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1
Shakarishvili, Salome. "Ecological economics and globalization". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31700.
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One Professor of the University of Georgia defines globalization as “processes that lead towards global interdependence and the increasing rapidity of change across vast distances”. This definition by itself does not seem to be describing a malicious process—or for that matter, even a new process. gobalization has been around for thousands of years, ever since the first human groups started systems of trade and interaction with other groups. In the past this interaction has led to many positive exchanges and definitely some negative ones as well.
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2
Distefano, Tiziano. "Essays in Ecological Economics". Thesis, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 2015. http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/172/1/DiStefano_PhdThesis.pdf.
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Ecological Economics (EE) is a novel, wide and heterogeneous
branch of research which aims at studying the relationships
between Ecological and Economic Systems, which
are composed of large number of entities (state variables or
stocks), that interact through the flows of matter, energy, and
information passing through the systems’ boundaries. The
two systems are strictly interwoven and each one have an impact
on the other, i.e. the exploitation of natural resources for
productive purposes and the potential economic losses due
to environmental disasters (e.g. climate change). The current
dissertation provides a set of both theoretical and empirical
studies to tackle the problem of natural resource scarcity
(e.g. water), climate change, economic growth, international
agreements and environmental consciousness with different
methodologies, in line with the purposes of EE.
The dissertation is composed by two main blocks: the first
one based on empirical investigations of water resource exploitation
and the other based on theoretical studies. The first
block (chapters 2 and 3) employs a sector-level approach to
investigate, at Global level, the main drivers of (Blue) water
exploitation and the vulnerability of inter-sectoral linkages to
external shocks (chapter 2), and the extent to which OECD
GDP growth forecasts are sustainable under the current water
resource availability and future climate change (chapter
3). The second block (chapter 4) describes a novel theoretical
framework to analyse the International Environmental
Agreements, combining a static 2x2 game (macro-level) with
an Evolutionary Game (micro-level). The Appendix A provides
the Supplementary Materials in which are explained in depth the mathematical details of the models employed in the
Chapters 2 and 3. Moreover, it has been introduced a brief
survey, part of a work in progress, that touches some of the
basic principles, epistemological assumptions and methodological
issues underpinning Ecological Economics.
Chapter 2
Chapter 2 discusses the empirical distribution of Blue virtual
water trade and it assesses the vulnerability of inter-sectoral
trade by integrating the Input-Output tables with Network
Theory. This paper applies the Global Multi-Regional Input-
Output (GMRIO) model to quantify the interdependencies
of different sectors, within the global economy, and to determine
the overall Blue water consumption of each country.
This procedure allows the measurement of Virtual Water
Trade (VWT), that is the volume of water embedded in
traded goods. Firstly, I present the results from the Structural
Decomposition Analysis (SDA) at different level of aggregation:
spatial and sectoral. This procedure allows to identify
and quantify the impact of the main drivers of Blue water
use: technological development, international trade, evolution
of production functions, population growth and changes
in the product mix of final demand. SDA is integrated with
the analysis of the topology of the inter-sectoral Blue VWT
in order to assess the vulnerability of the system to external
shocks. This paper offers a novel framework because it combines
two different, but analogous, methodologies that allow
to set up a broad framework in which assessing the effect of
the key factors in water exploitation and the resilience of the
system to (micro–level) shocks.
All in all, SDA showed a substantial contribution to reducing
water demand exerted by the composition of final demand
and by improvements in the water efficiency of production, while demographic and economic growth and changes in the
intermediate input mix has more than compensated such reduction.
Network theory extends the information provided
by the IO assessment, confirming that the system is particularly
exposed to the propagation of local (supply-side) shocks
due to ‘cascade effects’. The ‘duality’ of trade is determined
by the apparent minor role played, evidenced by the SDA,
coupled with the potential risks related to the propagation
of shocks in water supply. The main policy implication of
these findings is that a cross-country coordination of water
management policies is needed to increase the resilience of
the water supply system to negative shocks to some crucial
sector, that would otherwise propagate to a large number of
countries.
Chapter 3
Chapter 3 integrates measures of social water scarcity and
physical renewable water constraints, in order to structure
a consistent set of scenarios under which evaluate the likely
economic impacts caused by future water scarcity, the technological
development needed to follow a sustainable growth
and the role of VW trade in providing an extra-amount of
(virtual) water per capita. The problem of quantitatively
evaluate water resources vulnerability derives from the fact
that is also used, both directly and indirectly, in production
processes across many different sectors of the economy,
through supply chain. This is simulated with an assessment
of very long-run implications (2100), using a Dynamic
Multi-Regional Input-Output (D-MRIO) model. I simulate
the joint impact of climate change, economic and population
growth, as provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC), under four alternative scenarios. In order
to overcome the limitations of the Falkenmark indicator, I assess both the direct water footprint of national consumption
and total water footprint that also allows for VW water
trade between different regions of the world.
Results suggest that under OECD GDP growth rates, there
should be an over-exploitation of available freshwater resources
(Wa) in almost every country across all scenarios. It
is shown that, for most countries, water-stress is mostly affected
by socio-economic variables rather than directly from
climate change. The comparison of the results using alternative,
internally consistent, climate change scenarios is essential
to guide future environmental policy decisions, both at
national and international levels, to achieve sustainable and
equitable water management strategies.
Chapter 4
Chapter 4 contributes to explain the observation of two facts
at odds: starting from the meeting held in Stockholm in 1972
till the last one arranged in Lima on December 2014, the number
of signatories of international environmental agreements
(IEA) has grown in time. Meanwhile, the aggregate global
level of greenhouse gas emissions is increasing at exponential
rate worldwide. I propose a novel multi-scale framework,
composed by two tied games, to show under which conditions
a country is able to fulfil the IEA: Game 1 is an Evolutionary
Game that models the economic structure of ‘isolated’
economies, where the interaction of households and firms’
strategies determine the level of greenhouse gas discharge.
Game 2 deals with the IEA with a 2x2 static one-shot game,
in which two asymmetric nations bargain on the maximum
level of emissions.
Countries might have different environmental performances
based on their economic structure, without the need to impose
any ‘free–riding’ behaviour. Consumer’s environmental consciousness (micro level) together with global income (and
technological) inequality (macro level), are found to be the
key variables towards the green transition path. IEA alone
appears to be a weak incentive, unable to stimulate a green
transition if not paired with local action and high level of environmental
awareness among consumers. Due to the complexity
of the game, not any result can be showed analytically,
therefore I run four simulations. The current approach
is able to offer a multi-scale level of analysis necessary to deal
with the complex issues at stake, that is climate change and
global/local actions.
Appendix A
This chapter is a brief methodological note on the models
employed in Chapter 2 and 3, in particular it offers the detailed
mathematical system of equations at the base of the
Structural Decomposition Analysis (Chapter 2), the algorithm
with which I computed the sustainable rate of technological
progress (Chapter 3) and an extension of Chapter
3 based on the computation of the potential economic losses
in case of un-sustainable exploitation of water resources. Finally,
I provide a brief overview of the epistemological and
methodological foundations of Ecological Economics. I pass
through some key concepts (i.e. entropy law, incommensurability,
complexity and irreversibility) in order to frame the
strengths and the limits of this novel, wide and heterogeneous
branch of research.
3
Maslyukivska, O. "Ecological economics as the economics of sustainable development". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2004. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/23063.
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Spash, Clive L. "New Foundations for Ecological Economics". Elsevier, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3711/1/Spash_EE_New_Foundations.pdf.
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Ecological economics has been repeatedly described as transdisciplinary and open to
including everything from positivism to relativism. I argue for a revision and rejection of this
position in favour of realism and reasoned critique. Looking into the ontological
presuppositions and considering an epistemology appropriate for ecological economics to
meaningfully exist requires rejecting the form of methodological pluralism which has been
advocated since the start of this journal. This means being clear about the differences in our
worldview (or paradigm) from others and being aware of the substantive failures of orthodox
economics in addressing reality. This paper argues for a fundamental review of the basis
upon which ecological economics has been founded and in so doing seeks improved clarity as
to the competing and complementary epistemologies and methodologies. In part this requires
establishing serious interdisciplinary research to replace superficial transdisciplinary rhetoric.
The argument places the future of ecological economics firmly amongst heterodox economic
schools of thought and in ideological opposition to those supporting the existing institutional
structures perpetuating a false reality of the world's social, environmental and economic
systems and their operation.
5
Cox, Mark. "Ecological economics of wildlife disease control". Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310898.
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Spash, Clive L. "Substantive Economics and Avoiding False Dichotomies in Advancing Social Ecological Economics". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2019. http://epub.wu.ac.at/7045/1/sre%2Ddisc%2D2019_05.pdf.
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The proposal has been put forward that ecological economics seek to become substantive
economics (Gerber and Scheidel 2018). This raises important issues about the content and
direction of ecological economics. The division of economics into either substantive or
formal derives from the work of Karl Polanyi. In developing his ideas Polanyi employed a
definition from Menger and combined this with Tönnies theory of historical evolution. In this
paper I explore why the resulting substantive vs. formal dichotomy is problematic. In
particular the article exposes the way in which trying to impose this dichotomy on history of
economic thought and epistemology leads to further false dichotomies. Besides Polanyi, the
positions of other important thinkers informing social ecological economics (SEE) are
discussed including Neurath, Kapp and Georgescu-Roegen. The aim is to clarify the future
direction of ecological economics and the role, in that future, of ideas raised under the topic of
substantive economics.Series: SRE - Discussion Papers
7
Oliveira, Guilherme de. "Developing Ecological and Enviromental Macromodels". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12140/tde-02082016-131453/.
