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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Economic expenditure survey- India”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Economic expenditure survey- India"

John, Rijo M. "Economic costs of diseases and deaths attributable to bidi smoking in India, 2017". Tobacco Control 28, nr 5 (18.10.2018): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054493.

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ObjectiveTo estimate the economic burden of diseases and deaths attributable to bidi smoking in India for persons aged 30–69 years.MethodsThe National Sample Survey data on healthcare expenditures, data on bidi smoking prevalence from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey and relative risks of all-cause mortality from bidi smoking are used to estimate the economic burden of diseases and deaths attributable to bidi smoking in India using a prevalence-based attributable-risk approach. Costs are estimated under the following heads: (1) direct medical expenditure of treating diseases; (2) indirect morbidity costs and (3) indirect mortality costs of premature deaths.FindingsThe total economic costs attributable to bidi smoking from all diseases and deaths in India in the year 2017 for persons aged 30–69 years amount to INR805.5 billion (US$12.4 billion), of which 20.9% is direct and 79.1% is indirect cost. Men bear 93.7% of the total costs.ConclusionThe total annual economic costs of bidi smoking amount to approximately 0.5% of India’s gross domestic product, while the excise tax revenue from bidi is only half a per cent of its economic costs. The direct medical costs of bidi smoking amount to 2.24% of total health expenditure. Since the poor bear a disproportionately large share of the economic costs of bidi smoking, the unregulated use of bidi would potentially push more households in India, which incur heavy out-of-pocket expenditures on healthcare, into poverty.

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Varghese, Jithin Sam. "An Ecological Analysis of Food Expenditure Patterns During Periods of Economic Recovery and Economic Shock in India". Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (czerwiec 2022): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac059.025.

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Abstract Objectives To study the patterns of food expenditure by Indian households during periods of economic recovery (after the Great Recession in 2008–09) and economic shock (from a currency demonetization policy in 2016). I hypothesize that real consumer price index (CPI) adjusted food expenditure (in Rupees) would be lower after the economic shock with higher share of spending on processed foods ― consistent with the nutrition transition hypothesis. Methods Using published tables from India's nationally representative Household Consumer Expenditure Surveys in 2011–12 and 2017–18, I estimate real (Rs.) and percentage (of total expenditure) CPI-adjusted monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) on food. I report the share of food MPCE for dairy products, sugar, oil, fresh fruits, vegetables (including tubers), and processed foods. Analysis was carried out for 36 states and union territories stratified by urbanicity. Results Real and percentage MPCE on food were lower in 2017–18 (Rs. 705.1; 52.3%) relative to 2011–12 (Rs. 794.9; 52.9%) for rural India. For urban India, real MPCE on food (but not percentage) was higher in 2017–18 (Rs. 1207.4; 41.9%) relative to 2011–12 (Rs. 1168.4; 42.6%). The percentage decrease was due to higher non-food MPCE (2011–12: Rs. 1572.8; 2017–18: Rs. 1672.6). At the state-level, real (rural: 28; urban: 9) and percentage (rural: 21; urban: 20) decreases were observed in rural areas. As a share of food MPCE, spending on sugar (rural: 25; urban: 29) and edible oil (rural: 22; urban: 26) decreased in most states from 2011–12. However, share of food MPCE increased on dairy (rural: 26; urban: 23), fresh fruits (rural: 31; urban: 30), vegetables (rural: 26; urban: 19), and processed foods (rural: 20; urban: 26) for majority of states. This is despite a real decrease in spending (in Rs) on processed foods (rural: 26; urban: 9) and vegetables (rural: 21; urban: 8) for most states in rural areas. Real spending (Rs.) increased for dairy (rural: 20; urban: 26) and fresh fruits (rural: 23; urban: 29) for most states. Conclusions Rural areas showed a decrease in real food expenditures from 2011–12 to 2017–18. Food expenditures decreased in share for sugar and oil, but increased in share for fruits, vegetables and processed foods. This was also observed in urban areas where there was an increase in real food expenditures. Funding Sources None.

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Nagendra, Kanchana, Mangala Belur, Nandini C. i Anirudh Krishna. "Catastrophic household expenditure on health in an urban slum: a cross-sectional survey". International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, nr 1 (21.12.2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20164715.

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Background: The World Health Report 2000 identified financial protection against the costs of ill health as a fundamental objective of health systems. Out-of-pocket expenditure accounts for an average increase in poverty by 2.9 percent for urban India. Therefore, this study aims at evaluating the out-of-pocket health expenditures as well as assessing the predictors of catastrophic health costs care in urban slums. The objectives was to find the prevalence of catastrophic household expenditures on health and to assess the determinants and illnesses commonly associated with catastrophic household expenditure on health.Methods:The study was conducted in a notified urban slum of Shivamogga district which was selected randomly and all the households were included in the study. Data was collected after informed consent using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed in SPSS vs18.Results: Out of 197 households, 94 (47.7%) households experienced catastrophic health expenditure in past one month. Most common conditions associated with catastrophic expenditure were respiratory infections (cough, cold and fever; p-0.034), arthritis (p-0.001), hypertension (p<0.01) and diabetes (p-0.015).Conclusions:We conclude that almost half of the community incurred catastrophic health expenses. Findings have important policy implications and can be used to ensure higher degree of financial protection against the economic impact of illnesses.

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Lakshmanasamy, T. "THE DIFFERENTIAL ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF RURAL ELECTRIFICATION IN INDIA: QUANTILE REGRESSION ESTIMATION". MAN, ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY 3, nr 1 (2022): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/mes.2022.v03i01.13.

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Rural electrification not only provides affordable modern energy to rural households at a cheaper price but also improves the quality of life and economic development of the rural sector. The welfare gains of electricity are not the same across households. This paper tries to understand who benefits the most from rural electrification - the poor or the rich rural households. The differential effects of rural electrification on household income and expenditures on health and children’s education are estimated using the 2011-2012 IHDS-II survey data applying the quantile regression method. The estimated results show that household electrification increases both household income and expenditure. The higher-income rural households benefit more than the lower-income households from rural electrification. The upper-income rural households gain more in terms of the education of children relative to poor-income households from rural electrification. Rural electrification benefits are higher for median health expenditure households than either for lower or upper quantile households. The larger benefits from rural electrification accrue to the better-off rural households through higher consumption and use of electricity for many productive uses and electrification benefits accrue from multiple channels.

