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Dubyna, D. V., Т. P. Dziuba, S. M. Iemelianova i P. A. Tymoshenko. "Syntaxonomy and ecological differentiation of the pioneer vegetation of Ukraine. 2. Helichryso-Crucianelletea maritimae, Festucetea vaginatae, Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis classes". Biosystems Diversity 28, nr 3 (9.08.2020): 298–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012039.
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Pioneer psammophytic vegetation is usually developed on wind-drift sandy substrates such as arenas, spits, beaches, river terraces, and this vegetation occupies significant areas in all three natural zones of Ukraine. The Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis class was represented by 13 associations, 3 alliances and 1 order; Festucetea vaginatae class by 22 associations, 2 alliances and 1 order; Helichryso-Crucianelletea maritimae by 10 associations, 4 alliances and 1 order. The results of cluster analysis and synoptic tables of the classes are presented. 9 alliances are briefly described. Leading factors of territorial and ecological differentiation are identified. It was found that the territorial distribution of plant communities is influenced by the character of ecotope mesorelief, soil composition and humus horizon thickness, as well as the degree of eolian processes development. The main factors of their ecological differentiation are soil acidity, salt regime and ombroregime. Based on the results of DCA-ordination of syntaxa within certain vegetation classes, it was found that their distribution is influenced by factors that correlate with the environment-specific conditions. It has emerged that an ecological differentiation of syntaxa within Festucetea vaginatae is determined by the integrated effect of gradients, and soil salinity is leading among them. Temperature regime and climate continentality are leading factors in the distribution of syntaxa within the Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis class. The gradients of ombroregime and soil humidity have a significant impact. The distribution of communities of the Helichryso-Crucianelletea maritimae class in the ecological space is determined mainly by factors of variability of damping, ombroregime and climate continentality. The author’s syntaxonomic concept assumes the independence of the studied classes: Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis, Helichryso-Crucianelletea maritimae and Festucetea vaginatae, considering that the leading factors of community differentiation of the Festucetea vaginatae and Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis classes are the origin (genesis) of sandy substrates, as well as soil acidity. Phytosociological analysis of a large number of relevés of coastal littoral vegetation also provides support for independence of the Helichryso-Crucianelletea maritimae and Ammophiletea classes different floristically and ecologically. A review of the psammophytic vegetation of Ukraine will determine the place of the selected syntaxonomic units in the pan-European system.
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Nuijten, Rik J. G., Nicholas C. Coops, Catherine Watson i Dustin Theberge. "Monitoring the Structure of Regenerating Vegetation Using Drone-Based Digital Aerial Photogrammetry". Remote Sensing 13, nr 10 (16.05.2021): 1942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101942.
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Measures of vegetation structure are often key within ecological restoration monitoring programs because a change in structure is rapidly identifiable, measurements are straightforward, and structure is often a good surrogate for species composition. This paper investigates the use of drone-based digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) for the characterization of the structure of regenerating vegetation as well as the ability to inform restoration programs through spatial arrangement assessment. We used cluster analysis on five DAP-derived metrics to classify vegetation structure into seven classes across three sites of ongoing restoration since linear disturbances in 2005, 2009, and 2014 in temperate and boreal coniferous forests in Alberta, Canada. The spatial arrangement of structure classes was assessed using land cover maps, mean patch size, and measures of local spatial association. We observed DAP heights of short-stature vegetation were consistently underestimated, but strong correlations (rs > 0.75) with field height were found for juvenile trees, shrubs, and perennials. Metrics of height and canopy complexity allowed for the extraction of relatively tall and complex vegetation structures, whereas canopy cover and height variability metrics enabled the classification of the shortest vegetation structures. We found that the boreal site disturbed in 2009 had the highest cover of classes associated with complex vegetation structures. This included early regenerative (22%) and taller (13.2%) wood-like structures as well as structures representative of tall graminoid and perennial vegetation (15.3%), which also showed the highest patchiness. The developed tools provide large-scale maps of the structure, enabling the identification and assessment of vegetational patterns, which is challenging based on traditional field sampling that requires pre-defined location-based hypotheses. The approach can serve as a basis for the evaluation of specialized restoration objectives as well as objectives tailored towards processes of ecological succession, and support prioritization of future inspections and mitigation measures.
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Ribeiro, Fernanda F., Dar A. Roberts, Laura L. Hess, Frank W. Davis, Kelly K. Caylor i Gabriel Antunes Daldegan. "Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis Framework for Mapping Vegetation Physiognomic Types at Fine Scales in Neotropical Savannas". Remote Sensing 12, nr 11 (27.05.2020): 1721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12111721.
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Regional maps of vegetation structure are necessary for delineating species habitats and for supporting conservation and ecological analyses. A systematic approach that can discriminate a wide range of meaningful and detailed vegetation classes is still lacking for neotropical savannas. Detailed vegetation mapping of savannas is challenged by seasonal vegetation dynamics and substantial heterogeneity in vegetation structure and composition, but fine spatial resolution imagery (<10 m) can improve map accuracy in these heterogeneous landscapes. Traditional pixel-based classification methods have proven problematic for fine spatial resolution data due to increased within-class spectral variability. Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) is a robust alternative method to overcome these issues. We developed a systematic GEOBIA framework accounting for both spectral and spatial features to map Cerrado structural types at 5-m resolution. This two-step framework begins with image segmentation and a Random Forest land cover classification based on spectral information, followed by spatial contextual and topological rules developed in a systematic manner in a GEOBIA knowledge-based approach. Spatial rules were defined a priori based on descriptions of environmental characteristics of 11 different physiognomic types and their relationships to edaphic conditions represented by stream networks (hydrography), topography, and substrate. The Random Forest land cover classification resulted in 10 land cover classes with 84.4% overall map accuracy and was able to map 7 of the 11 vegetation classes. The second step resulted in mapping 13 classes with 87.6% overall accuracy, of which all 11 vegetation classes were identified. Our results demonstrate that 5-m spatial resolution imagery is adequate for mapping land cover types of savanna structural elements. The GEOBIA framework, however, is essential for refining land cover categories to ecological classes (physiognomic types), leading to a higher number of vegetation classes while improving overall accuracy.
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Dietrich, Michael, i Christoph Scheidegger. "Frequency, Diversity and Ecological Strategies of Epiphytic Lichens in the Swiss Central Plateau and the Pre-Alps". Lichenologist 29, nr 3 (maj 1997): 237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1996.0074.
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AbstractTo identify representative quantitative criteria for the creation of a future Red List of epiphytic lichens, 849 trees in 132 long-term ecological observation plots in the Swiss Central Plateau and the Pre-Alps were surveyed by standard sampling. Based on the trees, frequency data of the lichen taxa observed are described by the log series model, indicating the controlling effect of few ecological factors. Based on the plots, four classes of scarcity, each comprising 25% of the species, were established. As a contribution to the development of a national, representative survey of lichens, α-diversity (species richness, species density) and β-diversity (dissimilarity) were calculated in terms of region, vegetation formation, vegetation belt and for their combinations. Differences in lichen diversity between the Central Plateau and the Pre-Alps were caused by the bigger elevational range in the Pre-Alps, which resulted in a higher species richness. α-Diversity of forest and non-forest were similar, whereas each vegetation formation showed one third of its species restricted to it. The contributions to the total lichen diversity of crustose, foliose and fruticose as well as of generative and vegetative species was calculated. Specific features along the altitudinal gradient of vegetation belts emerged: the percentage of crustose and generative lichens declined with every altitudinal step, increased in fruticose and vegetative lichens, and was the same in foliose species.
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Cianfaglione, Kevin. "Plant Landscape and Models of French Atlantic Estuarine Systems. Extended Summary of the Doctoral Thesis". Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 23, nr 1 (1.03.2021): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/trser-2021-0002.
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Abstract The present study proposes a theoretical common model of environmental gradients and functioning of vegetation and Plant Landscape of the French Atlantic estuarine systems. This model offers a basis to improve classification and ecological studies of estuarine systems, and to helps the monitoring and assessment of land uses, land forms transformation and human impacts, thanks to the develop of a spatio-temporal predictive model based on actual and potential vegetation following a dynamico-catenal approach. In eight selected estuaries, fieldworks was undertook for a total of 98,315 ha highlighting two vegetation series and four geopermaseries, corresponding to 131 plant associations, 60 alliances, 43 orders, and 28 classes. The vegetation of three representative estuaries was mapped, for a total of 74,433 ha. A synthetic scheme of estuary vegetation landscape is proposed, integrating geographical and ecological gradients as well as geomorphologic forms.
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Rapinel, Sébastien, i Laurence Hubert-Moy. "One-Class Classification of Natural Vegetation Using Remote Sensing: A Review". Remote Sensing 13, nr 10 (12.05.2021): 1892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101892.
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Advances in remote sensing (RS) technology in recent years have increased the interest in including RS data into one-class classifiers (OCCs). However, this integration is complex given the interdisciplinary issues involved. In this context, this review highlights the advances and current challenges in integrating RS data into OCCs to map vegetation classes. A systematic review was performed for the period 2013–2020. A total of 136 articles were analyzed based on 11 topics and 30 attributes that address the ecological issues, properties of RS data, and the tools and parameters used to classify natural vegetation. The results highlight several advances in the use of RS data in OCCs: (i) mapping of potential and actual vegetation areas, (ii) long-term monitoring of vegetation classes, (iii) generation of multiple ecological variables, (iv) availability of open-source data, (v) reduction in plotting effort, and (vi) quantification of over-detection. Recommendations related to interdisciplinary issues were also suggested: (i) increasing the visibility and use of available RS variables, (ii) following good classification practices, (iii) bridging the gap between spatial resolution and site extent, and (iv) classifying plant communities.
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Budzhak, Vasyl'. "Syntaxonomic scheme of grassy vegetation of the upper Prut and Siret river basins". Biolohichni systemy 11, nr 2 (26.12.2019): 174–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2019.02.174.
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This is the first time that ecological-floristic classification scheme of grassy vegetation of the upper Prut and Siret basins within Ukraine was set up based on the analysis of field research and literature resources. The foundations for syntaxonomic scheme of vegetation was database of geobotanical descriptions «Vegetation of Bukovina», which was created on the Department of botany, forestry, garden and park management in the shell of TURBOVEG. This database contains more than 5000 geobotanical descriptions made in accordance with standardized approach. There was used cluster analysis based on modified TWINSPAN algorithm in JUICE shell for allocation of vegetation units. Syntaxonomic scheme of grassy vegetation of the researched area includes 9 classes, 21 orders, 33 alliances.