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The objective of this Dissertation is to develop alternative macromodels that explore macroeconomic implications of some environmental and ecological economics concerns. The first essay develops an environmental extension of a Lewis dual economy model to explore long-run effects of a pollution abatement rule in developing economies. It is shown that this pollution abatement requirement makes for the possible emergence of an ecological development trap. Meanwhile, this economy can be released from such a trap not only through a standard Big Push, but also by means of what the essay calls an Environmental Big Push. The second essay presents an extension of a Harrodian model of cyclical growth, which explores a bidirectional causal relationship between the environment and effective demand in dual low-income economies with relatively low levels of environmental quality. The model shows that perpetual vicious circles may characterize the pattern of fluctuations in economic activity. Finally, the third essay presents a classical--Marxian model that describes a possible transitional dynamics to clean technology based on evolutionary game theory. The results show that heterogeneity in the frequency distribution of strategies of the adoption of clean and dirty techniques may be a persistent outcome. An outcome in which all, or at least a great proportion of firms, adopt the clean technique is theoretically possible, but inevitably, such a result is only achieved with an initial profit-reducing shock on functional income distribution and thus a fall in economic growth.O objetivo desta Dissertação é desenvolver modelos macro que exploram implicações econômicas de algumas questões ecológicas e ambientais. O primeiro ensaio desenvolve uma extensão ambiental de um modelo Lewisiano de economia dual para explorar efeitos de longo prazo de uma regra de abatimento da poluição em países em desenvolvimento. Mostra-se que tal regra pode gerar uma armadilha de desenvolvimento ecológica. Contudo, essa economia pode ser libertada da armadilha não apenas por meio de um Big Push padrão, mas também por meio do que o ensaio chama de um Big Push Ambiental. O segundo ensaio apresenta uma extensão de um modelo Harrodiano que explora uma relação causal bidirecional entre meio ambiente e demanda efetiva em economias duais de baixa renda com níveis baixos de qualidade ambiental. Mostra-se que círculos viciosos perpétuos podem caracterizar o padrão de flutuações cíclicas da atividade econômica. O terceiro ensaio apresenta um modelo clássico--Marxiano que explora uma possível dinâmica de transição para a tecnologia limpa baseada em jogos evolucionários. Mostra-se que a heterogeneidade na distribuição de frequência das estratégias de adoção de tecnologia limpa e suja pode ser persistente. Um resultado em que todas, ou uma grande proporção de firmas adota a tecnologia limpa, é teoricamente possível, mas só será atingido com um choque inicial redutor de lucros sobre a distribuição funcional da renda e uma queda no crescimento econômico
8
Spash, Clive L. "The Ecological Economics of Boulding's Spaceship Earth". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2013. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3919/1/sre%2Ddisc%2D2013_02.pdf.
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The work of Kenneth Boulding is sometimes cited as being foundational to the understanding
of how the economy interacts with the environment and particularly of relevance to
ecological economists. The main reference made in this regard is to his seminal essay using
the metaphor of planet Earth as a spaceship. In this paper that essay and related work is
placed both within historical context of the environmental movement and developments in
the thought on environment-economy interactions. The writing by Boulding in this area is
critically reviewed and discussed in relationship to the work of his contemporaries, also
regarded as important for the ecological economics community, such as Georegescu-Roegen,
Herman Daly and K. William Kapp. This brings out the facts that Boulding did not pursue
his environmental concerns, wrote little on the subject, had a techno-optimist tendency,
disagreed with his contemporaries and preferred to develop an evolutionary economics
approach. Finally, a sketch is offered of how the ideas in the Spaceship Earth essay relate to
current understanding within social ecological economics. The essay itself, while offering
many thought provoking insights within the context of its time, also has flaws both of
accuracy and omission. The issues of power, social justice, institutional and social
relationships are ones absent, but also ones which Boulding, near the end of his life, finally
recognised as key to addressing the growing environmental crises. (author's abstract)Series: SRE - Discussion Papers
9
Müller, Frank G. "The Discounting Confusion: An Ecological Economics Perspective". Economía, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117188.
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Factors impacting on the discounting process are mirrored in every aspect of human activities, be it the philosophical, the aesthetic, the religious through to the environmental and scientific experiences. In short, discounting is a controversial concept, and yet, the economic profession seems to ignore that issues related to “long-term” discounting are complex, multifaceted, and far from settled. The environmental community in particular has expressed reservations about discounting, because this process —an inherently myopic one— embodies a built-in bias against the future generations.It will be argued here that the danger to ecological sustainability is of a specific nature, namely,it relates to the lack of substitutability between human-made capital and natural capital. If this assumption is accepted, then it follows that using a discount rate is an inadequate instrumentfor achieving sustainability. Thus, it will be argued that the implementation of the precautionary principle, e.g., in form of “safe minimum standards” of ecosystem protection, provides a successful approach for achieving sustainability.Los factores que influyen en el proceso de descuento se reflejan en todos los aspectos de la actividad humana, ya sea lo filosófico, lo estético o lo religioso a través de las experiencias ambientales y científicas. En resumen, el descuento es un concepto controvertido, y, sin embargo, la profesión económica parece ignorar que las cuestiones relacionadas al descuento de “largo plazo” son complejas, multifacéticas, y lejos de resolverse. La comunidad ambientalista, en particular, haexpresado reservas acerca del descuento, ya que este proceso —uno inherentemente miope—incorpora un sesgo implícito contra las futuras generaciones. Se argumenta que el peligro para la sostenibilidad ecológica es de carácter específico, es decir, que se refiere a la falta de posibilidad de sustitución entre el capital hecho por el hombre y el capital natural. Si se acepta esta hipótesis, entonces se deduce que el uso de una tasa de descuento es un instrumento inadecuado para el logro de la sostenibilidad. Por lo tanto, se puede argumentar que la aplicación del principio de precaución, por ejemplo, en la forma de “normas mínimas de seguridad” de protección del ecosistema, proporciona un enfoque exitoso para lograr la sostenibilidad.
10
Dalmazzone, Silvana. "Economic activity and the resilience of ecological systems : complexity, nonlinearities and uncertainty in economic-ecological modelling". Thesis, University of York, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311013.
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Waechter, Matthias. "Rational action and social networks in ecological economics /". Zürich, 1999. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=13244.
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Spash, Clive L. "The Shallow or the Deep Ecological Economics Movement?" Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.05.016.
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Ecological economics and its policy recommendations have become overwhelmed by
economic valuation, shadow pricing, sustainability measures, and squeezing Nature into the
commodity boxes of goods, services and capital in order to make it part of mainstream
economic, financial and banking discourses. There are deeper concerns which touch upon
the understanding of humanity in its various social, psychological, political and ethical facets.
The relationship with Nature proposed by the ecological economics movement has the
potential to be far reaching. However, this is not the picture portrayed by surveying the
amassed body of articles from this journal or by many of those claiming affiliation. A
shallow movement, allied to a business as usual politics and economy, has become dominant
and imposes its preoccupation with mainstream economic concepts and values. If, instead,
ecological economists choose a path deep into the world of interdisciplinary endeavour they
will need to be prepared to transform themselves and society. The implications go far beyond
the pragmatic use of magic numbers to convince politicians and the public that ecology still
has something relevant to say in the 21st Century. (author's abstract)
13
Arias, Arévalo Paola. "Integrating plural values in ecosystem services valuation: An ecological economics approach". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/458135.
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Para promover la conservación de los ecosistemas, el campo de los servicios ecosistémicos ha promovido el reconocimiento de la importancia de los servicios ecosistémicos a través de su valoración. Gran parte de la literatura conceptual sobre la valoración de servicios ecosistémicos ha llamado a integrar múltiples valores. Sin embargo, en la práctica, la valoración monetaria han sido la herramienta de valoración dominante. Las valoraciones monetarias han sido criticadas porque pueden ocultar los valores éticos, emocionales, culturales o sociales que las personas atribuyen a los servicios ecosistémicos y a la naturaleza. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es contribuir a campo de la valoración de servicios ecosistémicos evaluando cómo valores plurales pueden ser reconocidos e integrados en las valoraciones de los servicios ecosistémicos y de la naturaleza. Esta tesis responde a tres preguntas de investigación: 1) ¿Cómo las valoraciones de servicios ecosistémicos pueden reconocer e incorporar múltiples relaciones ser humano-naturaleza, nociones de valor y métodos de valoración? 2) ¿Cómo influye el contexto sociocultural en la atribución de valores plurales a los servicios ecosistémicos y a la naturaleza? 3) ¿De qué manera la elección de los métodos de valoración influencia los resultados de la valoración? En esta tesis respondo a estas preguntas bajo el lente de tres pilares fundamentales de la Economía Ecológica: pluralismo de valor, inconmensurabilidad de valor e instituciones articuladoras de valor. En primer lugar, defino una taxonomía de valores y métodos de valoración que pueden integrarse en las valoraciones de servicios ecosistémicos. En esta tesis argumento que esta taxonomía puede ayudar a que las valoraciones de servicios ecosistémicos, representen las múltiples formas, y además contexto-específicas- de valorar la naturaleza. Seguidamente, exploro empíricamente las preguntas 2 y 3 a través de un enfoque de valoración no-monetaria basado en tres métodos: i) narrativas sobre importancia de los servicios ecosistémicos y de la Naturaleza, iii) priorización de motivaciones ambientales y ii) disponibilidad a donar tiempo para la conservación de servicios ecosistémicos (DDT). Recolecté datos de 589 encuestas aplicadas en la cuenca media-alta del río Otún, en los Andes colombianos y se realicé análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos.
La investigación empírica tuvo cuatro resultados principales. Primero, los encuestados atribuyeron múltiples valores a los ecosistemas, incluidos valores intrínsecos, instrumentales y relacionales. Este resultado soporta el llamado integrar el pluralismo de valor en las valoraciones de servicios ecosistémicos. En especial, argumento que los valores relacionales deben diferenciarse de los valores instrumentales y ser expresados en lenguajes no-monetarios. Segundo, encontré que en comparación con los encuestados urbanos, aquellos que vivían en áreas rurales priorizaban las motivaciones ambientales altruistas y bio-céntricas, eran más propensos a expresar valores intrínsecos y relacionales, y expresaron una mayor DDT para la conservación de servicios ecosistémicos. En esta tesis argumento que este resultado emerge de la dependencia material de la población rural a los servicios ecosistémicos y de relaciones culturales que tejen con los ecosistemas. Tercero, encontré que los factores socioculturales (p.ej. lugar de residencia, edad, educación) y las motivaciones ambientales influencian la atribución de valores. Este resultado sustenta la perspectiva que los valores son contexto-específicos. Cuarto, encontré que la selección de métodos de valoración influencia los resultados de valoración en varias formas. Argumento que los enfoques de valuación no-monetarios, debido a que no están inherente relacionados con la distribución del ingreso son adecuados para captar los valores de las poblaciones rurales e indígenas, generalmente excluidos de las valoraciones monetarias. Sin embargo, también encontré que los estudios de DDT también pueden restringir la atribución de valor de grupos sociales como las mujeres, los ancianos y las personas con altas restricciones de tiempo.
