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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Economic facts”

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Data publikacji: 14 grudnia 2024

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1

Skidelsky, Robert. "Stylised facts". Acta Oeconomica 67, s1 (wrzesień 2017): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2017.67.s.3.

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I summarise Kaldor’s “stylised facts” approach to economics through the lens of his 1966 inaugural lecture at Cambridge, “Causes of the Slow Rate of Economic Growth of the United Kingdom”. I then defend this approach as a way of preventing economics from ossifying into pure formalism, fielding objections stemming from the Lucas critique, the advancement of econometrics, and the argument that stylised facts must depend on some prior theory. Finally, I argue that modern economics could benefit not only from his “stylised fact” approach, but also from his speculative boldness and substantive contributions to economic theory.

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DANIEL, W. C. "PROFESSIONAL FEES AND ECONOMIC FACTS". Australasian Journal of Optometry 14, nr 11 (19.04.2010): 20–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0938.1932.tb00535.x.

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Baruchello, Giorgio. "Economic Histories: Between Facts and Models". European Legacy 18, nr 5 (sierpień 2013): 644–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2013.804705.

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Dementiev, V. E. "Modern economic theory and stylized facts". Voprosy Ekonomiki, nr 7 (8.07.2024): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2024-7-5-24.

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The article is devoted to the role of stylized facts in the formation and implementation of a research program. The state of modern economic theory is considered from the standpoint of using the generalization method as one of the main methods of scientific knowledge. Three potential sources of weakness in theoretical research have been identified: insufficient attention to stylized facts, a shortage of such facts themselves, and ignoring the possibilities of reducing this deficit. Insufficient attention is illustrated, in particular, by the example of a macroeconomic description of technological renewal of production. Even advanced models of macroeconomic dynamics tend to ignore the existence of a period of simultaneous development of old and new technologies, during which the new ones used are still inferior in their characteristics to the old technologies. In the context of the transition to digital technologies, it becomes especially important to take into account the effects of scale characteristic of these technologies, but they are not taken into account in the new neoclassical synthesis. Modern digital technologies open up prospects for the formation of “quasi-stylized” facts with the help of models capable of simulating long-term experience of economic development in a short time. The peculiarity of stylized facts for different time periods is due to the use of specialized theories for individual stages of economic development.

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Eskelinen, Teppo, i Ville-Pekka Sorsa. "The Production of Institutional Facts in Economic Discourse". World Political Science 9, nr 1 (16.04.2013): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/wpsr-2013-0002.

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AbstractEconomic discourses are dominated by stylized facts and other statements of fact concerning the institutional economic order. Yet, there is still very little knowledge on how exactly facts are formed in economic discourse, how they serve as a means for rendering issues “economic”, and how they legitimize, renew and change institutions. This article introduces a theoretical model for studying the relationships between the presentation of institutional facts, institutional change and processes of economization. The model is based on John R. Searle’s theory of speech acts, on the so-called discursive institutionalism in political science and the study of institutional entrepreneurship as a political activity. The model is then applied on a limited scope to study the construction of institutional facts concerning public sector economies in three Finnish government and consultant reports. The key empirical findings conclude that the most common institutional facts are produced either by generalizing individual facts for various institutionalized activities or by combining one fact into various meanings. These facts are used to legitimize various policies, including cuts in public spending, strengthening the power of experts, increasing budgetary stability, lengthening working careers and the increase in public sector productivity.

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Bikeeva, M. V., i I. V. Moiseeva. "Measuring economic inequality: challenges, facts and assessment". Statistics and Economics 16, nr 6 (26.12.2019): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2019-6-48-56.

