARIO. "‘Institutional Thickness’: Local Governance and Economic Development in Birmingham, England". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 31, nr 3 (wrzesień 2007): 591–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00739.x.

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Dylewski. "Optimal Thermal Insulation Thicknesses of External Walls Based on Economic and Ecological Heating Cost". Energies 12, nr 18 (4.09.2019): 3415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183415.

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The present study introduces the concept of ecological cost of heating modeled on the economic cost of heating. A method of determining these costs is also proposed. This method allows for an analytical description of the ecological as well as economic net present value of a thermal insulation investment. Consequently, it is possible to determine the optimal values for ecological reasons of the heat transfer coefficient of the building external wall and the thickness of thermal insulation. The present study uses life-cycle assessment (LCA) analysis to determine the environmental impact of thermal insulation materials used to insulate the external vertical wall and to determine the environmental impact of thermal energy production in the energy phase of the building’s life cycle. Various variants characteristic of Polish conditions were studied. Different types of construction materials of the wall, types of heat sources, thermal insulation materials and climate zones occurring in Poland were considered. For all analysed variants, the obtained thermal insulation thickness, optimum for ecological reasons, was much larger than the optimum for economic reasons. Even at the thickness of thermal insulation optimum for economic reasons, the investment was profitable for ecological reasons, i.e., a reduction in environmental load was obtained as a result of the thermal insulation investment. On the basis of the conducted study, it can be concluded that it is preferable to use thermal insulation thicknesses larger than required by current regulations and larger than optimum for economic reasons. The ecological benefits of thermal insulation investments are then significantly greater, with not much smaller economic benefits.

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Dylewski, Robert, i Janusz Adamczyk. "Optimum Thickness of Thermal Insulation with Both Economic and Ecological Costs of Heating and Cooling". Energies 14, nr 13 (25.06.2021): 3835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133835.

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The energy efficiency of the construction sector should be determined by the cleanliness of the environment and, thus, the health of society. The scientific aim of this article was to develop a methodology for determining the optimum thickness of thermal insulation, taking into account both economic and ecological aspects and considering both heating and cooling costs. The method takes into account the number of degree days of the heating period, as well as the number of degree days of the cooling period. Variants in terms of different types of thermal insulation, various types of construction materials for building walls, climatic zones and heat sources, were taken into consideration. In order to find the optimum thicknesses of thermal insulation, both in economic and ecological terms, a metacriterion was used. The optimum thicknesses of thermal insulation with the use of the metacriterion were obtained in the range of 0.11–0.55 m. It was observed that the values of the optimum heat transfer coefficients for economic and ecological reasons do not depend on the type of construction materials used for vertical walls. The type of applied heat source is of the greatest importance for the size of the economic and ecological benefits. The proposed mathematical model for determining the optimum thickness of thermal insulation with the use of a metacriterion is a kind of generalization of earlier models from the literature.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "ECONOMIC THICKNESS"

Aydin, Tugba. "Assessment Of &amp". Thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609302/index.pdf.

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It is a widely accepted fact that tourism has become a prominent part of local economic development regarding to global economic restructuring and over the last two decades many regions have achieved tourism-led local economic development. The concept of &
#8216
Institutional Thickness&
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which has been introduced within the context of institutional turn in economic geography and discussed intensively in local economic development context has important implications for tourism-led local economic development. The concept describes how institutional arrangements influence the capacity of localities to compete globally and emphasizes the importance of strong local institutional base and inter-institutional collaboration in local economic development. This thesis discusses tourism-led local economic development and the concept of institutional thickness and investigates how the concept relates to tourism-led local economic development. It aims to make an empirical assessment of institutional thickness. Using case study as a research method, the research focuses on Beypazari district that achieved domestic tourism development involving day excursions from the major metropolitan areas and trying to improve its local economy through tourism. In this locally initiated project, the local government collaborated with many institutions. The thesis assesses institutional thickness of Beypazari within its local economic development process. Keywords: Tourism, local economic development, institutional thickness

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Harman, David Edward. "An economic evaluation of the robotic tufting process considering the application of a novel composite wing rib post". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/10847.

