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Petersen, Hans-Georg. "The polit-economic situation in germany : chances for changes in resource and energy economics". Universität Potsdam, 2002. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/886/.
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Contents:Regional Management, Land Use and Energy Production
-Biophysical View
-First Hypothesis
-International and Interregional Cooperation
-Second Hypothesis
-Partnership with Nature
Sustainability and the Agricultural Sector
-Traditional Farming
-Mono-cultural Bio-industry
-Liquid Manure Problems
-Clean Drinking Water
-Integrated Agro-industrial System
-Ecological Farming
-Ecotones and Bio-manipulation
Regional Economic and Agricultural Policy
-New Roles for the Agricultural Sector
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Wong, Chi-kwong Patrick, i 黃志光. "Economic changes in rural China". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954509.
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Wong, Chi-kwong Patrick. "Economic changes in rural China". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B15967487.
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Braude, Jacob 1969. "Economic effects of demographic changes". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9007.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-91).
This thesis examines several economic implications of demographic changes. Chapter 2 documents a relation between the age structure of economies and their real exchange rate. The relation varies with the level of development. Among developed countries a 10 percentage point higher ratio of old people to the working age population is associated with a 12-15 percent higher price level. In middle income developing economies, a 10 percentage point increase in the ratio of children to the working age population is related to a 4 percent increase in the price level. A simple model attributes the findings to the effect of the age groups on the demand for nontradables. Its calibration indicates that this explanation can account for a substantial part of the observed effect of the elderly. It is also consistent with the much smaller impact of children. The fact that the significance of the elderly is limited to developed countries further supports the argument. The generational conflict hypothesis argues that the elderly might use their political power to reduce public resources for children. It is usually tested by exploiting the localized nature of school funding in the US. Chapter 3 takes a different approach using cross-country data on family benefits. I find a positive relation at the national level between the generosity of these benefits and the share of the elderly in the electorate. The findings can add to the debate on local school funding. I also suggest that the effect of the elderly may reflect the larger proportion of women among them. Chapter 4 shows that individuals with no post-secondary education are less supportive of public R&D spending. This points to possible political economy causes of technological change. A high proportion of educated voters may accelerate such change by expanding public R&D outlays. Thus an increased supply of skilled workers could raise the relative demand for them. The difference in support for R&D spending suggests that it favors skilled workers either by directly employing them or indirectly by generating skill-biased technological change.
by Jacob Braude.
Ph.D.
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Parnell, Alan Kenneth. "Modelling climate change and socio-economic impacts within three regions of Scotland, 1970-2100". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2135.
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There is a consensus of scientific thought that humana ctivities are altering the gaseous composition of the atmosphere and leading to global climate change. This thesis addresses the question of how this global climate change will manifest itself at the regional level. In particular, a dynamic simulation model integrating both climate change and climatically sensitives ocio-economic activities will be developed. This model will explore the regional variations in both climate change and socio-economic activity. Three Local Authorities in Scotland were chosen for this study, Argyll on the west coast, Stirling inland and Fife on the east coast. This provides a west-east transect across central Scotland. Meteorological data, covering the period 1970-1998, was collected from twelve sites spread across these regions. These data were analysed in order to provide a climatic profile of each of the regions, and to identify any evidence of climate change in the form of trends in the data. Data relating to socio-economic factors was taken from a variety of sources. Mere possible this covered the same period in time as the climate data. Both sets of data were examined to determine evidence of climate sensitivity in the socioeconomic data using suitable statistical techniques. A simple, yet thermodynamically sound, dynamic climate model was developed and calibrated for each region using the data from the previous analysis. This model allowed increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (C02) to directly affect the mean surface temperature of the three regions. Precipitation changes from the UKCIP02 regional climate model were included This allowed seasonal temperature and precipitation totals to be simulated, on a regional basis, under different climate change scenarios. Simulations, calibrated on datafrom 1970-1998, were run forward to 2100. The climate results were similar to the outputfrom the UKCIP02 model. Six sectors of a socio-economic model were constructed population, employment, land use, water resources, housing and emissions. Where statistically significant relationships, between climatic and the local socio-economic variables were found, these were included in the model. Simulations for the period 1970-2100, were run under four different climate change scenarios, and that of constant climate, in order to assessth eir impact on the six sectors at the regional scale. The results indicate considerable regional variations in the impacts both of climate change and the associated climatically sensitive activities. Argyll in the west, for example, could benefit from increased tourism and the potential for agricultural expansion. If in-migration is allowed to offset labour shortages, then the west sees a reversal of the population decline of previous decades. Climate change has little impact on the economy of the inland and eastern regions. However, a problem does emerge with water resources in the east. Summer droughts are seen to increase in frequency, suggesting that both the costs and benefits of climate change will be unevenly distributed. The implications of these results for the management of change are then discussed along with future research needs.
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Campanelli, Giuliana. "Growth and structural changes of the Italian economy : 1960-79". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335704.
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Nishant, Chadha. "Essays on Indian economic development and political changes". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44002.
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Post independence Indian politics was dominated by one party, the Indian National Congress. The first serious challenge to the Congress emerged in the late 1960s, in the form of peasant parties in north India, the Bhartiya Lok Dal (BLD). By the late 1980's the Congress had considerably weakened, and a new wave of parties emerged, this time based in ethnic identity, the right wing Hindu Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) and the low caste Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP). This thesis studies the role that economic changes played in the emergence of these parties and some economic effects of these political developments. The first research chapter empirically investigates the role of the Green revolution (adoption of new seed varieties) in the political mobilization of peasants and the emergence of the BLD. The emergence of the BSP led to the strengthening of the low caste political network. Access to this new network gave low caste people increased bargaining power over corrupt officials. The effect that this had is the subject of the second chapter. I find that the emergence of the BSP leads to increased influence of low caste households over corrupt officials and reduction in the bribes they pay. The last chapter studies the sharp increase in support for ethnic parties, the BJP and BSP, between the period 1989-96. It specifically investigates whether these increases were related to ethnic polarization. I uncover a positive relationship. During this time period more polarized districts experienced greater increases in the support for ethnic parties. The main contribution of this thesis lies in postulating and finding evidence for the relationship between economic and political changes in India in the recent past.