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Purpose of research. The differentiation of the population in terms of welfare is part of the reality of the modern society and becomes the subject of acute debate. There is a need for a comprehensive assessment of the level of economic inequality and poverty to further substantiate the mechanism of coordination of activities to address the problems of their reduction. The joint use of monetary and non-monetary approaches allows achieving the goal of the study – a comprehensive and objective statistical assessment of the level of economic inequality and poverty of the Russian population.Materials and methods. The information base of the study was the data of the Federal State Statistics Service, as well as materials of analytical and scientific reports “Report on inequality in the world 2018”, “Poverty and income inequality in Russia and abroad”, “Russian society after the presidential elections – 2018: a request for change”, etc. Monetary indicators of economic inequality were used as statistical tools: decile coefficient of funds and Gini coefficient and non-monetary (subjective) approach. The subjective approach to poverty assessment is based on the data of the sample survey of household budgets in 2018.Results. A comparative analysis of economic inequality on a global scale shows that there are significant cross-country differences in income inequality, ranging from lower levels in Europe to high levels in the Middle East. Russia is one of the countries with a strong stratification of the population into rich and poor, where the value of the upper decile is 46% of the national income. The analysis of the dynamics of monetary indicators of economic inequality in the Russian Federation showed their increasing trend over the period from 1995 to 2018 and exceeding the established thresholds. According to the data of 2018, the value of the decile ratio of funds is 15,5 – that is, it is so many times the average income of the rich population exceeds the income of the poor. Gini index value of 0,41 for the same period indicates that the expected income difference between the two randomly selected income pairs will be 82% of the average income. The results of the non-monetary (subjective) approach to assessing economic inequality and poverty showed that the financial situation of 34,4% of households is unsatisfactory (incomes are barely enough for food, buying clothes and paying for housing and communal services are difficult). Even by 53,9% of households noted the lack of funds for the purchase of durable goods.Conclusion. The current situation with the increasing disproportion in the distribution of income of the population of Russia testifies to the active process of stratification of society. The results of the study showed excessive inequality in income of the population of the Russian Federation and the concentration of national wealth in the hands of the “upper” part of the first decile. The subjective approach to poverty assessment confirms the social stratification of society: more than 88% of Russians consider themselves to be poor.

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7

Soo Cha, Myung. "Facts and myths about Korea's economic past". Australian Economic History Review 44, nr 3 (listopad 2004): 278–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8446.2004.00122.x.

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Atkinson, Maggie, Dawn Rees i Lisa Davis. "Disability and economic disadvantage: facing the facts". Archives of Disease in Childhood 100, nr 4 (4.03.2015): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2014-307463.

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9

Orazem, Peter F. "Economic Facts and Fallacies (review)". Review of Higher Education 32, nr 3 (2009): 431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rhe.0.0077.

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Grin, François. "English as economic value: facts and fallacies". World Englishes 20, nr 1 (marzec 2001): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-971x.00196.

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Huijps, Kirsten, Theo JGM Lam i Henk Hogeveen. "Costs of mastitis: facts and perception". Journal of Dairy Research 75, nr 1 (29.01.2008): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029907002932.

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A model to calculate the economic losses of mastitis on an average Dutch dairy farm was developed and used as base for a tool for farmers and advisors to calculate farm-specific economic losses of mastitis. The economic losses of a clinical case in a default situation were calculated as €210, varying from €164 to €235 depending on the month of lactation. The total economic losses of mastitis (subclinical and clinical) per cow present in a default situation varied between €65 and €182/cow per year depending on the bulk tank somatic cell count. The tool was used to measure perception of the total economic losses of mastitis on the farm and the farmers' assessment of the cost factors of mastitis on 78 dairy farms, of which 64 were used for further analyses. Most farmers (72%) expected their economic losses to be lower than those revealed by our calculation made with their farm information. Underestimating the economic losses of mastitis can be regarded as a general problem in the dairy sector. The average economic losses assessed by the farmers were €78/cow per year, but a large variation was given, €17–198/cow per year. Although the average assessment of the farmers of the different cost factors is close to the default value, there is much variation. To improve the adoption rate of advice and lower the incidence of mastitis, it is important to show the farmers the economic losses of mastitis on their farm. The tool described in this paper can play a role in that process.

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Mourmouras, Alexandros, i Peter Rangazas. "FISCAL POLICY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT". Macroeconomic Dynamics 13, nr 4 (wrzesień 2009): 450–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100509080171.

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This paper offers possible explanations for three generally observed facts about fiscal policy and development: (F1) the relative size of government increases as an economy develops, (F2) the rise in government and taxation are associated with rising or constant economic growth rates, and (F3) today's developing countries have larger government sectors than today's developed countries had at similar stages of development. The explanations for these facts are based on the structural transformation from traditional to modern production, rising public infrastructure investment, and less democratic governments in many of today's developing economies.

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13

Coardos, Ionut, Ionela Pinter, Victor Ciovirnache i Diana Florina Robescu. "Facts on Sustainable Entrepreneurship". Scientific Bulletin of the Politehnica University of Timişoara Transactions on Engineering and Management 5, nr 1 (26.04.2023): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.59168/msmw5100.