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This thesis aims to establish a greater understanding of the effects of the single-sided robotic tufting process on component manufacturing costs and weight, and subsequently determine whether potential economic benefits can be realised through its implementation. To complete this assessment, the study uses the novel composite rib post application of the Next Generation Composite Wing (NGCW) project as an example case, investigating the component’s manufacturing cost, performance and weight relative to those of a non-tufted rib post with the same initial fabric layup, and a prepreg rib post with the same fibre orientation and fibre volume fraction. Detailed analyses of the tufted composite rib post manufacturing process have established the relationships between its manufacturing activities and the consumed resources, facilitating the creation of a novel cost model incorporating algorithms defining the robotic tufting process, which may be adapted for different geometries and tuft parameters. In addition, novel permeability data for the considered tufted preform have been obtained experimentally allowing the simulation of the liquid composite manufacturing process. The insertion of tufting in the studied arrangement was shown to decrease the in-plane permeability of the preform, reducing the characteristic by a factor of 3.5 in the direction perpendicular to the tuft seams, and 1.8 in the direction parallel. Completing structural analyses and further cost modelling, the study considers the manufacturing costs and weight of each of the studied components when performance is normalised. Implementing weight penalties including lifetime fuel consumption and lifetime revenue, appreciation is given to the potential lifetime costs generated by each of the structural solutions. Comparing the amalgamated costs of each component, relative economy has been evaluated both when considering equipment amortisation and also the use of pre-amortised equipment. Considering lifetime fuel cost/kg as the weight penalty, the novel composite rib post has greater economy within the pure pull-off load case without tufting due to its lower manufacturing costs. However, with the consideration of a more significant weight penalty, such as potential increased lifetime revenue, the use of the novel composite rib post results in superior economy, its lifetime cost/part is estimated to be 14% less than the component without tufting and 61% less than the lifetime cost/part of the prepreg component. Critical evaluations of the project’s methodologies have highlighted the various assumptions made due to the limitations of available information and means to perform certain validations. Under these circumstances the assumptions are believed to be the best representations of what is experienced in reality. As far as possible, errors believed to be the result of assumptions have been accounted for in rigorous error analyses to establish their propagation through the various calculations performed. These analyses have provided confidence in the results of the study, ensuring the significance of the determined economical differences between the investigated components.

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Zlygosteva, Kseniia. "Institutional theory and local economic development policies: A case study of Stockholm municipality’s new Business Policy". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-182725.

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The explorative case study aims to understand how the reform of business support and development undergoing in Stockholm municipality addresses existing institutions, and to what extent does the institutional context have the potential to adopt and sustain the change. Two case studies, Högdalen industrial area and Årsta wholesale center, illustrate how local economic development is organized in practice. A new policy document, Näringslivspolicy, is analyzed, along with interviews with key public and private agents. Two institutional theoretical frameworks are used: a dynamic perspective on the interaction between regulations and institutions and the concept of institutional thickness. Findings indicate that the examined reform is an example of institutional policymaking as it addresses institutional foundations underlying behavioral practices. Furthermore, empirical evidence shows that the City of Stockholm intends to adopt a place- and problem-based approach to local economic development, but its organizational forms are not specified at this stage. Findings illustrate (not exhaustively) factors of efficient external collaboration that reflect those in recent literature and can be used in future policy revisions. The success of the initiated reform might provide the fundament for improvements in future local economic development initiatives.

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Lundequist, Per. "Spatial clustering and industrial competitiveness : Studies in economic geography". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Department of Social and Economic Geography, Uppsala University, 2002. http://publications.uu.se/theses/99-2002-0429140456/.

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SHANKER, PRASHANT KUMAR. "THERMAL AND COST ANALYSIS OF INSULATING MATERIALS FOR STEAM PIPE". Thesis, 2023. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/19968.

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This Project aims to determine the economic insulation thickness for various materials and perform a thermal analysis to find the insulation material thickness's heat flux and temperature distribution. We also conduct a cost analysis to find the minimum cost according to a MATLAB program's economic insulation thickness. Finally, we calculate the payback period using the heat flux with and without insulation. To achieve these objectives, we develop a MATLAB program that finds the economic insulation thickness for a given set of parameters such as temperature difference, insulation conductivity, outside convective heat transfer coefficient, etc. The program outputs the consistency required to minimise insulation cost and heat loss. We then use this thickness value in ANSYS to create the 2D geometry of the steam pipe with insulation. After completing the geometry, we perform a thermal analysis on ANSYS Fluent to find the insulation material's heat flux and temperature distribution. Finally, we conduct thermal research for different insulation materials and compare the results to determine the most effective insulation material in reducing heat loss. Once we obtain the heat flux values, we perform a cost analysis to determine the savings from insulation. Cost saving includes considering the initial cost of insulation and the yearly savings in energy costs. We also calculate the payback period to determine the time it would take for the insulation to pay for itself. From the results we obtain, we observe that the directional heat flux plays a crucial role in determining the performance of the insulation material. A higher directional heat flux in the insulation material indicates better insulation performance. In conclusion, this project provides a comprehensive approach to finding the economic thickness of insulation, determining the thermal performance of insulation materials and analysing the cost and payback period of insulation. These findings can be used to select insulation materials for steam pipes and design energy-efficient systems.

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Golde, Saar David Bresnahan Timothy F. Hong Han Kastl Jakub. "The Economics of Market Thickness". 2010. http://purl.stanford.edu/dm505cj9642.