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Housseini, Bouba. "Essays on demographic changes, health and economic development". Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30745/30745.pdf.
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Dans un contexte de changements démographiques, ma thèse de doctorat vise à clarifier deux questions principales : i)comment évaluer le progrès des nations lorsque les populations diffèrent en taille, longévité et répartition des revenus ? et ii)quels sont les effets de la fécondité et de la mortalité sur la croissance économique en Afrique subsaharienne ? La première partie (chapitres 1 et 2) élucide la manière dont les changements en taille de la population, en longévité et en répartition des revenus pourraient être socialement évalués, tandis que la seconde partie (chapitre 3) fournit un cadre de politique publique et des éclairages sur les moyens de réaliser une dividende démographique dans le contexte de l’Afrique subsaharienne. J’adopte deux approches différentes pour aborder ces questions. La première partie utilise une méthode welfariste qui développe et applique (sur l’Afrique subsaharienne) des fonctions et critères d’évaluation sociale intertemporelle adaptés aux populations de taille et de durée de vie variables. La deuxième partie utilise une approche économétrique qui développe et estime un modèle d’équations simultanées des déterminants de la mortalité, de la fécondité et de la performance économique en utilisant des données de panel des pays de l’Afrique subsaharienne. Le chapitre 1 explore les principes axiomatiques et welfaristes d’évaluation du bien-être social dans un cadre intertemporel. Il apporte des réponses à certaines des limites des méthodes existantes dans la littérature, en proposant en particulier une fonction d’évaluation sociale qui échappe à la conclusion répugnante temporelle, qui est neutre vis-à-vis de la fragmentation des vies et qui satisfait la cohérence temporelle de niveau critique. Pour ce faire, nous caractérisons une fonction d’utilité intertemporelle de niveau critique qui évalue la vie de manière périodique. Pour palier les controverses sur l’actualisation ou pas des utilités à travers le temps, deux versions de la fonction sont développées, l’une avec actualisation et l’autre sans. Le chapitre 2 met l’accent sur la manière d’évaluer le progrès des nations lorsque les populations diffèrent en taille, en longévité et en répartition des revenus. Le cadre d’analyse est ensuite appliqué au contexte démographique (particulier) de l’Afrique subsaharienne. Les résultats indiquent que la contribution de la taille de la population au bien-être social dépend des considérations éthiques concernant le choix d’un niveau critique au-delà duquel une vie est considérée comme digne d’être vécue (ou améliorant le bien-être social). La durée de vie n’a pas un effet significatif sur le bien-être social avant la transition démographique. L’explosion démographique observée au cours du dernier siècle en Afrique subsaharienne a détérioré le bien-être social pour des valeurs de niveau critique supérieures à 180$ par année, soit environ la moitié du seuil bien connu de pauvreté d’un dollar par jour. Cela corrobore l’idée souvent émise selon laquelle le ralentissement de la croissance démographique en Afrique subsaharienne n’ élèverait pas seulement le niveau de vie moyen, mais augmenterait également le bien-être social en général. Le chapitre 3 développe et estime un modèle économétrique des déterminants conjointes de la fécondité, de la mortalité et de la performance économique en Afrique subsaharienne afin d’identifier les actions de politique publique pour accélérer la transition démographique dans la région et par conséquent réaliser son corollaire de dividende démographique. L’analyse s’appuie sur un modèle économétrique d’équations simultanées utilisant des données de panel multi-pays pour la période 1960-2010. Pour faire face au problème d’endogénéité, nous adoptons la méthode des variables instrumentales en exploitant différentes sources de variations exogènes du revenu par tête, de la fécondité et de la mortalité. Les résultats montrent que chaque année supplémentaire en espérance de vie à la naissance implique une croissance du revenu par tête de 13,1%. En outre, un doublement du revenu par tête entraîne une augmentation de la longévité de 6,3 ans. Toutefois, les relations entre la fécondité et le revenu par tête et l’espérance de vie à la naissance ressortent être ambigues en raison certainement de la dépendance des économies de l’Afrique subsaharienne aux ressources naturelles et au commerce international. Nos résultats soulignent la nécessité de promouvoir la transformation structurelle des économies de l’Afrique subsaharienne afin d’accélérer la transition démographique dans la région et réaliser une dividende démographique.In a context of demographic changes, my PhD thesis aims to clarify two main questions: i)how the progress of nations can be evaluated when populations differ in size, longevity and income distribution? and ii)what are the effects of fertility and mortality on economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)? The first part (chapters 1 and 2) elucidates how changes in population size, longevity and income distribution can be socially evaluated while the second part (chapter 3) provides a public policy framework and insights on how the demographic dividend can be captured in the Sub-Saharan Africa context. I adopt two different approaches to analyse these questions. The first part uses a welfarist method that develops and applies (to SSA) intertemporal social evaluation functions and criteria suitable to variable populations. The second part uses an econometric approach that develops and estimates a simultaneous equations model of the determinants of mortality, fertility and economic performance using country-level panel data from SSA. Chapter 1 explores the use of axiomatic and welfarist principles to assess social welfare in an intertemporal framework. It attempts to overcome some of the limits of existing methods in the literature, in particular by avoiding a temporal repugnant conclusion, by neither penalizing nor favoring life fragmentation, and by satisfying critical-level temporal consistency. It does this by characterizing a critical-level lifetime utility function that values life periodically. To address some of the controversies in discounting utilities across time, two alternative versions of the function are developed, one with discounting and one without. Chapter 2 focusses on how the progress of nations can be evaluated when populations differ in size, longevity and income distributions. The framework is applied to the (particular) demographic context of SSA. The findings indicate that the contribution of population size to social welfare depends on ethical considerations regarding the choice of a critical level above which a life is considered to be worth living (or social welfare improving). Length of life does not have a significant effect on social welfare prior to the demographic transition. SSA’s demographic explosion over the last century has worsened social welfare for critical-level values greater than $180 per year, i.e. roughly half the well-known dollar-a-day poverty line. This supports the often heard view that slowing down demographic growth in SSA may not only increase average living standards but may also raise overall social welfare. Chapter 3 develops and estimates an econometric model of the joint determinants of fertility, mortality and economic performance in SSA in order to identify public policy actions to accelerate the demographic transition in the region and consequently to achieve its corollary demographic dividend. The analysis builds on a simultaneous equations econometric model using multi-country panel data for the period 1960 - 2010. To deal with endogeneity, we use the instrumental variable approach, exploiting different sources of exogenous variations of per capita income, fertility and mortality. The results show that each additional year of life expectancy at birth implies a growth of per capita income of 13.1%. Also, a doubling of per capita income leads to a rise in longevity of 6.3 years. However the relationships between fertility and both per capita income and life expectancy at birth appear to be ambiguous probably due to the dependency of SSA economies on natural resources and international trade. Our findings point to the necessity of fostering the structural transformation of SSA economies in order to accelerate the demographic transition in the region and to capture the demographic dividend.
