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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Ecological vegetation classes"
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Dubyna, D. V., Т. P. Dziuba, S. M. Iemelianova i P. A. Tymoshenko. "Syntaxonomy and ecological differentiation of the pioneer vegetation of Ukraine. 2. Helichryso-Crucianelletea maritimae, Festucetea vaginatae, Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis classes". Biosystems Diversity 28, nr 3 (9.08.2020): 298–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012039.
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Pioneer psammophytic vegetation is usually developed on wind-drift sandy substrates such as arenas, spits, beaches, river terraces, and this vegetation occupies significant areas in all three natural zones of Ukraine. The Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis class was represented by 13 associations, 3 alliances and 1 order; Festucetea vaginatae class by 22 associations, 2 alliances and 1 order; Helichryso-Crucianelletea maritimae by 10 associations, 4 alliances and 1 order. The results of cluster analysis and synoptic tables of the classes are presented. 9 alliances are briefly described. Leading factors of territorial and ecological differentiation are identified. It was found that the territorial distribution of plant communities is influenced by the character of ecotope mesorelief, soil composition and humus horizon thickness, as well as the degree of eolian processes development. The main factors of their ecological differentiation are soil acidity, salt regime and ombroregime. Based on the results of DCA-ordination of syntaxa within certain vegetation classes, it was found that their distribution is influenced by factors that correlate with the environment-specific conditions. It has emerged that an ecological differentiation of syntaxa within Festucetea vaginatae is determined by the integrated effect of gradients, and soil salinity is leading among them. Temperature regime and climate continentality are leading factors in the distribution of syntaxa within the Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis class. The gradients of ombroregime and soil humidity have a significant impact. The distribution of communities of the Helichryso-Crucianelletea maritimae class in the ecological space is determined mainly by factors of variability of damping, ombroregime and climate continentality. The author’s syntaxonomic concept assumes the independence of the studied classes: Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis, Helichryso-Crucianelletea maritimae and Festucetea vaginatae, considering that the leading factors of community differentiation of the Festucetea vaginatae and Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis classes are the origin (genesis) of sandy substrates, as well as soil acidity. Phytosociological analysis of a large number of relevés of coastal littoral vegetation also provides support for independence of the Helichryso-Crucianelletea maritimae and Ammophiletea classes different floristically and ecologically. A review of the psammophytic vegetation of Ukraine will determine the place of the selected syntaxonomic units in the pan-European system.
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Nuijten, Rik J. G., Nicholas C. Coops, Catherine Watson i Dustin Theberge. "Monitoring the Structure of Regenerating Vegetation Using Drone-Based Digital Aerial Photogrammetry". Remote Sensing 13, nr 10 (16.05.2021): 1942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101942.
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Measures of vegetation structure are often key within ecological restoration monitoring programs because a change in structure is rapidly identifiable, measurements are straightforward, and structure is often a good surrogate for species composition. This paper investigates the use of drone-based digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) for the characterization of the structure of regenerating vegetation as well as the ability to inform restoration programs through spatial arrangement assessment. We used cluster analysis on five DAP-derived metrics to classify vegetation structure into seven classes across three sites of ongoing restoration since linear disturbances in 2005, 2009, and 2014 in temperate and boreal coniferous forests in Alberta, Canada. The spatial arrangement of structure classes was assessed using land cover maps, mean patch size, and measures of local spatial association. We observed DAP heights of short-stature vegetation were consistently underestimated, but strong correlations (rs > 0.75) with field height were found for juvenile trees, shrubs, and perennials. Metrics of height and canopy complexity allowed for the extraction of relatively tall and complex vegetation structures, whereas canopy cover and height variability metrics enabled the classification of the shortest vegetation structures. We found that the boreal site disturbed in 2009 had the highest cover of classes associated with complex vegetation structures. This included early regenerative (22%) and taller (13.2%) wood-like structures as well as structures representative of tall graminoid and perennial vegetation (15.3%), which also showed the highest patchiness. The developed tools provide large-scale maps of the structure, enabling the identification and assessment of vegetational patterns, which is challenging based on traditional field sampling that requires pre-defined location-based hypotheses. The approach can serve as a basis for the evaluation of specialized restoration objectives as well as objectives tailored towards processes of ecological succession, and support prioritization of future inspections and mitigation measures.