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Książki na temat "ECONOMIC THICKNESS"

Energy, Department of. The economic thickness of insulation for hot pipes. Harwell: Department of the Environment, 1996.

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Great Britain. Energy Efficiency Office., red. The Economic thickness of insulation for hot-pipes. London: Energy Efficiency Office, 1993.

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The economic thickness of insulation for hot pipes. London: Department of the Environment, 1994.

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Części książek na temat "ECONOMIC THICKNESS"

Proot, Joran. "The economic revolution in book design that went unnoticed. The case of the Southern Netherlands, 1473–c. 1550". W L’economia della conoscenza: innovazione, produttività e crescita economica nei secoli XIII-XVIII / The knowledge economy: innovation, productivity and economic growth, 13th to 18th century, 287–314. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0092-9.17.

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This contribution discusses the evolution of paper thickness of books produced in the Southern Netherlands in the period 1473 until the middle of the sixteenth century. Changing paper thickness is one of the key elements which in all likelihood helped coping with the problem of the rapidly increasing demand for paper by the press. After a description of relevant aspects of the production of hand laid paper and of the resulting morphology of sheets, a methodology is proposed to deal with the problem of establishing paper thickness in bound volumes and further problems dealing with the compression effect and of binding and rebinding are discussed.

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Hohn, Michael Ed, i Ronald R. McDowell. "Stochastic Simulation of Coal Bed Thickness and Economic Decision-Making". W Geologic Modeling and Simulation, 271–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1359-9_14.

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Açıkkalp, Emin, Süheyla Yerel Kandemir, Önder Altuntaş i T. Hikmet Karakoc. "Optimum Insulation Thickness for Cooling Applications Using Combined Environmental and Economic Method". W Environmentally-Benign Energy Solutions, 483–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20637-6_25.

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Ma, Xiaofei, Yinquan Yu i Zhe Wang. "Structural Seismic Performance of Prefabricated Steel Plate Shear Wall with High Energy Dissipation". W Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures, 475–86. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8657-4_43.

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AbstractChina is located at the intersection of the Pacific Rim seismic belt and the Alpine Mountain-Himalayan seismic belt. Earthquakes occur frequently and with high intensity in China, and the structural damage caused by earthquakes leads to huge casualties and serious economic losses. Steel plate shear wall exhibits satisfying seismic performance which is the key to its application in high-rise buildings and high intensity areas. Meanwhile, the industrialization of new construction requires prefabricated steel plate shear wall structure. In this paper, a kind of prefabricated steel plate shear wall with high energy dissipation is proposed. The finite element study on the seismic performance of the prefabricated steel plate shear wall under low cyclic load was carried out by varying the width-to-thickness ratio of steel connecting plate belt and width-to-thickness ratio of ring damper. The failure modes, hysteresis curves, skeleton curves, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation and displacement ductility coefficients were analyzed. The results showed that the hysteretic curves of the prefabricated steel plate shear wall are relatively full under low cyclic load, and the displacement ductility coefficients are above 8. It is noted that the seismic performance of the prefabricated steel plate shear wall is advantageous. It is suggested that width-to-thickness ratio of the steel connecting plate belt and the width-to-thickness ratio of the ring damper are 3.75 for engineering practice.

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Camberg, Alan A., Thomas Tröster i Clemens Latuske. "Development of a Hybrid Crash-Relevant Car Body Component with Load-Adapted Thickness Properties: Design, Manufacturing and Testing". W Technologies for economic and functional lightweight design, 329–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62924-6_28.

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Żukowski, M. "Energetic, economic and environmental aspects of increasing the thickness of thermal insulation of district heating pipelines". W Advances in Environmental Engineering Research in Poland, 223–34. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003171669-22.

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Liu, Yan, Xiaojing Liu, Sijia Du, Jiageng Wang i Hui He. "Multi-Physics Coupling Model for Thermal Hydraulics and Solute Transport in CRUD Deposits". W Springer Proceedings in Physics, 396–411. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1023-6_35.

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AbstractThe porous Chalk River Unidentified Deposit (CRUD) depositions on the fuel cladding have a great impact on the heat transfer and power distribution of the reactor, resulting in a decrease in reactor safety and economy. In current paper, a multi-physics model is developed to simulate thermal hydraulics and boron hideout within the CRUD depositions. Processes including heat transfer, pressure drop, capillary flow, solute transport, chemical reactions and radiolysis reactions are fully coupled. The coolant flows through the capillary tubes in the porous medium and evaporates into steam at the surface of chimneys. The solute diffuses into the porous medium by capillary flow and maintains its chemical equilibrium. Chemistry and thermal hydraulics are coupled by saturation temperature that varies with solute concentrations. The new model can reasonably predict the distributions of temperature, pressure, Darcy velocity and chemical concentrations. This model shows the effect of evaporation at the chimney surface on CRUD temperature and boric acid concentration. In addition, the results show that boron hideout is caused by the accumulation of boric acid and the precipitation of Li2B4O7 at the bottom of CRUD. The influence of morphology parameters such as porosity, thickness, and chimney geometry on heat transfer and solute transport within CRUD depositions is also evaluated.