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Kovalenko, I. N. "Potential and realized ecological niches of herb and shrub layer in forest ecosystems of the north-eastern Ukraine". Ecology and Noospherology 26, nr 3-4 (12.06.2015): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031516.
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The species composition of herb and shrub layer of the major forest ecosystems of the north-eastern Ukraine has been analyzed at the level of vegetation classes, and individual ecological optimum of the main species of herbs and shrubs has been determined in order to predict the dynamics of their populations in the region. Literature data and results of our own studies for the period of 2000–2010 have shown that in accordance with the ecofloristic classification in the region, 6 classes of forest vegetation can be distinguished, such as: Querceto-Fagetea Br.-Bl. (1937), Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. (1939), Pulsatillo-Pinetea sylvestris Oberdorfer (1992), Quercetea robori-petreae Br.-Bl. et. Tx. (1963), Salicetea purpureae Moor (1958), Alnetea glutinosae Br. Bl. ex Tx. (1943). The analysis of the general monographs on ecofloristic classification made in the north-eastern Ukraine (Klika, 1955; Matuszkiewicz, 2001; Shelyah-Sosonko, 2002; Grygora, 2005; Solomakha, 2008; Goncharenko, 2009, 2010; Rogova et al., 2005, etc.), provided an opportunity to review the composition of the characteristic species for the six classes of vegetation, registered in the region. Thereby, species, that hardly ever occur in the region or are very rare, have been excluded from the list of characteristic species. Plant species, peculiar to forest communities of the north-eastern Ukraine, have been added. Woody plants and shrubs have been excluded from the analysis. For each species of the three central classes its individual ecological optimum has been estimated considering six factors: 1 – light availability, 2 – temperature, 3 – continentality, 4 – soil moisture, 5 – soil acidity, 6 – soil fertility. The point scale of Ellenberg (Ellenberg, 1952, 1996) with 12 points for soil moisture and 9 points for other environmental regimes has been taken as a basis. Due to the fact that the scale of Ellenberg fails to include all these species, and has a lot of gaps in the assessment of individual regimes, it has been supplemented by the point scale of Landolt (Landolt, 1977), in which the number of species is greater and the assessment of their optimum is more complete. Considering that that in the scale of Landolt all environmental factors are divided into 5 points, transformation of points into 12- or 9-integrated assessment of environmental regimes has been made. The indicated pattern of wide ecological amplitude in characteristic species of higher syntaxonomic units in forest vegetation is useful adaptive trait from the phytocoenogenesis point of view. If there is any change in the general soil-climatic conditions, forest phytocoenoses retain their integrity due to the change in their great number and even the floristic composition in the lower tiers. Grouping of classes Querceto-Fagetea Br.-Bl. (1937), Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. (1939) and Pulsatillo-Pinetea Sylvestris Oberdorfer (1992) play the leading role in the formation of forest ecosystems in the north- eastern Ukraine. Plant species, peculiar to these classes and being part of herb and shrub layer, provide wide ecological amplitudes, covering at least 3–5-point scales of the main environmental factors. Global warming may result in significant changes in the composition and structure of plant populations that form herb and shrub layer of forest phytocenoses of vegetation classes, peculiar to the north-eastern Ukraine.
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Dubyna, D. V., T. P. Dziuba, L. P. Vakarenko, A. A. Ennan, H. M. Shykhaleeva i H. M. Kiriushkina. "Features of ecological differentiation of halophytic, steppe and petrophytic vegetation in the valley of the Liman Kuyalnik (Odesa Oblast)". Biosystems Diversity 27, nr 3 (23.10.2019): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011928.
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Assessment of key environmental factors that influence vegetation distribution and formation of plant communities is one of the most important challenges in modern phytocenology. Nowadays, several bioindication systems are applied to determine ecological specificity of plant communities and to establish the leading factors for their environmental differentiation. The system most widely used in Europe, that of H. Ellenberg, contains a numerical score on 6 ecological factors. On the example of vegetation of the valley of the Liman Kuyalnik, Y. Didukh developed the synphytoindication method based on evaluation of phytocenoses with respect to 12 ecological factors: 7 edaphic factors and 5 climatic factors; the method determines a more accurate and complete presentation of the analysis. In the valley of the Liman Kuyalnik (Odesa Oblast) the largest area is covered with halophytic and steppe vegetation. Halophytic vegetation (Therosalicornietea, Festuco-Puccinellietea classes, Juncetea maritimi, Bolboschoenetea maritimi) predominated in the shoreline areas of the valley, whereas steppe (Festuco-Brometea) and petrophytic (Sedo-Scleranthetea) vegetation dominated on the slope sites. With the application of DCA-ordination and synphytoindication methods it was established that distribution of plant communities in the hyper-space of the environmental conditions was most strongly correlated with edaphic factors, whereas microclimatic (light intensity) and climatic (thermo-regime) conditions had somewhat less influence on their differentiation. Water regime and level of soil salinity served as key factors for syntaxa of halophytic vegetation; moisture variability and salt regime, as well as soil moisture and carbonate content were key factors for the steppe vegetation, and thermo-regime was the main factor for petrophytic-steppe and petrophytic vegetation. The "eco-spaces" of these groups largely overlap. Halophytic cenoses are characterized by quite wide ecological ranges by most ecological factors. Steppe communities show much less ecological diversity. In the valley of the liman, all the steppe communities were characterized by stenotopicity in relation to most ecological factors; these factors complexly determine the specificity and diversity of biotopes within the valley, which are unique and require protection and the taking of appropriate measures, depending on the changes in activity of one or another limiting factor. Nowadays, the valley of the Liman Kuyalnik is in a state of environmental disaster. The established relationships in ecological differentiation of plant communities will be applied to further monitoring of biodiversity state, preservation and possible restoration of vegetation types that were native for this unique territory.
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Brooks, Bjorn-Gustaf J., Danny C. Lee, Lars Y. Pomara i William W. Hargrove. "Monitoring Broadscale Vegetational Diversity and Change across North American Landscapes Using Land Surface Phenology". Forests 11, nr 6 (27.05.2020): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060606.
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We describe a polar coordinate transformation of vegetation index profiles which permits a broad-scale comparison of location-specific phenological variability influenced by climate, topography, land use, and other factors. We apply statistical data reduction techniques to identify fundamental dimensions of phenological variability and to classify phenological types with intuitive ecological interpretation. Remote sensing-based land surface phenology can reveal ecologically meaningful vegetational diversity and dynamics across broad landscapes. Land surface phenology is inherently complex at regional to continental scales, varying with latitude, elevation, and multiple biophysical factors. Quantifying phenological change across ecological gradients at these scales is a potentially powerful way to monitor ecological development, disturbance, and diversity. Polar coordinate transformation was applied to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series spanning 2000-2018 across North America. In a first step, 46 NDVI values per year were reduced to 11 intuitive annual metrics, such as the midpoint of the growing season and degree of seasonality, measured relative to location-specific annual phenological cycles. Second, factor analysis further reduced these metrics to fundamental phenology dimensions corresponding to annual timing, productivity, and seasonality. The factor analysis explained over 95% of the variability in the metrics and represented a more than ten-fold reduction in data volume from the original time series. In a final step, phenological classes (‘phenoclasses’) based on the statistical clustering of the factor data, were computed to describe the phenological state of each pixel during each year, which facilitated the tracking of year-to-year dynamics. Collectively the phenology metrics, factors, and phenoclasses provide a system for characterizing land surface phenology and for monitoring phenological change that is indicative of ecological gradients, development, disturbance, and other aspects of landscape-scale diversity and dynamics.
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Golovanova, Ya M. "The new associations of sinanthropic vegetation of classes Artemisietea vulgaris and Galio-Urticetea in the Bashkortostan Republic". Vegetation of Russia, nr 30 (2017): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2017.30.35.
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The most widespread types of vegetation of the urbanized territories are coenosis of synanthropic and, in narrower sense, ruderal plant species. Ruderal communities are developing on garbage and dumps (Reymers, 1991), but presently this term is used much more widely, and is applied also to vegetation in various habitats arising under man impact. For example, W. Holzner (1982) includes abandoned fields and fellings in this type. So, the concepts of synanthropic and ruderal vegetation are rather close now. Synanthropic and ruderal communities are mostly found in the urban locations. The study of synanthropic vegetation in the Republic of Bashkortostan was being conducted since 1980s (Ishbirdin, etc., 1988; Golovanov, Abramova, 2012, 2013 etc.). The given paper presents results of the long-term (2008–2015) research of vegetation of 5 towns (Sterlitamak, Salavat, Ishimbay, Meleuz, Kumertau) located in Cis-Urals. More than 1500 relevés of synanthropic vegetation which were accumulated in the database using TURBOVEG software (Hennekens, 1995), 71 complete relevés of communities, new to the studied area, are presented in this paper. Classification is carried out according to Braun-Blanquet method. The ecological conditions were assessed with use of average values of E. Landolt (1977) ecological scales and processed by IBIS software (Zverev, 2007). According to «Prodrome of plant associations of the Republic of Bashkortostan» (Yamalov et al., 2012), synanthropic vegetation includes 8 classes, 14 orders, 21 unions, 62 associations and 6 communities. New for this region are one union and 9 associations, 2 of which are firstly described in the Southern Urals, while the other 7 were previously known in other regions of Russia or Europe. New to Bashkortostan Republic and Russian Federation, are associations of 2 classes Artemisietea vulgaris and Galio-Urticetea. There are 5 associations (Tanaceto vulgaris–Artemisietum vulgaris, Artemisio vulgaris–Echinopsietum sphaerocephali, Melico transsilvanicae–Agropyretum repentis, Falcario vulgaris–Elytrigietum repentis, and new Convolvulo arvensis–Agropyretum pectinati confined to the driest habitats in steppe and southern part of forest-steppe zone of the Southern Urals) within the class Artemisietea vulgaris. Within the class Galio-Urticetea 4 associations (Geo urbani–Chelidonietum majoris, Calystegio sepium–Epilobietum hirsuti, Calystegio sepium–Eupatorietum cannabini and new Urtico dioicae–Rubetum caesii) were described. New syntaxa occur mainly in Sterlitamak and Kumertau. Sterlitamak is the second largest city of Bashkortostan with the diverse anthropogenic habitats. The town of Kumertau, located in the south part of forest-steppe zone, is rich by various fragments of natural vegetation from forests to steppes.