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Ribeiro, Fernanda F., Dar A. Roberts, Laura L. Hess, Frank W. Davis, Kelly K. Caylor i Gabriel Antunes Daldegan. "Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis Framework for Mapping Vegetation Physiognomic Types at Fine Scales in Neotropical Savannas". Remote Sensing 12, nr 11 (27.05.2020): 1721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12111721.
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Regional maps of vegetation structure are necessary for delineating species habitats and for supporting conservation and ecological analyses. A systematic approach that can discriminate a wide range of meaningful and detailed vegetation classes is still lacking for neotropical savannas. Detailed vegetation mapping of savannas is challenged by seasonal vegetation dynamics and substantial heterogeneity in vegetation structure and composition, but fine spatial resolution imagery (<10 m) can improve map accuracy in these heterogeneous landscapes. Traditional pixel-based classification methods have proven problematic for fine spatial resolution data due to increased within-class spectral variability. Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) is a robust alternative method to overcome these issues. We developed a systematic GEOBIA framework accounting for both spectral and spatial features to map Cerrado structural types at 5-m resolution. This two-step framework begins with image segmentation and a Random Forest land cover classification based on spectral information, followed by spatial contextual and topological rules developed in a systematic manner in a GEOBIA knowledge-based approach. Spatial rules were defined a priori based on descriptions of environmental characteristics of 11 different physiognomic types and their relationships to edaphic conditions represented by stream networks (hydrography), topography, and substrate. The Random Forest land cover classification resulted in 10 land cover classes with 84.4% overall map accuracy and was able to map 7 of the 11 vegetation classes. The second step resulted in mapping 13 classes with 87.6% overall accuracy, of which all 11 vegetation classes were identified. Our results demonstrate that 5-m spatial resolution imagery is adequate for mapping land cover types of savanna structural elements. The GEOBIA framework, however, is essential for refining land cover categories to ecological classes (physiognomic types), leading to a higher number of vegetation classes while improving overall accuracy.
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Dietrich, Michael, i Christoph Scheidegger. "Frequency, Diversity and Ecological Strategies of Epiphytic Lichens in the Swiss Central Plateau and the Pre-Alps". Lichenologist 29, nr 3 (maj 1997): 237–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1996.0074.
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AbstractTo identify representative quantitative criteria for the creation of a future Red List of epiphytic lichens, 849 trees in 132 long-term ecological observation plots in the Swiss Central Plateau and the Pre-Alps were surveyed by standard sampling. Based on the trees, frequency data of the lichen taxa observed are described by the log series model, indicating the controlling effect of few ecological factors. Based on the plots, four classes of scarcity, each comprising 25% of the species, were established. As a contribution to the development of a national, representative survey of lichens, α-diversity (species richness, species density) and β-diversity (dissimilarity) were calculated in terms of region, vegetation formation, vegetation belt and for their combinations. Differences in lichen diversity between the Central Plateau and the Pre-Alps were caused by the bigger elevational range in the Pre-Alps, which resulted in a higher species richness. α-Diversity of forest and non-forest were similar, whereas each vegetation formation showed one third of its species restricted to it. The contributions to the total lichen diversity of crustose, foliose and fruticose as well as of generative and vegetative species was calculated. Specific features along the altitudinal gradient of vegetation belts emerged: the percentage of crustose and generative lichens declined with every altitudinal step, increased in fruticose and vegetative lichens, and was the same in foliose species.
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Cianfaglione, Kevin. "Plant Landscape and Models of French Atlantic Estuarine Systems. Extended Summary of the Doctoral Thesis". Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 23, nr 1 (1.03.2021): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/trser-2021-0002.
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Abstract The present study proposes a theoretical common model of environmental gradients and functioning of vegetation and Plant Landscape of the French Atlantic estuarine systems. This model offers a basis to improve classification and ecological studies of estuarine systems, and to helps the monitoring and assessment of land uses, land forms transformation and human impacts, thanks to the develop of a spatio-temporal predictive model based on actual and potential vegetation following a dynamico-catenal approach. In eight selected estuaries, fieldworks was undertook for a total of 98,315 ha highlighting two vegetation series and four geopermaseries, corresponding to 131 plant associations, 60 alliances, 43 orders, and 28 classes. The vegetation of three representative estuaries was mapped, for a total of 74,433 ha. A synthetic scheme of estuary vegetation landscape is proposed, integrating geographical and ecological gradients as well as geomorphologic forms.