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Widmaier, Nils, i Lukas Raps. "Analysis of New Concepts for the Consolidation Roller in Laser-Assisted Automated Tape Placement Processes". W Advances in Automotive Production Technology – Towards Software-Defined Manufacturing and Resilient Supply Chains, 282–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27933-1_26.

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AbstractThe need for more sustainable production has led to an increased popularity of thermoplastic fibre reinforced composites over the last years. Typical production processes rely on autoclave and/or sequential processes, which lead to long cycle times, high energy consumption and high costs. One step in-situ production processes, like the thermoplastic laser assisted automated fibre placement, provide an ideal solution to these challenges while enabling the benefits of circular economy through improved recyclability. An essential part of the production process is to ensure full consolidation during layup. One of the main influences on consolidation is the applied pressure of the compaction roller. Increasingly complex part geometries with curved surfaces place special demands on the deformation and adaptability of these rollers. Here, current solutions quickly reach their limits. This paper investigates new concepts for the consolidation roller to enable successful use of in-situ placement technologies on complex part geometries. Different sheath thicknesses and materials were investigated in experiments, followed by simulative investigation of further compaction roller concepts.

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"Height and thickness". W Organization in the Economic Firm, 23–36. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781800889606.00009.

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Erdoğdu, M. Mustafa, Coşkun Karaca i Ali Kurultay. "Economic Potentials of Energy-Efficient Residential Building Envelope Retrofitting in Turkey". W Architecture and Design, 728–55. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7314-2.ch027.

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The amount of energy consumption in the residential buildings has a very significant share with nearly 30 percent in the total amount of energy consumption. Therefore, residential sector is identified in this chapter as being one of the areas with a large potential for energy savings. Inefficient dwelling construction and design methods are widely used in Turkey and only about five percent of residential buildings are insulated. Concerning the importance and immediate need in Turkey for energy-efficient residential building retrofitting, this chapter identifies economic benefits of such retrofitting by particularly focusing on heat transfers by conductivity, where the rate can be determined by surface size, thermal resistance of the building materials and their thickness.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "ECONOMIC THICKNESS"

Di, Peng, i Peiyao Chen. "Analysis of the economic insulation layer thickness of external-wall in North Henan". W 2015 4th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icseee-15.2016.208.

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Zou, Zuxu, Jianjun Liu, Heng Yang i Jiwen Chen. "Selection and analysis of economic and energy saving thickness of foam concrete exterior wall". W 2018 7th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (ICEESD 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceesd-18.2018.219.

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Detemple, Ingo, Bastian Philippi i Jörg Maffert. "Utilisation Limits of 1¼Cr½Mo (SA387-11-2) Steel in High Plate Thickness". W ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21461.

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Abstract Technical requirements for petrochemical reactor steels have proliferated in the last decade. The need to increase economic benefits together with higher operating temperatures and pressures are leading to the construction of higher capacity reactors with thicker walls. Also, more and more severe and sometimes conflicting requirements in these specifications make it difficult, to derivate a steel design, e.g. in terms of chemical composition and processing parameters, for an optimized balance between quality demands and economical aspects. The design of pressure vessel for petrochemical industry is based on mechanical properties and the design method, which are given by the construction code.

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Bahadori, Alireza, i Hari Vuthaluru. "A Novel Correlation for Estimation of Economic Thickness of Insulation for Process Piping and Equipments". W Asia Pacific Health, Safety, Security and Environment Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/124173-ms.

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Ku¨rekci, Nuri Alpay, O¨zden Ag˘ra i O¨zlem Emanet. "Determination of Optimum Insulation Thickness for Different Climatic Zones of Turkey". W ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12586.

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Turkey has dynamic economic development and rapid population growth. It also has macro-economic and especially, monetary instability. The net effect of these factors is that Turkey’s energy demand has grown rapidly almost every year and is expected to continue growing. Since 1990, energy consumption has increased at an annual average rate of 4.3%. The energy consumption is distributed among four main sectors which are industrial, building (residential), transportation and agriculture. Approximately 33% of total energy consumption in Turkey is used by residential sector. This situation makes it more important to insulate buildings in our country where fuel prices are too high. Turkey is divided into four climatic zones depending on average temperature degree days of heating. In this study, the four different cities of Turkey, Izmir, Istanbul, Ankara and Erzurum are selected to determine the optimum insulation thickness of the external wall of buildings. Optimum insulation thickness for six different energy sources (Soma coal, natural gas, coal, LPG, fuel-oil, diesel fuel) and two different insulants (extruded polystyrene, rock wool) is calculated and compared to each other. In addition, by using life cycle cost analysis method. Pay back period is calculated for each zone.