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Adedeji, T. A. "Changes in the financing behaviour of companies in the U.K : 1972-82". Thesis, University of Manchester, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.482954.
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This study examines three aspects of financing of companies, namely, leases, debt and dividends. Part of the main objectives of the study are to determine whether th~re is a relationship between leasing and the tax paying positions of companies, and whether leases displace debt. The evidence observed by the study suggests that there is no relationship between leasing and the tax paying positions of companies. The evidence also suggests that leases displace only a very small amount of debt. Some other indications from the evidence are that companies that use leases are not significantly different from those that do not use leases in terms of earnings (before tax and after tax), industries, size or debt ratios (before adjusting for leases). However, after adjusting for leases, the debt ratios of companies that use lease finance are significantly greater than the debt ratios of companies that do not use lease finance. Moreover, there are indications that size has a significant negative influence on the use of leases. We speculate that the size influence is probably an indication that bigger companies have better access to the capital markets. Some of the other main objectives of the study are to determine the pattern of changes in debt over the period 1972-82, and also determine whether the changes are explained by the extant finance theory. The propositions tested in the study are derived mainly from the Myers' theory and the signaling theory. The study also tests a proposition by Marsh and another proposition by Stapleton. Generally, the evidence observed suggests that most companies have decreases in the value of the total debt ratio over the period. It also appears from the evidence that most companies have a decrease in the ratio because they cut down the amount of borrowed funds, particularly short term debt, that they use. The evidence further indicates that there is no influence of industry or size on changes 1n the value of the ratio over the study period. But the evidence does not give much support to the prediction of any of the propositions. Also, the study examines the pattern of changes in dividends between 1972-82 and tries to determine whether the changes are eXplained by the signaling theory. Evidence observed suggests that most companies have a decrease 1n the value of the dividend payout ratio over the study period. The evidence also suggests that the changes are only weakly explained by the signaling theory. Then, the study tries to determine whether there are significant interactions between changes in dividends, debt and investment. Very briefly, the evidence observed suggests that there are interactions between the variables. Further to that, an attempt is made to determine whether there are Granger's causal relationships between changes in dividends, debt and investment. The evidence observed suggests that there 1s no Granger's ceusel relationship between changes in financing end investment. Finally, the study discusses the implications of the evidence observed for public policies and also mekes suggestions for further studies.
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Chiu, Wat Sin Mi Simmy, i 屈倩薇. "Socio-economic structural changes and income distribution in HongKong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1988. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31975768.
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Cvejn, Michal. "Do markets notice economic policymaker changes? An event study". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-135903.
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This paper applies event study analysis on stock and bond market data in 14 European countries between 1990 and 2012 in order to assess market reaction to key economic policymaker changes. The analysis relies on methodological framework is based on article of Kuttner & Posen (2010) and on an original database of political events. The empirical results show that policymaker changes are not reflected in markets as single-day events, rather they are associated with several days of increased volatility following the event. Furthermore, elections are shown to be linked with market volatility on the event day as well as in postevent period.
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Boussios, David. "Kansas grain supply response to economic and biophysical changes". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13594.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agricultural Economics
Andrew Barkley
This research identifies and quantifies the impact of biophysical and economic variables on Kansas crop acreage and yields for the period 1977- 2007. Due to long production time requirements, agricultural producers must make vital decisions with imperfect information, based on expectations of future agronomic and economic conditions. This research analyzes the impact of price, climate, and yield expectations on crop acreage allocations and yield responses for the four major commodities produced in Kansas: corn, soybeans, wheat, and grain sorghum (milo). By modeling and analyzing both biophysical and economic variables, total supply response can be estimated for potential future changes in prices, yields, climate, and weather outcomes. The analysis of both biophysical and economic conditions allows for the estimation of supply response in the short and long run. The results provide updated, more precise results than previous research, which has often separated acreage and yield response.
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Amitabh, F. "Residential land price changes in selected peripheral colonies of Lucknow City, India, 1970-1990". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385650.
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Roux, Louis Johannes. "Climate change mitigation strategies and its effect on economic change". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020816.