En síntesis, esta tesis contribuye a vacíos de la interfaz ciencia-política de: i) integrar el pluralismo y la inconmensurabilidad de valor en la práctica de la valoración de los servicios ecosistémicos, ii) comprender los múltiples valores que las personas atribuyen a los SE y a la naturaleza, y iii) avanzar en el desarrollo de métodos de valoración no monetarios. A través de la discusión de los supuestos ontológicos, epistemológicos y éticos de las valoraciones de los servicios ecosistémicos y de la naturaleza, estas no pueden seguir siendo enmarcadas como herramientas técnicas sino más bien como proyectos políticos sobre sostenibilidad. Creo que la integración de una perspectiva de economía ecológica en la valoración de servicios ecosistémicos y de la naturaleza, puede contribuir a representar un futuro más sustentable y justo.To promote ecosystems conservation, ecosystem services (ES) scholars have encouraged the recognition of importance of ES through their valuation. Although the call of integrating plural values has been a mainstay in much of the ES conceptual literature, in practice monetary valuations have remained the dominant valuation tool. Monetary valuations have been criticized because they may obscure the values people attribute to ES and nature on the basis of ethical, emotional, cultural or social concerns. The main goal of this PhD dissertation is to contribute to the ES valuation practice by assessing how plural values can be recognized and integrated in valuations. By addressing the main goal, this dissertation aims to answer three research questions: How ES valuations can recognize and incorporate multiple human-nature relationships, value notions, and valuation methods? How the socio-cultural context influences the attribution of plural values to ES and nature? How do different valuation methods frame valuation outcomes? I answer these questions under the lens of three pillars of Ecological Economics: value pluralism, value incommensurability and value articulating institutions. First, I define a taxonomy of values and valuation methods that can be integrated in ES valuations. I argue that this taxonomy can help researches to representing people’s multiple and context specific ways of valuing nature. Following this analytical perspective, I then empirically explore the second and third research questions by applying a non-monetary valuation approach based on three methods: i) narratives of the importance of ES and nature, ii) prioritization of environmental motivations and iii) willingness to give up time for ES conservation (WTT). I performed qualitative and quantitative data analyses of 589 questionnaires that were collected in the mid-upper stream of the Otún watershed, Colombian Andes. The empirical research resulted in four main findings. First, respondents attribute multiple values to the ecosystems including intrinsic, instrumental and relational values, supporting the necessity of integrating value pluralism in ES valuations. Second, I found that rural people, compared with urban, prioritized altruistic and biospheric environmental motivations, were more likely to express intrinsic and relational values, and expressed a higher WTT for ES conservation. I argue that the differentiated valuation of nature by rural people emerges from their material dependence on ES and their strong cultural relations with ecosystems. Third, I found that socio-cultural factors (e.g. place of residence, age, education) and environmental motivations underpin the attribution of values by people. This finding supports the perspective that values are place-based and context specific. Fourth, I found that the different valuation methods frame valuation outcomes in different ways. I claim that non-monetary valuation approaches are suitable to capture the values of rural and indigenous people, usually excluded in monetary valuations, because are not inherent related to income distribution. However, I found that WTT can also restrict other social groups of expressing values such as women, elderly and people with high time restrictions. In sum, this dissertation contributes to current gaps of ES science-policy interface by i) integrating value pluralism and incommensurability in ES valuation practice, ii) understanding the multiple values people place on ES and nature and iii) further development of non-monetary valuation methods. Through the discussion of the ontological, epistemological and ethical assumptions, ES valuations cannot be further framed as technical tools but as political projects on sustainability. I argue that framing ES and nature valuations from Ecological Economics can contribute to depict a more sustainable and just future.
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Spash, Clive L. "The Need for and Meaning of Social Ecological Economics". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5500/1/sre%2Ddisc%2D2017_02.pdf.
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Ecological economics has arisen over a period of three decades with a strong emphasis on the
essential need to recognise the embeddedness of the economy in the biophysical. However,
that element of realism is not matched by an equally well informed social theory. Indeed the
tendency has been to adopt mainstream economic concepts, theories and models formulated
of the basis of a formal mathematical deductivist approach that pays little or no attention to
social reality. Similarly mainstream economic methods are employed as pragmatic devices
for communication. As a result ecological economics has failed to develop its own consistent
and coherent theory and failed to make the link between the social and the economic. In
order to reverse this situation the social and political economy must be put to the fore and that
is the aim of social ecological economics. This paper provides a brief overview of the
arguments for such a development. The prospect is of unifying a range of critical thought on
the social and environmental crises with the aim of informing the necessary social ecological
transformation of the economy.Series: SRE - Discussion Papers
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Dwarkasing, Chandni. "Essays on Ecological Economics and The Metabolic Rift Theory". Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1144470.
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Ecological disruptions such as climate change, pollution, waste build-up and rapid biodiversity loss are generally seen as the result of human activity; economically, socially and culturally determined. When it comes to the economy, heterodox macroeconomic tools and models are becoming prominent. They provide assessments and scenarios which focus on the complex interactions between the economy and carbon emissions as well as the potential impact of climate policies on both the economy and climate change itself. At the same time, we witness the increasing recognition of the incompatibility between capitalism as a socio-economic system and ecological restoration among non-economic scholars. But the specific theories that criticize the ecological consequences of capitalism from a Marxist vantage point have yet to formally manifest themselves in the field of Economics, all whilst the opportunity to do so is fairly imaginable.
This dissertation provides an introduction to the modern synthesis between Marx and Ecology. It discusses its historical on-set in the second half of the nineteenth century and highlights its key-theoretical concepts: the metabolic rift theory and the ecological surplus. One of the reasons behind the absence of the metabolic rift theory Ecological Economics is related to the asserted incompatibility between Marx and Ecology in the 1980s. By providing some insights that counter these accusations the dissertation sheds light on the conceivable benefit of these considerations in the realm of Ecological Economics. The main result of this dissertation is the formalization of the metabolic rift theory such as to provide the field of Ecological Economics with a more complete approach to the representation of economy-ecology configurations. Before laying out an alternative, the status-quo of current mathematical formalization practices in the field of Ecological Economics is discussed and reinterpreted by means of Marx’s labour process theory and the distinction between appropriated and capitalized contributions to production processes. The proposed alternative to the formal representation of economy-ecology configurations draws on methods belonging to social metabolism studies (MuSIASEM) and the neo-Ricardian surplus approach.
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Ament, Joe Allen. "A Socio-Ecological Revolution in Monetary Theory: An Argument for, the Development of, and an Application of Ecological Monetary Theory". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1158.
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Money is the most ubiquitous institution on the planet. It gave rise to literacy, mathematics, sedentary community, and the concept of universal value. Against this backdrop, however, hardly anyone understands what money is. Orthodox monetary theory conceives of money as a neutral commodity that facilitates barter. Presupposing this theory is a dualistic and atomistic ontology in which reality is organized into hierarchically ordered opposites of superiority and inferiority and complex interactions are reduced to summations of their attendant parts. Accordingly, monetary policy is enacted as though money were any other commodity, subject to the barter dynamics of supply and demand. In this manner, the vast majority of money in modern economies is created by commercial banks in pursuit of profit maximization.
An interdisciplinary literature conceives of money as a social relation of credits and debts denominated in a unit of account. Such an approach complicates and undermines the assumptions of economic theory and allows for a more effective approach to the problems attendant to modern money. This dissertation draws upon this literature to develop an Ecological Monetary Theory (EMT) that is simultaneously rooted in a social understanding of money, and an ontology of embeddedness.
The first chapter draws upon ecofeminist theory to explore the ontological presuppositions of neoclassical economic theory and the monetary theory it informs. It argues that the dualism and atomism central to Western philosophy manifest as the misleading conceptualization that money is a commodity that facilitates barter. It then explores an interdisciplinary literature to argue that barter has never existed as an economic mode and money’s nature lies rather in the unit of account. It then argues that ecological economics must develop a theory of money of its own in order to avoid importing the dualistic ontology at the heart of orthodox monetary theory.
The second chapter develops an ecological monetary theory. It does this by using an interdisciplinary literature to answer three closely-related questions: What is money? How does money get its value? How does money get into society? It then develops an ontology of embededdness by exploring the ontological presuppositions of ecological economics and ecofeminism. Then it develops a two-tiered theory in which money’s abstract social nature is mediated against its tangible biophysical claim through this ontology of embeddedness in order to address the contradiction at the heart of both social and material conceptions of money.
The third chapter uses ecological monetary theory to test the desirability of a public banking proposal. In such a proposal, the prerogative of money creation is taken from the commercial banking sector and given solely to the State. This returns seigniorage to the public and allows the government to create money for social and ecological purpose, destroying money through taxation in order to maintain the money’s value. This chapter determines that, given certain parameters, public banking is a desirable alternative to the current monetary system.
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Tomaselli, Maria Fernanda. "Towards a new economic paradigm : exploring mental models and message framing effects about ecological economics". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/63407.
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The transition to a sustainable economic paradigm may be one of the most important issues of our times. This study contributes to the effective communication of ecological economics, by: 1) identifying mental models on people’s perceptions about economic growth and the environment, 2) exploring the prevalence of expansionist and ecological attitudes, and segmenting the audience based on these attitudes, and 3) exploring the effects of different messages (about the transition to economies not centered on growth) on people’s thoughts, emotions and attitudes. Sixty interviews and 1,250 online surveys were carried out in British Columbia and Canada, respectively. Data were analysed with NVivo 10, IBM SPSS Statistics 23 and Latent Gold 5.1.
Based on the interviews, five mental models were described. These sat in a spectrum of views anchored to an expansionist or to an ecological worldview. The most expansionist views (Cluster A) expressed great faith in indefinite economic growth and human ingenuity. The most ecological perspectives (Cluster E) acknowledged limits to economic growth, recognized the ecological crisis and expressed techno-skepticism. The other perspectives were in the middle of the spectrum. Based on the surveys, three audience segments were identified. Participants in Cluster 1 (41.1%) were the most optimistic towards technology and indefinite economic growth. Members of Cluster 2 (36.3%) did not express strong opinions. Participants in Cluster 3 (22.6%) acknowledged human unsustainability, expressed higher environmental concern and did not believe in indefinite growth. Sociodemographic factors (e.g. gender, political identification) correlated with the mental models and segments.
Regarding the framing experiments, the messages influenced participant’s thoughts and emotions. Environmental messages invoked more references to resources and sustainability, while well-being messages generated more comments about overconsumption and happiness. Loss-framed messages caused greater negative emotions than gain-framed messages and the environmental message focused on losses generated the least hope and the greatest fear and anger among frames. There was no evidence that attitudinal responses were influenced by the frames. Most participants agreed with moving into an economic model with reduced consumption levels. This study provides data on topics that have been little explored and offers insights about the impacts of different post-growth messages.Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Patterson, Trista Maj. "The ecological economics of sustainable tourism local versus global ecological footprints in Val di Merse, Italy /". College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2422.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.Thesis research directed by: Marine, Estuarine, Environmental Sciences Graduate Program. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Bagstad, Kenneth. "Ecological Economic Applications for Urban and Regional Sustainability". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2009. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/14.