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Syarif, M. "Enhance Seismic Quality With A Fast, Robust and Economic Solution Using Broadband Technology". W Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-g-36.

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Often many companies doing seismic reprocessing project with the latest advanced seismic processing technology to handle their seismic problems. This kind of solution might work for some companies but certainly will not for many others. Innovative solutions are required to overcome seismic problem or issue considering time, budget and technical robustness. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate a seismic processing project that was run in a relatively low oil price condition, to handle a low seismic resolution problem in thinly bedded reservoirs. In addition to budget and technical constraints, timing and schedule is also an issue since the updated interpretation is required to be used for updating a static model in less than a 3 months time window. A broadband processing method on 100 km2 post-stack 3D seismic data was applied to enhance frequency content which leads to enhanced seismic resolution to resolve objective reservoirs. This method is considered fast, robust and economical. The procedure would be enhancing the spectrum by designing a unique filter into the dataset after inverse Kirchhoff migration application. After some iterations, forward Kirchhoff migration and multi spatial time-variant filter was applied to generate the desired output. Overall processing time was completed within budget in a one-month period only. As a result, forty percent (40%) increase in dominant frequency was achieved as final deliverables from 25Hz to 35Hz. The original dataset with 25Hz dominant frequency can only resolve reservoirs with thickness greater than 20m. The thickness of individual objective sandstone reservoirs in the study area was ranging from 1.5m to 20m with average thickness around 6-10m. However, stacked reservoir thickness within the same flooding surface interval of the same unit is relatively thicker than 10m. The 35Hz dominant frequency data from broadband processing can resolve reservoir with thickness greater than 14m and better resolve stacked reservoirs even though very thin reservoir below resolution remains unresolved. Broadband seismic technology on post-stack dataset offers a fast, robust and economical solution focused on target which can be duplicated in other area/data to provide successful interpretation projects.

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Toma, F. L., L. M. Berger, A. Potthoff i S. Langner. "Demands and Economic Aspects of Thermal Spraying with Suspensions – an Overview". W ITSC 2014, redaktorzy R. S. Lima, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, G. Mauer, A. McDonald i F. L. Toma. DVS Media GmbH, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2014p0368.

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Abstract Thermal spray coatings produced from suspensions can be precisely tuned in terms of thickness, surface morphology, microstructure, and properties. This paper discusses the benefits of using suspensions as feedstocks for atmospheric plasma and HVOF spraying, the equipment required, and the technological challenges that remain to be solved.

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Yamazaki, Tetsuo, Yuta Yamamoto, Naoki Nakatani i Rei Arai. "Preliminary Economic Evaluation of Deep-Sea REE Mud Mining". W ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23141.

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Deep-sea rare-earth element-rich mud (REE mud) distributes in pelagic clayey sediment column on ocean seafloor at 4,000–6,000 m deep. The thickness ranges 5–80 m and the burial depth 0–100 m. The REE contents range 600–2,250 ppm in the Pacific and one of the richest, maximum 6,500ppm, has been found near Minami-Tori-shima (Marcus Is.) in Japan’s exclusive economic zones. Assuming a conventional hydraulic excavation and lifting methods, the economy of REE mud mining near Minami-Tori-shima (Marcus Is.) is preliminary examined. Because the contents of valuables in REE mud are low and the ones of wastes are high, quite little chance for the economically feasible mining has been found from the result.

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Yin, Yuqun, Yixin Huang, Yongkuan Yao, Daoyuan Wang, Yonglong Wu i Douglas G. Stalheim. "Improved DWTT Performance on Heavy Gauge API Plate and Coil From 150 and 180 mm Thickness Slab at Nanjing Iron and Steel Company, Nanjing China". W 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64213.

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Economical movement of energy through densely populated regions of China to support economic growth has resulted in typical natural gas transmission pipeline designs of API grade X70 that utilize wall thicknesses in a range between 17 and 32 mm and OD at 1016 mm. The DWTT requirement for many of the specifications is ≥ 85% shear average at −10 °C to −15 °C in the plate or coil. Achievement of good fracture toughness, such as DWTT is heavily related to the total reduction from slab thickness to finish plate thickness. Ideally a total slab to finish plate thickness reduction in excess of 12:1 or at a minimum 10:1 is desirable to properly condition the austenite grains for good DWTT performance. Many of the Chinese steel producers, including Nanjing Iron and Steel Company (NISCO) have slab thicknesses less than 250 mm with several less than 200 mm, especially in wider widths to support the 1016 mm OD. This results in total slab to finish plate thickness reductions less than 10:1 and in some designs total reductions down to 7:1. This challenges the steel producer of plate or coil in achieving the required specification average DWTT percent shear on a consistent basis. For heavy gauge plate and coil in the widths required for the Chinese pipeline industry NISCO typically uses a 150 mm slab or a 180 mm slab. NISCO has to routinely use slab to finish plate or coil thickness total reductions less than 10:1. This paper will describe NISCO’s successful development related to production of heavy gauge API X70/X80 grade plate and coil meeting the DWTT percent shear requirement in China utilizing slabs that result in total slab to finish plate/coil reductions of less than 10:1.