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Loutfi, David, Jean-Frédéric Lévesque i Subrata Mukherjee. "Impact of the Elderly on Household Health Expenditure in Bihar and Kerala, India". Journal of Health Management 20, nr 1 (13.01.2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063417747696.

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Ageing in India is leading to an increase in chronic diseases. Given the limited health insurance coverage, this could lead to a variety of economic- and access-related consequences for the households. Against this backdrop, this article aims at examining the impact of the presence of the elderly on household health expenditure, avoidance of treatment, loss of income and use of alternate sources of funding to pay for care. The article uses data from 2004 National Sample Survey Organisation survey on healthcare for two Indian states, namely, Bihar and Kerala. The rate of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) is found to be higher in Kerala and is associated with a higher proportion of households having elderly members, who, in turn, have higher incidence of chronic disease. While the presence of elderly in the household, incidence of chronic disease and treatment from private sources are linked to CHE, our results suggest that other groups, such as households without elderly, may simply be delaying the economic consequences of paying for healthcare by borrowing. Though the ageing population is leading to increased health expenditure for households due to increased chronic illness, the impact of using private treatment is much less clear.

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Kumar, Indal, i Indrani Roy Chowdhury. "Shadow Education in India: Participation and Socioeconomic Determinants". Journal of South Asian Development 16, nr 2 (sierpień 2021): 244–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09731741211032472.

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Although shadow education in India has been in practice for a long time, the scale has grown dramatically in recent years, with the size of the industry ranging between $40 and $70 billion. Drawing from the five rounds of National Sample Survey data sets on education, the study examines the trends and socioeconomic determinants of shadow education participation in India. It also addresses the time burden of shadow education and students’ learning outcomes by using the Indian Human Development Survey database. The findings state that households’ socioeconomic status, educational level of households’ head, urban residence, current schooling levels and type of educational institutions by management are highly significant determinants of participation in shadow education. The analysis further indicates that shadow education is positively associated with learning outcomes at the elementary level and that its contribution is larger in mathematics. However, shadow education costs a couple of hours per day of recreational time of the children (time cost), 40–50% share of household’s total educational expenditure, and around 20% share of household’s per capita annual consumption expenditure (economic cost).

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Dwivedi, Rinshu, i Jalandhar Pradhan. "Does affordability matter? Examining the trends and patterns in health care expenditure in India". Health Services Management Research 33, nr 4 (25.05.2020): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951484820923921.

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Background Absence of better financing mechanism results in higher out of pocket expenditure and catastrophe, which leads to impoverishment and poverty especially among low- and middle-income countries like India. This paper examines the major characteristics associated with the higher out of pocket expenditure and provides an insight from Andersen’s behavioural model that how predisposing, enabling and need factors influence the level and pattern of out of pocket expenditure in India. Methods Data has been extracted from three rounds of nationally representative consumer expenditure surveys, i.e. 1993–1994, 2004–2005 and 2011–2012 conducted by the Government of India. States were categorized based on regional classification, and adult equivalent scale was used to adjust the household size. Multiple Generalized-Linear-Regression-Model was employed to explore the relative effect of various socio-economic covariates on the level of out of pocket expenditure. Results The gap has widened between advantaged and disadvantaged segment of the population along with noticeable regional disparities among Indian states. Generalized-Linear-Regression-Model indicates that the most influential predisposing and enabling factor determining the level of out of pocket expenditure were age composition, religion, social-group, household type, residence, economic status, sources of cooking and lighting arrangements among the households. Conclusions Present study suggests the need for strengthening the affordability mechanism of the households to cope with the excessive burden of health care payments. Furthermore, special consideration is required to accommodate the needs of the elderly, rural, backward states and impoverishment segment of population to reduce the unjust burden of out of pocket expenditure in India.

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Choudhury, Tanima, Souman Samanta, Pranjit Kr Paul i Adwaita Maiti. "Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Households in West Bengal: A Study in Hooghly District". Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 10, nr 1 (29.01.2022): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjahss.2022.v10i01.004.

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COVID-19 has caused economic shock across the world for taking lockdown. Currently, India has facing a negative GDP growth rate. The economy of West Bengal has been affected a lot because of the strict implantation of lockdowns and also faces natural disasters. Unemployment went up to nearly 24 percent and 18 percent in India and West Bengal respectively in April 2020. The paper aims to investigate the impact of covid-19 pandemic on households’ income, consumption and savings. We have conducted a primary survey on 100 households in a small village in the Hooghly district in West Bengal, India, during the month of October 2020. The study reveals that both income and consumption of households has decreased but income decreased more than the consumption expenditure. The study also found overall consumption expenditure decreased but food expenditure increased, that’s why people have broken their savings for maintaining food expenditure during this situation.

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Behera, Sasmita, i Jalandhar Pradhan. "Uneven economic burden of non-communicable diseases among Indian households: A comparative analysis". PLOS ONE 16, nr 12 (10.12.2021): e0260628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260628.

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Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading global cause of death and disproportionately concentrate among those living in low-income and middle-income countries. However, its economic impact on households remains less well known in the Indian context. This study aims to assess the economic impact of NCDs in terms of out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) and its catastrophic impact on NCDs affected households in India. Materials and methods Data were collected from the 75th round of the National Sample Survey Office, Government of India, conducted in the year 2017–18. This is the latest round of data available on health, which constitutes a sample of 113,823 households. The collection of data is based on a stratified multi-stage sampling method. Generalised Linear Regression model was employed to identify the socio-economic covariates associated with the catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) on hospitalisation. Results The result shows a higher burden of OOPE on NCDs affected households. The mean expenditure by NCDs households in public hospitals is INR 13,170 which is more than twice as compared to the non-NCDs households INR 6,245. Particularly, the proportion of total medical expenditure incurred on medicines (0.39) and diagnostics (0.15) is troublesome for households with NCDs, treated in public hospitals. Moreover, results from the generalised linear regression model confirm the significant relationship between CHE with residence, caste, religion, household size, and economic status of households. The intensity of CHE is more for the households who are poor, drinking unsafe water, using firewood as cooking fuel, and household size of 1–5 members. Conclusion Therefore, an urgent need for a prevention strategy should be made by the government to protect households from the economic burden of NCDs. Specifically, to reduce the burden of CHE associated with NCDs, a customised disease-specific health insurance package should be introduced by the government of India in both public and private facilities.