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Viciani, Daniele, Marisa Vidali, Daniela Gigante, Rossano Bolpagni, Mariacristina Villani, Alicia Teresa Rosario Acosta, Michele Adorni i in. "A first checklist of the alien-dominated vegetation in Italy". Plant Sociology 57, nr 1 (12.06.2020): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pls2020571/04.
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This study provides a first step toward the knowledge of the alien-dominated and co-dominated plant communities present in Italy. The first ever checklist of the alien phytocoenoses described or reported in literature for the Italian territory has been compiled, produced by data-mining in national and local thematic literature. The resulting vegetation-type draft-list has been checked in the light of the most recent syntaxonomic documentation and updated with regards to syntaxonomy and nomenclature, with special reference to the frame proposed in the Italian Vegetation Prodrome. The list includes 27 vascular and one bryophyte vegetation classes, hosting 194 low rank alien-dominated syntaxa. The different vegetation types detected for each syntaxonomic class and macro-vegetation group, defined by physiognomical and ecological attributes, are discussed.
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Falco, Gennaro, i Kristen M. Waring. "Community Classification of Piñon-Juniper Vegetation in the Four Corners Region, USA". Forest Science 66, nr 6 (10.09.2020): 687–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxaa024.
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Abstract Piñon-juniper is one of the most common vegetation types in the Four Corners states of the western United States (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah). Because of its high degree of community heterogeneity across the landscape, development of a more detailed and statistically supported classification system for piñon-juniper has been requested by regional land managers. We used a USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data set from the Four Corners states to develop a statistics-based classification system for piñon-juniper vegetation. Cluster analysis was used to group piñon-juniper FIA data into community classes. Classification and regression tree analysis was then used to develop a model for predicting piñon-juniper community types. To determine which variables contributed most to classifying piñon-juniper FIA data, a random forest analysis was conducted. Results from these analyses support a six-class piñon-juniper community-type model within the Four Corners states. Using the classification tree, membership of FIA piñon-juniper communities can be accurately predicted (r2 = 0.81) using only relative overstory species abundance. Our dominance-based classification system was useful in classifying piñon-juniper community types and could be used in the field to identify broad community types and complement more refined tools available for stand-scale decisionmaking. Study Implications: Piñon-juniper vegetation communities commonly occur in the Four Corners region of the United States. We used a regional data set to develop a statistically based classification system for piñon-juniper communities. We found support for a dominance-based approach supporting initial classification into six community classes. Classes were based on different overstory species dominance patterns, stand structural characteristics (stand density index, basal area [square meters per hectare], trees per hectare, and stand age), and precipitation patterns (mean annual precipitation and monsoonal index) (Table S2). Community type can be predicted using relative overstory abundance to help managers prioritize regional areas (~6,000 acres [2,428 hectares]) for management and predict responses based on precipitation patterns, current understory tree regeneration, and plant community abundance. This system could lead to better planning documents and management decisions on a regional scale to complement more refined tools available for stand-scale management such as plant associations and detailed soil maps.
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Hutorowicz, Andrzej, Marcin Białowąs, Bronisław Długoszewski i Lech Doroszczyk. "An attempt to assess the ecological status of a lake based on historical and current maps of submerged vegetation". Archives of Polish Fisheries 25, nr 1 (28.03.2017): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aopf-2017-0004.
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Abstract The possibility of doing a back assessment of the ecological status of a lake based on archival bathymetric maps indicating areas overgrown with rushes and aquatic vegetation was verified. This assessment was assumed to be in accordance with that performed with the official Polish macrophyte-based method for lake assessment (Ecological State Macrophyte Index, ESMI). The study was conducted on Lake Dobrąg located in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (surface area - 108 ha, maximum depth - 27.9 m, mean depth - 11.6 m). It included the hydroacoustic distribution of submerged macrophytes along 85 evenly distributed belt transects (perpendicularl to the shore line), creating a bathymetric chart and maps of vegetation occurrence and identifying areas occupied by hydrophytes (Cmax) and the maximum depth of lake colonization (Z). Analogous data were read from archival bathymetric chart dating from 1964-1968. The values obtained were compared with the means (and their confidence intervals) of 83 stratified lakes in Poland in different ecological status classes. Analysis of changes indicated that the ecological status of the lake had deteriorated. In the mid-1960s, the status of the lake was less than “very good” while the current status borders between “good” and “moderate.” The results indicate that the proposed method could be useful when attempting to assess changes in ecological status using archival bathymetric charts showing areas overgrown with vegetation and the distribution of it in lakes.
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Maccherini, Simona, Elisa Santi i Dino Torri. "Germinable Soil Seed Bank in Biancana Badlands". Diversity 11, nr 12 (23.11.2019): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11120223.
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Seed banks are important for understanding vegetation dynamics and habitat regeneration potential. Biancana badlands are vanishing landscapes where recurring and non-recurring management has been advocated to restore vegetation. Here, we investigated germinable seed bank structure and composition of a biancana badland in central Italy and evaluated the relationship between the standing vegetation and soil seed bank. We identified four land cover classes in five biancana badlands of Tuscany (central Italy) and collected data from 132 vegetation plots and 660 soil cores. We recorded 117 species in the standing vegetation. The seedlings that emerged from the soil samples, mostly annual species, numbered 183 and belonged to 31 taxa (392.5 seedlings/m−2 on average across the four land cover classes). Standing vegetation showed an aggregated spatial pattern with distinct communities while the seed bank showed a less aggregated spatial pattern. The similarity between the seed bank and standing vegetation was low. In contrast with the features generally found for disturbed and pioneer communities, but in line with seed bank characteristics of other badlands, the seed bank was particularly poor in species.
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Kotova, T. V., i G. N. Ogureeva. "Biogeographiс approaches to ecological mapping". Geobotanical mapping, nr 2007 (2007): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/geobotmap/2007.23.
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The means for improving of the information capacity of ecological maps have been discussed with special accent on zoocomponent usually underestimated. The concept of ecoregion has been applicated in the course of work on the new map "Bioms of Russia" (S 1 : 8 000 000). Three levels of mapping units has been proposed: 1) zono- and orobioms, 2) ecoregions, 3) regional bioms. The first one is based upon the dominance of one or several zonal vegetation types, zoocomponent being characterized by the share of different vertebrate classes in species diversity of animal population. The concept of ecoregion reflects provincial features of subdivisions such as formation diversity, ecological-coenotic spectra of plants, trophic-demension groups, genera diversity of animal population, presence of endemic species and relic communities. Regional biom (main mapping unit) is characterized by the dominating growth forms, coenotical composition of plant formations and by the original combinations of types of territorial animal groupings with the enumeration of prevailing types and their species composition.
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Slezák, Michal, Richard Hrivnák i Anna Petrášová. "Syntaxonomy and Ecology of Black Alder Vegetation in the Southern Part of Central Slovakia". Hacquetia 10, nr 2 (1.01.2011): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10028-011-0006-6.
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Syntaxonomy and Ecology of Black Alder Vegetation in the Southern Part of Central Slovakia The study presents phytosociological and ecological data from azonal black alder forest sites in the southern part of central Slovakia. A data set of 29 relevés was collected by authors in vegetation season 2010 following the standard Braun-Blanquet approach. Numerical classification was performed to delimit the main vegetation types, while statistical analyses were applied to explain the vegetation-environmental relationships. Three associations within two classes were distinguished using a TWINSPAN algorithm. Carici elongatae-Alnetum glutinosae Schwickerath 1933 is an alder carr forest occurring on waterlogged soils in spring fed areas and alluvial zones along rivers. Carici acutiformis-Alnetum glutinosae Scamoni 1933 represents an alder carr forest on habitats with stagnant or slowly flowing water along water courses and artificial water reservoirs. Mesic to humid stands along small brooks are typical for the riparian alder vegetation of Stellario-Alnetum glutinosae Lohmeyer 1957. A detailed description of the floristic and ecological features of these associations is presented. The major environmental gradients affecting variation in species composition of these communities were interpreted as a response of vegetation to soil moisture and nutrient availability regarding the Ellenberg indicator values (moisture and nutrients) and measured variables (total N and C).
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Tseiкova, N. L., i L. M. Abramova. "NEW SYNTAXONS OF THE CITY OF NALCHIK (КABARDINO-BALKARIA)". Bulletin of the State Nikitsky Botanical Gardens 1, nr 138 (14.05.2021): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/0513-1634-2021-138-64-70.
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The results of the ecological and floristic classification of some mderal communities of the city of Nalchik are presented. The community of Cichorium intybus (Artemisietea vulgaris) that consist of two classes of mderal vegetation, Artemisietea vulgaris and Stellarietea mediae, and the class of meadow vegetation Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, is described. The association Conyzo canadensis-Lactucetum serriolae Lohmeyer in Oberdorfer 1957 is described. Communities of associations, including those under the name Erigeronto Lactucetum serriolae Lohmeyer in Oberdorfer 1957, are noted not only in settlements, but аво in other biotopes in Russia and abroad.
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Dubyna, D. V., i T. P. Dziuba. "Syntaxonomical diversity of the Dnieper mouth. I. Classes Scorzonero—Juncetea gerardii Golub et al. 2001, Festuco-Puccinellietea Soó 1968, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea R. Tx. 1937". Vegetation of Russia, nr 10 (2007): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2007.10.7.
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The revealed syntaxonomic diversity of meadow vegetation of the Dnieper mouth area comprises 12 associations subordinated to 7 alliances, 5 orders, and 3 classes: Scorzonero—Juncetea gerardii, Festuco-Puccinellietea and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. For each class, the phytosociological tables are presented together with the summarizing vegetation syntaxa prodromus and the ecological-phytocoenological portraits of the associations described. Meadow communities of the study area have been proved to bear peculiar features of their structure and composition. The spatial distribution of communities is mainly governed by the inundation regime and the degree of soil salinity. The results of the floristic analysis have pointed out notable numbers of rare and endangered plants participating in the community composition. These facts, together with the increasing anthropogenic impact on the vegetation, prompt us to discuss the problems of meadow vegetation conservation.