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Entrepreneurship is recognized like a behavior and an outcome of ability to identify and exploit opportunities and motivation. Both elements are important in the decision to start a business. In addition, entrepreneurship phenomenon is associated with the creation of wealth, technological innovation and increased social welfare so, entrepreneurs are important to a country’s economic development. Despite their constructive contributions on economic development, entrepreneurial activities have also led to environmental degradation. In this context, the present paper aims to demonstrate that this disadvantage could be transform into new business ideas. We believe that environmental issues should be solved by entrepreneurs themselves. In recent years, linking entrepreneurial activity and sustainable development has become a vital practice for all organizations. In this context, the paper’ s main objective is to present some relevant facts of sustainable entrepreneurship based on the literature review.

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Hamid, Bushra, i Shakeel Khan. "China Pak Economic Corridor (CPEC): Facts and Fantasies". Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences 3, nr 2 (30.09.2020): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v3i2.55.

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Despite much hype and excitement regarding CPEC and views of its proponents and opponents’, it would be wise to examine and analyze the economic, financial and developmental prospects of the largest ever financial commitment of Pakistan, minutely. The magnitude of the initiative, on the pessimistic side, has the potential not only to halt the otherwise meek economy of the country but may also prove to be detrimental to the security compulsions. This paper attempts to examine the potential of the economic welfare and financial health of the CPEC for Pakistan both in the short and long run. Quantitative tools and techniques will be used to analyze the Economic and financial data available on governmental websites and Planning Commission of Pakistan. Historical experiences and current global economic environment will be taken into consideration to offer the suggestions for multiple stake holders.

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15

Bartz, Sherry, i David L. Kelly. "Economic growth and the environment: Theory and facts". Resource and Energy Economics 30, nr 2 (maj 2008): 115–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2007.06.001.

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Carrère, Céline, i Jaime de Melo. "Fiscal Spending and Economic Growth: Some Stylized Facts". World Development 40, nr 9 (wrzesień 2012): 1750–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.04.011.

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Mutale, J., i G. Strbac. "Transmission network reinforcement versus FACTS: an economic assessment". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 15, nr 3 (2000): 961–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.871719.

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Fuchs, Victor R. "Nobel Laureate: Gary S. Becker: Ideas About Facts". Journal of Economic Perspectives 8, nr 2 (1.05.1994): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.8.2.183.

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Gary S. Becker's career, personality, and contributions are reviewed and commented upon. Special note is taken of his seriousness of purpose, his willingness to take chances, and his persistence in the face of criticism and hostility. Becker's exceptional influence has taken several forms: enlargement of our understanding of traditional economic subjects such as labor economics, the opening up of new fields of research such as law and economics, and the transformation of other social sciences--especially sociology.

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Przeworski, Adam, i Fernando Limongi. "Modernization: Theories and Facts". World Politics 49, nr 2 (styczeń 1997): 155–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.1997.0004.

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What makes political regimes rise, endure, and fall? The main question is whether the observed close relation between levels of economic development and the incidence of democratic regimes is due to democracies being more likely to emerge or only more likely to survive in the more developed countries. We answer this question using data concerning 135 countries that existed at any time between 1950 and 1990. We find that the level of economic development does not affect the probability of transitions to democracy but that affluence does make democratic regimes more stable. The relation between affluence and democratic stability is monotonic, and the breakdown of democracies at middle levels of development is a phenomenon peculiar to the Southern Cone of Latin America. These patterns also appear to have been true of the earlier period, but dictatorships are more likely to survive in wealthy countries that became independent only after 1950. We conclude that modernization need not generate democracy but democracies survive in countries that are modern.

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Tedozashvili, Leila T., i Elena A. Klinova. "RECONSTRUCTION AND QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT OFЧFACTS OF ECONOMIC LIFE". EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 12/11, nr 141 (2023): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.12.11.010.

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The article discusses current issues related to the reconstruction of economic facts in the information environment of an organization, evaluates the significance and features of reconstruction at different stages of the accounting process, and also provides criteria for a qualitative assessment of the facts of the economic life of an enterprise.

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Kianersi, Hadi, i Hamid Asadi. "Voltage Stability Improvement By Using FACTS Elements With Economic Consideration". Ciência e Natura 37 (19.12.2015): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x20767.