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Urban and regional development decisions have long-term, often irreversible impacts on the natural and built environment. These changes impact society’s wellbeing, yet rarely occur in the context of well understood economic costs and benefits. The cumulative effects of these individually small land use decisions are also very large. Ecological economics provides several frameworks that could inform more sustainable development patterns and practices, including ecosystem service valuation (ESV) and the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI). This dissertation consists of a series of articles addressing urban and regional development from an ecological economic perspective, using GPI, ESV, and evaluation of tax and subsidy programs. The GPI has been well developed at the national level but is of growing interest to stakeholders and citizens interested in better measuring social welfare at local and regional scales. By integrating measures of built, human, social, and natural capital, GPI provides a more comprehensive assessment of social welfare than consumption-based macroeconomic indicators. GPI’s monetary basis allows these diverse metrics to be integrated, and can also facilitate intra- and inter-regional comparisons of social welfare. Ecosystem services are also increasingly recognized as important contributors to human well-being, particularly in areas where they are becoming scarce due to rapid land conversion. Despite recent advances in measuring and valuing ecosystem services, they are often not considered in decision making because of both scientific uncertainty and the difficulty in weighing these values in tradeoffs. Techniques to speed the valuation process while maintaining accuracy are thus in high demand. As public recognition of the value of ecosystem services grows, ESV can serve as the basis for a variety of policy tools, from inclusion in traditional permitting or conservation easement programs to new programs such as payments for ecosystem services. Ideally planners, citizens, and decision makers would better weigh the diverse costs and benefits of land use decisions as part of development and conservation planning. By quantifying changes in: 1) contributors to social welfare and 2) the value of ecosystem services across the urban-rural gradient, the GPI and ESV frameworks developed as part of this dissertation can thus be used to better inform local and regional policy and planning.
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Uehara, Takuro. "A Systems Approach to Ecological Economic Models Developed Progressively in Three Interwoven Articles". PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/553.
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My dissertation develops and analyzes ecological economic models to study the complex dynamics of an ecological economic system (EES) and investigate various conditions and measures which can sustain a developing economy over the long term in view of resilience and sustainability. Because of the intrinsic complexity of the system, I take a systems approach, using economics as the foundation for the basic structure of an ecological economic model, and system dynamics as the method to build and analyze such a complex ecological economic model. Throughout my dissertation, the model developed by Brander and Taylor (1998) is adopted as a baseline model (henceforth the BT model). The BT model explains population-resource dynamics and is characterized as a general equilibrium version of the Gordon-Schaefer Model, using a variation of the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model. The findings are presented as three articles. The first article provides a comprehensive analysis of the BT model and its descendants, to elicit directions for further research, including population growth logic, substitutability, innovation, capital accumulation, property rights and institutional designs, and modeling approach. The second article extends the BT model to study the resilience of an EES reflecting three key issues in modeling such systems: 1) appropriate system boundary, 2) non-convexity of ecosystems, and 3) adaptation. The article discusses two types of thresholds: the ecological threshold, a threshold for an ecological system independent of economic systems, and the ecological economic threshold, a threshold for an EES. The latter is often different from the former and is highly dynamic and context dependent. The third article is another extension of the BT model to study the sustainability of an EES by implementing the suggestions made by the first article except for property rights and institutional designs. The main focus is on the impact of endogenous innovation regarding input substitutability on the system sustainability. The main finding is that improvement in the input substitutability, ceteris paribus, may not contribute to sustainable development despite its contribution to expanding the economy. However, it could be possible for susbstitutability improvements to contribute to sustainable development when combined with other specific types of technological progress.
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Pirgmaier, Elke. "Value, capital and nature : rethinking the foundations of ecological economics". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22895/.
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Ecological economists aim to study the interrelations between ecological and economic systems, with a view to promoting changes towards sustainability. They agree that the nature of global environmental crises is systemic and rooted in economic dynamics. Yet, core economic categories, such as prices, profits, money and their interrelations with ecological destruction, are surprisingly undertheorized. The 'economic' becomes either tied to neoclassical economics or remains neglected. Marxian Political Economy has the potential to address this gap, but is mostly ignored in ecological economics, especially in what it is best at: explaining dynamics of the capitalist system as a whole. This PhD advocates a more systemic and theoretically grounded ecological economics. I find that neoclassical economic reasoning is rooted much deeper in ecological economics than often assumed. I present a critique of the neoclassical underpinnings of ecological economics, and a Marxian alternative. I identify the Marxian understanding of 'value' and 'capital' as the missing core of ecological economics: a realistic understanding of the capitalist system, spelled out from basics in simple and abstract terms. I explain these foundations and integrate them with a system dynamics understanding of global ecological destruction, social crises and barriers to social change. I conclude that ecological economics needs to be grounded in a realistic understanding of capitalism - if it aspires to meet its own ambitions. Economic theory and methodology are powerful political tools towards this end: they expose or conceal root causes of social ecological problems and offer better or worse guidance on how to act. Pragmatism about the role of theory and methodology is dangerous, more often than not, because it promotes the reproduction of power relations that prevent, instead of encourage, sustainability transitions. I argue for the need to break with existing prejudices against the Marxian approach and take it seriously as realistic economic theory.
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Demirel, Evrim. "Sustainable Economies: The Case of Turkish Economy within Steady-State Economies". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-188581.
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The main aim of this paper is to reveal if development and current state of the Turkish Economy are sustainable. Instead of the research tools offered in environmental economics, the holistic approach of ecological economics is used to answer this question. Within that context, the Turkish Economy is assessed within the concept of steady-state economics. Having assessed the data related to the three institutional changes suggested within the concept, this study shows the obstacles and advantages of the Turkish Economy to move towards the steady-state, in other words, sustainability.
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Bakri, Alexander Salah. "Valor e sustentabilidade: um estudo comparativo entre economia ambiental neoclássica, economia ecológica e marxismo ecológico". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100136/tde-04052018-010857/.
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Este trabalho fará uma sistematização de três esquemas analíticos voltados ao exame da crise ecológica gerada pelo atual sistema global de produção e consumo - a Economia Ecológica, a Economia Ambiental Neoclássica e o Marxismo Ecológico. Uma apresentação estruturada dos referidos conjuntos teóricos será exposta, à medida que se comparam as suas principais premissas, objetos de análise e lógica, prosseguindo para o exame das suas teorias do valor. Esta exposição pavimentará o caminho para uma análise dos conceitos de sustentabilidade adotados pela Economia Ambiental Neoclássica, pela Economia Ecológica e pelo Marxismo Ecológico. Assim, se buscará aferir a forma com que um conjunto de meta premissas opera a construção de um esquema teórico dedicado a analisar a crise ecológica, como ele se reflete na construção de uma teoria do valor, e, mais adiante, em como se traduz na sua própria concepção de sustentabilidadeThis work will systematize three analytical schemes aimed at examining the ecological crisis generated by the current global production and consumption model - Ecological Economics, Neoclassical Environmental Economics and Ecological Marxism. A structured presentation of these theoretical sets will be exposed, as their main premises, objects of analysis and logic are compared, continuing to examine their theories of value. This exhibition will pave the way for an analysis of the concepts of sustainability adopted by Neoclassical Environmental Economics, Ecological Economics and Ecological Marxism. Thus, one will try to gauge how a set of meta premises operates the construction of a theoretical framework dedicated to analyzing the ecological crisis, as it is reflected in the construction of a value theory, and, later, how it translates into its own conception of sustainability
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Spash, Clive L. "Ecological Economics and Philosophy of Science: Ontology, Epistemology, Methodology and Ideology". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3472/1/sre%2Ddisc%2D2012_03.pdf.
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Ecological economics has been repeatedly described as transdisciplinary and open to
including everything from positivism to relativism. I argue for a revision and rejection of this
position in favour of realism and reasoned critique. Looking into the ontological
presuppositions and considering an epistemology appropriate for ecological economics to
meaningfully exist requires rejecting the form of methodological pluralism which has been
advocated since the start of this journal. This means being clear about the differences in our
worldview (or paradigm) from others and being aware of the substantive failures of orthodox
economics in addressing reality. This paper argues for a fundamental review of the basis
upon which ecological economics has been founded and in so doing seeks improved clarity as
to the competing and complementary epistemologies and methodologies. In part this requires
establishing serious interdisciplinary research to replace superficial transdisciplinary rhetoric.
The argument places the future of ecological economics firmly amongst heterodox economic
schools of thought and in ideological opposition to those supporting the existing institutional
structures perpetuating a false reality of the world's social, environmental and economic
systems and their operation. (author's abstract)Series: SRE - Discussion Papers
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Fernandez, Garcia Mariana. "How to transform foreign aid in Latin America through ecological economics". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387668.
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This study mainly argues the role that neoliberalism and neoclassical economics (mainstream economics) have had through foreign aid in Latin America and its effects over the years. The mere ideology of a market-centered society has been detrimental for many already. What this study aims to do is to portray that it has had the same effect on our environment as well. From poverty to environmental destruction, the neglect of social and environmental factors in our political socio-economic system has had its toll worldwide. The constant aim forgrowth and neoliberal approach in politics cannot be simply reversed by applying SDG’s political strategies.The definition of sustainable development has been vague enough already to rely on it as a fix. Ecological Economics on the other hand may imply a factual solution within aid and politics in Latin America and around the world, as it would be environmental and humanitarian-based. Some of the finding of this study include a comparison between ecological economics and neoclassical economics and practical applications for ecological economics within foreign aid.
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Esposito, Valerie. "Promoting Ecoliteracy and Ecosystem Management for Sustainablity Through Ecological Economic Tools". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2009. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/80.