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Lewbel, Arthur, Samuel Norris, Krishna Pendakur i Xi Qu. "Consumption peer effects and utility needs in India". Quantitative Economics 13, nr 3 (2022): 1257–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe1760.

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We construct a peer effects model where mean expenditures of consumers in one's peer group affect utility through perceived consumption needs. We provide a novel method for obtaining identification in social interactions models like ours, using ordinary survey data, where very few members of each peer group are observed. We implement the model using standard household‐level consumer expenditure survey microdata from India. We find that each additional rupee spent by one's peers increases perceived needs, and thereby reduces one's utility, by the equivalent of a 0.25 rupee decrease in one's own expenditures. These peer costs may be larger for richer households, meaning transfers from rich to poor could improve even inequality‐neutral social welfare, by reducing peer consumption externalities. We show welfare gains of billions of dollars per year might be possible by replacing government transfers of private goods to households with providing public goods or services, to reduce peer effects.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Economic expenditure survey- India"

Hou, Na. "Arms Race, Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in India". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/652/.

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This thesis aims to study the causes and effects of military expenditure on economic growth in India. Three aspects of this subject are concentrated which link well with the core stylised facts of the Indian defence effort and its developmental problems: the 'security dilemma' in terms of its relationship with its neighbour, Pakistan; the core factors that motivate the demand for defence; the economic impact of militarization and the effect of defence on development. First, the arms race between India and Pakistan is analyzed by using a Richardson action-reaction model and cointegration techniques. The empirical results provide robust evidence to support the existence of an enduring arms race between India and Pakistan, even after taking into account a structural break. Second, the results indicate that India's military expenditure is mainly determined by income, political status, the perceived threat from Pakistan and the external wars both in the long-run and in the short-run. Third, the relationship between military expenditure and economic growth is studied in India and in a broader context, i.e. in a cross-sectional and panel data study of 36 developing countries. The significant and negative effect of defence on economic growth is confirmed in both cases.

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Ghosh, Dastidar Sayantan. "Essays on public education expenditure, trade openness and economic growth of India". Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/1feac28f-1c23-42cd-933b-4b56de653c4f.

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This study addresses some of the widely debated issues in the empirical education and trade literature in the context of India. Chapter 3 examines the impact of public education expenditure and trade openness on economic growth of India using aggregate or country level data. The estimation results indicate that public education expenditure has a positive effect on growth but the impact is not very robust and sensitive to different estimation methods. The major contribution of this chapter to the existing literature has been to establish the dynamism in India’s trade-growth nexus. The nature of the relationship between trade openness and economic growth of India has changed following the change in policy regime since the 1980s. In Chapter 4, I investigate the trade-growth nexus further by employing disaggregated level analysis. Firstly, I disaggregate GDP by agriculture, manufacturing and services sectors and try to check which sector benefitted most from trade openness. Secondly, I try to assess whether trade openness affects manufacturing sector growth at the Indian state level. The latter analysis has been conducted using panel model analysis for 22 states. Econometric analysis indicates that the effect of trade openness has been heterogeneous across sectors. Only the services sector seemed to have reaped the benefits of increasing openness, so far. Consequently, no significant relationship could be found between agricultural sector performance and trade openness. It seems that the agricultural sector suffers from gross underinvestment and its performance still relies heavily on the monsoon cycles. At the country level, manufacturing sector failed to take advantage of the trade openness but the picture of stagnancy is not uniformly true when we look at the state-level manufacturing performance. I therefore re-estimate the relationship between state-level manufacturing performance and state-level trade openness using state level data. The most notable contribution of this chapter to the existing literature has been the construction of trade openness indices for major Indian states. Overall, I find that there is a robust association between trade openness and manufacturing sector performance at the Indian state level. However, this relationship seems to be driven solely by the performance of the unregistered segment of Indian manufacturing. In Chapter 5, I disaggregate the public education expenditure data by primary, secondary and tertiary sectors and examine the nature of the relationship between each sectoral expenditure and growth. None of the sectoral education expenditure had any impact on growth when the analysis is carried out for the entire time period 1951-2011. Both school and tertiary education expenditure started to exert a positive impact on Indian GDP growth once the country started to shift from a state-led growth model to a pro-business regime from the early 1980s. Finally, I examine the determinants of public education expenditure by the state governments using panel data for 16 Indian states. The economic variables such as NSDP per capita and tax revenue came out to be statistically significant indicating that richer states spend more on education compared to their poorer counterparts. States with smaller child population share (0-14 years, as percentage of total population) managed to allocate more funds towards education than those with larger shares. No significant evidence was found to suggest that political factors such as corruption and political ideology of the ruling party affect education spending decisions in Indian states.

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Mishra, Padmaja. "A quantitative study on regional household expenditure inequalities and a normative approach to federal allocation of resources in India". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292667.

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Joseph, John Santiago. "The relevance of involvement in micro-credit self-help groups and empowerment : findings from a survey of rural women in Tamilnadu". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100632.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to establish the extent to which women's membership in self-help groups and their involvement in various activities of these groups, with particular reference to Micro Credit programs, impacted their socio-economic empowerment. The objective is to study the socio-economic empowerment impact factors (evidences) in women members of micro-credit self-help groups in rural India upon the self, the family and the community.
Data selected for analyses was based on an operational model of empowerment that encompassed indicators of purported empowerment at the personal, family and community levels. The working hypotheses in quantitative analyses are that there are significant differences in income, savings, assets, expenditure, basic amenities, as well as attitudinal and behavioral changes in the rural women before and after their group membership.
The qualitative interviews helped to assess the life conditions of the women as the process of empowerment before and after their participation in self-help group micro-credit program. The qualitative interviews were to corroborate the veracity of reported progress from the survey to shed some light on the specific factors that contributed to their empowerment in line with their present quality of life at personal, family and community levels. Hence, the impact of the program is measured as the difference in the magnitude of a given parameter between the pre-and post-SHG situations by comparing the life condition of members before joining the self-help group to their condition three years after joining.