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Rapinel, Sébastien, i Laurence Hubert-Moy. "One-Class Classification of Natural Vegetation Using Remote Sensing: A Review". Remote Sensing 13, nr 10 (12.05.2021): 1892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101892.
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Advances in remote sensing (RS) technology in recent years have increased the interest in including RS data into one-class classifiers (OCCs). However, this integration is complex given the interdisciplinary issues involved. In this context, this review highlights the advances and current challenges in integrating RS data into OCCs to map vegetation classes. A systematic review was performed for the period 2013–2020. A total of 136 articles were analyzed based on 11 topics and 30 attributes that address the ecological issues, properties of RS data, and the tools and parameters used to classify natural vegetation. The results highlight several advances in the use of RS data in OCCs: (i) mapping of potential and actual vegetation areas, (ii) long-term monitoring of vegetation classes, (iii) generation of multiple ecological variables, (iv) availability of open-source data, (v) reduction in plotting effort, and (vi) quantification of over-detection. Recommendations related to interdisciplinary issues were also suggested: (i) increasing the visibility and use of available RS variables, (ii) following good classification practices, (iii) bridging the gap between spatial resolution and site extent, and (iv) classifying plant communities.
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Budzhak, Vasyl'. "Syntaxonomic scheme of grassy vegetation of the upper Prut and Siret river basins". Biolohichni systemy 11, nr 2 (26.12.2019): 174–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2019.02.174.
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This is the first time that ecological-floristic classification scheme of grassy vegetation of the upper Prut and Siret basins within Ukraine was set up based on the analysis of field research and literature resources. The foundations for syntaxonomic scheme of vegetation was database of geobotanical descriptions «Vegetation of Bukovina», which was created on the Department of botany, forestry, garden and park management in the shell of TURBOVEG. This database contains more than 5000 geobotanical descriptions made in accordance with standardized approach. There was used cluster analysis based on modified TWINSPAN algorithm in JUICE shell for allocation of vegetation units. Syntaxonomic scheme of grassy vegetation of the researched area includes 9 classes, 21 orders, 33 alliances.
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Kovalenko, I. N. "Potential and realized ecological niches of herb and shrub layer in forest ecosystems of the north-eastern Ukraine". Ecology and Noospherology 26, nr 3-4 (12.06.2015): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/031516.
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The species composition of herb and shrub layer of the major forest ecosystems of the north-eastern Ukraine has been analyzed at the level of vegetation classes, and individual ecological optimum of the main species of herbs and shrubs has been determined in order to predict the dynamics of their populations in the region. Literature data and results of our own studies for the period of 2000–2010 have shown that in accordance with the ecofloristic classification in the region, 6 classes of forest vegetation can be distinguished, such as: Querceto-Fagetea Br.-Bl. (1937), Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. (1939), Pulsatillo-Pinetea sylvestris Oberdorfer (1992), Quercetea robori-petreae Br.-Bl. et. Tx. (1963), Salicetea purpureae Moor (1958), Alnetea glutinosae Br. Bl. ex Tx. (1943). The analysis of the general monographs on ecofloristic classification made in the north-eastern Ukraine (Klika, 1955; Matuszkiewicz, 2001; Shelyah-Sosonko, 2002; Grygora, 2005; Solomakha, 2008; Goncharenko, 2009, 2010; Rogova et al., 2005, etc.), provided an opportunity to review the composition of the characteristic species for the six classes of vegetation, registered in the region. Thereby, species, that hardly ever occur in the region or are very rare, have been excluded from the list of characteristic species. Plant species, peculiar to forest communities of the north-eastern Ukraine, have been added. Woody plants and shrubs have been excluded from the analysis. For each species of the three central classes its individual ecological optimum has been estimated considering six factors: 1 – light availability, 2 – temperature, 3 – continentality, 4 – soil moisture, 5 – soil acidity, 6 – soil fertility. The point scale of Ellenberg (Ellenberg, 1952, 1996) with 12 points for soil moisture and 9 points for other environmental regimes has been taken as a basis. Due to the fact that the scale of Ellenberg fails to include all these species, and has a lot of gaps in