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Touboul, Jonathan David, Ann Carla Staver i Simon Asher Levin. "On the complex dynamics of savanna landscapes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, nr 7 (29.01.2018): E1336—E1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712356115.
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Simple mathematical models can exhibit rich and complex behaviors. Prototypical examples of these drawn from biology and other disciplines have provided insights that extend well beyond the situations that inspired them. Here, we explore a set of simple, yet realistic, models for savanna–forest vegetation dynamics based on minimal ecological assumptions. These models are aimed at understanding how vegetation interacts with both climate (a primary global determinant of vegetation structure) and feedbacks with chronic disturbances from fire. The model includes three plant functional types—grasses, savanna trees, and forest trees. Grass and (when they allow grass to persist in their subcanopy) savanna trees promote the spread of fires, which in turn, demographically limit trees. The model exhibits a spectacular range of behaviors. In addition to bistability, analysis reveals (i) that diverse cyclic behaviors (including limit and homo- and heteroclinic cycles) occur for broad ranges of parameter space, (ii) that large shifts in landscape structure can result from endogenous dynamics and not just from external drivers or from noise, and (iii) that introducing noise into this system induces resonant and inverse resonant phenomena, some of which have never been previously observed in ecological models. Ecologically, these results raise questions about how to evaluate complicated dynamics with data. Mathematically, they lead to classes of behaviors that are likely to occur in other models with similar structure.
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Arepieva, L. A. "Communities with Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. in the Kursk Region". Vegetation of Russia, nr 36 (12.12.2019): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2019.36.41.
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The purpose of this study is to characterize plant communities with Ambrosia artemisiifolia in the Kursk Region. The work is based on 32 relevés made by the author in the city of Kursk and few district centers of the Kursk Region in 2009–2018. Some information about natural conditions of the Kursk Region is given in Table 1. Classification is carried out according to Braun-Blanquet approach. The data were treated by IBIS 7.2 software package (Zverev, 2007). The names of the higher syntaxa follow to «Vegetation of Europe…» (Mucina et al., 2016). Synoptic tables include only species with a constancy above I. Ecological conditions (soil moisture, richness in mineral nitrogen, light) were assessed with the use of average values by H. Ellenberg et al. (1992) ecological scales while hemerobiality with use of average values by N. G. Ilminskikh (1993) ecological scale and processed by IBIS software (Zverev, 2007). 4 associations of 3 classes of vegetation were revealed. Communities with Ambrosia artemisiifolia and hygrophilous species are described in Serbia (Jarić et al., 2011) wh ere subass. Chenopodio–Ambrosietum artemisiifoliae bidentetosum Jarić et al. 2011 was recorded in abandoned fields. It is differentiated by biennials and perennials from classes Artemisietea vulgaris and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and others (Table 10). The features of communities with Ambrosia artemisiifolia identified in this work are important for the development strategies to combat this dangerous plant.
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Golovanov, Ya M., S. M. Yamalov i L. M. Abramova. "Vegetation of Salavat town (Bashkortostan Republic). V. Native and semi-native herb vegetation (classes Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Festuco-Brometea and Thero-Salicornietea)". Vegetation of Russia, nr 24 (2014): 13–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2014.24.13.
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The big cities are ecosystems where the most of the planet population is concentrated. The urban environment is characterized by essential changes of substances circulation, energy flow and the ecological conditions important for vegetation growing (Vladimirov, 1986; Odum, 1986; Burda, 1991; Goryshina, 1991; Berezutski, 2007 etc.). At present, urbanized territories of the world occupy only 5% of the entire land, and about 3 billion people live there., Increase of urbanization forces us to study the vegetation cover of the cities. Within city line, two main variants of vegetation communities are distinguished. The first is anthropogenic. It includes man-planted vegetation and widespread communities of synanthropic species. The second variant represents the remains of natural communities ecotopes on the urban territory. Native and semi-native herb vegetation of Salavat town (classes Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Festuco-Brometea and Thero-Salicornietea) is classified to 6 orders, 9 unions, 10 associations, 1 subassociation, 7 variants and 6 communities. Among them 3 associations (Elytrigio repentis–Bromopsidetum inermis, Sedo acris–Festucetum pseudovinae, Astragalo austriacae–Stipetum pulcherrimae), 1 subassociation (F. v.–C. f. poetosum angustifoliae) and 5 communities (derivate community Solidago canadensis [Arrhenatheretalia], basal community Poa angustifolia [Cynosurion/Onopordetalia acanthii], derivate community Lolium perenne [Cynosurion] and communities of Geranium sibiricum and Suaeda corniculata) are described for the first time in the South Urals. Grassland communities of the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea maintaining some trampling and pasture (in the city suburbs) are most widespread. They are rather diverse due to a wide range of ecological characteristics of the habitats (disturbance, moistening, and characteristics of substratum). The steppe vegetation of the class Festuco-Brometea is remained on the southern and eastern slopes of the uplands. The class Thero-Salicornietea communities on habitats with technogenic salinification occur locally. When building the city most of natural vegetation communities were destroyed, or they were transformed in semi-natural phytocoenosis with a high number of synanthropic species in floristic structure. The remained fragments of natural vegetation make an essential contribution, both to city flora, and to urban vegetation. They are refuges of many plant species, including rare and endemic species of the plants. Among endemic species — 1 species (Astragalus wolgensis). Two species (Stipa pulcherrima, S. pennata) are included in the Red List of the Russian Federation and also 2 species from the Red List of Bashkortostan Republic (Stipa korshinskyi and Tulipa biebersteiniana) were revealed. The rare plant species were described in steppe communities and the steppe meadows. These ecosystems need to be protected urgently.
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Franklin, Scott B., Michael Scheibout i Jozef Šibik. "Vegetation Classification Exercise for the Pawnee National Grasslands, USA". Vegetation Classification and Survey 1 (16.11.2020): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs/2020/38629.
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Aims: Vegetation classifications are useful for a variety of management purposes as well as scientific exploration. Local classifications are common throughout the United States but only recently have been integrated into a national classification system, which is now expected for local classifications. Study Area: The Pawnee National Grasslands (PNG) in northeastern Colorado, USA, has not been classified using plot data, and is thus a gap on the baseline knowledge of the PNG plant communities that hinders impact assessment of various anthropogenic activities. Methods: Here, we use 128 plots to classify the vegetation of the PNG using a two-step process: first, classifying the PNG plots alone to characterize local uniqueness, and then employing a semi-supervised classification with an additional 64 plots from areas to the north and east of the PNG, using standard classification procedures. Results: We document on the PNG the occurrence of two Classes, three Subclasses, four Formations, five Divisions, six Macrogroups, seven Groups and eight Alliances and Associations already described in the USNVC. Conclusions: The PNG is dominated by the Bouteloua gracilis-Buchloe dactyloides Grassland Association, which we further subdivide and describe as three local subassociations. The mixed-grass concepts in the USNVC do not exist in the PNG. Taxonomic reference: Hazlett (1998). Syntaxonomic reference: USNVC (2016). Abbreviations: BLM = Bureau of Land Management; CPER = Central Plains Experimental Range; ESA = Ecological Society of America; EST = Ecological Site Type; GPS UTM = Global Positioning System Universal Transverse Mercator; NEON = National Ecological Observatory Network; PNG = Pawnee National Grasslands; USNVC = United States Vegetation Classification.
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Johnson, J. Bradley, i David A. Steingraeber. "The vegetation and ecological gradients of calcareous mires in the South Park valley, Colorado". Canadian Journal of Botany 81, nr 3 (1.03.2003): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-017.
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The vegetation, environment, and ecological gradients present on three calcareous mires in the South Park valley, Park County, Colorado, were investigated. Vegetation was classified into four habitat classes, nine subclasses, and twelve species associations using two-way species indicator analysis (TWINSPAN). Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to ordinate vegetation samples along two axes representing the three predominant ecological gradients: water table height, miremargin to expanse, and region. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to directly relate local environmental conditions to vegetation. Water table depth, microtopographical development, soil and water pH and nutrient level, soil organic matter, and hydraulic head were significantly correlated with vegetation gradients. The mire soils consist of intermixed areas of organic and mineral soils. Mire soils and water are highly alkaline and nutrient-rich. Mean pore water calcium concentration on these mires is 115 mg/L, electrical conductivity averages 575 µS, and mean pH is 7.4. Owing to these conditions, the fen floras include a number of highly minerophilic species. Based on water chemistry and species criteria, each site was classified as rich to extremely rich fen, with the two fen types mixing in complex patterns according to local environmental conditions. The species Trichophorum pumilum, Salix candida, Salix myrtillifolia, Carex microglochin, Carex viridula, Carex scirpoidea, Eriophorum gracile, Triglochin maritimum, Triglochin palustris, Kobresia myosuroides, Kobresia simpliciuscula, Thalictrum alpinum, Scorpidium scorpioides, Scorpidium turgescens, and Calliergon trifarium were determined to be indicative of extremely rich fen conditions in the southern Rocky Mountains.Key words: Colorado, canonical correspondence analysis, detrended correspondence analysis, extremely rich fen, gradient analysis, mire.
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Deall, G. B., G. K. Theron i R. H. Westfall. "The vegetation ecology of the Eastern Transvaal Escarpment in the Sabie area. 2. Floristic classification". Bothalia 19, nr 1 (18.10.1989): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v19i1.945.
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The indigenous vegetation of the Eastern Transvaal Escarpment in the Sabie area is classified with the aid of the PHYTOTAB program package. Four ecological-formation classes (efc) based on floristics. physiognomy and climate correspond to four data subsets. Plant communities in each efc are defined by means of 46 differential species-groups distributed amongst forest, thicket, woodland, shrubland and grassland structural types. Environmental correlation is facilitated by means of 21 habitat types.
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Hüppe, Cecilia Frauke, Anja Schmitz, Bettina Tonn i Johannes Isselstein. "The Role of Socio-Economic Determinants of Horse Farms for Grassland Management, Vegetation Composition and Ecological Value". Sustainability 12, nr 24 (19.12.2020): 10641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410641.