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Berry, Edmund A. "The Impact of Being Uninsured in the United States on Economic and Humanistic Outcomes: Results from the 2004-2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353154260.

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Bhargava, Vibha. "Demand for complementary and alternative medicine an economic analysis /". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1181736111.

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Bakshi, Ishan Kumar. "Study on inequality of outcome and opportunity in India-1983 to 2011-12". Thesis, 2018. http://localhost:8080/xmlui/handle/12345678/7777.

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Chang, Yingchih, i 張英智. "The Relationship between Defense Expenditure, Government Budget and Economic Growth---The Case of Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRICs)". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74683869166480259013.

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碩士
國防大學管理學院
財務管理學系
99
This paper employs time series to investigate the relationship between defense expenditure, government budget and economic growth in BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India and China) over the period of 1988-2009. The results show that Brazil has negative unidirectional relationship between defense expenditure and economic growth but has positive unidirectional relationship between defense expenditure and government budget. In Russia there is positive unidirectional relationship between defense expenditure and government budget. It also indicates that the positive bidirectional relationship between economic growth and government budget in Russia. However, there is not any causal relationship between defense expenditure, government budget and economic growth in India and China.

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Chandwani, Hitesh Suresh. "The economic burden of chronic back pain in the United States : a societal perspective". 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/23087.

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Back pain is the 6th most costly condition in the United States and is responsible for the most workdays lost. Approximately 33 million American adults suffered from back and neck problems in 2005. The societal cost of chronic back pain (CBP) has not been calculated from a US perspective. Longitudinal data files from Panels 12, 13, and 14 of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) were used to estimate excess direct (ambulatory visits, inpatient admissions, emergency room visits, and prescription medication) costs and indirect (lost productivity) costs for persons 18 years and older reporting CBP compared to those not reporting back pain. Persons were included in the CBP group if they reported back pain (ICD-9-CM codes 720, 721, 722, 723, 724, 737, 805, 806, 839, 846, 847) in at least 3 consecutive interview rounds. The complex sampling design of MEPS was taken into account to get accurate national estimates. All costs were adjusted to 2011 using Consumer Price Indices. All mean costs were computed using age-stratified regression models, after adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates. Utilization of provider-based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among CBP patients was studied, and differences in costs between CAM users and non-users examined. Based on this analysis, the prevalence of CBP in the adult US population was estimated to be 3.76%. Total all-cause costs for CBP patients were estimated to be $187 billion over 2 years (direct costs = $176 billion, indirect cost = $11 billion). Overall estimates of excess costs of CBP over 2 years per person for direct medical costs were $37,129 ($25,273 vs. $48,984; p<0.001). This breaks down to $11,711 ($14,929 vs. $3,219; p<0.001) for ambulatory visits; $3,560 ($6,514 vs. $2,914; p<0.001) for inpatient admissions; $300 ($690 vs. $390; p<0.001) for emergency department visits; and $19,849 ($23,873 vs. $4,024; p<0.001) for prescription medications. Excess indirect costs for CBP patients were $1,668 ($2,329 vs. $661; p<0.001). Thirty-seven percent of CBP patients reported at least one CAM visit. There was no significant difference in overall costs between CAM users and non-users. The high cost of chronic back pain in the US population has potential implications for prioritizing policy, and in attempting to improve care and outcomes for these patients.
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(11114679), Ahmad Zia Wahdat. "Three Essays on Household Consumption Expenditures". Thesis, 2021.

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In my dissertation, I investigate the relationship between household consumption expenditures and transitory income shocks. In the first two essays, I pay particular attention to household expenditures in the aftermath of natural disasters, which are becoming more frequent and costly in the U.S. since 1980. Additionally, I study specialty farm producers' risk attitudes after an income shock due to natural disasters. Although the permanent income hypothesis predicts that households smooth consumption over their lifetimes, credit-constrained households may find consumption smoothing impractical. This dissertation brings forth evidence regarding heterogeneity in the effect of income shocks on household expenditures. First, I find that floods and hurricanes affect food-at-home (FAH) spending in different ways. The average 15-day decrease in FAH spending is about $2 in the 90 days after a flood and about $7 in the 30 days after a hurricane. In other words, floods have a prolonged effect and hurricanes have an immediate effect. I find that floods and hurricanes remain a threat to the FAH expenditures of vulnerable households, for instance, low-income households and households in coastal states. Second, Indiana specialty farm households reduce their monthly expenses of food and miscellaneous categories by about $119 and $280, respectively, after an income loss of 20%-32%. I also find that Indiana specialty producers are less willing to take financial risk after an income loss experience, i.e., they have a decreasing absolute risk aversion. Finally, in the third essay, I show that Australian households exhibit loss aversion in consumption expenditures which also means that they behave asymmetrically in their consumption response to income shocks. However, it is only working-age younger households that show asymmetric consumption behavior as opposed to the symmetric behavior of retirement-age households. The main message of these various findings is clear: after an income shock, the magnitude of change in consumption expenditures and the saliency of certain expenditure categories for adjustment are context- and population-dependent. Hence, income support policies and post-disaster relief programs may benefit from a better understanding of the consumption behavior of beneficiary population, to achieve maximum impact through better targeting.

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Książki na temat "Economic expenditure survey- India"

Organisation, National Sample Survey, red. Wages in kind, exchange of gifts, and expenditure on ceremonies & insurance in India, 1993-94: 5th quinquennial survey of consumer expenditure : NSS 50th round, July 1993-June 1994. [New Delhi]: National Sample Survey Organisation, Dept. of Statistics, Govt. of India, 1998.

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Income, expenditure, productive assets and indebtedness of agricultural households in India: NSS 70th round, January-December 2013 = Bhārata meṃ Kr̥shaka parivāroṃ kī āya, vyaya, utpādaka parisampattiyāṃ aura r̥nagrastatā : Ena. Esa. Esa. 70vām̐ daura, Janavarī-Disambara 2013. Kolkata, India]: Government of India, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, National Sample Survey Office, 2016.

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Household consumer expenditure in India, July-December 1999: Key results. [New Delhi]: National Sample Survey Organisation, Ministry Of Statistics & Programme Implementation, Govt. of India, 2000.