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Scientists started to study the relationship between changing weather patterns and the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other harmful gasses. They soon discovered compelling evidence that CO2 concentration and other gases have been increasing and it was causing temperatures to increase in certain areas on the earth, which disturb historic weather patterns. Climate change has become a very popular field of study in the modern science. Europe first introduced measures to reduce carbon emissions but it was the Kyoto in 1997 where global leaders were asked to participate in a joint protocol to reduce greenhouse gases. South Africa responded to climate change challenges in 2008 with the Long term Mitigation Scenarios (LTMS). The Integrated Resource Plan for electricity to 2030 was developed from the LTMS scenarios and after some major amendments it was accepted and promulgated by Government and has recently been included in the National Development Plan to 2030 (NDP). There are concerns about the achievability of some of the objectives listed in the NDP and this study explored the IRP2010 as the proposed strategy to meet energy demand and reduce emissions. The purpose for this study was to answer this question: Is there an optimum climate change mitigation strategy for South Africa and how can the effect thereof be simulated on economic growth? Through primary and secondary research during the study it was possible to define some 32 categories of energy producing assets that are commercially active or nearly market-ready. The characteristics of the various assets and the relevant fuel are defined in mathematical equations. It was found that the three portfolios that matched the 450TWh electricity requirement would perform substantially better than the NDP portfolio in terms of cost and similar on emissions with marginally fewer employment opportunities created. The proposed electricity strategy in this study was 390TWh and 33.5 Million tonnes of oil consumption by 2030. This strategy was substantially more affordable than the 450TWh strategy. Trends in the Supply and Use tables since 1993 were studied and then forecasted to 2030 to determine consumption levels on electricity and liquid fuel into the future. It was found that electricity demand is seriously overestimated and South Africa would end up with large excess capacity in electricity infrastructures if the NDP energy strategy (IRP2010) is implemented. It is concluded that the NDP energy strategy to 2030 is based on an incorrect electricity demand forecast. It would lead to excessive investment in an electricity infrastructure. Government has confirmed that part of the new infrastructure would be nuclear. It is also found that NDP has not clearly supported nuclear as part of the strategy. Nuclear is partly the reason why the capital requirement of the NDP portfolio is so much higher than the other portfolios. It is the conclusion of this study that South Africa do not need to invest in a nuclear build programme as the electricity demand would be adequately covered by adding the new Medupi and Kusile power stations, Ingula pump storage scheme, some wind and solar renewables, electricity from cogeneration, biogas, biomass, small hydro and imported hydro from neighbour countries. To invest in electricity capacity to generate 450TWh annually by 2030 would result in excessive energy cost, GDP growth could be up to 1% lower due to underperforming capital investments in the electricity infrastructure and higher energy cost would lead to a decline in global competitiveness.
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Omran, Mohammed Fawzy. "Modelling the probability distribution of the time series stock price changes in the U.K. market". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1997. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21370.
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The thesis considers different aspects of the probability distribution of the time series of stock price changes in the UK market. It places particular emphasis on the character of the volatility of the series. Chapter 2 documents some preliminary findings about changes in the FT-ALL share price index. These findings are: (1) its distribution has fat tails; (2) the BDS test rejects the hypothesis of identically, and independently distributed price changes; (3) the BDS test applied to the GARCH(l, 1) residuals, adjusted according to de Lima (1995b), indicates that Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity explains most of the nonlinearity in the FT-ALL price changes. The hypothesis of constant variance is rejected for the FT-ALL series using the Loretan and Phillips test, reported in chapter 3. An intervention model along the lines of Box and Tiao (1975) is used to model possible shifts in the variance of the FT-ALL price changes during the 1973 oil crisis and the 1987 market crash. The model allows for slow decay in the shocks effects and a different level of volatility after both crises. The results suggest that the reaction of the UK market to both crises differs only with regard to the slow decay of the shocks. The null hypothesis of constant variance is "accepted" for the residuals from the intervention model. This "acceptance" is due to the filtering of the effects of the 1973 and 1987 crisis from the FT-ALL series. The hypothesis that GARCH volatility persistence becomes insignificant when the volume of trade is included is examined in chapter 4. In a test covering the price behaviour of 57 UK companies over the period from 4/1/1988 to 28/2/1994, it is found that although the parameter estimates of the GARCH model becomes insignificant when volume is used in the conditional variance of price changes, the autocorrelations of the squared residuals still exhibit a highly significant GARCH pattern. It is argued that the GARCH-volume model of Lamoureux and Lastrapes (1990b) suffers from a multicollinearity problem, apart from the possible simultaneity bias which could lead to an inconsistent estimate of the parameter for volume. It is found that unexpected volume reduces volatility persistence. This reduction can be attributed to the strong association in the timing of innovational outliers in the price changes and unexpected volume found in the study. The results are consistent with the market depth hypothesis of Bessembinder and Seguin (1993). The GARCH model with the conditional normal, Student's t and generalized error distributions is estimated for the UK FT-ALL price changes in chapter 5. The model also considers seasonal and leverage effects. The time period for the study is chosen so as to avoid including the 1987 crash. The results suggest:( 1) volatility persistence is low after the 1987 crash; (2) the ARMA and ARCH effects, along with the seasonal effects of Monday and holidays, explain a significant part of the departure from normality; (3) there is a need for leptokurtic distribution such as the Student's t; and (4) there is no evidence for a leverage effect in the FT-ALL series. That is, positive and negative surprises tend to affect volatility in the same way.
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Chiu, Wat Sin Mi Simmy. "Socio-economic structural changes and income distribution in Hong Kong". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1988. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31975768.
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Sennfält, Karin. "Economic studies of health technology changes in prostate cancer care /". Linköping : Center for Medical Technology Assessment, Department of Healt and Society, Linköping University, 2005. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2005/med889s.pdf.
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Rajewski, Alice. "Changes in the Russian terminology of economic law since Perestroika". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286428.
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Ward, A. V. "Economic changes in the U.K. food manufacturing industry 1919-39". Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254852.
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The thesis establishes the main economic and structural changes in the food industries between the wars and assesses the part played by convenience foods in that process. It first reviews and presents data from the Census of Production 1907-1948, to show growth rates and the main structural changes. These include an increase in concentration, the emergence of new trades based on product and process innovations, tbe creation of brands and the entry of multinationals into UK food markets. Associated changes in food consumption and food distribution are also reviewed. The body of the thesis examines the impact of convenience foods on the food industry. An account of 'convenience' and a taxonomy of convenience foods is presented (which is critical of the AFS view) based on Census of Production data. It is shown that convenience foods expanded their share of food industry output and had many of the characteristics of the 'new industries' which were an important feature of British industrial development in the period. The central issue, which occupies the remainder of the thesis, is how these foods were produced and marketed and the forms of competitive behaviour which explain the penetration of the new foods through markets. A model of competition developed by M. E. Porter is used as a framework for the exploration of these questions. He adopts the analytical concepts of new entrants, substitutes, the power of suppliers and buyers and competitive rivalry between incumbent firms in markets. These concepts are examined and illustrated with empirical data drawn from company archives relating to the marketing operations of firms such as Kellogg's, Rowntree's and Horlick's. A detailed account of high speed canning illustrates the economic development of the industry over two decades. The thesis concludes that convenience foods had a significant impact on the food manufacturing industries between the ware.