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Socio-economic context is increasingly seen as a decisive factor for sustainable agricultural land use. The high prevalence of part-time farming and frequent lack of formal agricultural education within the equine sector are often seen as reasons why horse-grazed pastures do not fulfill their biodiversity potential. In spite of the substantial variability within horse farming, little is known about the relationship of socio-economic determinants with vegetation characteristics of horse-grazed grasslands. We surveyed 122 horse farms in Germany, classifying them into four socio-economic classes according to farm income type and farm managers’ agricultural education. We recorded farm structure parameters, grassland management practices and vegetation characteristics. Socio-economic class partly explained the great variability in farm structure that we observed. In contrast to our expectation, income type and agricultural education did not distinctly affect grassland management and were neither directly nor indirectly related to vegetation characteristics. Part-time farming and lack of agricultural education thus did not adversely affect the ecological value of horse-grazed grasslands. By contrast, both farm structure and paddock level management affected grassland vegetation and ecological value. Therefore, the socio-economic context of horse farms should be addressed in further research with strategies targeting the development of sustainable grassland management in horse keeping.
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Agra, Janaina Uchôa Medeiros, Raphael Ligeiro, Diego Rodrigues Macedo, Robert Mason Hughes i Marcos Callisto. "Ecoregions and stream types help us understand ecological variability in Neotropical reference streams". Marine and Freshwater Research 70, nr 4 (2019): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18309.
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Stream site classification is a fundamental step in defining reference conditions for freshwater bioassessments globally. Landscape regionalisation and stream typology approaches have both been used to determine classes that reduce inherent environmental variation and to show classes with ecological meaning. We evaluated the applicability of ecoregion and stream typology approaches in a river basin located between the Neotropical Savanna and the Atlantic Forest biomes in south-eastern Brazil. We delimited two ecoregions and assessed whether stream types within each ecoregion would further reduce environmental and macroinvertebrate assemblage variability. In addition, we determined indicator taxa for each of the reference condition classes. Our results confirm the importance of defining ecoregions a priori and for using a nested a posteriori stream typology approach for further explaining macroinvertebrate assemblage variation. Geology and natural vegetation physiognomy were the key ecoregion factors likely to influence macroinvertebrate assemblages, and stream dimension attributes best delimited meaningful stream types. Although stream classification is a very important step in any monitoring, management or restoration program, it has been widely neglected in many tropical regions. In this study we demonstrated how it can be conducted to determine macroinvertebrate assemblage potentials even with a relatively limited number of sites.
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Cullum, Carola, Gary Brierley, George LW Perry i Ed TF Witkowski. "Landscape archetypes for ecological classification and mapping". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 41, nr 1 (24.10.2016): 95–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133316671103.
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We propose the use of archetypes as a way of moving between conceptual framings, empirical observations and the dichotomous classification rules upon which maps are based. An archetype is a conceptualisation of an entire category or class of objects. Archetypes can be framed as abstract exemplars of classes, conceptual models linking form and process and/or tacit mental models similar to those used by field scientists to identify and describe landforms, soils and/or units of vegetation. Archetypes can be existing taxonomic or landscape units or may involve new combinations of landscape attributes developed for a specific purpose. As landscapes themselves defy precise categorisation, archetypes, as considered here, are deliberately vague, and are described in general terms rather than in terms of the details that characterise a particular instance of a class. An example outlining the use of archetypes for landscape classification and mapping is demonstrated for granitic catenas in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Some 81% of the study area can be described in terms of archetypal catenal elements. However, spatial clustering of two classes that did not correspond to the archetypes prompted development of new archetypes. We show how the archetypes encoded in the map can be used to frame further knowledge in an ongoing, iterative and adaptive process. Building on this, we reflect on the value of vagueness in conservation science and management, highlighting how archetypes that are used to interpret and map landscapes may be better employed in the future.
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White, JD, KC Ryan, CC Key i SW Running. "Remote Sensing of Forest Fire Severity and Vegetation Recovery". International Journal of Wildland Fire 6, nr 3 (1996): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9960125.
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Burned forested areas have patterns of varying burn severity as a consequence of various topographic, vegetation, and meteorological factors. These patterns are detected and mapped using satellite data. Other ecological information can be abstracted from satellite data regarding rates of recovery of vegetation foliage and variation of burn severity on different vegetation types. Middle infrared wavelengths are useful for burn severity mapping because the land cover changes associated with burning increase reflectance in this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Simple stratification of Landsat Thematic Mapper data define varying classes of burn severity because of changes in canopy cover, biomass removal, and soil chemical composition. Reasonable maps of burn severity are produced when the class limits of burn severity reflectance are applied to the entire satellite data. Changes in satellite reflectance over multiple years reveal the dynamics of vegetation and fire severity as low burn areas have lower changes in reflectance relative to high burn areas. This results as a consequence of how much the site was altered due to the burn and how much space is available for vegetation recovery. Analysis of change in reflectance across steppe, riparian, and forested vegetation types indicate that fires potentially increase biomass in steppe areas, while riparian and forested areas are slower to regrow to pre-fire conditions. This satellite-based technology is useful for mapping severely burned areas by exploring the ecological manifestations before and after fire.
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Lavrinenko, I. A. "Typology of territorial units of vegetation for the purposes of large-scale mapping (the Kolguev Island as an example)". Geobotanical mapping, nr 2015 (2015): 94–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/geobotmap/2015.94.
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A typological scheme of territorial units of vegetation (TUV) developed on the basis of the large-scale map of theKolguev Island is presented. Four basic rank typological units (division, class, group and type) define TUV positions in the hierarchical system of vegetation cover. The concepts of diagnostic syntaxon and combination of diagnostic syntaxa that occur exclusively or primarily within these typological units are introduced. Prodromus of the Kolguev Island vegetation consists of 42 syntaxa (association / subassociation / type of community). 38 types of TUV from 22 groups (8 homogeneous and 14 heterogeneous – serial and ecological ranks, complexes and combinations), assigned to 15 classes and 3 divisions are allocated on the vegetation map in 1 : 50 000 scale. The categories of different rank can be used as dynamic elements of the map legend. This approach gives us a possibility to combine the syntaxonomic diversity of plant communities and typology of TUV.
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Asner, Gregory P., David E. Knapp, Amanda N. Cooper, Mercedes M. C. Bustamante i Lydia P. Olander. "Ecosystem Structure throughout the Brazilian Amazon from Landsat Observations and Automated Spectral Unmixing". Earth Interactions 9, nr 7 (1.06.2005): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei134.1.
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Abstract The Brazilian Amazon forest and cerrado savanna encompasses a region of enormous ecological, climatic, and land-use variation. Satellite remote sensing is the only tractable means to measure the biophysical attributes of vegetation throughout this region, but coarse-resolution sensors cannot resolve the details of forest structure and land-cover change deemed critical to many land-use, ecological, and conservation-oriented studies. The Carnegie Landsat Analysis System (CLAS) was developed for studies of forest and savanna structural attributes using widely available Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) satellite data and advanced methods in automated spectral mixture analysis. The methodology of the CLAS approach is presented along with a study of its sensitivity to atmospheric correction errors. CLAS is then applied to a mosaic of Landsat images spanning the years 1999–2001 as a proof of concept and capability for large-scale, very high resolution mapping of the Amazon and bordering cerrado savanna. A total of 197 images were analyzed for fractional photosynthetic vegetation (PV), nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV), and bare substrate covers using a probabilistic spectral mixture model. Results from areas without significant land use, clouds, cloud shadows, and water bodies were compiled by the Brazilian state and vegetation class to understand the baseline structural typology of forests and savannas using this new system. Conversion of the satellite-derived PV data to woody canopy gap fraction was made to highlight major differences by vegetation and ecosystem classes. The results indicate important differences in fractional photosynthetic cover and canopy gap fraction that can now be accounted for in future studies of land-cover change, ecological variability, and biogeochemical processes across the Amazon and bordering cerrado regions of Brazil.
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Acic, Svetlana, U. Silc, S. Vrbnicanin, Svjetlana Cupac, G. Topisirovic, N. Stavretovic i Zora Dajic-Stevanovic. "Grassland communities of Stol mountain (eastern Serbia ): Vegetation and environment al relationships". Archives of Biological Sciences 65, nr 1 (2013): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1301211a.
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The systematic survey of grassland communities was performed on Mt. Stol (eastern Serbia). The main aims of the research were to: (1) determine grassland vegetation types of the researched area; (2) correlate the impacts of the soil and environmental conditions on the occurrence of certain plant communities, and (3) comment on the conservational value of the grasslands in the researched area. The data set included 60 phytosociological relev?s of grasslands recorded between 2001 and 2004. The main environmental gradients of species composition were analyzed by Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). For the ecological interpretation of ordination axes, ecological indicator values were used. Three associations were distinguished: Danthonietum calycinae, Asperulo-Agrostietum vulgaris and Ranunculo bulbosi- Arrhenatheretum elatioris belonging to two alliances and two classes: Chrysopogono-Danthonion - Festuco-Brometea and Arrhenatherion - Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. The results of the DCA support our assumption that the main environmental gradient in the species composition of the grasslands is related to nutrients and moisture. The conservational value of grasslands in the researched area is discussed.
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Didukh, Ya P., Yu V. Rozenblit, I. I. Chorney, V. V. Budzhak i A. I. Tokariuk. "Vegetation of the Dniester Canyon and assessment of its adaptive potential". Ukrainian Botanical Journal 78, nr 4 (30.08.2021): 282–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrbotj78.04.282.
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Syntaxonomy of the natural vegetation of the Dniester Canyon, including 20 classes, 30 orders, 44 alliances, and 71 associations, is presented. The natural vegetation of the canyon is formed by communities of the classes Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae, Quercetea pubescentis, Quercetea robori-petraeae, Alno glutinosae-Populetea albae, Crataego-Prunetea, Festuco-Brometea, Trifolio-Geranietea sanguine, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Sedo-Scleranthetea, Phragmito-Magnocaricetea, Bolboschoenetea maritimi, and Isoëto-Nanojuncetea. Grassland vegetation is characterized by the highest syntaxonomic diversity. Quantitative assessment of syntaxonomic diversity in the three-dimensional system of ecological strategies of species according to Ramensky-Grime (CRS) was carried out. Adaptive capabilities, i.e. the potential for possible further development of forest, shrub and grassland habitats, have been assessed. It has been found that the dynamics of forest shrub, grass meadow and steppe communities is determined by successive endoecogenetic processes. In petrophytic communities, fluctuation changes are not manifested and successional changes are rather limited. Significant fluctuations are inherent in floodplain grasslands that depend on the sharp variability of moisture during the growing season. At the same time, it is emphasized that actual realization of these processes depends on influences of external drivers that can be considered as regulatory factors in possible development of syntaxa.