the assessment of individual regimes, it has been supplemented by the point scale of Landolt (Landolt, 1977), in which the number of species is greater and the assessment of their optimum is more complete. Considering that that in the scale of Landolt all environmental factors are divided into 5 points, transformation of points into 12- or 9-integrated assessment of environmental regimes has been made. The indicated pattern of wide ecological amplitude in characteristic species of higher syntaxonomic units in forest vegetation is useful adaptive trait from the phytocoenogenesis point of view. If there is any change in the general soil-climatic conditions, forest phytocoenoses retain their integrity due to the change in their great number and even the floristic composition in the lower tiers. Grouping of classes Querceto-Fagetea Br.-Bl. (1937), Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. (1939) and Pulsatillo-Pinetea Sylvestris Oberdorfer (1992) play the leading role in the formation of forest ecosystems in the north- eastern Ukraine. Plant species, peculiar to these classes and being part of herb and shrub layer, provide wide ecological amplitudes, covering at least 3–5-point scales of the main environmental factors. Global warming may result in significant changes in the composition and structure of plant populations that form herb and shrub layer of forest phytocenoses of vegetation classes, peculiar to the north-eastern Ukraine.
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Dubyna, D. V., T. P. Dziuba, L. P. Vakarenko, A. A. Ennan, H. M. Shykhaleeva i H. M. Kiriushkina. "Features of ecological differentiation of halophytic, steppe and petrophytic vegetation in the valley of the Liman Kuyalnik (Odesa Oblast)". Biosystems Diversity 27, nr 3 (23.10.2019): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011928.
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Assessment of key environmental factors that influence vegetation distribution and formation of plant communities is one of the most important challenges in modern phytocenology. Nowadays, several bioindication systems are applied to determine ecological specificity of plant communities and to establish the leading factors for their environmental differentiation. The system most widely used in Europe, that of H. Ellenberg, contains a numerical score on 6 ecological factors. On the example of vegetation of the valley of the Liman Kuyalnik, Y. Didukh developed the synphytoindication method based on evaluation of phytocenoses with respect to 12 ecological factors: 7 edaphic factors and 5 climatic factors; the method determines a more accurate and complete presentation of the analysis. In the valley of the Liman Kuyalnik (Odesa Oblast) the largest area is covered with halophytic and steppe vegetation. Halophytic vegetation (Therosalicornietea, Festuco-Puccinellietea classes, Juncetea maritimi, Bolboschoenetea maritimi) predominated in the shoreline areas of the valley, whereas steppe (Festuco-Brometea) and petrophytic (Sedo-Scleranthetea) vegetation dominated on the slope sites. With the application of DCA-ordination and synphytoindication methods it was established that distribution of plant communities in the hyper-space of the environmental conditions was most strongly correlated with edaphic factors, whereas microclimatic (light intensity) and climatic (thermo-regime) conditions had somewhat less influence on their differentiation. Water regime and level of soil salinity served as key factors for syntaxa of halophytic vegetation; moisture variability and salt regime, as well as soil moisture and carbonate content were key factors for the steppe vegetation, and thermo-regime was the main factor for petrophytic-steppe and petrophytic vegetation. The "eco-spaces" of these groups largely overlap. Halophytic cenoses are characterized by quite wide ecological ranges by most ecological factors. Steppe communities show much less ecological diversity. In the valley of the liman, all the steppe communities were characterized by stenotopicity in relation to most ecological factors; these factors complexly determine the specificity and diversity of biotopes within the valley, which are unique and require protection and the taking of appropriate measures, depending on the changes in activity of one or another limiting factor. Nowadays, the valley of the Liman Kuyalnik is in a state of environmental disaster. The established relationships in ecological differentiation of plant communities will be applied to further monitoring of biodiversity state, preservation and possible restoration of vegetation types that were native for this unique territory.
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Brooks, Bjorn-Gustaf J., Danny C. Lee, Lars Y. Pomara i William W. Hargrove. "Monitoring Broadscale Vegetational Diversity and Change across North American Landscapes Using Land Surface Phenology". Forests 11, nr 6 (27.05.2020): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060606.