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Lin, Min, i Yang Liu. "Accurate Thickness Inversion of Corrosion Using A1 Lamb Wave". W 2021 48th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/qnde2021-75313.

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Abstract Corrosion is one of the most critical issues in the oil and gas industry, leading to severe environmental and economic problems. Due to the high cost and serious safety risk of corrosion, it is essential to improve current corrosion testing techniques to detect corrosion damages at an early stage. Guided wave tomography (GWT) demonstrates its great potential to inspect and quantify the corrosion damage. GWT is capable of determining the residual life of corrosion structures by quantifying the remaining wall thickness. In this paper, an accurate guided wave tomography technique incorporating full waveform inversion (FWI) and higher-order Lamb waves (A1 mode) is presented for plate-like structures, which is able to get high-resolution reconstruction results. The technique consists of three steps: forward modeling, velocity inversion and thickness reconstruction. The forward modeling is computed by solving the elastic full-wave equations in 2-D time domain by using the finite difference method. High-resolution phase velocity inversion can then be obtained by minimizing the waveform misfit function between simulated and recorded data using a second order optimization method, which updates the velocity model from low to high frequencies iteratively. Finally, the velocity variations can be transformed into depth profiles by using the dispersive characteristics of ultrasonic guided waves; therefore, the thickness reconstruction can be obtained. The numerical simulations are performed on an aluminum plate with a complicated corrosion defect. By comparing the thickness reconstruction maps using both A1 and A0 modes, the results demonstrate that FWI with A1 mode can achieve significantly better resolution of corrosion imaging than that with A0 mode.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "ECONOMIC THICKNESS"

Fessler. L52038 Stress Corrosion Cracking Gap Analysis. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), styczeń 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011195.

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The focus of the project was to study the potential productivity of the LBW and HLAW processes in terms of the thickness of material that could be welded in a single pass at a given travel speed. Additionally, the robustness of the process was determined using weld joints with less than ideal fitup. Potential feasibility of the processes were then determined by considering both the practical aspects of their application as well as the economic justification.

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Pargeter. L51579 Field Weldability of High Strength Pipeline Steels. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), marzec 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010292.

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There are a number of economic advantages that arise through using high strength pipeline steels. The reduced wall thickness leads to lower steel tonnage requirements and provides scope for reducing welding time. Until relatively recently, the API specification 5L�" Specification for Linepipe" only covered steels up to 70 ksi minimum yield strength. This document reports on small scale weldability tests on two X80 grade steels and presents mechanical property data on full-size circumferential girth welds. Small scale SMA weldability was assessed using the WIC test with cellulosic consumables of matching strength. Weld metal, rather than HAZ, hydrogen cracking was found to occur at preheat temperatures below approximately 110 C (230 F). Heat affected zone cracking was not observed in any of the WIC tests.

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Lee, Wall i Worsley. PR-398-113719-R01 Technologies for Monitoring Erosion Corrosion and Direct Inspection of Subsea Assets. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), styczeń 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010570.

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This Final Report prepared by ESR Technology Ltd., provides the results of a study on subsea pipeline erosion and corrosion monitoring. The report is therefore split into two parts. The first part deals with monitoring erosion and corrosion, subsea; and the second part is on direct inspection techniques to monitor wall thickness loss. Generally, Subsea equipment is significantly more difficult to inspect than topside or land-based equipment and the study recognizes that many challenges and technology gaps remain. Sand, produced from oil and gas wells, can cause erosion and erosion/corrosion of subsea production systems and presents a number of threats to the safe reliable and economic operation of a facility. Sand control systems (e.g. sand screens) are used to prevent or limit sand production and therefore prevent erosion. In some developments, however, downhole sand control is not feasible and sand production may occur leading to erosion of the flowlines, pipes and equipment. Since erosion is strongly linked to flow velocity at bend points, erosion damage is principally a concern of equipment downstream of the wellhead (where the operating pressure is low) rather than being associated with damage to the well tubing (where operating pressure is relatively high but the flow path is predominantly straight). The goal of this research project is to screen current and potential techniques that provide a direct measure of loss of pipe wall thickness, rather than indirect measurement (e.g. erosion and corrosion probes, acoustic sand and electric field corrosion monitors). Such techniques should also be capable of being embarked on AUV, snake like robots, mini ROV etc.