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Abdel-Rahman, Basiouni Ali. "The socio-economic changes in an Egyptian village, 1950-1980". Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337083.
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Loichinger, Elke, i Alexia Prskawetz. "Changes in economic activity: The role of age and education". Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.40.
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Background: Between 2000 and 2010, the labor force participation (LFP) of European men stayed mostly constant, whereas the participation of women continued to increase. Participation rates of people close to normal retirement ages rose almost universally. At the same time, the education composition shifted toward higher levels of educational attainment and education-specific differentials in economic activity persisted.
Objective: The aim of the paper is to understand the extent to which developments of LFP rates between 2000 and 2010 in selected European countries can be explained by age-specific and education-specific changes in participation rates, as compared to changes in populations' structural composition by age and education.
Methods: We apply a decomposition methodology that allows us to disentangle changes in age- and education-specific LFP rates from changes in the age and educational structure of the population.
Results: Our results show that LFP rates of adult women would have increased even more, had it not been for the downward pressure from the shift in the age composition toward older age groups with relatively lower levels of participation. This downward pressure also depressed male participation. The increase in participation among older people is mainly explained by participation increases among those with nontertiary education and is reinforced by a general shift toward higher levels of educational attainment.
Contribution: Beyond changes in the age structure, we quantify the role of compositional changes by educational attainment. Our results indicate that labor supply may not decrease to the extent expected due to population aging, given educational expansion and education-specific patterns of economic activity.
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Zowall, Hanna. "Structural changes in the major OECD countries between 1960 and 1980". Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65994.
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Anwar, Tilat. "Changes in poverty and inequality in Pakistan during a period of structural adjustment (1987-88 to 1990-91)". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360547.
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Eklund, Tomas. "Productivity Changes in Eastern Europe? : What lies behind the economic growth?" Thesis, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-353.
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There is something happening in Central Eastern Europe and the Baltic
States. There is an economic boom and the GDP is growing. But, what causes the economy to grow? Is the explanation factor accumulation or is there a technologic growth. The long-term growth in East Asia from 1960 to 1997 was misinterpreted by many. The purpose of this thesis is to determine how large the total factor productivity growth has been in Central Eastern Europe and the Baltic States between 1996 and 2001. The stated purpose is being tested by using growth accounting.
The result differs between countries; some countries have a strong technological growth while others’ GDP growth is dependent on factor accumulation. The result of the latter, if it will continue, is a downturn in the GDP growth since it is not viable in the long term.
Vad är det som händer i Centrala Östeuropa och de Baltiska staterna? Deras ekonomier växer, men frågan är vad tillväxten kommer ifrån. Är det faktorackumulation eller teknologisk tillväxt? Den långvariga tillväxten i Östra Asien från 1960-talet fram till slutet av 1990-talet misstolkades av många. I den här uppsatsen undersöks vad som ligger till grund för tillväxten i de tidigare kommunistländerna.
Med hjälp av ”growth accounting” estimeras vad var och en av kapital, arbetskraft och teknologisk utveckling bidrar med till utvecklingen.
Resultatet var inte likartat för alla undersökta länder. Vissa länder hade en stark teknologisk tillväxt under den undersökta perioden, medan andra länders tillväxt enbart berodde på faktorackumulation. Resultatet av den senare, om detta kommer att fortsätta, är att tillväxten kommer att avta då faktorackumulerad tillväxt inte är långsiktig.
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Herath, Deepananda P. "An economic analysis of structural changes in Sri Lankan tea industry". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2002. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ65824.pdf.
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Keeratipongpaiboon, Thuttai. "Population ageing : changes in household composition and economic behaviour in Thailand". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2012. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/14570/.
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Al-Sanafi, Nawal H. A. "The influence of socio-economic changes on house design in Kuwait". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367726.
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Ghazali, Suriati. "Socio-economic changes in the peri-urban villages in Penang, Malaysia". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402430.
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Thakur, Sudhir K. "Structure and structural changes in India: A fundamental economic structure approach". The Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1092857658.
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LIU, ZHONGWEI. "WATER QUALITY SIMULATION AND ECONOMIC VALUATION OF RIPARIAN LAND-USE CHANGES". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1153507620.
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Lindahl, Mattias, i Tomohiko Sakao. "Environmental and Economic Contribution of Design Changes in Integrated Product Service Offerings". Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-92748.
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Design changes performance significantly, as has been proven in the case of physical products. Quantitative research on a real offering in a market consisting of physical products and services is rarely reported. This paper aims to illustrate and discuss how design changes on a physical product or a service can improve the environmental and economic performance of an offering. The series of offerings compared in this paper are provided by a manufacturing company and are currently found in the marketplace. The in-depth study of this case shows the substantial contribution of design changes on performance, and reveals the high relevance of the interrelation between product and service on performance.
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Ozbeklik, Ismail Serkan. "Impact of legal and public policy changes on social and economic behavior". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1185350130.
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Kim, Hak-Hoon. "Economic convergence and urban growth: Structural changes in the Arizona urban system". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186196.
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Despite their fluctuating characteristics, urban economies of the U.S. during the last three decades exhibited relative steadiness in terms of the changing direction of general urban structure. Such changing characteristics of the urban system are expressed as structural convergence because economies of urban places have become more and more alike. This study explores the structural changes and growth factors of the Arizona urban system, using various analytic methods with the U.S. census data for 1970, 1980, and 1990. The results from the factor analyses of Arizona towns indicate that while the Arizona urban system has grown fast through inmigration and urbanization processes since the 1960s, its basic structural properties have been quite stable. It is also found that specific factors affecting urban growth have changed over time, though the general structure of the urban system has been stable. The results from the analyses of urban industrial structure indicate that the economies of Arizona towns have become more diversified and the level of industrial specialization has become increasingly associated with the size of urban population and employment over time. From the analyses of nonemployment income sources, it is found that nonemployment income has become more important in the economic bases of towns over time, and the elderly population and metropolitan proximity are associated with the increase of nonemployment income of the communities. Further, it is revealed that nonemployment income significantly increases nonbasic income. Specifically, nonbasic income of larger town is more affected by investment income and that of smaller town is more affected by transfer income. Along with the industrial diversification trend, the fact that nonemployment income has become increasingly important in urban economies confirms that urban economies are becoming more and more alike.