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In last two decades due to increasing power demand power systems are operated to their maximum operation conditions. It will cause to any problems that one of these is voltage instability. To overcome this problem Flexible AC Transmission Systems(FACTS) have been used in power systems. The FACTS devices improves system stability, reduce losses and power generation cost. Best location of FACTS devices will help to maintain bus voltages at desired level, reduce cost of these devices and improve voltage stability margins. This paper presents the methods to location and rating of FACTS devices are optimized with using weighted coefficients method and Sterength Paretto Evolutionary Algorithm(SPEA).Thyristor controlled series capacitor(TCSC)and Static Var Compensator(SVC)are also considered in this paper.

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Rubinstein, Ariel. "Comments on Economic Models, Economics, and Economists: Remarks on Economics Rules by Dani Rodrik". Journal of Economic Literature 55, nr 1 (1.03.2017): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20161408.

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This essay reviews Dani Rodrik's superb book Economics Rules and argues that it can serve as an ideal platform for discussing what economists can and should accomplish. The essay comments on some of the major issues in contemporary economics examined in the book: whether economics is a science, the meaning of economic models, the nature of “facts” in economics, and others. It also touches on issues that the book overlooks, such as the sociology of the profession, the teaching curriculum in economics, and the dismal situation of publishing in economics. (JEL A11, B40, C50)

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Harsya, Rabith Madah Khulaili. "COMMUNITY TRENDS TO CHOOSE THE SHARIA ECONOMIC SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT". Diponegoro Law Review 3, nr 1 (31.08.2018): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dilrev.3.1.2018.104-121.

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The tendency of people to choose the Sharia Economic Dispute Settlement Institution. The facts of the lack of sharia economic case submitted and decided by litigation and non-litigation institutions are the background of the research. This research is a kind of explorative research that uses qualitative approach to mengunggkap legal facts in the context of sharia economy. Data in the form of questionnaires / questionnaires processed only to describe the percentage percentage of the economic tendency of sharia community to choose dispute settlement institutions. This description is a preliminary data that lead researchers to explore the points of question needed in the interview between the results of quantitative data processing with the facts on the ground shows that people choose various options in solving the dispute sharia economy.

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Papageorgiou, Chris, i Nicola Spatafora. "Economic Diversification in LICs: Stylized Facts and Macroeconomic Implications". Staff Discussion Notes 12, nr 13 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475532180.006.

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Portugal, Marcelo S. "Economic and Political Changes in Brazil: Facts and Perspectives". International Area Review 6, nr 1 (marzec 2003): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386590300600101.

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This article presents some considerations about the recent Brazilian economic policy. Some hypotheses about the economic perspectives for the forthcoming years are also considered. Although the current government politically represents the opposition to the previous administration, not only in their rhetoric but also in their attitudes, they seem to have chosen to maintain the economic policy and the agenda of structural reforms. Priority will be given to Tax Reform and Social Security Reform. The central points of the previous economic policy, that is, floating exchange rates and the inflation targeting mechanism, were maintained under the new administration. Inflation is the main short tern problem, but the Central Bank is showing determination in keeping a conservative policy to ensure that, by the end of 2003, inflation will be reduced.

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De Vries, Catherine E., Sara B. Hobolt i James Tilley. "Facing up to the facts: What causes economic perceptions?" Electoral Studies 51 (luty 2018): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2017.09.006.

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Taranto, G. N., L. M. V. G. Pinto i M. V. F. Pereira. "Representation of FACTS devices in power system economic dispatch". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 7, nr 2 (maj 1992): 572–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.141761.

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Benczúr, Péter, i Attila Rátfai. "Economic fluctuations in Central and Eastern Europe: the facts". Applied Economics 42, nr 25 (październik 2010): 3279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840802112380.

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Clark, Gordon L. "Stylized Facts and Close Dialogue: Methodology in Economic Geography". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88, nr 1 (marzec 1998): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.00085.

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Ritchie, John. "Arguing Chinese Economic Miracle Claims". Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 7, nr 4 (październik 1996): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9600700403.

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Once the Chinese economy drew little inspiration. For long its true prospects did not greatly excite. Some like Max Weber considered China too backwardly custom-bound instead. Others could scarcely imagine any real economic breakthrough. Subsequent Chinese economic claims hardly dispelled these doubts. But now China stands reinvented all that might finally change. Today’s rising Chinese economic miracle claims surpass them all. Many envisage China being transformed into some global factory-cum-marketplace challenger ahead. Yet for all that certain doubts remain. Accordingly this paper deliberately reconstitutes these claims themselves. In so doing it finds the three particular modal arguments they employ are more than just accessories to rising economic facts. They rather forestructure whatever these facts are taken or supposed to be. Consequently only when such argumentation itself appears better recognised will any true basis for Chinese economic miracle claims finally become clear.