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The importance and contribution of healthy ecosystems to human well-being and poverty reduction have gained increasing awareness and attention in recent years. Despite this wide-scale acknowledgement, the majority of the benefits yielded by ecosystem services are currently exogenous to the economic system, so their value is not equally weighted in decisions that directly impact their functioning and welfare. Public understanding of the importance of these contributions and the necessity of healthy ecosystems and sound management is vital for their conservation. However, thorough understanding of what ecosystems are, how they function, and how to manage them on a systems-based level for sustainability, known as ecological literacy (ecoliteracy), is lacking in various publics. In fact, at the nexus of the complex environmental problems facing the world today is the lack of understanding of the impact of individual and aggregate actions, particularly on ecosystems. The emerging field of ecological economics seeks to reconcile the roots for this disconnect. By developing new methods of ecosystem management that simultaneously address complex economic, social and environmental needs, ecological economics seeks to develop a comprehensive, systems-based approach to engender global sustainability. Ecolitercy is a critical component to developing new methods in development and management. This dissertation research examines and applies several ecological economic tools – rapid assessment valuation, payments for ecosystem services and service-learning education – to determine how to best promote ecoliteracy and ecosystem management on individual and collective levels. There are several findings that highlight the importance of and areas of improvement for integrating such tools in a comprehensive sustainable development approach. (1) Ecosystem services valuation, which assigns economic values to the benefits humans derive from natural environments, is a framework that can provide vital insight into the ecological costs of large-scale development projects. It can also be used as a way to incorporate local/traditional knowledge into decision-making. (2) Payments for ecosystem services programs, while effective in conserving and regenerating forests in developing countries, still have significant areas of improvement to be considered for similar future projects. Particularly, it has not been demonstrated that they are effective mechanisms for poverty alleviation, as it has been suggested in the literature. In fact, if not meaningfully supported, poor participants may face serious trade-offs and their involvement in such programs may negatively affect social capital in the community. (3) Service-learning, or working with communities to address real world-problems through a rigorous academic framework, is more effective at developing critical, ecological and civic literacy in students and develop more knowledgeable agents to solve the world‘s complex problems. Overall, these new and other tools must be developed to specifically address the ecological illiteracy that so often guides development decisions and be integrated into a comprehensive, inclusive framework for sustainable development.
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Dewsbury, Bryan. "The Ecology and Economics of Seagrass Community Structure". FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1237.
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Coastline communities have experienced a marked increase in human populations over the last few decades. This increase in population places disproportionate pressure on coastal ecosystems to provide economic services to support local economies. At the same time, overuse of these services can aid in the destruction of the ecosystems responsible for them. Seagrass ecosystems are mainly found near coastlines, and are typically a chief provider of some of these economic goods and services. Many previous studies have documented the ecological functions of this seagrasses. Unfortunately, our increasing knowledge of seagrass structure and function has not been fully incorporated into economic models estimating their value. In this dissertation, I focus on the seagrass ecosystem in southern Biscayne Bay, and simultaneously study the ecological dynamics of the seagrass beds, and estimate its economic value. This value is based on recent ecological models in the literature as well as data I collected from the system. I focused on Biscayne Bay due to, 1) the relevance that this question had to the relationship between Biscayne Bay and the Miami metropolis, and 2) the lack of existing reliable models that explore this relationship in this area. More specifically, I became very interested in this question while working for Biscayne National Park, where such a model would have improved seagrass restoration work taking place there.
I found that southern Biscayne Bay is dominated by Thalassia testudinum, with other seagrasses following a spatial pattern primarily determined by salinity and water column nutrient distribution. Syringodium filiforme was mostly found east of the islands, Halodule wrightii was mostly found near the shoreline, and Halophila engelmenii was spotted at only two of the 190 sites visited. T. testudinum distribution was largely unaffected by nutrient enrichment at all sites, but it appeared to induce severe herbivory further from the coastline. For the calendar year 2004, we deduced using a Total Ecosystems Valuation (TEV) model that seagrass ecosystems potentially contributed over $198 million US dollars to the local economy. We argue that a simultaneous understanding and use of both ecological and economic models is important for future conservation efforts of seagrass ecosystems.
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Naqvi, Syed Ali Asjad, i Stockhammer Engelbert. "Directed Technological Change in a post-Keynesian Ecological Macromodel". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5809/1/SFC_DTC_WP_version.pdf.
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This paper presents a post-Keynesian ecological macro model that combines
three strands of literature: the directed technological change mechanism developed
in mainstream endogenous growth theory models, the ecological economic
literature which highlights the role of green innovation and material flows, and the post-Keynesian school which provides a framework to deal with the demand
side of the economy, financial flows, and inter- and intra-sectoral behavioral interactions. The model is stock-flow consistent and introduces research and
development (R&D) as a component of GDP funded by private firm investment and public expenditure. The economy uses three complimentary inputs - Labor, Capital, and (non-renewable) Resources. Input productivities depend on
R&D expenditures, which are determined by relative changes in their respective prices. Two policy experiments are tested; a Resource tax increase, and an increase
in the share of public R&D on Resources. Model results show that policy instruments that are continually increased over a long-time horizon have better chances of achieving a "green" transition than one-of climate policy shocks to
the system, that primarily have a short-run affect.Series: Ecological Economic Papers
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Svedberg, Stefan. "THE IMPACT OF NON-FOSSIL ENERGY CONSUMPTION ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY : Investigating ecological footprints". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184764.
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This study aims to investigate the impact of non-fossil energy consumption on environmental quality. The sample includes 36 OECD countries for the period 1993-2016. This study investigates environmental quality by analyzing the ecological footprint and its six components of cropland, forest land, grazing land, fishing grounds, built-up land, and carbon footprint. The ecological footprints’ six components underline a relationship between human demands and the biological supply of earth resources. This relationship is of major concern due to the hazardous development in global warming and climate change. Further, this study investigates the presence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in the sample of OECD countries. The main results from the Generalized Method of Moments and Fixed Effects estimators revealed that increased use of non-fossil energy consumption reduces the carbon footprint, while it increases the environmental damage on grazing land and fishing grounds. Moreover, the EKC hypothesis was only confirmed for grazing land and fishing grounds but was not confirmed for carbon, built-up land, forest land, and cropland. The results of this study have several policy implications that are further discussed.
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Tacconi, Luca Economics & Management Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "The process of forest conservation in Vanuatu : a study in ecological economics". Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Economics and Management, 1995. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38725.
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The objective of this thesis is to develop an ecological economic framework for the assessment and establishment of protected areas (PAs) that are aimed at conserving forests and biodiversity. The framework is intended to be both rigorous and relevant to the decision-making process. Constructivism is adopted as the paradigm guiding the research process of the thesis, after firstly examining also positivist philosophy and ???post-normal??? scientific methodology. The tenets of both ecological and environmental economics are then discussed. An expanded model of human behaviour, which includes facets derived from institutional economics and socioeconomics as well as aspects of neoclassical economics, is outlined. The framework is further developed by considering, from a contractarian view point, the implications of intergenerational equity for biodiversity conservation policies. The issues of intragenerational distribution and allocation are then considered. In this regard, cost-benefit analysis (CBA), as applied to the valuation of forests, PAs, and biodiversity, is critically reviewed. A participatory approach to decision-making, which may also include CBA, is then proposed. The resulting ecological economic framework may be thus summarised: (a) ecosystem use patterns should be chosen on the basis of their sustainability, distributional, and efficiency aspects; (b) systems of PAs should be established in order to achieve minimal intergenerational equity; (c) intragenerational equity requires the correction of the asymmetrical distribution of the costs and benefits arising from the establishment of PAs; (d) the institutional features relevant to the environmental-economic issues being analysed should be considered; and (e) the decision-making process should be participatory and action oriented. The framework is applied to two case studies in Vanuatu. These applications detail (a) stakeholders??? views and trade-offs faced in relation to forest management (b) modes of participatory research and decision-making, (c) forms of compensation that may be adopted in correcting asymmetrical distributions of the costs and benefits of PAs, and (d) institutional influences on ecosystems use and implications for conservation projects. The institutional arrangements developed for the establishment of the PAs are presented. The application of this ecological economic framework has resulted in the formal establishment of one PA and the identification and assessment of five other PAs.
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Mbaraka, A. "The sustainability of ecological economics and policy management in Dodoma region, Tanzania". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26656.
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Ecological economic is a transdisciplinary field of academic research that aims to address the inter dependence and co-evolution of human economies and natural ecosystems over time, nature and space. It is distinguished from environm ental economics, which is the mainstream of economic analysis of the environment by its treatment of the economy as a subsystem of the ecosystem and its emphasis upon preserve natural resource, long-term outcomes, and sustainable development.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26656
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Tacconi, Luca. "The process of forest conservation in Vanuatu : a study in ecological economics /". [Canberra : s.n.], 1995. http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/%7Ethesis/adt-ADFA/public/adt-ADFA20041111.140928/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of New South Wales.Photocopy of original held in Defence Academy Library, University College, University of New South Wales. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued online.
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Spencer, Phoebe. "Shaping Policy in the Anthropocene: Gender Justice as a Social, Economic and Ecological Challenge". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/672.
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Environmental pressures such as natural disasters, resource scarcity, and conflict related to climate change have emphasized the importance of considering social justice within its ecological context. Gender inequality is one type of injustice that has traditionally been addressed as a social matter, yet gendered divisions in bargaining power, mobility, and access to resources are exacerbated by environmental instability. One barrier to gender equity in the face of a changing climate is the mainstream economic paradigm, which promotes growth and individualism, often at the cost of environmental and social wellbeing. The issue of gender inequality in the Anthropocene, the proposed geological epoch highlighting human impact of earth systems, is explored here in three parts. The first section identifies opportunities for feminist and ecological economics to assimilate notions of justice in mainstream economic thought. The second considers dynamics of gender equality through an econometric analysis of macroeconomic effects of traditionally female-dominated unpaid care work. Finally, the third part investigates national progress toward the maternal mortality reduction target set in the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals and proposes a gendered perspective for the newly implemented Sustainable Development Goals. The dissertation concludes with a discussion of policy implications for national and international development institutions as they seek to improve gender equity in diverse social and ecological contexts.
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Freiherr, von Gagern Cyrill Antonius. "Ecological and economic impacts of distant water fishing: three empirical studies". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283544.
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En la segona meitat del segle XX, la industrialització dels vaixells pesquers va donar lloc a una sobreexplotació dels recursos marins a les àrees costeres dels estats tradicionalment pesquers. En conseqüència, els països pesquers industrialitzats van començar a explorar les aigües llunyanes, en gran part sense traves legals, per alimentar la creixent demanda de peix i marisc. Amb l'entrada en vigor de la Convenció de les Nacions Unides de 1982 sobre el Dret del Mar (UNCLOS, en anglès), així com l’Acord de Recursos Pesqueres (“Fish stock agreement”) de les Nacions Unides de 1995, es van reestructurar radicalment els drets i les responsabilitats de la pesca de captura marina. No obstant això, aquestes noves legislacions van deixar molt d’espai a l’explotació econòmicament ineficient i ecològicament insostenible dels recursos pesquers. En tres assaigs, aquesta tesi dóna llum a la interacció entre les flotes industrialitzades d'aigües llunyanes i les regions sovint vulnerables on s’hi pesca.