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Household consumer expenditure in India: NSS 60th round, January-June 2004. [New Delhi]: National Sample Survey Organisation, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Govt. of India, 2005.

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Household consumer expenditure in India, 2006-07: NSS 63rd round, July 2006 -June 2007. [New Delhi]: National Sample Survey Organisation, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Govt. of India, 2008.

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Organisation, National Sample Survey, red. Household consumer expenditure and employment situation in India: NSS fifty-fourth round, January-June 1998. [New Delhi]: National Sample Survey Organisation, Dept. of Statistics, Govt. of India, 1999.

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Organisation, National Sample Survey, red. Household consumer expenditure in India, 1999-2000: Key results : NSS 55th round, July 1999-June 2000. [New Delhi]: National Sample Survey Organisation, Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation, Govt. of India, 2000.

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Ayesha, Soddoqa-Agha, i Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (Colombo, Sri Lanka), red. Defence expenditure in South Asia: India and Pakistan. Colombo: Regional Centre for Strategic Studies, 2000.

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(India), 3iNetwork, red. India infrastructure report 2003: Public expenditure allocation and accountability. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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Organisation, National Sample Survey, red. Household consumer expenditure and employment situation in India, 1997: NSS fifty-third round, January-December 1997. [New Delhi]: National Sample Survey Organisation, Dept. of Statistics, Govt. of India, 1998.

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Więcej źródeł

Części książek na temat "Economic expenditure survey- India"

Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Marufa Sultana, Nurnabi Sheikh, Md Nurul Islam, Md Ripter Hossain i Md Golam Hossain. "The Determinants Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Expenditure in Bangladesh: Evidence from Household Income and Expenditure Survey-2010". W India Studies in Business and Economics, 339–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6104-2_19.

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Howes, Stephen, Rinku Murgai i Marina Wes. "Expenditure Implications of India’ s State-Level Fiscal Crisis". W Economic Growth, Economic Performance and Welfare in South Asia, 185–206. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230520318_9.

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Vadikar, Prashant Ishwarlal, i Imlak Shaikh. "Causality between Defense Expenditure and Economic Growth in India". W Handbook of Evidence Based Management Practices in Business, 146–52. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003415725-19.

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Saha, Subrata. "Healthcare Expenditure and Economic Development Dynamics in India: Experiences from COVID-19 Pandemic". W New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 203–25. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5755-9_10.

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Sharma, Neelam, Amit Srivastava i Sakshi Khanna. "Exploring the Mediation Effects of Economic Growth Between Public Expenditure and Human Development for India". W Flexible Systems Management, 183–92. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1697-7_13.

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Mohan, Deepanshu, Richa Sekhani, Jignesh Mistry, Advaita Singh, Snehal Sreedhar i Shivani Agarwal. "Labour Markets of India During a Pandemic: Observations from an Ethnographic Survey: In Cities of Lucknow and Pune Narratives of Daily Wage Workers Across Mazdoor Mandis". W Social and Economic Transitions in China and India, 31–56. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6124-3_3.

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Paul, Sohini. "Do Income and Income Inequality Have Any Impact on Morbidity? Evidence From the India Human Development Survey". W India’s Social and Economic Transformation in the 21st Century, 55–74. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003015604-3.

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Dhakad, Moradhvaj, i Nandita Saikia. "The Impact of Adult Death on Household Consumption, Expenditure, and Income in India: Evidence from a Nationally Representative Longitudinal Survey". W Sustainable Development Goals Series, 95–108. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0002-2_7.

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Bathla, Seema, i Siraj Hussain. "Structural Reforms and Governance Issues in Indian Agriculture". W India Studies in Business and Economics, 251–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0763-0_9.

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AbstractThis chapter deals with key structural issues facing Indian agriculture since Independence. In the context of federal fiscal relations as well as shared responsibilities towards agricultural development, it examines spending on capital formation and subsidies in agriculture vis-à-vis other economic sectors. It then deals with reforms in the subsidy regime (relating to both inputs and ouput) and the implications of the agri-marketing laws enacted in 2020, since retracted. The agriculture sector (including irrigation) has always received relatively lower priority in public expenditure. Morever, the spending bias has been more towards input subsidies rather than on investment, which may affect agriculture growth in due course. The institutional, price and legislative reforms and structural changes identified in the paper suggest that the agricultural sector requires handholding. The Government of India and state governments should work in tandem to accelerate rural infrastructure, target specific regions as well as small and marginal farmers for support, and create a competitive environment that stimulates investment, productivity and marketing efficiency. States should also be given more flexibility in drawing up action plans relating to the production and marketing of produce to encourage farmers and the private sector. A greater role for existing institutions in coordination and to ensure effective implementation of policies is called for.

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Sam, Anu Susan, Azhar Abbas, Muhammad Arshad i Harald Kächele. "Analysing Vulnerability to Climate Change in India with Special Reference to Drought Risk: Results from a Field Survey". W Climate Change Challenge (3C) and Social-Economic-Ecological Interface-Building, 409–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31014-5_25.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Economic expenditure survey- India"

"Fiscal Expenditure and Economic Growth in India: A Disaggregated Analysis". W 2020 Conference on Economics and Management. Scholar Publishing Group, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38007/proceedings.0000511.

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Pacheco Vieira, Elvira, Ana Pinto Borges i Ana Maria Reis. "MICRO-ECONOMIC FACTORS OF TOURIST EXPENDITURE: THE ROLE OF ACCESSIBILITY IN THE CITY OF PORTO". W 13th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2023“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2023.1041.

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In this paper, we assess the determinants of the main tourist expenses in a city (accommodation, meals, culture/leisure and global) considering the socio-demographic profile of the tourist, the length of stay, and satisfaction with visiting the city. Additionally, the main novelty of this study is the evaluation of the destination’s accessibility concerning people with special needs as a determinant of tourist expenses. Microdata was collected by a survey addressed to tourists (national and international) who visited the city of Porto. Tobit regressions were applied to explain the main tourist expenses. The results show the perception of the level of accessibility presents a relevant result in the various models. With this paper, we intend to contribute to the literature and support the different stakeholders in defining tourist attraction and loyalty strategies.