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Shankaregowda, Tanuja Koppa, i Shankaralingappa Channappa Byalihal. "Economic flexible AC transmission system devices placement/sizing with (N-1) contingency using genetic algorithm". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 32, nr 2 (1.11.2023): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v32.i2.pp664-675.

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<span>The rise in demand for electricity and the high cost of constructing new power networks reckons optimal utilization of electric power overloading and excessive power transfer along transmission lines, high losses, voltage instability, poor power quality, reliability issues. Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) boosts the static and dynamic performance of power systems. Although efficient power transmission by improving power quality and voltage profile enhancement is controlled using the FACTS devices the placement, types, and sizing are important parameters to be optimized for the power system. This paper develops the economic multiple FACT placements and sizing solution during N-1 contingency conditions. Placement and sizing being the stochastic problem meta-heuristic algorithm genetic algorithm (GA) is used and applied on the standard IEEE 9 bus system. MATLAB-based simulation is developed for economic placement of multiple FACTS and single FACTS devices in different scenarios (without FACTS devices, with single FACTS devices, and with multiple FACTS devices). Both static VAR compensators (SVC) and thyristor-controlled series capacitors (TCSC) are used (either single or multiple) to optimize the transmission loss and total cost. The results show that transmission loss and cost reduction with 70% compensation is working better with about 0.1 MW lesser loss in many cases.</span>

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Kim, Hyunho. "Usefulness of Mainstream Economics Based on Historical Facts and Economic Development in Developing Countries". International Area Studies Review 23, nr 3 (30.09.2019): 109–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21212/iasr.23.3.6.

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Moss, Laurence S. "Finding New Wine In Old Bottles: What Historians Must Do When Leontief Coefficients are no Longer the Designated Drivers of Economics". Journal of the History of Economic Thought 17, nr 2 (1995): 179–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200002595.

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In 1951, Nobel Laureate Wassily Leontief put his finger on what was wrong with economics. It had remained a “deductive system resting upon a static set of premises,” when what was needed was an economics that would “combine economic facts and theory.” The new economics would be called “interindustry” or “input-output” analysis (Leontief 1966, p. 14). According to Leontief it is easy to “compute the complete table of input requirements at any given level of output, provided we know its input ratios.” These input ratios could be calculated from “engineering data on process design and operating procedure” (ibid., pp. 24–26). For Leontief and, I suspect, a large number of economists in 1951, the technological facts dependent only on the chemical and physical laws of nature—what I shall call “Leontief coefficients”—were indisputable. It would take so many units of coke to produce a ton of pig iron whether or not there was a human being alive on earth to witness that transformation. The Leontief coefficients were the bedrock of subsequent economic analysis. They were analogous to what the philosopher John R. Searle has termed “brute facts” (Searle 1995, p. 27).

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Sreejith, Sekharan, i Sishaj P. Simon. "Cost benefit analysis on SVC and UPFC in a dynamic economic dispatch problem". International Journal of Energy Sector Management 8, nr 3 (26.08.2014): 395–428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-05-2013-0010.

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Purpose – The aim of this paper is to compare the performance of static VAR compensator (SVC) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) in dynamic economic dispatch (DED) problem. DED schedules the online generator outputs with the predicted load demands over a certain period so that the electric power system is operated most economically. During last decade, flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices are broadly used for maximizing the loadability of existing power system transmission networks. However, based on the literature survey, the performance of SVC and UPFC incorporated in the DED problem and its cost–benefit analysis are not discussed earlier in any of the literature. Design/methodology/approach – Here, the DED problem is solved applying ABC algorithm incorporating SVC and UPFC. The following conditions are investigated with the incorporation of SVC and UPFC into DED problem: the role of SVC and UPFC for improving the power flow and voltage profile and the approximate analysis on cost recovery and payback period with SVC and UPFC in DED problem. Findings – The incorporation of FACTS devices reduces the generation cost and improves the stability of the system. The percentage cost recovered with FACTS devices is estimated approximately using equated monthly installment (EMI) and non-EMI scheme. It is clear from the illustrations that the installation of FACTS devices is profitable after a certain period. Research limitations/implications – In this research work, the generation cost with FACTS devices is only taken into account while calculating the profit. The other benefits like congestion management, cost gained due to land and cost due to stability issues are not considered. For future work, these things can be considered while calculating the benefit. Originality/value – The originality of the work is incorporation of FACTS devices in DED problem and approximate estimation of recovery cost with FACTS devices in DED problem.