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Sá, Iêdo Bezerra, Tony Jarbas Ferreira Cunha, Tatiana Ayako Taura i Marcos Antônio Drumond. "Mapeamento da desertificação da Região de Desenvolvimento Sertão do São Francisco com base na cobertura vegetal e nas classes de solos (Desertification mapping of “Sertão” San Francisco Development Region based on the vegetation and the soil classes)". Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 8 (3.12.2015): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v8.0.p510-524.
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Na região Semiárida do Estado de Pernambuco existe grande diversidade na paisagem natural, onde a vegetação, os solos e o clima geram uma multiplicidade de situações que concorrem para formação de diferentes ecossistemas e habitats com grande potencial ecológico e ambiental. Nesta região, a vegetação é caracterizada por diferentes fisionomias, variando de áreas com formações arbustivas, com cobertura do solo muito escassa e quase ausente, a formações arbóreas com níveis de cobertura bastante densas. De modo análogo, nesta região ocorre uma grande variedade de solos, que por suas características, manejo e situação no relevo podem potencializar os processos erosivos, determinantes no desencadeamento da desertificação. Considerando as interrelações destas duas variáveis ambientais, este trabalho tem o objetivo de realizar um diagnóstico das áreas susceptíveis à desertificação da Região de Desenvolvimento Sertão do São Francisco - RDSF, tendo como base o cruzamento das informações da cobertura vegetal natural e das classes de solos. Para tanto, foram utilizados o recorte do mapeamento da cobertura vegetal e uso do solo e o recorte do mapeamento de solos da RDSF. Foram estabelecidos critérios para susceptibilidade da cobertura vegetal, assim como para as classes de solos presentes na área. Executou-se a intersecção destas duas bases de informação para o perfil da sensibilidade à desertificação. Os resultados mostram que a RDSF tem os seguintes valores das áreas em processos de desertificação: 1,77% na classe ausente ou fraca; 74,74% na classe moderada; 0,35% na classe acentuada e 23,14% na classe severa. Deste modo, observa-se que aproximadamente 98% da RDSF encontram-se na situação de sensibilidade à desertificação em que predominam as classes de Moderada a Severa. In the semiarid region of the state of Pernambuco there are plenty of biophysics where vegetation, climate, soils, and the various faces and the relationships and processes that take place among them generate the formation of different ecosystems and habitats with great potential ecological and environmental. There are a range of vegetation types, ranging from shrubby coverage areas up to very sparse and mostly absent vegetation areas, which demonstrated high desertification process occurring. Similarly, a variety of soils that is in the region along with vegetation makes this a region of great variation from the viewpoint of environmental supply. This article deals with the realization of a diagnosis of environmental sensitivity to desertification of São Francisco Development Region seeking spatialize the different situations in which the environment fulfills a greater or lesser extent, its role as provider of environmental services. For this, we used the cutting mapping of existing vegetation and soil mapping of the state and the established criteria, as well as edaphic vegetation cover, featuring the susceptibility to degradation and performed the intersection of these two bases of information to profile the sensitivity to desertification. The results show that São Francisco Development Region has the following values of areas undergoing desertification: 1.77% in weak class; 74.74% in the moderate class; 0.35% in sharp class, and 23.14% in severe class. Keywords: desertification, São Francisco, Semi-arid region, soils.
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Shoshany, Maxim. "Satellite remote sensing of natural Mediterranean vegetation: a review within an ecological context". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 24, nr 2 (czerwiec 2000): 153–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913330002400201.
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Mediterrranean regions are characterized by high spatiotemporal heterogeneity of vegetation patterns. Understanding the dynamic nature of these environments requires detailed data for wide regions regarding changes in their phyto-ecology, biomass and productivity. This article assesses the current status of satellite remote sensing in this field of application. Mapping the five main life-forms (physiognomic classes) in Mediterranean regions (forests, woodlands, scrub, dwarf shrubs and herbaceous growth) has attracted major attention in recent years. Methodologies developed for this purpose are based on the spectral, temporal and spatial (textural) information domains provided by satellite data. Wide regional vegetation mapping was achieved using phenological classification of vegetation indices derived mainly from NOAA AVHRR images. More detailed mapping was conducted with multispectral techniques in local areas using mainly Landsat TM images. Assessments of multispectral and multi-temporal categories have shown limitations in their applicability over wide regions due mainly to the heterogeneity of Mediterranean regions. This heterogeneity cannot be regarded as a simple mixing of life-forms over large areas but, rather, the formation of transitional zones of varying mixtures resulting from disturbance and recovery cycles. Productivity and biomass monitoring has been found to be an active methodological development due to the introduction of new off-nadir viewing sensors in the visible and infrared spectral bands, and because of the development of methodologies for the retrieval of biophysical information from Synthetic Aperature Radar (SAR) data. Studies of ecosystem evolution using satellite data were conducted mainly in the fields of fire disturbance and desertification. Further progress in the remote sensing of Mediterranean vegetation ecology requires a better synergy of sensors, methods and ancillary data.
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Sokolova, T. A. "Large-scale geobotanical map of the Tuzla Spit and Tuzla Island (the Kerch Strait)". Geobotanical mapping, nr 2019 (2019): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/geobotmap/2019.57.
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During an ecological expertise the vegetation of Tuzla Spit and Tuzla Island, located in the middle part of the Kerch Strait (Fig. 1), was studied. This area is unique in terms of biological diversity and a presence of rare species (Ermolaeva et al., 2018). The study is based on 150 geobotanical relevés. Field data, topographic maps, and high-resolution satellite images were used in the vegetation mapping. The total area of the study is 383 hectares. There are the following hierarchical levels in the legend to the vegetation map: types of vegetation and classes of associations. A mapping unit is an association described according to the Braun-Blanquet system (Braun-Blanquet, 1964). The highest divisions of the legend are the types of vegetation: aquatic, coastal-aquatic, halophytic, psammophytic, steppe; they are given according to the ecological-phytocoenotic classification. Within the types of vegetation, classes of associations are given according to the ecological-floristic classification. 26 main numbers of the legend display the vegetation cover on the map. Geobotanical map reflects the state of vegetation in 2015 (Fig. 2). The vegetation of the island is heterogeneous. Plant communities as narrow stripes replace each other depending on the degree of moisture, salinity and orography. The sea currents have a great influence on the vegetation. In the southern part of the Taman Bay, suspension flows are directed from the South to the North and round the island, which leads to the “washing-up” of the southeastern part of the island represented by shallow waters and estuaries. It is occupied mainly by halophytic vegetation, the main dominants of plant communities are Juncus maritimus, Phragmites australis, Puccinellia distans, Bassia hirsuta, Salicornia perennans, S. prostrata, Suaeda salsa, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Elytrigia elongata, Tripolium vulgare. The northwestern part of the strait is occupied by the area of jet streams of suspensions coming from the North to the South from the Sea of Azov. This caused the accumulation of sand-shell material in the northern and northwestern parts of the island forming raised areas covered by psammophytic and steppe communities. The main dominant species here are Crambe maritima var. pontica, Cakile euxina, Eryngium maritimum, Lactuca tatarica, Salsola tragus, Leymus sabulosus, Artemisia arenaria, Gypsophila perfoliata. As a result of the transport crossing construction, the vegetation cover was heavily transformed. The vegetation map of Tuzla Spit and Island for 2019 shows the changes that have occurred — the drainage of the territory and the reduction of the vegetated area (Fig. 3). Distribution of weed species, in particular Ambrosia artemisiifolia, is noted. The remained vegetation in the southern part of the Tuzla Spit and the southern part of the Tuzla Island has a great nature conservation value; there are unique plant communities and rare plant species listed in the Red books of different ranks (Red..., 2007, 2008, 2015): Cakile euxina, Crambe maritime, Glaucium flavum, Euphorbia paralias, E. peplis, Eryngium maritimum, Astrodaucus littoralis, Asparagus maritimus, Centaurea arenaria, Argusia sibirica, Astragalus varius, Verbascum pinnatifidum, Leymus racemosus subsp. sabulosus, Secale sylvestre. There is an obvious need to organize a specially protected natural area in these areas.
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STOFER, Silvia, Ariel BERGAMINI, Gregorio ARAGÓN, Palmira CARVALHO, Brian J. COPPINS, Simon DAVEY, Michael DIETRICH i in. "Species richness of lichen functional groups in relation to land use intensity". Lichenologist 38, nr 4 (lipiec 2006): 331–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282906006207.
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Changing land use has a major impact on lichen diversity. This study attempts to identify patterns or trends of lichen functional groups along a land use gradient, ranging from natural forests to open agricultural landscape. In eight countries, covering six main European biogeographic regions, lichen vegetation was assessed according to a standardized scheme. Data on reproductive, vegetative and ecological traits was compiled and relative species richness for all classes of all traits calculated. Relationships between the land use gradient and relative species richness of trait classes were analysed. Open and intensively managed landscapes harbour more fertile species while sterile species are relatively more important in forests. This finding is also supported by analyses of different classes of dispersal propagules. The importance of species with the principal photobiont Trebouxia s.l. increases linearly with intensification of land use. A converse pattern is revealed by species with Trentepohlia. Concerning substratum specialization only generalists show an effect along the land use intensity gradient. Their relative species richness decreases from landscapes dominated by forests to open agricultural landscape. A considerable decline in the rare lichen species richness as a result of land intensification is predicted.
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Goia, Irina, i Adrian Oprea. "Particularities of the Aquatic Vegetation from “Iron Gates” Natura 2000 Site (Banat, Romania)". Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 16, nr 3 (1.12.2014): 87–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0035.