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Rao, Prabhat Kumar, i Arindam Biswas. "Measuring Housing Affordability Using Residual Income Method for Million-plus Cities in India". W 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 20-21 May 2021. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2021257n3.

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Housing affordability is an ever-growing concern in rapidly urbanizing countries like India. The need for affordable housing can hardly be overemphasis in India. Government has many policies and programs running for fulfilling the requirement. But it is essential to define affordability standards for the success of any such policies and programs. The Ratio Method, which is currently used as the base for determining affordable housing, doesn’t have the flexibility to match the varied scale and standards across Indian cities. This paper is based on Michel E stone’s residual income’ method to measure housing affordability for India’s million-plus city. It gives a new approach for measuring housing affordability based on the minimum living cost for survival. It uses Poverty Line data (2014) and NSSO economic survey data (2012) for defining the minimum standard of living in the city. Stakeholders can use the city-specific measurement for affordable housing generated from this paper in affordable housing policies and programs.

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Ugolo, Jerry Obaro. "Impact of Public Health on Oil Production Operation Expenditure – Case Study: Covid-19 Era Expenses in Nigeria Oil & Gas Industry". W SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208229-ms.

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Abstract Oil price is primarily determined by global supply and demand forces as well as governments policies and action or inaction of institutions like OPEC. However, in recent times, it has become evident that public health is a vital factor influencing demand and in turn oil price. In US, oil price reached a negative value for the first time in history by April 2020. Personnel and public health have been shown to have profound effect on operational expenditure (OPEX) of organizations, this in turn affecting the profitability of such organizations. Extra measures involving cost, had to be taken by organizations all over the world to ensure health and safety of their personnel in their sites. In Nigeria, effect of covid-19 measures for companies were, shut in of production, declaration of force majeure on ongoing contracts, slashing of costs, suspension on evaluation of future projects, profile assets for sale, remote/tele working, etc. Huge costs were also incurred as a part of corporate social responsibility for host communities/states where they operate. The consequential outcome is that there are reports of lower than planned profitability and liquidity positions. This paper examines action taken during this covid crisis and their impact on the financial status of their organizations. Using a quantitative and descriptive research design, an online survey has been used to gather information from respondents from different oil and gas companies of cost incurred by them. Secondary data was also obtained from quarterly reports of some companies of the oil majors to show their profitability comparing Q1-Q4 of 2019 and 2020. The paper also appraises action and inaction by corporate/government bodies to stimulate economic growth and help its personnel/citizenry. An attempt is also made to glean experience and lessons from organization that lived through the periods being examined.

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Hennig, Thomas, i Girish Lokwani. "Latest Generation of ILI Tools for High Resolution Ultrasonic Inspection and Integrity Assessment". W ASME 2015 India International Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iogpc2015-7947.

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Intelligent inline inspections (ILI) are widely used to guarantee a safe operation of pipelines. The inline inspection provides reliable data in an economic way. Historically, magnetic flux leakage technology (MFL) was one of the main technologies applied in pipeline systems. Within the last few years some minor improvements have been introduced in the existing MFL tool fleets, mainly focusing on a higher resolution. Nevertheless, a general restriction based on the physical basics finally limits the sizing capabilities of corrosion defects, esp. for complex shaped defects. Ultrasonic (UT) is currently the most accurate and reliable In-Line Inspection technology available in the market. These UT ILI Tools record data while travelling through the entire pipeline from Launcher to Receiver. In most cases, the Pipeline Operator does not need to make major adjustments to their pipeline. The latest generation of UT tools offers high inspection velocities — consequently a reduction of medium flow and loss of production can be avoided. In addition, a very high resolution of transducers in axial and circumferential direction provides excellent input for accurate pressure calculations, e.g. based on Riverbottom profiles or even 3D Finite element modeling. Using UT as the inspection method greatly increases the confident level of the inspection survey results. This in turn will give Pipeline Operators a greater peace of mind that their true pipeline condition is known thereby reducing unnecessary and costly digs and repairs. The authors will present some basic background information about ultrasound inspection technologies. State of the art solutions are presented for crack and wall thickness tools. Combining different technologies in one tool offers additional benefit. One single inspection tool with corrosion and crack transducers enables pipeline operators to operate their system safe with a minimized impact. Finally, the authors will present some special solutions for high pressure deep water applications and multi diameter pipeline systems.

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Poweska, Halina. "SPATIAL DIFFERENCES IN ABSORPTION OF 2007-2015 EU FUNDING FOR UTILIZATION OF CULTURAL ASSETS IN NORTHERN POLAND". W RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.234.

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The utilization of the European Union financial resources by territorial self-govenment units in Northern Poland fosters the process of reconstruction and management of cultural heritage assets and their adaptation to the realization of social and economic tasks and functions. The aim of the paper is to present the ways of spending EU financial resources earmarked for the purposes related to cultural assets in rural areas of Northern Poland against a background of the remaining spatial categories (the voivodship in its entirety, the metropolitan area of the voivodship, towns with district rights, counties) encompassing three voivodships: Zachodniopomorskie, Pomorskie and Kujawsko-Pomorskie. The survey was conducted over the period 2007-2015 using the SIMIK Database of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Development of the Republic of Poland. The analysis conducted in the paper allowed us to conclude that projects which were carried out in rural areas constituted approximately 20 % of the overall expenditure on ”cultural” projects in the region. Both in the voivodship as a whole as well as in rural areas, in all voivodships the chief purposes encompassed cultural objects and assets as well as sport and tourism infrastructure. On the other hand, tourism product, promotion and information were much less frequently co-financed from EU Fund in Northern Poland in the years 2007-2015.

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MIKUŠOVÁ, Beáta, Nikoleta JAKUŠ i Marián HOLÚBEK. "Voluntary cooperation of citizens in the community model of public service delivery". W Current Trends in Public Sector Research. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9646-2020-9.