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We describe a polar coordinate transformation of vegetation index profiles which permits a broad-scale comparison of location-specific phenological variability influenced by climate, topography, land use, and other factors. We apply statistical data reduction techniques to identify fundamental dimensions of phenological variability and to classify phenological types with intuitive ecological interpretation. Remote sensing-based land surface phenology can reveal ecologically meaningful vegetational diversity and dynamics across broad landscapes. Land surface phenology is inherently complex at regional to continental scales, varying with latitude, elevation, and multiple biophysical factors. Quantifying phenological change across ecological gradients at these scales is a potentially powerful way to monitor ecological development, disturbance, and diversity. Polar coordinate transformation was applied to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series spanning 2000-2018 across North America. In a first step, 46 NDVI values per year were reduced to 11 intuitive annual metrics, such as the midpoint of the growing season and degree of seasonality, measured relative to location-specific annual phenological cycles. Second, factor analysis further reduced these metrics to fundamental phenology dimensions corresponding to annual timing, productivity, and seasonality. The factor analysis explained over 95% of the variability in the metrics and represented a more than ten-fold reduction in data volume from the original time series. In a final step, phenological classes (‘phenoclasses’) based on the statistical clustering of the factor data, were computed to describe the phenological state of each pixel during each year, which facilitated the tracking of year-to-year dynamics. Collectively the phenology metrics, factors, and phenoclasses provide a system for characterizing land surface phenology and for monitoring phenological change that is indicative of ecological gradients, development, disturbance, and other aspects of landscape-scale diversity and dynamics.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Ecological vegetation classes"
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Alizadeh, Shabani Afshin, i afshin alizadeh@rmit edu au. "Identifying bird species as biodiversity indicators for terrestrial ecosystem management". RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20061116.161912.
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It is widely known that the world is losing biodiversity and primarily it is thought to be caused by anthropogenic activities. Many of these activities have been identified. However, we still lack a clear understanding of the causal relationships between human activities and the pressures they place on the environment and biodiversity. We need to know how ecosystems and individual species respond to changes in human activities and therefore how best to moderate our actions and reduce the rate of loss of biodiversity. One of the ways to detect these changes is to use indicators of ecosystem conditions. Indicators are statistics following changes in a particular factor usually over time. These indicators are used to summarise a complex set of data, and are seen as being representative of the wider situation in that field. So it can be assumed that if that particular factor is declining or improving, then the situation in general is also declining or improving. They are used to check the status and trends of biodiversity by both the public and policy makers. Indicators are also used to assess national performance and can be used to identify the actions required at the policy level. In this manner, they provide an important link between policy-makers and scientists collecting the data. The current thesis investigates the possibility of using bird species as indicators of biodiversity for better management of natural terrestrial ecosystems, by identifying their habitats according to various environmental factors. The study is established by drawing upon three main scientific areas: ecology, geographical information system (GIS), and statistical modelling. The Mornington Peninsula and Western Port Biosphere Reserve (MPWPBR) (Victoria, Australia) was chosen for the study area because of the combination of suburban and natural environments that made it optimum for this type of study. Once the study area was defined, the necessary data for the research were obtained from various sources. Birds Australia provided data on recorded observation of 271 bird species within the study area. Based on the nature of this study, seven species were selected for the study. The criteria for this selection are discussed in Chapter 3. Most literature state that the primary determinant for bird abundance is vegetation and land cover. Because of this, Ecological Vegetation Class (EVC) layer was used to determine which type(s) of vegetation have the greatest impact on habitat selection. Each species showed a relationship to a number of v vegetation types. These EVCs were combined to produce vegetation patches, and were considered as potentially suitable habitats of corresponding bird species. For each of the species, these habitat patches were analysed for the different aspects of patch characteristics (such as the level of patchiness, connectivity, size, shape, weighted distance between patches, etc.) by using the Landscape Context Tool (a GIS add-on). This process assisted the understanding of the importance of patch quality in habitat selection among different bird species by analysing the location of bird observation sites relative to habitat patches. In this way, the association between bird presence and the conditions of a habitat patch was identified by performing a discriminant function analysis. To investigate the probability of a species presence according to different environmental factors, a model of species distribution was created. Binary logistic regression was used to indicate the level of effect of each variable. The model was then successfully validated in the field. To define the indicators of environmental factors, it was essential to separate bird species based on their dependency on one or more of the studied variables. For this purpose, One-Way ANOVA was used. This analysis showed that some bird species can be considered as indicators of urban areas, while others could be good indicators of wellpreserved large forests. Finally, it must be mentioned that the type and quality of the datasets are crucial to this type of study, because some species have a higher degree of sensitivity to certain types of vegetation or land cover. Therefore, the vegetation data must be produced as detailed as possible. At the same time, the species data needs to be collected based on the presence and absence (versus presence-only) of the birds.