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Modreski, Peter J. "Facts about Friends of Mineralogy". Rocks & Minerals 65, nr 1 (luty 1990): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1990.9926442.

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Mitchell, Timothy. "The work of economics: how a discipline makes its world". European Journal of Sociology 46, nr 2 (sierpień 2005): 297–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000397560500010x.

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What is the work of economics? How does it operate to establish facts and make them stable? Is it sometimes able to use the world as a laboratory? If so, what measures are necessary to organize the world as a laboratory for economic experiments? To what extent do these measures rely upon the efforts of nonacademic economists, and of other social agents and arrangements including think tanks, government policies, development programs, NGOs, and social movements? A recent “natural experiment” using the social world as a laboratory, carried out in Peru, produced remarkable results, enthusiastically received by economists in the United States and by international development agencies. The paper examines the work of organizing the socio-technical world required to produce this knowledge, the curious kind of facts that were produced, the connections among those involved in this work, in particular the organized work of the neoliberal movement, and the role of the new facts in making possible further efforts at economic experimentation.

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37

Deming, David J. "Four Facts about Human Capital". Journal of Economic Perspectives 36, nr 3 (1.08.2022): 75–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.36.3.75.

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This paper synthesizes what economists have learned about human capital since Becker (1962) into four stylized facts. First, human capital explains at least one-third of the variation in labor earnings within countries and at least half of the variation across countries. Second, human capital investments have high economic returns throughout childhood and young adulthood. Third, we know how to build foundational skills such as literacy and numeracy, and resources are often the main constraint. Fourth, higher-order skills such as problem-solving and teamwork are increasingly valuable, and the technology for producing these skills is not well understood. We know that investment in education works and that skills matter for earnings, but we do not always know why.

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Bhattacharyya, B., Vikash Kumar Gupta i Sanjay Kumar. "Comparative study of GA & DE algorithm for the economic operation of a power system using FACTS devices". Archives of Electrical Engineering 62, nr 4 (1.12.2013): 541–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aee-2013-0044.

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Abstract The problem of improving the voltage profile and reducing power loss in electrical networks must be solved in an optimal manner. This paper deals with comparative study of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Differential Evolution (DE) based algorithm for the optimal allocation of multiple FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices in an interconnected power system for the economic operation as well as to enhance loadability of lines. Proper placement of FACTS devices like Static VAr Compensator (SVC), Thyristor Controlled Switched Capacitor (TCSC) and controlling reactive generations of the generators and transformer tap settings simultaneously improves the system performance greatly using the proposed approach. These GA & DE based methods are applied on standard IEEE 30 bus system. The system is reactively loaded starting from base to 200% of base load. FACTS devices are installed in the different locations of the power system and system performance is observed with and without FACTS devices. First, the locations, where the FACTS devices to be placed is determined by calculating active and reactive power flows in the lines. GA and DE based algorithm is then applied to find the amount of magnitudes of the FACTS devices. Finally the comparison between these two techniques for the placement of FACTS devices are presented.

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Balatsky, E. V. "Russia’s Damage from International Sanctions: Rethinking the Facts". World of new economy 12, nr 3 (3.06.2019): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2018-12-3-36-45.

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The article formulates a methodological principle for the analysis of the scale of economic damage caused to the Russian economy by international sanctions imposed in 2014. The proposed principle of qualitative transformation allows to fix the principal change in the situation, if the changes in economic indicators reach multiple (more than 2 times) differences. On the example of foreign trade, including with countries that supported international sanctions, it is shown that theRussiafor several years was in a completely different economic dimension. A similar situation occurred in the monetary sphere (on current exchange rate), domestic price formation (price of gasoline), attraction of direct investments. In addition, there are examples when the actions of foreign market participants involved in the sanctions war, blocked many positive Russian initiatives-integration into world science, the output of high-tech equipment to foreign markets, etc. It is shown that the gradual weakening of the country by means of international sanctions led, if not to the complete, then partial collapse of the model of the social state, which put a heavy burden on the population of the country. It is proved that in such conditions it is necessary to revise the economic policy in the direction of strengthening its creative beginning.