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Most of the developed countries have implemented new principles of public sector reform – new approaches to the management of the public sector. A major feature of the new public management (NPM) is the introduction of market type mechanisms (MTM) to the running of public service organizations: the marketization of the public service. The marketization of public services aims at a continuous increase in public expenditure efficiency, continual improvements in public services quality, the implementation of the professional management tools in the public sector, and last but not least, charge for public services. Price of public services in mainstream economics theory is connected with preference revelation problem. Economic models explain the relationship between consumer behavior (revealed preferences) and the value of public goods, and thus determine the value of the goods themselves. The aim of the paper is to determine the success of the community model of public service delivery based on the demonstrated preferences of individuals in the consumption of public services / public goods. The direct way of determining the preferences of individuals was used in this paper (willigness to pay and willigness to accept). These preferences will be identified based on the crowdfunding campaign as an example of community model of public goods provision by using survey experiment method. The willingness of individuals to pay is dependent on the individual's relationship with the organisation, the organisation's employees, or sympathise with those for whom the collection is, for whom the project is designed.

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Raha, A. "ISEC, Calcutta: The pioneer centre for statistical training of government sponsored statisticians from developing countries of the third world, mainly from Asia and the Far East". W Proceedings of the First Scientific Meeting of the IASE. International Association for Statistical Education, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.93406.

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In 1916 W.T. King in his book (King, 1916) attributes the appellation "Father of Statistics" to Gottfrid Achenwall fo Germany who first applied the perm "statistics" in 1746 to a series of lectures primarily about data concerning the the land, its procures, the Government, state resources and the like. But it was Karl Pearson and R.A. Fisher who laid down the theoretical foundations of modern statistics which enabled statistical development, the name that comes up first in the context of statistical education, in Asia is that of P.C. Mahalanodis with the first scientific Meeting of the newly formed IASE provides a suitable forum to assess his contribution towards dissemination of statistical knowledge in Asia. Mahalanobis realized the importance of statistics in the twenties during the nascent stage of its development in the West and recognized statistics as the "key technology" in planning for the economic development in India, in fact in Asia at large, but founding the Indian Statistical Institute in 1931, the National Sample Survey (NSS) and the International Statistical Education centre (ISEC) in 1950. He truly guided India to assume the leadership in the spreading and development od statistical education amount Asian countries. last but not least, the influence of Fisher and Mahalanobis and the interdependence of these two statistical gains of this century have the greatest impact on the statistical system in India and, Ipso facto, on the statistical education of Asia as a whole.

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Berey, Benjamin, Elizabeth Aston, Ricarda Pritschmann, Cara Murphy i Ali Yurasek. "Initial validation of a brief assessment of cannabis demand among young adult college students". W 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.12.

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Behavioral economic models of addiction posit that cannabis’s reinforcing value (demand) is linked to use. The Marijuana Purchase Task (MPT; Aston et al., 2015) quantifies demand by assessing hypothetical cannabis consumption across escalating price points. Indices generated from MPT performance include intensity (i.e., amount consumed when free), Omax (i.e., peak expenditure), Pmax (i.e., price at peak expenditure), elasticity (i.e., degree that consumption decreases as price increases), and breakpoint (i.e., cost suppressing consumption to zero). Cannabis demand is linked to engagement in risky behaviors and cannabis use disorder (CUD) symptomology. However, the length of the MPT makes repeated assessment of state-dependent changes in cannabis demand difficult, which limits clinical utility. Brief assessments of alcohol and cigarette demand exist that measure intensity, Omax, and breakpoint. Thus, the aim of the current study was to develop and validate a brief assessment of cannabis demand. College students (N=211, Mage=19.91, SD=1.44; 63% Female; 56.4% Non-Hispanic Caucasian) who reported past-month cannabis use ≥3 times completed an online survey. Participants completed the MPT, a 3-item brief assessment of marijuana demand (BAMD) assessing intensity, Omax, and breakpoint, and measures of demographics, cannabis use frequency, cannabis-related negative consequences, CUD symptomology based on DSM-5 criteria, and cannabis craving. Convergent validity was examined via bivariate correlations of demand indices on the BAMD, MPT, and cannabis outcome measures. Divergent validity was assessed via independent samples t-tests to examine whether demand indices on the BAMD differed based on the presentation or absence of CUD. A one-way between-subjects ANOVA with planned comparisons was tested to compare effects of CUD severity (mild/moderate/severe) on BAMD demand indices. Intensity, Omax, and breakpoint were significantly correlated across the MPT and BAMD (rs=.30 – .79, ps<.01). Intensity, Omax, and breakpoint on the MPT and BAMD were significantly correlated with current cannabis craving, CUD severity, and cannabis-related negative consequences (rs=.18 – .48, ps<.05). Only intensity and Omax were significantly correlated with cannabis use (rs=.16 – .43, ps<.01). Individuals with (versus without) a CUD reported significantly greater intensity and Omax (ps< .01), but not breakpoint, on the MPT and BAMD. There were significant effects of CUD severity on B-MPT demand indices (ps<.05). Planned comparisons revealed that individuals with a moderate or severe CUD had significantly elevated intensity, Omax, and breakpoint on the BAMD compared to individuals with a mild CUD. Only breakpoint differentiated individuals with a moderate and severe CUD. This is the first study to validate a brief assessment of cannabis demand. Consistent with prior alcohol and tobacco research, the BAMD espoused convergent validity with the MPT and divergent validity by differentiating individuals with and without a CUD and along the CUD severity continuum. Thus, the BAMD may be a useful tool to assess links between specific indices of cannabis demand and clinically-relevant outcomes over time and in real-world settings. However, given the rise in novel cannabis products with different modes of administration and varying potencies, future research should examine whether demand differs based on these factors. Further, replicating these findings among more diverse populations is essential.

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Sharma, Manoj, i Alpana Sharma. "Truth of evidence collection, follow up and patient retrieval systems for gynaecological cancer patients: An Indian survey". W 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685351.