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Kashefi, Mehrdad, i Thomas Krause. PR652-203801-R01 Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) Technology Literature Review. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), luty 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012021.

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With improving accuracy and sensitivity of magnetic sensors, an attractive branch of the magnetic memory method (MMM) technique has been developed. Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) is an emerging non-destructive, remote, passive, non-contact and magnetic test method based on Villari effect, which could be applied to detect anomalies related to elevated stresses. The robust technology searches for Stress Concentration Zones (SCZs) in steel pipelines and ferromagnetic structures. These hot spots are mainly associated with corrosion, crack and mechanical damages such as dent and bucket, or landslide, which could be as a result of geohazards or external loadings. The technique has become very attractive because of its operational simplicity and economic advantages especially in hard-to-pig pipelines. The LSM Technology has potential to be deployed as a screening tool to identify areas that require further examination, to improve target inspections, and prioritize excavations. At its current state of development, the technique could be considered as a complementary technique in integrity assessment technology. The applications of LSM technology include ground movement (geohazard), stress corrosion cracking, winkle bends, weld mismatch, buried casing, and depth of coverage prediction. Because it is a remote inspection technique, there are no limitations due to the pipeline manufacturing and installation conditions, such as curvature, weld type, thickness and diameter.

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Parkins, R. N., i R. R. Fessler. NG-18-85-R01 Line Pipe Stress Corrosion Cracking Mechanisms and Remedies. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), marzec 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012143.

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Stress corrosion cracking of line pipe from the soil side involves slow crack growth at stresses which may be as low as half the yield strength, this slow crack growth continuing until the crack penetrates the wall to produce a leak or until the stress intensity on the uncracked ligament reaches the value for a fast fracture to penetrate the wall thickness. The controlling parameters that contribute to the mechanism of failure, essentially involving growth by dissolution in the grain boundary regions, are, as with other systems displaying such failure, electrochemical, mechanical, and metallurgical, acting conjointly. Electrochemical influences relate to environment composition, potential, and its variation under disbonded coatings and temperature, whilst mechanical factors of significance include pressure variations, and their time dependence, as well as maximum pressure. Metallurgical parameters, whilst not yet fully understood, including those aspects of steel composition and structure that influence grain boundary composition and the microplasticity associated with load changes, as well as surface condition, e.g. the presence or otherwise of mill scale. These controlling parameters indicate the remedial measures available for control of the problem, although some, for practical or economic reasons, are not invariably applicable. Thus, control by metallurgical approaches or through coatings or manipulation of the surface conditions is only applicable to future lines, but for those already in existence lowering the temperature, limiting pressure fluctuations and more precise control of cathodic protection should help alleviate the problem.

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Holdren. L51934 Feasibility of Nd-Yag Laser-Arc Welding Processes for Girth Welding. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), grudzień 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010632.

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Laser beam welding (LBW) has become standard in many high-production and critical applications where the return on investment can be quickly realized due to the process' inherent efficiency in terms of weld penetration and travel speed. Also, some promising work has been done internationally related to the use of hybrid laser/arc welding (HLAW) for some applications (primarily shipbuilding), so this process variation was also included in the study. However, virtually all of the current LBW or HLAW applications are considered 'factory' applications, and therefore do not represent the logistical challenge associated with bringing laser technology to on or offshore pipeline welding operations. This project was aimed at studying the feasibility of overcoming those logistical challenges in order to realize the potential cost savings of applying this high production process. This study was limited to the application of Nd:YAG lasers (which can be delivered via fiber-optic cable) since the logistics of incorporating higher power CO2 lasers was felt to be impractical. The focus of the project was to study the potential productivity of the LBW and HLAW processes in terms of the thickness of material that could be welded in a single pass at a given travel speed. Additionally, the robustness of the process was determined using weld joints with less than ideal fit up. Potential feasibility of the processes were then determined by considering both the practical aspects of their application as well as the economic justification.

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Kuster, K., C. M. Lesher i M. G. Houlé. Geology and geochemistry of mafic and ultramafic bodies in the Shebandowan mine area, Wawa-Abitibi terrane: implications for Ni-Cu-(PGE) and Cr-(PGE) mineralization, Ontario and Quebec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329394.