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Panagariya, Arvind. "A Theoretical Explanation of Some Stylized Facts of Economic Growth". Quarterly Journal of Economics 103, nr 3 (sierpień 1988): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1885542.

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Doucouliagos, Chris, i T. D. Stanley. "ARE ALL ECONOMIC FACTS GREATLY EXAGGERATED? THEORY COMPETITION AND SELECTIVITY". Journal of Economic Surveys 27, nr 2 (17.10.2011): 316–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2011.00706.x.

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Hidalgo Villota, Mario Eduardo. "Business cycles in Colombia: stylized facts". Tendencias 25, nr 2 (1.07.2024): 26–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22267/rtend.242502.253.

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The purpose of this article is to examine the economic cycles in Colombia and to empirically corroborate the fulfillment of nine stylized facts documented in the specialized international literature. For this purpose, the retropolated series 1975-2013 and the series 2005:1-2022:4 of the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) were analyzed using the Hodrick-Prescott filter. Thus, the occurrence of four economic cycles is recorded between 1975 and 2013 with an average duration of 9.3 years with an expansionary phase of 5.0 years and a contractionary phase of 5.3 years. Similarly, between 2005:1 and 2022:4 there were three cycles with an average duration of 21.7 quarters, with an expansionary phase of 14.7 quarters and a contractionary phase of 7.0 quarters. It should also be said that the cyclical fluctuations of employment and unemployment are closely related to effective demand and domestic demand in accordance with Keynesian theory; for example, the positive correlation between the real GDP cycle and the implicit GDP deflator cycle suggests that the cycles were not due to shifts in the aggregate production function as the dominant theory stresses, but to shifts in the aggregate demand function.

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Bashota, MSc Bardhok, i MSc Petrit Hasanaj. "Theories of International Economic Development (Case Study: Economic Development in Kosovo)". ILIRIA International Review 2, nr 1 (30.06.2012): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v2i1.163.

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Karl Popper rightly says that “real starting point for each research is set based on assumptions of reality, not only based on the real facts”. The text below was prepared In accordance with this logic, where the Theories of International Development are treated especially focusing on International Economic Development. Therefore, theoretical reflections present assumption side, and study of many empirically measured data will correspond with real facts, because with ought these facts assumption would be useless.Technically this writing consists of two parts: in the first part are elaborated all theoretical and practical characteristics of overall international development, while in a second part as a case study will be Economic Development i Kosovo. From methodological point of view this is a comparative study and based on statistical data, while problem treating approach is critical and explanatory.As it will be understood later, development theories have been decisively influenced by economic thinking, and the focus on this dimension responds best to the nature of the term development. On the other hand the fact of unfolding economical development will reflect interference and the nature of it’s inter politics.Today economic development becomes a worldwide goal, having a considerable place in most of the literature with economic content. Also, here are presented as well examples from different practices that reflect economic development in different periods and places. Here is presented international economic development starting with a brief description of a genealogy of this development and ways of economic development back that time. It is of a special importance elaboration through theoretical approach on the creation of capital and economic development, as mercantilist theory, classic and neo classic theory, than capitalization and Socialism-Marxism.To better understand the nature of economic development, the focus falls on the appearance of the Third Technological Revolution and its role in the world, contemporary economy and as well appearance of the development problems and a need for different theoretical approach.As a separate part is presented international development and its measurement, the one that marks empty topic of analyses. Then, an important reflection on economic growth or economic development provides both multinational corporations and foreign investments, as mechanism of money. Hence, elaboration of these topics has a considerable place within this text linked to their role in the development or exploitation in different regions or countries. On the other hand, another alternative of Development Theories are presented “Theories of Addiction” which will be understood best after giving a broader explanation on economic development or non-development. This set overview will give legitimate basis or will expose more to criticism.

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Grigoryev, Leonid M., i Ekaterina A. Makarova. "Capital accumulation and economic growth after the Great Recession". Voprosy Ekonomiki, nr 12 (3.12.2019): 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2019-12-24-46.

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The Great Recession in 2008—2009 and slow recovery after it became a significant challenge both for economic policy and theory, especially for economic growth studies. New circumstances have revealed new stylized facts, for instance, the decrease in growth rates and capital accumulation in advanced economies. The paper analyzes responses to and outcomes of the Great Recession for countries at different stages of development. The authors consider the investment impact on economic growth varying through seven clusters of countries, determined according to GDP (PPP) level per capita. An attempt has been made to reveal new stylized facts based on current trends and to revise some theoretical approaches to the analysis of economic growth.