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Introduction: The Evidence Based Medicine in oncological sciences is founded on many factors. Pathetic state of patient retrieval system and follow up are some of the inherent problems faced in developing countries. The absence of follow up seems to affect the patient survival, intervention in case of predictive recurrence, and it also fails to fortifies authenticity of research and survival data. Paper outlines histrionics, evolved/recommended methodologies, nationwide survey with regards to authenticity of Evidence Based Practices in Oncological research. It opens the facts sheet of awareness, practice of follow-up and obstacles faced in India institutions. Relevant for obstetricians adopting Gynec Oncology. Aims and Objective: (1) To Evaluate the Evidence based practice of Gynec Oncology, (2) To evaluate the effectiveness of follow up methodologies, (3) Compliance of institutions and oncologist with regards to follow-up of Gynec cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The follow up methodology propagated; 1–6 address system (IARC 3 Address System), 2-Postcarding, 3-SMS/Telephony, 4-Door to door patient retrieval, 5-Family Physician referrals/feedback, 6-Software Alert on follow up defaulters in the Hospital Based Cancer Registry. etc. A stock taking was started 10 years back with repeated circulars on dates of “The National Cancer Calendar” (one date every months) that were sent to some 10,000 E-mail address of personnel/institutions connected with oncological sciences. Over five years 150 postgraduate examinees and 50 faculty in various institutions were interviewed on their 1 - Practicing Evidence Based Gynec Oncology and 2 - Understanding of Follow up/patient retrieval system practices in Gynec cancers. As an inspector of a major medical accreditation institution 50 institutions were inspected and existence of their follow up methodologies were evaluated. 100 post graduate dissertations reviewed, were studied with regards to status of follow up in the study carried out or the existence of follow-up system in the institution. Undergraduate students and their text books were searched if they are educated about follow up and necessity of patient retrieval system and its significance in Medical sciences. Faculty/Specialist of Obs and Gyn departments were interviewed for the same. Observations and Results: Response to circulars on follow up in cancer patients was cold shouldered, 95 percent of examinee PG students did not know how to follow up the cancer patients, out which as many as 90 percent of their institutions did not have any follow up system in order. 99 percent of dissertation did not show any effort from the side of candidate for patient retrieval system in order to fortify the research data. Only 20 percent institutions had infrastructure and significant effort (including door to door retrieval) on following up the patients that are treated there. Non of the undergraduate text books had guidelines or teaching in follow up so were total blankness of concept of follow up with undergraduate students. The awareness of Evidence based practice of Gynec oncology in most of the faculty of Obs and Gyne Departments was abysmal and “Not Necessary or Not possible” issue. Conclusion: Death and prolongation of survival both in curable and not so curable gynec cancers is directly related to Patient retrieval through follow up that generates evidence on Indian patients. In order to improve the survival and timely therapeutic intervention, follow up has to be strengthen at under graduate and post graduate medical teaching. This also applies for the authenticity of oncological research data that is produced in large numbers in developing countries. This is especially significant in the large poor socio economic gynec cancer patient population with poor literacy levels and far off homes from cancer treatment centres.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Economic expenditure survey- India"

Parker, Jonathan, Jake Schild, Laura Erhard i David Johnson. Household Spending Responses to the Economic Impact Payments of 2020: Evidence from the Consumer Expenditure Survey. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, styczeń 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29648.

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Romero, Mauricio, i Abhijeet Singh. The Incidence of Affirmative Action: Evidence from Quotas in Private Schools in India. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), luty 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/088.

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This paper studies the effects of India’s main school-integration policy—a 25 percent quota in private schools for disadvantaged students, whose fees are reimbursed by the state—on direct beneficiaries. Combining survey and administrative data from the state of Chhattisgarh, with lottery-based allocation of seats in oversubscribed schools, we show that receiving a quota seat makes students more likely to attend a private school (by 24 percentage points). However, within eligible caste groups, quota applicants are drawn disproportionately from more-educated and economically better-off households and over three-quarters of the applicants who were not allotted a quota seat also attended a private school as fee-paying students. Consequently, we estimate that ~ 70 percent of the total expenditure on each quota seat is inframarginal to school choice. The policy delivers clear gains for direct beneficiaries but is unlikely to affect school integration without broadening the pool of applicants.

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Qi, Yan, Ryan Fries, Shambhu Saran Baral i Pranesh Biswas. Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Snow Fences in Illinois: Phase 2. Illinois Center for Transportation, listopad 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/20-020.

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Serving as a windbreak, properly sited and designed snow fences have been proven effective in mitigating the negative impacts of blowing snow. To achieve the best snow-control effects, the ideal locations for snow fences are usually outside the roadway right-of-way. Few efforts have been made to examine the economic efficiency of snow fences and explore ways to reward private landowners. The objective of this project was to develop methodologies for evaluation of the costs and benefits of snow fences in Illinois and identify ways to encourage private landowners’ participation in the snow fence program while keeping it cost-effective. The researchers conducted a literature review as well as agency and landowner surveys. They also acquired crash data, snow fence and blowing snow segment inventory data, and blowing snow removal expenditure data as well as performed benefit-cost analyses of three types of snow fences following Federal Highway Administration guides. The survey results suggested that standing corn rows (SCRs) and structural snow fences (SSFs) were the least intrusive options for landowners and living snow fences (LSFs) with trees were the most intrusive. Some concerns related to LSFs could be reduced by allowing landowners to play a role in the design and plant-selection process. The crash data indicated that no fatal and severe crashes occurred at snow fence segments, while several fatal and severe crashes occurred at blowing snow segments during 2012–2016. The results of the benefit-cost analyses showed that the benefit-cost ratios for LSFs and SSFs are comparable. However, LSFs are favorable over SSFs because little maintenance is needed after the plants are mature. Although SCRs have the highest benefit-cost ratio, the need to renew the agency-landowner agreement annually and the alternating of crops planted may limit their snow-control effectiveness and large-scale implementation. A tool was developed using MS Excel to facilitate the benefit-cost analysis of snow fences.

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India: Enhancing girls' life skills requires long-term commitment. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh16.1003.

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While adolescents in India face a rapidly changing economic environment, the choices available to unmarried girls are very different from those available to boys. Girls are much less likely than boys to remain unmarried into their twenties, complete middle school, or generate income. Due to social norms, they have limited control over their life choices, and are less likely than boys to be allowed mobility within or beyond their immediate community. In 2001, the Population Council teamed with CARE India to test a pilot intervention to enhance skills and expand life choices for adolescent girls living in the slums of Allahabad. The 10-month intervention tested the effect of the skills intervention on the girls’ reproductive health knowledge, social contacts and mobility, self-esteem, and perception of gender roles. The impacts were assessed using survey responses from girls who were interviewed in both baseline and endline surveys. As noted in this brief, girls and their parents found the life skills training acceptable, but the intervention had little overall impact.

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