Części książek na temat "Ecological vegetation classes"
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Alexander, Earl B., Roger G. Coleman, Todd Keeler-Wolfe i Susan P. Harrison. "Serpentine Vegetation of Western North America". W Serpentine Geoecology of Western North America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165081.003.0017.
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As discussed in chapter 11, the general patterning of vegetation on serpentine up and down the western North American continent is relatively straightforward. However, many of the distinctive nuances relating to the structure and composition of the vegetation, particularly in comparison to adjacent nonserpentine vegetation have yet to be described. In this chapter we use vegetation as a tool to describe the variation of biotic diversity on serpentine throughout western North America. Vegetation is valuable in this regard because, by describing it, one assembles the information on all plants growing in different patterns in a landscape. This chapter expands on some of the concepts mentioned in chapter 11 and addresses some of the specific questions of interest to ecologists and biologists regarding the influence of serpentine on groups of plant species, using examples from western North America. Western North America provides an excellent template for understanding general questions about serpentine effects on species and vegetation. The broad latitudinal distribution and the local topographic and geologic diversity of serpentine exposures throughout this area produce an array of gradients of temperature, moisture, soil development, disturbance patterns, and day length to produce multiple ecological gradients operating at multiple scales. Also, within western North America a wide number of species from many different genera and families are influenced by serpentine. Vegetation classification is a tool used for several purposes, including efficient communication, data reduction and synthesis, interpretation, and land management and planning. Classifications provide one way of summarizing our knowledge of vegetation patterns. Although there are many different classification concepts, all classifications require the identification of a set of discrete vegetation classes. The fundamental unit of these discrete classes that is identifiable in the field is the stand. A stand is defined by two main unifying characteristics (CNPS 2003): 1. It has compositional integrity. Throughout the site, the combination of plant species is similar. The stand is differentiated from adjacent stands by a shift in plant species composition that may be abrupt or indistinct. That shift relates to a concomitant shift in certain ecological features such as temperature, moisture, or soil fertility that maintain control over the plant species composition.
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Česnulevičius, Algimantas, Artūras Bautrėnas, Linas Bevainis i Donatas Ovodas. "Classical and Modern Remote Mapping Methods for Vegetation Cover". W Vegetation Index and Dynamics [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97427.
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Plant classification is quite complex and multilevel. All living organisms are divided into domains, kingdoms, types, classes, ranks, families, tribes, and species. This classification complexity is also reflected in the classification of biogeographic maps, which is much simpler. Based on floristic dependence, vegetation is grouped by connecting it into spatial (territorial) complexes. This paper presents the interfaces of mapping methods with taxonomic vegetation types at different hierarchical levels. At the same time, examples of vegetation mapping techniques from national and thematic atlases of different countries are presented in this article. UAV aerial photographs are widely used for local mapping of vegetation areas. The authors of this article propose a new methodology that can be used to assess the ecological condition of young trees and the volume of mature forest wood. The methodology is based on the separation of tree crown areas in UAV aerial photographs and photo color analysis. For automated area calculation of young trees, a PixRGB software has been developed to determine the area of pixels of the same color in aerial photographs. The software is based on the comparison of young tree crown area calculations in AutoCAD software and area measurements of individual color spectrum pixels. In the initial stage, aerial photographs are transformed to the exact size of the photographed area. Transformations were performed with an error of less than 2–3 cm. The transformation of the spectrum of aerial photographs allowed to concentrate the color of the image of young trees in a relatively narrow color range. Studies performed in 2019–2020 to assess the ecological condition of trees and the amount of wood using UAV INSPIRE 1 and PixRGB color analysis software showed the effectiveness of the applied methodology.