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Martin, R. J. "Changes in the economic and social structure of Soviet Azerbaijan, 1970-1990". Thesis, Swansea University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638015.
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In 1969 Azerbaijan's political and industrial leaders were spurred by poor economic results into renewed efforts to increase output from the key sectors and to modernize the economy. Despite huge investments, little progress was made. The key policy of political/administrative prioritization of selected sectors failed. In 1990 by comparison with 1970, Azerbaijan's economy required significantly larger additional inputs to achieve an output increase. This phenomenon was particularly striking in petroleum extraction and refining, the related engineering sector and agriculture. Despite infusions of resources, the oil industry's output in 1990 was lower than in 1970 and its range of equipment remained generally outmoded. In engineering, plant and output were substantially the same in 1990 as in 1970; continuing poor product quality and reliability affected Azerbaijan's petroleum industry, and also West Siberia. Refining became less efficient in its use of resources and crude inputs. New, more modern capacity notwithstanding, industry reports in the late 1980s bemoaned the dangerous state of Baku's refineries. In agriculture the collectivized and private sectors were inextricably linked. The former was the source of cheap inputs for the latter, which in turn provided the bulk of crops like vegetables and meat products. These two sectors were mutually sustaining. Reforms took place, such as the amalgamation of some smaller state and collective farms. Both, however, remained highly labour intensive, and became more resource-intensive. The tensions which emerged between Azerbaijanis and Armenians were not expressed before the late 1980s. In fact, analysis of bilingualism suggests that ethnic integration was the norm, even in rural areas, despite the fragmentary effects of agricultural patterns. Political factors arising from the Soviet Union's collapse were important in shaping the conflict. The current conflict bears only a superficial resemblance to that of 1900-24, whose causes were specific to the period.
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Banerjee, Shuvojit. "Structural changes in East Asia : factor accumulation, technological progress and economic geography". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1807/.
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This thesis deals with understanding the rapid industrial change in East Asia between the mid 1970s and the mid 1990s. The countries analysed are South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and China. Patterns of industrial development are studied across the region in depth. We calculate industrial and regional specialisation indices to obtain an idea of the trends being witnessed. A more formal analysis of the mobility which can be observed is then conducted. Measures of mobility and persistence are obtained for the movement of industries in the region. The nature of industrial growth and decline in the region points to the possible importance of a number of theoretical explanations. We subsequently analyse whether the patterns of change in industry seen indicate similarity in paths of development across countries. We investigate the industrial structure of pairs of countries in the region over time. We find that there is similarity in the development paths of industry in East Asian countries, with factor endowment considerations not the sole explanators. We next examine possible theoretical explanations of the industrial change seen. We test for Heckscher-Ohlin and Ricardian effects in a neo-classical frame-work. We find discernible patterns and significance in terms of factor endowment effects. Technology is seen to be less important but still plays a considerable part in explaining manufacturing change. A further theoretical explanation considered is that of economic geography. We analyse various statistics for industrial change related to economic geography. We also test a specification comparing factor endowments and economic geography. The contribution of economic geography to change in the region is measured and seen to be discernible but small and declining in importance when compared to comparative advantage forces.
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Mathew, Marina. "An investigation of the structural changes in the economic development of Malaysia". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318300.
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Rajewsky, Alice [Verfasser]. "Changes in the Russian Terminology of Economic Law since Perestroika / Alice Rajewsky". Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2000. http://d-nb.info/116547851X/34.
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Ndofula, Elizabeth Jaria. "Economic appraisal of changes to the South African tax system since 1990". University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4312.
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Magister Economicae - MEconCountries reform their tax systems to improve economic and administrative efficiency, the impact on income distribution and their revenue-raising capacity. Globalisation has also affected the fiscal autonomy of countries and resulted in the reality of tax competition. The South African tax authorities have made significant changes to the tax system in over the past 20 years. The first phase occurred after the publication of the Margo Commission’s report in 1987 and the second phase followed the work done by the Katz Commission since 1996. The objectives of the reforms included the improvement of tax administration and collection, a re-evaluation of the efficiency and equity aspects of the different taxes, the broadening of the tax base, and most important, to bring the South African tax system in line with changing international tax practise.The main objectives of this study are to give a descriptive overview of the reforms, to investigate the economic rationale behind the reforms and to answer the question of whether the objectives of the reforms were actually achieved. The study fills an important void in the South African literature as it is the first comprehensive overview of the tax reforms since the 1990s.The nature of the study is qualitative and investigative. An overview of the theoretical literature is presented together with some evidence from developing countries. To determine whether the objectives were achieved, descriptive statistics are presented using secondary data from South African Revenue Service (SARS); National Treasury, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the South African Reserve Bank (SARB). The main findings are that the establishment of SARS contributed significantly to the administrative efficiency and revenue-raising capacity of the tax system. The taxing of fringe benefits under the personal income tax, the introduction of capital gains tax (CGT) and the residence-based principle contributed to the broadening of the tax base. The decrease of marginal rates of personal income tax (PIT) to be more in line with the rate on company income decreased the possibility of tax arbitrage. The phasing out of the secondary tax on companies together with the decrease of the rate of company income tax (CIT) increased the attractiveness of South Africa for capital-exporting countries. Significant tax relief to middle and lower-income earners over various years improved the equity impact. However it did not improve the position of the really poor, who are not liable for PIT. The increasing contribution of value-added tax (VAT) compensated to the decreasing contribution of trade taxes; the fact that the VAT rate has stayed constant, since 1993 is an indication of the unpopularity of the tax.
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Razafimandimby, Andrianjaka Riana Ny Aina. "Three essays on economic transformation and distributional changes in middle-income countries". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0364.