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Markova, Darya Sergeevna, Ivan Isaevich Kalyuzniy i Sergey Zaharovich Bayzuldinov. "Analysis of the diseases of cows and the terms of their use in economics with different economic indicators". Agrarian Scientific Journal, nr 1 (27.01.2019): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.v0i1.623.

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The article mentions the facts indicating that modern technologies of dairy cattle operations do not glut enough the physiological needs of high-yielding cows. These technologies are also predisposing factors to the emergence of metabolic diseases. There is the analysis of morbidity of cows in farms with different economic indicators and the direct dependence of terms of economic use of animals on a number of factors such as genetic, production and economic in this article.

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Nepsha, Fedor, Vyacheslav Voronin, Roman Belyaevsky, Vladimir Efremenko i Kirill Varnavskiy. "Application of FACTS Devices in Power Supply Systems of Coal Mines". E3S Web of Conferences 174 (2020): 03026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017403026.

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In this article, the authors discuss the use of FACTS devices in coal mine power systems. The problems of reactive power compensation and the disadvantages of regulatory and technical documentation regarding the use of modern reactive power compensation devices are considered. The main types of FACTS devices that can be used in coal mines are identified. The scientific publications in the field of application of FACTS devices in power supply systems of industrial enterprises are analyzed. The cost indicators of FACTS devices are considered and conclusions are drawn on the theoretical technical and economic efficiency of using FACTS devices in mine conditions.

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Card, David, i Stefano DellaVigna. "Nine Facts about Top Journals in Economics". Journal of Economic Literature 51, nr 1 (1.03.2013): 144–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.51.1.144.

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How has publishing in top economics journals changed since 1970? Using a data set that combines information on all articles published in the top-five journals from 1970 to 2012 with their Google Scholar citations, we identify nine key trends. First, annual submissions to the top-five journals nearly doubled from 1990 to 2012. Second, the total number of articles published in these journals actually declined from 400 per year in the late 1970s to 300 per year most recently. As a result, the acceptance rate has fallen from 15 percent to 6 percent, with potential implications for the career progression of young scholars. Third, one journal, the American Economic Review, now accounts for 40 percent of top-five publications, up from 25 percent in the 1970s. Fourth, recently published papers are on average three times longer than they were in the 1970s, contributing to the relative shortage of journal space. Fifth, the number of authors per paper has increased from 1.3 in 1970 to 2.3 in 2012, partly offsetting the fall in the number of articles per year. Sixth, citations for top-five publications are high: among papers published in the late 1990s, the median number of Google Scholar citations is 200. Seventh, the ranking of journals by citations has remained relatively stable, with the notable exception of the Quarterly Journal of Economics, which climbed from fourth place to first place over the past three decades. Eighth, citation counts are significantly higher for longer papers and those written by more coauthors. Ninth, although the fraction of articles from different fields published in the top five has remained relatively stable, there are important cohort trends in the citations received by papers from different fields, with rising citations to more recent papers in Development and International, and declining citations to recent papers in Econometrics and Theory. (JEL A14)

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Шалак, Александр. "Ideology instead of facts, or how our economic history is interpreted". Историко-экономические исследования 16, nr 4 (2015): 791–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2308-2588.2015.16(4).791-809.

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Lebedev, V. A., i E. I. Lebedeva. "Facts of the economic life of the medical institution: adequate forms". Buhuchet v zdravoohranenii (Accounting in Healthcare), nr 8 (4.08.2021): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-17-2108-08.

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The requirements of the legislator for the economic activity of a medical institution restrict the commercialization of services in the public sector, but do not completely exclude it. The legal regulation of such activities is further clarified by the new rules for the provision of paid educational services (from 01.01.2021 to 31.12.2026); new rules for the provision of paid medical services are being formed. The analysis of the facts of economic life characteristic of the law enforcement practice of budgetary institutions is carried out: requirements for the form and content of the contract, conditions for compliance with the written form of the transaction; the regime of the power of attorney, including its terms, conditions of notarization, the consequences of termination and the obligations of the legal successors of the person who issued the power of attorney, upon its termination.

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Higuchi, Yoshio. "Three Points of Contention about Economic Differential; Facts, Causes and Policy". TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES 11, nr 9 (2006): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5363/tits.11.9_66.

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