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Randy Gimblett, H., i Merton T. Richards. "Simulating Wildland Recreation Use and Conflicting Spatial Interactions using Rule-Driven Intelligent Agents". W Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Agent-Based Modeling Techniques for Understanding Social and Ecological Processes. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195143362.003.0016.
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Ecosystem management, in the ideal sense, gives appropriate consideration to the complex and interdependent ecological and social systems that comprise forestlands. One prominent and growing arena where ecological and social systems interact is in the recreational use of wildlands. Recreational uses of forestlands are among an extensive array of commodities and amenities that are increasingly demanded of forest managers. An in-depth understanding of the relationships between recreational and other important uses is essential to effective ecosystem management. Within the human dimension of ecosystem management, recreation and amenity uses of forestlands and the associated benefits of those uses, constitute an important component of management decisions. Forestland recreation is a special form of leisure behavior not only because it takes place outdoors, but because it depends upon a “natural” setting. Particular environmental settings are crucial to the fulfillment of forest recreation goals, because the recreationist seeks meaningful and satisfying experiences rather than simply engagement in activities. Importantly, wildland recreation takes place in settings that result from management actions of one form or another, whether the management objective is recreation opportunity, wildlife habitat improvement, or timber production, among others. The recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) provides a conceptual framework for relating opportunities for particular behaviors and experiences to specific settings. The ROS argues that recreator's pursuits of certain activities in specific settings reveals their demand for experiences that are satisfying and that may give long-term benefits. The ROS framework describes a spectrum of recreation opportunity classes that relate a range of recreation experiences to an array of possible settings and activities. Setting structure is composed of three components: an ecological component, a social component, and a managerial component. The ecological component comprises the physical-biological conditions of the setting. These are typically delineated by the relative remoteness of the setting, its size, and evidence of human impact (number and condition of trails, structures, or roads, alteration of vegetation, etc.). The social component is typically defined by the number of users at one time (density) in the setting, delineated by the number of encounters or sightings a recreation party has with others.
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Suding, Katharine N. "Top of the World Collaborations: Lessons from above Treeline". W Long-Term Ecological Research. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199380213.003.0046.
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My involvement at the Niwot Ridge Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site began when I was an undergraduate summer research assistant, and it has extended through a postdoctoral fellowship, a tenured professorship, and now a leadership role in the program. I focus on alpine tundra plant diversity, plant–soil interactions, and how environmental changes may influence community dynamics over time and space. Cross-site synthesis work has been one of the most valuable experiences of my career, enabling me to ask more general questions and produce more influential work than I could have done with a focus at a single site. Such comparative research has allowed me to interact with a fabulous group of scientists that has strongly influenced my professional development. These scientists remain strong role models for me. My experiences in the LTER program have formed my model of education and training, emphasizing experimental and observational approaches, quantitative methods, and data management and sharing. I think it is the best way to approach the difficult and complex ecological questions facing our society today. My involvement in the LTER program started in college, when I decided to study for one semester at the University of Colorado. During that semester, I took a class from Marilyn Walker, who was part of the Niwot Ridge (NWT) LTER program. Marilyn’s class did not go to the tundra or even focus on alpine systems. However, when time came to figure out what to do over the summer, I asked her if I could be her research assistant. She gave me the chance to work at Niwot Ridge (Figure 29.1). I spent the summer before my senior year at 3,500-m elevation, recording point quadrat vegetation data in permanent plots. The snow was late to melt that year, so I spent much of June in the Institute of Alpine and Arctic Research’s loading dock, painting thick black stripes on 2.5-m long PVC poles to be used to measure snow depth. When snow melted enough to allow access on the entrance road, I went up to Niwot Ridge for the first time.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Ecological vegetation classes"
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Mazurkin, Peter. "ECOLOGICAL CONSOLIDATION OF LANDS IN RUSSIA AND FEDERAL DISTRICTS". W GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/37.