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Abstract The paper presents the results of investigations on the aquatic vegetation, along the Romanian bank of the Danube River, in the area of Porţile de Fier (“Iron Gates”; Mehedinţi and Caraş-Severin counties), a Natura 2000 site. Twenty-three plant communities were identified from Lemnetea minoris and Potametea pectinati classes. The survey led to the identification of some newly described phytocoenotaxons in this protected area. All the plant communities in this paper are documented by phytosociologic tables, being accompanied by coenotaxonomic, phytogeographical, ecological and social strategies analysis, in order to assess their conservation status, as the main tool for management decisions.
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Dubyna, D. V., T. P. Dziuba, S. M. Iemelianova i L. М. Makhynia. "Syntaxonomy and ecological differentiation of the pioneer vegetation of Ukraine. 1. Classes: Cakiletea maritimae, Ammophiletea, Crithmo-Staticetea, Crypsietea aculeatae, Therosalicornietea". Biosystems Diversity 28, nr 1 (12.02.2020): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012011.
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Pioneer plant communities grow on newly-formed ecotopes of coastal and partially continental areas, on patches that have dried after the surface water flooding. They are affected by sea tides, wind-induced effect, salinity, denudation, accumulation and sharp changes in soil humidity. To these factors are added chemical and biological pollution, as well as anthropogenic pressure. Due to these reasons, such plant communities have a specific floristic composition, structure, functional regime and resilience mechanisms, which are different from coenoses of more stable habitats. On the basis of the analysis of more than 600 phytosociological relevés using TWINSPAN modified algorithm the current state of littoral and halophytic classes of pioneer vegetation in Ukraine has been established and their syntaxonomic structure identified. It has been determined that the level of pioneer phytocoenoses diversity in Ukraine is similar to that of Central Europe. The Cakiletea maritimae class is presented by 1 order, 1 alliance, and 4 associations; Ammophiletea – by 1 order, 1 alliance, and 8 associations; Crithmo-Staticetea – by 1 order, 2 alliances, and 3 associations; Crypsietea aculeatae – by 1 order, 3 alliances, and 4 associations, Therosalicornietea – by 1 order, 2 alliances, and 10 associations. Synoptic tables of vegetation classes are given and nine alliances are briefly characterized. Using DCA-ordination analysis of syntaxa in the association-rank level we identified that the main factors of ecological differentiation are soil humidity and aeration as well as the nitrogen content. For the pioneer plant communities, other significant impact factors are the extremality of environmental conditions, their unevenness and non-equilibrium, in particular, the mechanical action of the sea waves, the dynamic processes of denudation and accumulation, salinity, as well as the variability of damping during the year. This research contributes to the identification of the place of the distinguished syntaxa of Ukrainian pioneer vegetation in the European system.
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Afrin, Sadia, Anil Gupta, Babak Farjad, M. Ahmed, Gopal Achari i Quazi K. Hassan. "Development of Land-Use/Land-Cover Maps Using Landsat-8 and MODIS Data, and Their Integration for Hydro-Ecological Applications". Sensors 19, nr 22 (9.11.2019): 4891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19224891.
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The Athabasca River watershed plays a dominant role in both the economy and the environment in Alberta, Canada. Natural and anthropogenic factors rapidly changed the landscape of the watershed in recent decades. The dynamic of such changes in the landscape characteristics of the watershed calls for a comprehensive and up-to-date land-use and land-cover (LULC) map, which could serve different user-groups and purposes. The aim of the study herein was to delineate a 2016 LULC map of the Athabasca River watershed using Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived enhanced vegetation index (EVI) images, and other ancillary data. In order to achieve this, firstly, a preliminary LULC map was developed through applying the iterative self-organizing data analysis (ISODATA) clustering technique on 24 scenes of Landsat-8 OLI. Secondly, a Terra MODIS-derived 250-m 16-day composite of 30 EVI images over the growing season was employed to enhance the vegetation classes. Thirdly, several geospatial ancillary datasets were used in the post-classification improvement processes to generate a final 2016 LULC map of the study area, exhibiting 14 LULC classes. Fourthly, an accuracy assessment was carried out to ensure the reliability of the generated final LULC classes. The results, with an overall accuracy and Cohen’s kappa of 74.95% and 68.34%, respectively, showed that coniferous forest (47.30%), deciduous forest (16.76%), mixed forest (6.65%), agriculture (6.37%), water (6.10%), and developed land (3.78%) were the major LULC classes of the watershed. Fifthly, to support the data needs of scientists across various disciplines, data fusion techniques into the LULC map were performed using the Alberta merged wetland inventory 2017 data. The results generated two useful maps applicable for hydro-ecological applications. Such maps depicted two specific categories including different types of burned (approximately 6%) and wetland (approximately 30%) classes. In fact, these maps could serve as important decision support tools for policy-makers and local regulatory authorities in the sustainable management of the Athabasca River watershed.
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Baskin, Carol C., i Jerry M. Baskin. "Germinating Seeds of Wildflowers, an Ecological Perspective". HortTechnology 14, nr 4 (styczeń 2004): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.4.0467.
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Five kinds (classes) of seed dormancy are known: physiological (PD), morphological (MD), morphophysiological (MPD), physical (PY), and combinational (PY+PD). PD is the most common class in the major vegetation zones of the world followed by PY, MPD, MD, and (PY+PD). Each class is described, and a dichotomous key to identify them is presented. The environmental conditions required to break PD, MD, MPD, PY, and (PY + PD) and promote germination are discussed. To help determine which treatments to use for breaking dormancy in seeds with water-permeable seedcoats (PD, MD, MPD), a “move-along experiment” is recommended. Little or no convincing evidence for the role of microbes or mechanical abrasion by soil particles in breaking PY can be found in the literature. However, there is good evidence that the water plug or gap in the seed or fruit coat of seeds with PY responds to environmental cues that permit timing of imbibition and germination to be well controlled in nature. Seeds of many species remain viable after passing through the digestive tracts of animals, with varying effects on germination.
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Kholod, S. S. "Classificаtion of Wrangel Island vegetation". Vegetation of Russia, nr 11 (2007): 3–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2007.11.3.
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The syntaxonomical study of Wrangel Island carried out in accordance to Braun-Blanquet approach is proposed. As a result 29 associations, 1 type of community, 18 subassociations, 8 variants and 5 facies are distinguished. A series of associations belong to 13 alliances, 12 orders and 9 classes which were described earlier (some of them are provisional). The procedure of classification have showed some methodical difficulties. One of them is the revealing of belonging syntaxa to any class, a lot of which were described in more south regions. As a result much of diagnostic species of these classes are absent in arctic regions. So far as many species of Arctic characterized by wide distribution they cannot be used as character species. The concept of vicariant syntaxa is used: 5 associations are considered as vicariants of syntaxa already distinguished. At present there are not any higher syntaxa (class) for correct description for zonal (plakor) vegetation, erect shrubs and zoogenic vegetation in arctic tundra subzone. The syntaxa of Carici rupestris—Kobresietea bellardii and Thlaspietearotundifolii predominate in island. There are north limits of areas of some syntaxa such as ass. Sphagno—Eriophoretum vaginati vic. Polytrichastrum alpinum, Brachythecio salebrosi—Salicetum glaucae, Parryo nudicaulis—Salicetum lanatae, Equisetetum borealis vic. Polemonium acutiflorum on Wrangel Island. Zonal associations are characterized by lowest number of character species (2—4). The reason of this phenomena is the average meaning of ecological parameters in plakors. As a consequence many species of different ecological groups can growth together. There are fr om 9 to 17 character species in some intrazonal associations: Carici membranaceae—Dryadetum integrifoliae, Castillejo elegantis—Caricetum rupestris, Salici callicarpaeaе—Dryadetum chamissonis, Artemisio borealis—Chamaenerietum latifolii. Following associations of plakor are characterized by the highest species richness: Parryo nudicaulis—Dryadetum punctatae (255 taxa) and Artemisio tilesii—Deschampsietum borealis (250). Besides these the ass. Salici polaris—Caricetum podocarpae which is formed in snowbed sites have 251 taxa. A lot of species have middle (III) or low (II, I) constancy. The higher number of species in syntaxa compared to community is due to rare species. The coverage of majority of species varies from <1 % to 5 %, not more than 10 species — from 6 % to 12 %. Only 3 species form an stable coverage more than 25 %: Carexlugens, Dryaspunctata, D. integrifolia. Two types of community are characterized by the homogeneous cover: ass. Meesio triquetris—Caricetum stantis vic. Warnstorfia sarmentosa and ass. Salici polaris—Caricetum podocarpae. The tundra turf is heterogeneous in zonal (plakor) communities. It consists of different fragments of mosses, lichens and vascular plants. Frost boils (patches) are most common elements of horizontal structure. The turf around patches forms continuous net. Non closed (open) communities are predominate at all slopes, tops and mountain terraces. Cushions formed by herbs Artemisiaborealis subsp. richardsoniana, A. glomerata, Oxytropisgorodkovii, Potentillasubvahliana are usual in such sites. There are 2 layers in communities: an upper one (10—30 cm) wh ere herbs are predominate and dwarf shrubs-lichen-moss (less than 10 cm). The height of shrub Salixlanata subsp. richardsonii layer at the center of island is 45—60 cm.
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Mirkin, B. M., V. B. Martynenko i L. G. Naumova. "(A review) Victor V. Chepinoga. Flora and vegetation of waterbodies in Baikal Siberia. Irkutsk, 2015. 468 p." Vegetation of Russia, nr 29 (2016): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2016.29.117.
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The monograph presents the results of long-term studies of flora and vegetation of waterbodies (with standing and flowing water) in Baikal Siberia (Irkutsk Oblast, Republic of Buryatia. Zabaikalskii Krai). The hydrophilous flora of the region includes 380 vascular plant species. The distribution of plants is characterized by their occurrence in 46 units (regions) of the regional division. Taxonomical, geographical, karyolofloristic, ecological and biological analyses for the regional hydrophilous flora is performed. Vegetation diversity of waterbodies is described in tradition of floristic classification (Braun-Blanquet approach). For the studied region, 105 associations belonging to 5 classes are described based on more than 2600 relevés. Using original landscape approach in hydrobotany, the special heterogeneity of flora and vegetation is analyzed in the series of 7 "local hydrophylous floras" crossing Baikal Siberia from west to east. The heterogeneity is examined at 3 levels of spatial organization: microecotopes, mesoecotopes (waterbodies types) and landscape level.