El primer assaig revisa críticament el desenvolupament de la pesca en aigües llunyanes en el món tropical durant els darrers 50 anys i ofereix una anàlisi quantitativa de la relació entre les flotes d'aigües llunyanes i els països tropicals d’acollida. Es conclou que hi ha un clar canvi de poder dels països tradicionalment pesquers als nouvinguts, sobretot asiàtics, i que els països petits i econòmicament febles són els més vulnerables a relacions d'explotació amb els estats que pesquen en aigües llunyanes. El segon assaig aborda la qüestió de si, des d'un punt de vista econòmic, els Països Insulars del Pacífic (PICs, en anglès) haurien de continuar concedint accés als estats pesquers d'aigües llunyanes, o si s'hauria d'intentar desenvolupar una indústria pròpia pesquera nacional. Amb aquesta finalitat, un nou model bioeconòmic amb múltiples espècies i actors és analitzat. Els resultats del model mostren que els PICs maximitzarien els seus beneficis mitjançant l'eliminació gradual dels acords d'accés amb els estats pesquers d'aigües llunyanes, substituint-los per un esforç pesquer nacional. L'alternativa és elevar considerablement les tarifes d'accés, tot i que, per descomptat, això pot tenir diferents conseqüències a llarg termini. En el tercer assaig, es descriu un model empíric per inferir el pes viu de la pesca de la tonyina vermella a l’Atlàntic Est i al Mediterrani (EBFT, en anglès) a partir de dades mensuals del comerç entre 2005 i 2011. En base a la captura total estimada, s’arriba a la conclusió que l’EBFT ha estat persistentment sobreexplotada al llarg de tot el període esmentat.
En conclusió, aquesta tesi ha contribuït a la literatura tot estudiant l'impacte de la pesca en aigües llunyanes sobre la salut de les poblacions de peixos en alta mar i en les zones econòmiques exclusives en regions tropicals, així com en el benestar dels països en desenvolupament que són abundants en recursos pesquers.In the second half of the 20th century, the industrialization of fishing vessels led to an over-exploitation of marine resources in near-shore areas of traditional fishing nations. As a result, industrialized fishing nations started to explore distant waters, largely unhindered by legal boundaries, to fuel the growing demand of fish and seafood products. While the coming into force of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the 1995 United Nations “Fish Stocks Agreement”, dramatically restructured rights and responsibilities of marine capture fisheries, they left much room for economically inefficient and ecologically unsustainable exploitation of fisheries resources. In three essays, this thesis sheds light on the interplay between industrialized distant water fleets and the often vulnerable regions where they fish. The first essay critically reviews the development of distant water fishing in the tropical world over the past 50 years and provides a quantitative analysis of the relationship between distant water fleets and tropical host countries. It concludes that there is a clear shift in powers from traditional fishing countries to mainly Asian newcomers, and that small and economically weak countries are most vulnerable to exploitative relationships with distant water fishing nations. The second essay addresses the question whether, from an economic point of view, Pacific Island Countries (PICs) should continue granting access to distant water fishing nations or whether they should attempt to develop an own domestic fishing industry. To this end, a newly developed multispecies, multiplayer bioeconomic model is analyzed. It provides the insight that PICs would maximize their profits by phasing out access agreements with distant water fishing nations, replacing these by domestic fishing effort. The alternative is to considerably raise access fees, although this does of course may have different long term consequences. In the third essay, an empirical model is constructed to derive life catch weight for Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Bluefin tuna (EBFT) from monthly trade data for all major countries involved in its trade between 2005 and 2011. Based on estimated total catch we conclude that EBFT has persistently been overfished, throughout the entire period. In conclusion, this thesis has contributed to the literature on the impact of distant water fishing on fish stock health in the high seas and tropical Exclusive economic zones, and on the welfare of resource-rich developing countries.
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Teixidó, Figueras Jordi Josep. "The international distribution of the ecological footprint: an empirical approach". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/127106.
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La desigualtat internacional en el volum de recursos naturals consumits per part dels diferents països és un aspecte clau en un context internacional on l’escassetat d’aquests recursos es fa cada cop més palesa. En conseqüència, es generen tensions geopolítiques que posen traves a l’objectiu últim d’un desenvolupament sostenible, tant des del punt de vista ecològic com social. La tesi analitza empíricament l’evolució i les causes d’aquesta desigualtat i proposa mesures de política ambiental emmarcades en la governabilitat internacional per la sostenibilitat. Concretament, la tesi té com a principal objectiu l’anàlisi de la distribució internacional de la Petjada Ecològica (PE), com a indicador de consum de recursos naturals. L’anàlisi proposat contribueix a la tradició literària de l’Economia Ecològica que tracta qüestions distributives des de l’enfocament de l’Economia de la Desigualtat. L’anàlisi es justifica des de quatre racons d’aquesta literatura: en primer lloc, considera que l'escenari d'escassetat de recursos exigeix un seguiment minuciós de la distribució d’aquests. En segon lloc, des d’un plantejament normatiu, es defensa la necessitat de perseguir una distribució equitativa dels recursos naturals. En tercer lloc, la governabilitat global per temes ambientals pot millorar considerablement la seva eficàcia si té en compte els patrons de la distribució internacional. Finalment, les teories d'intercanvi ecològic desigual serveixen de paraigües teòric des de l’economia política. La metodologia utilitzada per a l’anàlisi distributiu de la PE és la de l’Economia de la Desigualtat. Aquesta metodologia, àmpliament acceptada en l’anàlisi de la distribució de la renda, s’ha utilitzat de manera més aviat escassa per avaluar qüestions de l’economia ambiental i ecològica. En aquest sentit, la tesi aporta discussions que permeten adaptar aquestes eines empíriques a l’anàlisi de la desigualtat ecològica (en lloc de la merament econòmica). Per tant, a més de les contribucions purament empíriques, la tesi aporta contribucions metodològiques. Addicionalment, la tesi també analitza la distribució internacional de la PE des de l’enfocament de la polarització.Ecological distribution refers to the social, spatial and temporal asymmetries in the human use of environmental resources and services. This doctoral thesis focusses on empirical analyses of such ecological distribution from an Inequality economics perspective and also makes its primary contribution in this area. We analyse the international distribution of natural resource consumption as measured by the Ecological Footprint (henceforth, EF). Our main contributions represent an assessment of the international distribution of EF by analysing its change over time, as well as its underlying drivers. In the process, some methodological aspects are discussed in order to properly repurpose them from the income inequality viewpoint to that of environmental inequality. Additionally, the inequality approach has been complemented by the polarization approach. The thesis has been orientated towards contributing to the discussion of the range of topics found in the ecological economics literature, which usually have been tackled with different methodologies: firstly, the current scenario of resource scarcity unavoidably demands the monitoring of the distribution issues; secondly, fair consumption natural resources is also driven by the ethical motivation of environmental justice; thirdly, global environmental governance may improve its effectiveness if it considers distributional issues; and finally, the political economy of ecologically unequal exchange may underlie the distribution of natural resources itself. The conclusions drawn from the analyses point towards using the information derived from distributional analyses as an additional tool in order to build a more sustainable and equitable world. On the other hand, the conclusions are framed under a political economy umbrella and so contribute to the discussion of unequal exchange theories and world-system analyses.
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Gray, Matthew. "Sustaining the ecological, social and economic values of the forests of Southern Tasmania". Thesis, University of New England, 2006. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/41201/2/Gray_thesis_20061026-a.pdf.
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This thesis articulates a methodology that can be applied to the analysis and design of underlying organisational structures and processes that will consistently and effectively address ‘wicked problems’ (the most difficult class of problems that we can conceptualise: problems which consist of ‘clusters’ of problems; problems within these clusters cannot be solved in isolation from one another, and include sociopolitical and moral-spiritual issues (Rittel and Webber 1973)) in forestry. This transdisciplinary methodology has been developed from the perspective of institutional economics synthesised with perspectives from ecological economics and system dynamics.
The institutionalist policymaking framework provides an approach for the explicit development of holistic policy.
An illustrative application of this framework has been
applied to the wicked problem of forestry in southern Tasmania as an example of the applicability of the approach in the Australian context. To date all attempts to seek
solutions to that prevailing wicked problem set have relied on non-reflexive, partial and highly reductionist thinking.
A formal assessment of prevailing governance and process arrangements applying to that particular forestry industry has been undertaken using the social fabric matrix.
This methodology lies at the heart of the institutionalist policymaking framework, and allows for the systematic exploration of elaborately complex causal links and
relationships, such as are present in southern Tasmania.
Some possible attributes of an alternative approach to forest management that sustains ecological, social and economic values of forests have been articulated as
indicative of the alternative policy and management outcomes that real-world application of this transdisciplinary, discursive and reflexive framework may
crystallise. Substantive and lasting solutions to wicked problems need to be formed endogenously, that is, from within the system. The institutionalist policymaking
framework is a vehicle through which this endogenous creation of solutions to wicked problems may be realised.
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Holzer, Verena Leïla. "Ecological objectives and the energy sector : the German renewable energies act and the European emissions trading system". Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1405/.
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Table of contents
1 Introduction
2 Ecological regulation and cost effectiveness
2.1 Climate policy
2.2 Promotion of renewable energies
3 Ecological regulation and security of supply
3.1 Climate policy
3.2 Promotion of renewable energies
4 The German Renewable Energies Act (EEG)
4.1 Objectives
4.2 Design and mechanisms
5 The European emissions trading system (EETS)
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Framework
6 The EEG and the EETS: trade off between ecological objectivesand cost effectiveness, innovation and security of supply?
6.1 EEG
6.2 EETS
6.3 Comparison between the approaches of the EEG and the EETS
7 Conclusions and outlook
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Jensen, Nathan. "Exploring the Relationships Between Livelihood Dimensions and Socio-ecological Resilience in the Bolivian Altiplano". Thesis, University of Missouri - Columbia, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13850739.
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Households in the Bolivian Altiplano construct their livelihood strategies in a system marked by changing climate and volatile social systems. The strategies that they choose must work to decrease the household‘s vulnerability to shocks, such as drought and frost, and increase its ability to adapt to longer term changes, for instance the affects of globalization. Their strategies may also influence the resilience of their community and environment, either increasing or decreasing the likelihood of catastrophe.