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It is proposed to identify the hierarchy of federal districts in terms of ecological opportunities for consolidation of vegetation cover according to three classes of soil cover according to the UN classification (grass + shrub + trees) on the land territory of Russia by ranking the shares of vegetation cover and human-modified lands, as well as ecological coefficients. The total ecological coefficient is calculated by dividing the share of vegetation by the total share of anthropogenic land. The forest-agricultural coefficient is convenient as the ratio of the forest area to the arable land area. The identification method revealed stable regularities of rank distributions in the form of trends and wave equations.
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Mazurkin, Peter. "COMPARISON OF SUBJECTS OF THE URAL FEDERAL DISTRICT BY THE SHARE OF VEGETABLE COVER". W GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/36.
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The ecological consolidation of vegetation according to three classes of the UN soil cover (grass + shrub + trees) is considered. The ecological coefficient is calculated by dividing the share of vegetation by the share of changed land. For the rating, the forest-agricultural coefficient is convenient as the ratio of forest area to arable land. The ecological principle of the consolidation of 13 types of land is proposed, which makes it possible to carry out the ecological consolidation of the vegetation cover and altered human land. According to these proposed criteria, the ranking of the subjects of the Ural Federal District was carried out.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Ecological vegetation classes"
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Wells, Aaron, Tracy Christopherson, Gerald Frost, Matthew Macander, Susan Ives, Robert McNown i Erin Johnson. Ecological land survey and soils inventory for Katmai National Park and Preserve, 2016–2017. National Park Service, wrzesień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287466.
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This study was conducted to inventory, classify, and map soils and vegetation within the ecosystems of Katmai National Park and Preserve (KATM) using an ecological land survey (ELS) approach. The ecosystem classes identified in the ELS effort were mapped across the park, using an archive of Geo-graphic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) datasets pertaining to land cover, topography, surficial geology, and glacial history. The description and mapping of the landform-vegetation-soil relationships identified in the ELS work provides tools to support the design and implementation of future field- and RS-based studies, facilitates further analysis and contextualization of existing data, and will help inform natural resource management decisions. We collected information on the geomorphic, topographic, hydrologic, pedologic, and vegetation characteristics of ecosystems using a dataset of 724 field plots, of which 407 were sampled by ABR, Inc.—Environmental Research and Services (ABR) staff in 2016–2017, and 317 were from existing, ancillary datasets. ABR field plots were located along transects that were selected using a gradient-direct sampling scheme (Austin and Heligers 1989) to collect data for the range of ecological conditions present within KATM, and to provide the data needed to interpret ecosystem and soils development. The field plot dataset encompassed all of the major environmental gradients and landscape histories present in KATM. Individual state-factors (e.g., soil pH, slope aspect) and other ecosystem components (e.g., geomorphic unit, vegetation species composition and structure) were measured or categorized using standard classification systems developed for Alaska. We described and analyzed the hierarchical relationships among the ecosystem components to classify 92 Plot Ecotypes (local-scale ecosystems) that best partitioned the variation in soils, vegetation, and disturbance properties observed at the field plots. From the 92 Plot Ecotypes, we developed classifications of Map Ecotypes and Disturbance Landscapes that could be mapped across the park. Additionally, using an existing surficial geology map for KATM, we developed a map of Generalized Soil Texture by aggregating similar surficial geology classes into a reduced set of classes representing the predominant soil textures in each. We then intersected the Ecotype map with the General-ized Soil Texture Map in a GIS and aggregated combinations of Map Ecotypes with similar soils to derive and map Soil Landscapes and Soil Great Groups. The classification of Great Groups captures information on the soil as a whole, as opposed to the subgroup classification which focuses on the properties of specific horizons (Soil Survey Staff 1999). Of the 724 plots included in the Ecotype analysis, sufficient soils data for classifying soil subgroups was available for 467 plots. Soils from 8 orders of soil taxonomy were encountered during the field sampling: Alfisols (<1% of the mapped area), Andisols (3%), Entisols (45%), Gelisols (<1%), Histosols (12%), Inceptisols (22%), Mollisols (<1%), and Spodosols (16%). Within these 8 Soil Orders, field plots corresponded to a total of 74 Soil Subgroups, the most common of which were Typic Cryaquents, Typic Cryorthents, Histic Cryaquepts, Vitrandic Cryorthents, and Typic Cryofluvents.