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Carpa, Rahela, Vasile-Daniel Gherman, Mihail Dr�gan-Bularda, Marilena Motoc i Elena Ana Pauncu. "Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Characterization of the Soil Types from Various Altitudinal Vegetation Zones in Par�ng Mountains". Revista de Chimie 59, nr 9 (9.10.2008): 1057–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.08.9.1968.
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There were collected soil samples from various vegetation sites and altitudinal vegetation zones of the Par�ng Mountains, from the South-Eastern part of the Hunedoara county, and they were analysed from the physico-chemical and bacteriological point of view. The chemical analyses consisted in the appreciation of the reaction of the soil (pH), in establishing the humus and total nitrogen content. According to these analyses, the soil is generally acid and presents normal nitrogen content. In order to establish the soil type and classes existing in the Par�ng Mountain, the chemical analyses were completed with physical analyses of the soil texture sampled from various altitudinal zones, determining the following soil classes: the Umbrisol Class, the Spodisol Class, the Cambisol Class and the Protisol Class. The bacteriological analyses consisted in the study of the abundance, of the dynamics, diversity and ecological significance on the groups of bacteria involved in the biogeochemical cycles of nitrogen (aerobic mesophilic heterotrophs, ammonifiers, denitrifiers, nitrate bacteria and nitrite bacteria and aerobic, free, nitrogen fixing-bacteria from Azotobacter genus) from the mountainous soils. Based on the obtained results there was also calculated the bacterial indicator of the soils biological quality (BISQ) for each type of soil in each altitudinal vegetation zones.
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Zengel, Scott, Nicolle Rutherford, Brittany Bernik, Zachary Nixon i Jacqueline Michel. "Salt Marsh Remediation and the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, the Role of Planting in Vegetation and Macroinvertebrate Recovery". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, nr 1 (1.05.2014): 1985–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1985.
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ABSTRACT The Deepwater Horizon oil spill resulted in persistent heavy oiling in salt marshes, particularly in northern Barataria Bay, Louisiana. Oiling conditions and several ecological variables were compared among reference plots and three types of heavily oiled plots located along a continuous shoreline area in northern Barataria Bay: oiled control plots, mechanical treatment plots, and mechanical treatment plots coupled with vegetation planting (Spartina alterniflora). Data were collected more than three years following initial oiling and two years following cleanup treatments and planting. Salt marsh oiling and associated impacts were apparent across all oiling/treatment classes relative to reference conditions. Mechanical treatment with planting showed the most improvement in oiling conditions and was also effective in re-establishing vegetation cover and plant species composition similar to reference conditions, in contrast to the oiled controls and mechanical treatment plots without planting. Marsh periwinkle (Littoraria irrorata) recovery was limited across all oiling/treatment classes relative to reference. Impacts to fiddler crabs (Uca spp.) were also documented in the heavily oiled plots. Positive influences of mechanical treatment and planting on macroinvertebrate recovery were observed; however, invertebrate recovery may lag the return of Spartina alterniflora by several years. Vegetation planting should be considered as a spill response and emergency restoration option for heavily oiled salt marshes where vegetation impacts are substantial, natural recovery may be lacking or delayed, intensive cleanup treatments are used, or where marsh shorelines are at risk of erosion.
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Johnston, RM, i MM Barson. "Remote sensing of Australian wetlands: An evaluation of Landsat TM data for inventory and classification". Marine and Freshwater Research 44, nr 2 (1993): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9930235.
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This study aimed to develop simple remote-sensing techniques suitable for mapping and monitoring wetlands, using Landsat TM imagery of inland wetland sites in Victoria and New South Wales. A range of classification methods was examined in attempts to map the location and extent of wetlands and their vegetation types. Multi-temporal imagery (winter/spring and summer) was used to display seasonal variability in water regime and vegetation status. Simple density slicing of the mid-infrared band (TM5) from imagery taken during wet conditions was useful for mapping the location and extent of inundated areas. None of the classification methods tested reproduced field maps of dominant vegetation species; however, density slicing of multi-temporal imagery produced classes based on seasonal variation in water regime and vegetation status that are useful for reconnaissance mapping and for examining variability in previously mapped units. Satellite imagery is unlikely to replace aerial photography for detailed mapping of wetland vegetation types, particularly where ecological gradients are steep, as in many riverine systems. However, it has much to offer in monitoring changes in water regime and in reconnaissance mapping at regional scales.
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Bélanger, Louis, Sylvain Paquette, Steve Morel, Jean Bégin, Philippe Meek, Lucie Bertrand, Patrick Beauchesne, Serge Lemay i Marius Pineau. "Indices de qualité de station du sapin baumier dans le sous-domaine écologique de la sapinière à bouleau blanc humide". Forestry Chronicle 71, nr 3 (1.06.1995): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71317-3.
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Balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L) Mill.) site indices (height at 50 years at stump height) were estimated for the principal ecological types of the boreal and humid balsam fir-white birch climatic subdomain in central Québec. Ecological types consisted of units homogeneous as to their geomorphological deposit, their drainage class and vegetation dynamic. Mean site index varied from 15.9 m for rich mesic seepage sites to 9.4 m for very thin and poorly drained sites. To the three productivity classes generally used for boreal balsam fir stands in Québec (Linteau 1955), our results demonstrated the need to recognize a fourth class to distinguish operational groups. Rich mesic seepage sites are clearly more productive than other mesic sites with which they were grouped in the past. The proposed classes are: 1) I+ (SI > 15 m) comprising rich seepage sites; 2) class I−, comprising mesic sites (SI from 13.5 to 15 m); 3) class II (SI from 10.5 to 13.4 m) which comprises sites that possess moderate growth limitations including imperfectly drained sites, thin (< 50 cm) mesic sites and coarse textured dry sites; 4) and class III (SI < 10.5 m) comprising poorly drained sites. Growth studies of four ecological types based on permanent plots of similar densities, show the same relative order in productivity as the one established with their site indices. Mean annual growth of these somewhat under-stocked plots were 2.9, 2.0 and 1.5 m3/ha/year for classes I+, I− and II respectively. The principal ecological variables that influenced fertility of these boreal sites were drainage class and the presence of seepage. Soil depth and, to a point, soil texture were not very significative variables in this humid climatic zone. It must also be emphasized that all site indices of ecological types showed high variability.
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Watson, Simon J., Rick S. Taylor, Lisa Spence-Bailey, Dale G. Nimmo, Sally Kenny, Luke T. Kelly, Angie Haslem i in. "The Mallee fire and biodiversity project". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 124, nr 1 (2012): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs12038.
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Fire is a widespread disturbance and an important ecological process in semi-arid mallee ecosystems of southern Australia. Understanding the effects of fire on plants and animals is a key challenge for the conservation and management of biodiversity in this ecosystem. Commencing in 2006, the Mallee Fire and Biodiversity Project is investigating the effects of fire on a range of taxa (vascular plants, invertebrates, reptiles, birds and mammals), with a focus on the influence of the properties of ‘fire mosaics’ on biota. A ‘whole of landscape’ design was employed, in which the flora and fauna were sampled in 28 study landscapes, each 4 km in diameter (12.5 km2) across a 104, 000 km2 area of the Murray Mallee region of Victoria, SA and NSW. Here, we summarise some key results and outputs from this project to date. These include: detailed maps of fire history and major vegetation types; a method for predicting the age of mallee vegetation; novel information about the distribution of fire age-classes in the region; and changes to vegetation structure and in the occurrence of reptile, bird and mammal species over a century-long post-fire time-frame. We also present an overview of the effects of fire mosaics (extent of particular age classes, diversity of fire age-classes) on the richness of some mallee fauna. A wealth of knowledge has been developed through the Mallee Fire and Biodiversity Project that will assist the management of mallee ecosystems in southern Australia for the future.
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Torres-Olave, M. E., L. C. Bravo-Peña, L. C. Alatorre-Cejudo, M. I. Uc-Campos i M. O. González-León. "Factores biogeográficos y cambios de uso del suelo (2009-2013) en el nicho de "Trogon elegans ambiguus" y "Euptilotis neoxenus" en Chihuahua, México". Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 44, nr 2 (29.06.2018): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.18172/cig.3295.
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Few studies have addressed the current state of the Trogon elegans ambiguus and Euptilotis neoxenus ecological niches, as well as the vegetation dynamics and land use changes where these birds live. This work estimates the potential distribution of Trogon elegans ambiguus and Euptilotis neoxenus in Chihuahua and studies the land use changes in two time periods (2009 and 2015). The MaxEnt software was used to model the ecological niches in Chihuahua, Mexico. The maps of changes in land use and plant cover were reclassified and the classes were homogenized. A crosstab analysis was used to compare correspondence matrices. The results indicate that Trogon elegans ambiguus and Euptilotis neoxenus underwent a niche loss in conifer and hardwood forests, which became farmland or pasture-bushes. Ecological niche modelling is a useful tool to identify suitable areas for species with NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 status. In the case of Trogon elegans ambiguus, land use changes mainly affect the municipalities of Temosachi and Madera.
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Hutorowicz, Andrzej. "A Retrospective Ecological Status Assessment of the Lakes Based on Historical and Current Maps of Submerged Vegetation—A Case Study from Five Stratified Lakes in Poland". Water 12, nr 9 (18.09.2020): 2607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092607.
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This article presents and tests a new method for the retrospective assessment of ecological status assessment of the lakes in accordance with the Ecological State Macophyte Index (ESMI), which is formally used in biological monitoring in Poland. The proposed method is based on three metrics, the Z colonization index, the average maximum depth of lake vegetation Cmax, and the Secchi disk depth. Mathematical functions of ecological class were developed on the basis of the mean values of these three indicators in summer for different ecological status classes in 88 stratified lakes in northern Poland and the Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie Lake District and five lakes in the catchment area of the Wel River (published data). The new metrics were validated on the basis of literature data—ESMI, Cmax, Z and SD values from 11 lakes near Olsztyn (Poland). The obtained results are similar to those calculated based on macrophyte field surveys and can be an alternative of the Ecological State Macophyte Index (ESMI), which is formally used in biological monitoring in Poland. The proposed method makes it possible to compare long-term changes in the ecological state of lakes, because it enables an analogous assessment on the basis of data calculated from historical bathymetric maps showing the distribution of hydro macrophytes (parameters Z and Cmax) as well as contemporary data, collected, among others, during hydroacoustic research.