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Cette thèse explore les changements économiques et distributifs dans les pays à revenu intermédiaire. Le premier chapitre propose une analyse empirique des déterminants de la trappe à revenu intermédiaire en mettant l’accent sur les problématiques d’appariement sur le marché du travail, d’inégalités de revenu et de redistribution. Les deux chapitres restant se concentrent sur la question des classes moyennes émergentes. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse aux impacts macroéconomiques de l’expansion de la classe moyenne globale sur le développement à travers divers canaux dont la consommation, l’investissement, les dépenses publiques et la transformation productive. Le dernier chapitre adopte une démarche microéconomique et examine la mobilité absolue et inter-classe de la classe moyenne Turque entre 2010 et 2013. Nos résultats suggèrent que des mécanismes de reproduction sociale et de (dés) avantages cumulatifs déterminent la mobilité économique de certains ménagesThis thesis studies distributional and economic changes in middle-income countries. After reviewing the literature on the middle-income trap, the first essay proposes a straightforward identification and empirical investigation of the differentiating patterns of productive and distributive changes inside the trap. We find evidence of misallocation issues and adverse effect of redistribution on medium-run growth. The focus of the remaining chapters is then put on the middle-class. In the second essay, we estimate the impacts of the middle-class on growth through various channels including household consumption, investment, redistribution and productive transformation. The last essay takes a micro approach by analyzing absolute and intra-class mobility of the middle-class in Turkey between 2010 and 2013. The results suggest the existence of mechanisms of social reproduction and cumulative (dis)advantages that prevent some households from climbing up the ladder
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Borel-Saladin, Jacqueline. "Professionalisation or polarisation? : economic restructuring and changes in Cape Town's labour market". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6066.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-91).The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the changes that have occurred in the economy of CapeTown, South Africa over the last half of the 20th century and what the possible effects of this change have been on social inequality. Literature on economic restructuring in cities all over the world provided the framework of ideas within which this analysis was conducted. These works focused on how in many cities. progressive deindustrialisation has led to the loss of middle-income jobs, while growth in the service sector has resulted in greater numbers of high- and low-skill and income jobs. Others argued that most cities economies' were becoming increasingly organised around professional, managerial and technical skills only, and that increased polarisation occurred solely in those cities that were subject to large-scale immigration. The overriding question that emerged from this body of work then was whether the occupational distribution of employment in cities was becoming increasingly polarised or professionalised. Careful examination of population census data on sectoral and occupational changes in the economy of Cape Town showed that the city's working population was becoming increasingly professionalised, and not more polarised. Survey data were also used to dispute the contention that a large unskilled migrant population was a sufficient condition for social polarisation. Theories about the impacts of deindustrialisation and the decline in blue-collar work on unskilledethnic urban minority groups were also discussed. Again, using population census data, it wasshown that the Coloured population had dominated manufacturing employment. Therefore, it wasconcluded that the decline in manufacturing employment would most likely have the greatestnegative impact on Coloured employment levels. This would most likely affect Coloured men most though, as Coloured women were gaining more employment in all the other types of occupations that were growing while blue-collar employment, on which men seemed to rely that much more, was declining. The argument was also made that service sector growth, while leading to increased feminisation of the workforce, also causes women to be segregated into low-skill, low-pay service jobs. However, the data for Cape Town concurred with other author's data that showed that the occupational distributions of both women and men are becoming increasingly professionalised. Some authors argued that the decline in manufacturing jobs and growth in low-skill service sector work favours unskilled women over unskilled men, as the manufacturing sector tended to hire more men and the service sector tends to employ more women. This was shown to be true in the case of Cape Town, with African women dominating unskilled labour by 2001.
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Lensing, Christine. "The Economic Implications of Proposed Changes in the Retail Meat Pricing Series". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35906.
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The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has historically collected retail meat prices from various supermarkets to use in its calculation of the Consumer Price Index. The Economic Research Service (ERS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is responsible for reporting retail meat prices, which it acquires from the BLS. The Mandatory Price Reporting legislation of 1999 mandated that the ERS develop and report a more extensive set of retail meat prices. The legislative initiative of 1999 came about due to the absence of prices for some species and classes of meat as well as the growing and pervasive belief that BLS price series were incorrect, inaccurate, or were at the very least not accounting for the large volume of meat sales at special and/or discounted prices. The main purpose of this thesis project was to identify some of the major data shortcomings of the current retail meat price series that should be addressed in the restructuring of a new price reporting system. A survey was administered to retail meat price users to establish which shortcomings in the historical retail meat price series they consider to be the most significant. The other aspect of this study was concerned with analyzing weekly retail scanner meat price data for five beef cuts to establish the impact of quantity-weighting on the mean and variance of the retail meat price series, as well as the own-price elasticity parameter.Master of Science
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Gurung, Ananda Bahadur. "Impact of Agricultural Productivity Changes on Agricultural Exports". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29760.
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This study uses linear programming and econometric tools to determine the impact of agricultural productivity (technology) on agricultural exports. The study determines total factor productivity (TFP) using the Malmquist index method for a panel of 64 countries. Productivity impact on exports is determined by a two-stage estimation procedure. The results show agricultural productivity affects agricultural exports. This has important implications for developing countries. A 1 unit change in cumulative TFP increases agricultural output by .79% and a 1% increase in estimated agricultural output increases exports by .37%. Therefore, the total effect of technology on exports of primary and processed commodities is .29%. Developed countries generally have higher TFP rates, leading to higher export earnings; meanwhile, developing countries are not getting the benefits from agricultural exports because they have a relatively lower level of agricultural productivity. Investing in research and development for agriculture can improve technology, which, in turn, can Increase agricultural exports.
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Miller, Elizabeth Jill, i res cand@acu edu au. "Burden of Care: Ageing in urban China and Japan: Gender, the family and the state". Australian Catholic University. School of Social Work, 2002. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp22.29082005.
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This thesis examines how rapid demographic, social and economic changes are impacting on traditional care for the urban aged in China and Japan as both experience world record rates of ageing caused by greater longevity and lower birth rates. The challenge for their governments is to foster active contribution by the healthy aged to society and protection for the frail aged. China lags behind Japan in special treatment for senior citizens. The manner in which these two countries handle the ageing of their populations could provide valuable lessons for Australia in the future.
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Hassan, I. "A techno-economic framework for assessing manufacturing process changes in the biopharmaceutical industry". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1361010/.