This research uses canonical correlation analysis to analyze survey data collected from 330 rural households in two regions of the Bolivian Altiplano. It examines the impact that dominant livelihood strategies have on the resilience of the household and its socio-ecological environment. The analysis shows that access to land and lifecycle are two household characteristics most highly associated with resilience; that diversification into labor markets often works towards increasing resilience; and that many households use livestock as an insurance mechanism. The results suggest that policies that work towards increasing crop yields and reducing livestock loss in the face of climate change could effectively target the households that are most vulnerable. Programs that include transfer payments to older households for providing services, such as increasing ecosystem resilience by placing land in fallow, could reduce the negative impact of lifecycle experienced by many across both regions.
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Bhatia, Natasha. "Ecological and economic valuation of managed realignment sites, Humber Estuary, UK : benefits for society". Thesis, University of Hull, 2012. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8242.
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The valuation of ecosystem services through economic methods has exponentially increased in last twenty years. However these studies seldom incorporate the specific influence of the study sites’ ecological development on the local populations’ economic valuation. The primary aim of this thesis is to ecologically and economically value the societal benefits provided by four managed realignment sites on the Humber estuary, UK. Choice experiment and contingent valuation interview surveys were conducted with local residents, eliciting their willingness to pay (WTP) values for both maintenance of their closest site, and access to it. Results from the economic valuation for each site were then related to their ecological status, to see whether these two aspects were interconnected. Generalised Linear Modelling and Decision Tree Analysis, as well as exploratory techniques such as Pearsons Chi-square, coplot analysis and principal component analysis, were employed to determine which explanatory variables, such as socio-demographic details or details regarding the participants’ interaction with the site, were significant influences on their WTP values. The main influencing explanatory variables proved to influence both WTP maintenance values and WTP access values in a similar manner. These included the distance that the participant lived from the site, the frequency which they visited, whether they had knowledge of the site prior to completing the survey, and their annual household income. Average WTP for maintenance values for the four sites were: £7.32, £3.13, £9.29 and £6.96. Average WTP for access values were: £4.64, £0.28, £6.20 and £4.43, suggesting that participants are willing to pay more for the non-use values that maintenance of the site provides, rather than use-values provided by access to the site. In addition, the sites with higher WTP values are also the sites which have a more developed ecological status, such as a wider area of vegetation coverage and higher diversity and abundance of fauna. Furthermore, the sites which offered supplementary facilities such as easier admittance for visitors through designated footpaths and disabled access, specialised apparatus for interaction with the fauna (such as bird hides), information boards or car parking areas; received a higher valuation from the local population than the sites which were difficult to access or had no facilities. These additional facilities are provided to enhance the participants’ ability to appreciate the ecology of the site, therefore results show that the sites with a more developed and diverse ecological system will have a higher economic value than those which have a less developed ecology. The findings have implications for policy makers in terms of future managed realignment site creation. The results suggest that public involvement at conception through to implementation ultimately results in a higher ecological and economic value of the site. This also encourages a higher visit frequency through creating a site which is not only effective in its management purpose but also has a complex ecological status and is ‘visitor friendly’.
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Mumbunan, Sonny. "Ecological Fiscal Transfers in Indonesia". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-69240.
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Environmental positive externalities from public provision, such as the benefits yielded from the public measure of nature conservation, are often not internalized.
Potential sub-optimal public service provision can be expected from such a condition, leading to inefficiency, if the benefits at a greater territorial scale are not acknowledged. This holds particularly true for intergovernmental fiscal relations in a decentralizing multi-tiered governmental system. Moreover, in developing countries the fiscal capacities to perform measures of ecological public functions are limited with their fiscal needs for these functions often appearing to outweigh their fiscal capacities.
Research at the interface of the economic theory of fiscal federalism, the
sustainability concept, and policies related to conservation and the environment is
relatively new. Furthermore, in the literature on environmental federalism the emphasis tends to be comparatively less on the benefits of positive environmental externalities. The essential contribution of this study is an extension of this research field that is still in its infancy by applying the specific case of Indonesia as the context, on account of this tropical country‟s ecological significance as well as its recent developments during the fiscal decentralization process. The overall aim of this study is to assess the possibilities of ecological fiscal transfers as a set of instruments in the public sector to internalize environmental externalities. To this end, the study traces the development as well as the current state of intergovernmental fiscal transfers in Indonesia in terms of ecological purposes. On the basis of this knowledge, the study offers new policy perspectives by proposing a number of policy options for ecological fiscal transfers in the context of the functioning fiscal transfer system and institutions between the national and the subnational (province and local) governments as well as among jurisdictions at the same governmental level. The incorporation of an explicit ecological indicator into general-purpose transfers is the first option. The second option is derived from a revenue-sharing arrangement. In this arrangement, two sub-options are proposed: first, shared revenues from taxes are distributed on the basis of the ecological indicator and, second, shared revenues from natural resources are earmarked for environmental purposes. Finally, the third option suggests an extension of existing specific-purpose transfers for the environment. The potential and limitations of the respective options are addressed. Additionally, a short treatment is given to the discourse on the possible mobilization of fiscal resources in the context of tropical deforestation and global climate change.
The research concentrates mainly on the first option, namely the incorporation of
an ecological indicator into the structure of general-purpose transfer allocation. In order to substantiate an explicit ecological dimension in the transfer, it extends the present area-based approach by introducing a protected area indicator while maintaining the remaining socio-economic indicators in the fiscal need calculation. The parameter values of area-related indicators are adjusted and subject to the properties of the existing formula. The simulation at the provincial level yields the following results. First, more provinces lose rather than gain from the introduced ecological fiscal transfer when compared to the fiscal transfer that they received in the reference fiscal year. Second, on average the winning provinces obtain a higher level of transfer from the introduction of an ecological indicator in the fiscal need calculation. The extent of the average decreases for the losing provinces, however, it is lower compared to the extent of the average gain by their winning counterparts. In terms of spatial configurations of the general-purpose transfer with an ecological indicator, provinces in Papua would benefit most from the new fiscal regime whereas provinces in Java and Sulawesi, with a few exceptions, would suffer a transfer reduction. Kalimantan and Sumatera show a mixed pattern of winning and losing provinces. The analysis on the equalization effects of the general-purpose transfers makes the following important contributions. It suggests that, first, the transfers are equalizing and, second, the introduction of the protected area indicator into the structure of these transfers plays a significant role in the equalizing effect, particularly in the presence of provinces with a very high fiscal capacity and when the area variable is also controlled. All of these new insights are imperative in the design of fiscal policy which intends to integrate explicit ecological aspects into the instruments of intergovernmental fiscal transfers.
Since a formula-based fiscal transfer distribution is intrinsically zero-sum, the
aforementioned configuration of winning and losing jurisdictions is conceivable. Among other future perspectives, it is the task of further research to explore ecological fiscal transfer instruments and associated measures that on the one hand seek to induce the losing provinces to join their winning counterparts and, on the other hand, are still subject to the requirements of the rational fiscal transfer mechanism.
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Osgathorpe, Lynne M. "Reconciling ecology and economics to conserve bumblebees". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3019.
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Many bumblebee species have experienced severe population declines in response to the use of intensive land management practices throughout the UK and western Europe during the latter half of the twentieth century. The loss of wildflower-rich unimproved lowland grasslands has been particularly detrimental and, as a result, in the UK two bumblebee species are now extinct, seven are listed on the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP), and only six extant species remain common and ubiquitous. Populations of the rarer species are often fragmented and restricted to isolated areas, such as the crofting regions of northwest Scotland, in which the use of intensive farming practices has remained relatively limited. Consequently, in this study I primarily focus on the conservation of B. distinguendus and B. muscorum, two of the UK’s rarest species which have strongholds in the Outer Hebrides. In this region crofting is the dominant form of agriculture, and is traditionally typified by small-scale mixed livestock production accompanied by rotational cropping activities. With the use of very few artificial inputs, traditional crofting activities are environmentally sensitive and promote the diverse wildflower assemblages characteristic of the machair which provide suitable forage for bumblebees. However, the changing demographic structure of the islands, in conjunction with a range of other socio-economic factors, is resulting in the adoption of more intensive land management practices by crofters and changing the nature of the crofted landscape. These changes are likely to have a detrimental impact on the rare bumblebee populations that rely on crofting to provide suitable foraging habitats. Neglecting to examine the socio-economic issues behind the decline in crofting activities, and failure to develop a means of making the system economically viable and sustainable, is likely to reduce the effectiveness of any bumblebee conservation measures introduced in the region. Through my research I address this socio-ecological problem by taking an interdisciplinary approach, and combine the two disciplines of ecology and economics to find a way to ensure crofting is sustainable whilst promoting sympathetic land management practices to aid bumblebee conservation. The results of my research demonstrate that current croft land management practices do not support high abundances of foraging bumblebees in the Outer Hebrides, and that sheep grazing during the summer has a particularly negative impact on bumblebee abundance on croft land. My research also highlights the importance of non-agricultural habitats for foraging long-tongued bumblebee species in agricultural landscapes. Grazing management can promote bumblebee abundance, with cattle grazing providing a valuable foraging habitat for short-tongued bumblebees in southwest England. Therefore, to conserve bumblebees in agricultural landscapes the type of farming system needs to be taken into account in developing grazing management regimes, whilst non-agricultural habitats need to be integrated into local land management plans to ensure the provision of forage for bumblebees throughout the flight period. The outputs of the ecological-economic models show that compensation payments are not always required to encourage beneficial land management practices to enhance bumblebee populations in crofted areas. However, crofting is a marginal farming system that is heavily influenced by socio-economic factors, and this should be taken into consideration in the development of future agricultural policy for the region.
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Deblonde, Marian K. "Economics as a political muse : philosophical reflections on the relevance of economics for ecological policy = Economische wetenschap als politieke muze /". Wageningen, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/344099024.pdf.
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Spash, Clive L. "Towards the integration of social, economic and ecological knowledge". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3473/1/sre%2Ddisc%2D2012_04.pdf.
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Integration of knowledge has become a contentious issue in an age where increasing
specialisation creates boundaries and division. Yet, there is an identifiable need for
integration across social, ecological and economic understandings if we are to address ever
more threatening crises and alarming potential scenarios. This paper relates to the work of K.
William Kapp and in so doing raises questions about how integration might be achieved. A
core idea that arises is the role of common denominator concepts. (author's abstract)Series: SRE - Discussion Papers
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Cox, Christopher R. "Synthesizing the Vertical and the Horizontal: A World-Ecological Analysis of 'the Industrial Revolution', Part I". PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1944.