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The Shebandowan Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposit occurs in the Shebandowan greenstone belt in the Wawa-Abitibi terrane. This deposit is one of a few economic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits in the Superior Province and one of a very few deposits worldwide that contains both Ni-Cu-(PGE) and Cr-(PGE) mineralization. The mafic-ultramafic successions in the area comprise abundant flows and sills of tholeiitic basalt and lesser Al-undepleted komatiite (MgO &gt;18 wt%, Al2O3/TiO2 = 15-25), the latter indicating separation from mantle sources at shallow levels. Siliceous high-Mg basalts (MgO 8-12 wt%, SiO2 &gt; 53 wt%, TiO2 &lt; 1.2 wt%, La/Sm[MN] &lt; 1-2) are relatively abundant in the area and likely represent crustally contaminated komatiites. Ultramafic bodies in the Shebandowan mine area comprise at least three or four komatiitic sills (A-B, C, D) and at least two komatiitic flows (E, F), all of which are altered to serpentinites or talc-carbonate schists with relict igneous chromite and rare relict igneous orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene. Unit A-B contains pentlandite-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite-pyrite-magnetite mineralization, occurring as massive sulfides, sulfide breccias, or stringers, and subeconomic chromite mineralization in contorted massive bands varying from a few millimetres up to 10 metres thick. The localization of massive and semi-massive Ni-Cu-(PGE) ores along the margins of Unit A and the paucity of disseminated and net-textured ores suggest tectonic mobilization. Chromite is typically zoned with Cr-Mg-Al-rich (chromite) cores and Fe-rich (ferrichromite/magnetite) rims due to alteration and/or metamorphism, but rarely contains amoeboid magnetite cores. The thickness of chromite in Unit B is too great to have crystallized in cotectic proportion from the komatiitic magma and a model involving dynamic upgrading of magnetite xenoliths derived from interflow oxide facies iron formations is being tested.

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Hastings, Rachel, Meghan Quinn, Andrew Bernier i Craig Rutland. A review of airfield pavement drainage guidance. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), październik 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45720.

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Inadequate drainage conditions may lead to airfield pavement deterioration. A thorough review of existing pavement drainage guidance and literature was necessary to identify key drainage considerations such as surface drainage infrastructure, pavement drainage layer thickness, use of geotextiles, and performance in freeze–thaw climates. Existing airport drainage guidance is provided by the Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the Tri-Service Pavements Working Group (TSPWG). Pavement drainage guidance is buried within regulations for pavement de-sign and can, at times, be split awkwardly to accommodate pavement guidance that is split between rigid and flexible designs. Most airfield pavement guidance has been adapted from guidance for highway design. Most guidance is also strength based, with little to no attention paid to material erodibility (a potential cause of pavement deterioration). This review also found very little reference to repairing, rather than completely replacing, damaged subsurface drainage layers. Further research is needed to assess the use of geofabrics and moisture in freeze–thaw conditions on drainage layers and surface structures. With further research, the retrofit and repair of existing subpavement systems might become a more economical solution to drainage-caused pavement deterioration issues than complete reconstruction.

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DeAnna, Dixon, i Hodo Wayne. Finite element analysis of quoin block deterioration and load transfer mechanisms in miter gates : pintle and pintle connections. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), czerwiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40842.

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The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) currently operates and maintains approximately 193 commercially active lock sites with 239 locks and dams spanning nearly 12,000 miles. These networks of water channels are used to transport 600 million tons of domestic cargo, generating $405 billion in revenue annually. Nearly 60% of these structures in operation are over 50 years old and have reached design life. A failure of the miter gates could result in a major negative impact on the economy and on the ability to maintain flood control. Administrators need recommendations to better prioritize maintenance and repair of the USACE miter gates. This work investigated the influence of miter gate’s quoin block degradation on load transfer to the pintle and/or pintle connections. Results of finite element analysis are reported for the quoin block degradation simulated levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%. The parametric study shows the overstressed regions are the pintle neck and bolt-hole regions. To improve pintle designs so they may better mitigate detrimental environmental based deterioration effects, this work recommends (1) increasing the thickness of the bolt-hole connection region and (2) adding ribbing reinforcement around the neck area of the pintle.

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Weston. L51649 A Study of Processes for Welding Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), lipiec 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010216.

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The construction of a pipeline involves the joining, end to end, of a series of standard lengths of pipe together with other connections to the necessary valves, pumps, etc. Technically, when considered in isolation, this is a relatively simple joining operation and a number of processes can be used to perform it. When all of the production constraints are taken into consideration, however, the selection task becomes considerably more complex. Pipe diameter and wall thickness ranges are wide and new pipe materials are continuously becoming available. On land the terrain can vary from prairie to mountains and from swamps to urban surroundings. A significant proportion of pipe laying is also being done at sea in water depths which can exceed 3,300 feet (1000m). Regardless of all of these changing circumstances, one factor remains constant, a need to produce a technically acceptable pipeline at the lowest possible overall cost. This report reviews the development of welding processes in two main categories, Fusion Welding and Forge Welding. Non Destructive Testing (NDT) is also reviewed. Within each category, each process is considered separately in terms of process principles, general applications, application to pipeline welding, equipment for pipe welding, consumables, process tolerance and skill requirements, weld quality and inspection, process economics, limitations and future developments. Similar areas areconsidered in the section on NDT.

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