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Industry pressures encourage and sometimes ‘force’ biopharmaceutical companies to implement process changes throughout a product’s lifecycle, so as to enhance yields, purity, robustness and cost-effectiveness. However, making a change involves technical, regulatory, and clinical risks. Possible changes to a product’s quality mean that all changes must be backed-up either with non-clinical bioequivalence studies or with lengthy and costly clinical trials and approved by regulatory authorities. These hurdles combined with the upfront costs can results in a tendency to avoid changes, whereas they may represent economic opportunity if evaluated holistically. This thesis explores the possibility of creating a systematic evaluation framework that captures the technical and regulatory activities involved in process changes to rapidly gauge the potential cost and risk implications. Fundamentaldrivers and consequencesof making bioprocesses changes were benchmarked in a survey to help create the framework model. Key technical activities were captured, namely development, manufacturing, retrofitting and validation at all stages of development. Impacts of changes were linked to regulatory activities needed to assess comparability. Resulting uncertainties such as the likelihood of repeating clinical trials, market losses, delays to market from retrofit, revalidation, or regulatory approval disruptions, and the costs involved in proving product equivalence were captured. The framework was translated into Microsoft Excel with macros for Monte Carlo simulations to account for the uncertainties. Minor and major change scenarios based on the purification of polyclonal IVIG by means of a blood-plasma fractionation process were used to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed framework. The impact of ‘forced’ and optional changes were compared at different stages of development. Changes made during late-phase development resulted in market share losses and delays that outweighed any yield improvement modifications. The model predicted that it would be more profitable to make process modifications either during early phase development or post-product approval assuming stockpiling of approved product was feasible. The feasibility of purifying a new product, alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) from a waste fraction, Fraction IV precipitate, was another process change scenario explored using scale-down studies. Experimental trials of the preliminary filtration and anion exchange purification steps were carried out, yielding low recoveries of AAT. Ciphergen®’s SELDI-TOF-MS ProteinChip technology was used to investigate the value of using a high throughput optimisation method to improve the isolation of AAT. Quantitative analysis of the protein samples using the Ciphergen® was compared to well-established protein concentration determination methods, eliminating variability in samples and differences in MS intensity by normalising the data. The work in this thesis has demonstrated the usefulness of a combined business, technical and risk approach for evaluating the risks and benefits of implementing process changes.
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Sun, Chi. "China's banking reform and economic development: Institutional Transformation and Changes in Industrial Organization". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439771.
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Vellem, Nomtha. "The impact of oil price changes on selected economic indicators in South Africa". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1017862.
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The study examines the effect of oil price changes on selected economic indicators in South Africa. A VAR-5 model was applied to quarterly data of 1990:Q1-2012:Q4 estimating the impulse response functions, variance decomposition and Granger-causality tests. The findings allow for a conclusion that oil significantly affects the exchange rate and an inverse link between oil and GDP exists. A unidirectional relation is found where oil Granger-causes the exchange rate and GDP Granger-causes oil in South Africa.
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Kilambo, Sixta Raphael. "Black economic empowerment and changes in ownership and control in South Africa's mining industry". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22805.
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This study investigates how white and foreign-owned mining companies have complied with the Mining and Petroleum Resources Development Act (MPRDA) and Mining Charter, the core of the Broad- Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) policy in South Africa‟s mining industry. The Mining Charter demands that white and foreign-owned companies transfer 15 per cent equity to blacks by 2009, increasing to 26 per cent by 2014. It also demands 40 per cent black control and management of mining companies regardless of the shareholding that blacks own. The study used a sample of 72 mining companies to explore broad aspects; these include changes in equity ownership (company shareholding and mining assets) and in particular mining deals concluded by white and foreign-owned companies with blacks between 1990 and 2012. It also explored black representation on the board and management of mining companies and conducted interviews with 35 executives from 27 mining companies. The study findings are that equity targets are low and reached only 7.4 per cent (R1.8trillion- £163billion) of the total market capitalisation of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) as per 12 July 2011. However there is an emergence of large black owned-owned companies (those with 50 + 1 share) such as African Rainbow Nation, Exxaro, Shanduka Resources and Royal Bafokeng, empowered enterprises (25 +1 share) and a broad category of beneficiaries including consortiums, community shareholders and Employee Share Ownership groups which some hold small amount of shares (between 1-5 per cent). Most deals however were concluded by the Anglo American and BHP Billiton. Out of the 468 board members and 226 managers identified, black representation on the board and top management of white and foreign-owned companies was 25.9 and 18.5 respectively. In companies where blacks have majority shareholding board membership was 53.7 per cent and top management at 35.7per cent. The study has highlighted impediments faced by blacks in the mining industry. They lack capital, some are in debts and others liquidated, use poor technology and face difficulties in accessing land and export markets. The first main argument of the study is that the impediments and lack of government support limits their success and survival in the industry. The second is that ownership structure determines control in the mining industry. The reasons are historical, as the industry‟s corporate structure was and is still concentrated, has cross shareholding, significant control of assets by financial institutions and families and low voting shares are conditions are used in empowerment mining deals. This is challenging to the attainment of the 40 per cent target of control and management demanded by the Charter. The conclusion from this study is that the entire B-BBEE implementation process in the mining industry is controlled by the white and foreign-owned companies. They have a free hand in the choice of black-owned companies; which assets to have full ownership and which to offer shares or sell to blacks; the type of shares they offer; the conditions to attach to the transactions; and the manner that they deal with their community partners. This situation arose mainly because blacks lack their own funds and face a host of impediments. Unless the government establishes institutions to guide and monitor implementation of its B-BBEE policy and puts in place support mechanisms for black entrepreneurs, black equity ownership and attainment of management and control of mining assets will remain limited.
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Rostov, David. "The sensitivity of Brazil's balance of payments and foreign debt to future changes in world economic conditions: 1987-1991". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1342190790.
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Sproten, Alec Niklas [Verfasser], i Christiane [Akademischer Betreuer] Schwieren. "Developmental Neuroeconomics: Lifespan Changes in Economic Decision Making / Alec Niklas Sproten ; Betreuer: Christiane Schwieren". Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1177040581/34.
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Ahmed, Afzal. "Portuguese trade and socio-economic changes on the western coast of India (1600-1663) /". Delhi : Originals, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb401128685.
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