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'The Industrial Revolution' is simultaneously one of the most under-examined and overly-simplified concepts in all of social science. One of the ways it is highly under-examined is in the arena of the ecological, particularly through the lens of critical world-history. This paper attempts to analyze the phenomenon through the lens of the world-ecology synthesis, in three distinct phases: First, the history of the conceptualization of the Industrial Revolution is examined at length, paying special attention to the knowledge foundations that determine these conceptualizations. Secondly, I sift out what I believe is the dominant model throughout most of modern and now postmodern history, which I identify as the techno-economic narrative. I then present the main critical world-historical challenge to that argument (that the Industrial Revolution was a unified, linear, two-century phenomenon) by outlining the critical interpretations of Fernand Braudel, Immanuel Wallerstein, Giovanni Arrighi, among others, leading a view of industrialization that is over the very long term, or what Braudel referred to as the longue durée. This long-view form of critical historical analysis is unabashedly Marxist, so there is some foray into various pieces of the Marxian canon, pieces that are often left untouched or at the least under-utilized in many politico-economic analyses of environmental history and politico-ecological narratives as well. Thirdly, I attempt to bring this new long-form view of industrialization more firmly into the ecological, but filtering the basic presuppositions of the 'techno-economic' narratives and the Marxist 'critical world-historical' narratives through the presuppositions of Jason W. Moore's world-ecology synthesis. What we arrive at through this filtering process is a very different view of the Industrial Revolution than we are used to hearing about. This is Part I of a much larger research process, one that I intend to bring into the present and future by looking at the development process of the BRICS as the next extension of the Industrial Revolution. What this paper is most concerned with is re-igniting what I think is a valuable debate among theorists, economic historians, and Marxist ecological thinkers, the debate about what exactly this phenomenon was, is, and will be. My small contribution is to re-define it in relationship to its really-existing history, including its antecedents and possible future expansions.
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Klar, David. "Sustainable Dwellings and Intergenerational Equality - New Applications for Ecological Economics : A Systems Thinking Approach". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15081.
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A systems thinking based approach was used to define and investigate the current state of knowledge in the academic disciplines related to sustainable residential dwellings via literature review. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with respondents connected to the system definition. The goal of the study was to determine the extent to which the academic disciplines, as well as the respondents, incorporated the social, economic, environmental and intergenerational aspects of sustainability. Significant variation was found in both the disciplines as well as in the responses of interviewees. Life-cycle cost analysis of dwellings built to the Norwegian passive house standard was used to investigate the implications of using alternative discount factors for extended assumed life spans. The results indicated that alternative discount factors have the potential to significantly reduce rental costs while fulfilling the potential Pareto optimality criterion. The alternative discount factors used in the life-cycle cost analysis were later shown to have flaws which limit their usefulness; a methodology for deriving a representative multigenerational discount rate was proposed.
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Маценко, Олександр Михайлович, Александр Михайлович Маценко, Oleksandr Mykhailovych Matsenko i І. Honcharenko. "Economics for Ecology in conditions increasing global instability". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31636.
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Over the past 20 years, when our country was granted the status of an independent state, it and many other countries suffered from the consequences of instability. Some economies have suffered devastating effects of full scale ecological disasters military conflicts. But in modern terms into first place go global ecological problems, problems of instability harmonization cooperation between society and nature. But in modern terms into first place go global ecological problems, problems of instability harmonization cooperation between society and nature.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31636
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Paulsen, Sandra Silva. "Topics on the ecological economics of coastal zones : linking land uses, marine eutrophication, and fisheries /". Uppsala : Dept. of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200773.pdf.
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Clouston, Elizabeth, i n/a. "Linking the Ecological and Economic Values of Wetlands: A Case Study of the Wetlands of Moreton Bay". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030828.140330.
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This thesis examines the relationship between the underlying ecological values of wetlands and the economic values they produce. The importance of the roles that wetlands play is now well recognised yet losses continue at a global level. It is argued that one cause of wetland loss is a lack of awareness of the values of these systems due to inadequate information of the nexus between ecological functions and economic values. For example, the off-site, indirect benefits provided by wetlands have largely been ignored. This has led to an undervaluation of these ecosystems. The integration of ecological and economic values requires incorporating differing types of information and systems of value derived from differing disciplines with differing paradigms. To understand the differing disciplinary perspectives the thesis explores the ecological functions of wetlands and the economic goods and services that they provide. The functions and benefits of wetlands are linked at the ecological-economic interface. A consensus on the definition of ecological value could not be discerned within the discipline of ecology. Thus, a definition and index of ecological value is developed to demonstrate the attributes of coastal and wetland systems that provide for instrumental human benefits. These attributes include productivity, the ability to provide habitats for dependent species and the diversity of species and organisation they support. However, ecological information is not presently available to operationalise the index. The ability of economic techniques to capture this ecological value is then investigated. Three approaches for assessing non-market values (direct linkage models, revealed preference and stated preference models) are reviewed with respect to their ability to capture ecological value. An alternative biophysical approach, namely energy analysis, is also considered. The review suggests that it may be possible to measure ecological value using the contingent valuation method. The role of information in preference formation and willingness to pay bids is then investigated along with a number of other issues that need to be resolved before using the contingent valuation method. The wetlands of the case study area, Moreton Bay, Australia exhibit both ecological and economic values. The wetlands contribute approximately one-third of primary productivity in the Bay, provide habitat for a wide range of dependent species (including internationally recognised migratory wader birds) and have a diverse fauna with a relatively large number of endemic species. Economic values of the wetlands include both direct and indirect use values (for example, fishing, recreation, water quality improvements and storm buffering) and non-use values. Non-use values include the value in preserving the environment for future generations (bequest value) and the existence of vulnerable animals such as turtles and dugongs, which one may never expect to see. If consumers are willing to pay to preserve these animals, this is also a valid economic value. The economic technique of contingent valuation is tested to determine if it is possible to capture ecological value by providing respondents, selected by random sample, to a survey with the relevant information. A case study is undertaken in Moreton Bay to determine respondents' willingness to pay to improve water quality and hence protect the wetlands. To test the effects of differing types information, four different versions of the survey were sent to four groups of 500 respondents. Case A provided no extra information so it could be used as a control. Case B included information about the ecological values of the wetlands of Moreton Bay. Case C provided information about the economic use values of the wetlands in the Bay including direct and indirect use. Case D provided information about the non-use values of endangered species resident in the Bay that are dependent on the wetlands. The results indicate that the provision of different types of information influences willingness to pay. However, willingness to pay when provided with ecological information is not significantly different from willingness to pay when provided with other information. As it was not possible from the research undertaken to state that the contingent valuation method can capture ecological value, an alternative approach is proposed to link ecological and economic values. It is argued that ecologists and economists need to develop common aims and scales of assessment. Further, communication between the two disciplines can be enhanced through the use of agreed indicator terms. Through an iterative approach it should then be possible to understand the linkages between changes in indicators of ecosystem values and indicators of economic value.
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Clouston, Elizabeth. "Linking the Ecological and Economic Values of Wetlands: A Case Study of the Wetlands of Moreton Bay". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366973.
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Three approaches for assessing non-market values (direct linkage models, revealed preference and stated preference models) are reviewed with respect to their ability to capture ecological value. An alternative biophysical approach, namely energy analysis, is also considered. The review suggests that it may be possible to measure ecological value using the contingent valuation method. The role of information in preference formation and willingness to pay bids is then investigated along with a number of other issues that need to be resolved before using the contingent valuation method. The wetlands of the case study area, Moreton Bay, Australia exhibit both ecological and economic values. The wetlands contribute approximately one-third of primary productivity in the Bay, provide habitat for a wide range of dependent species (including internationally recognised migratory wader birds) and have a diverse fauna with a relatively large number of endemic species. Economic values of the wetlands include both direct and indirect use values (for example, fishing, recreation, water quality improvements and storm buffering) and non-use values. Non-use values include the value in preserving the environment for future generations (bequest value) and the existence of vulnerable animals such as turtles and dugongs, which one may never expect to see. If consumers are willing to pay to preserve these animals, this is also a valid economic value. The economic technique of contingent valuation is tested to determine if it is possible to capture ecological value by providing respondents, selected by random sample, to a survey with the relevant information. A case study is undertaken in Moreton Bay to determine respondents' willingness to pay to improve water quality and hence protect the wetlands. To test the effects of differing types information, four different versions of the survey were sent to four groups of 500 respondents. Case A provided no extra information so it could be used as a control. Case B included information about the ecological values of the wetlands of Moreton Bay. Case C provided information about the economic use values of the wetlands in the Bay including direct and indirect use. Case D provided information about the non-use values of endangered species resident in the Bay that are dependent on the wetlands. The results indicate that the provision of different types of information influences willingness to pay. However, willingness to pay when provided with ecological information is not significantly different from willingness to pay when provided with other information. As it was not possible from the research undertaken to state that the contingent valuation method can capture ecological value, an alternative approach is proposed to link ecological and economic values. It is argued that ecologists and economists need to develop common aims and scales of assessment. Further, communication between the two disciplines can be enhanced through the use of agreed indicator terms. Through an iterative approach it should then be possible to understand the linkages between changes in indicators of ecosystem values and indicators of economic value.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Silva, Macher Jose Carlos. "Studies of social metabolism at the commodity frontiers of Peru". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400656.
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La tesis busca contribuir a un mejor entendimiento de los complejos conflictos ecológico-distributivos en las fronteras de extracción, donde el aumento del metabolismo de las sociedades industriales conduce a una mayor destrucción del medio ambiente en países ricos en recursos naturales alrededor del mundo. Se desarrollan tres casos de estudios –Camisea, Conga y Sierra del Divisor, los cuales se explicarán más adelante. Se utiliza la teoría de flujos y fondos (Georgescu-Roegen, 1971) para desarrollar representaciones analíticas de los procesos económicos centrales que intervienen en cada caso de estudio, de forma tal que se facilita la comprensión de la anatomía de estos conflictos socio-ambientales. La tesis presenta una contribución metodológica empírica que combina dos enfoques: las triadas de valoración ambiental para representar el propósito económico (Farrell, 2007) y el análisis integrado multi-escala del metabolismo de la sociedad y los ecosistemas (MuSIASEM, en inglés) para representar el proceso económico (Giampietro y Mayumi, 2000a, 2000b, 2009). En este sentido, el propósito económico de un actor social define los límites –frontera y duración– del proceso económico, y por lo tanto, las identidades de los elementos del proceso en términos de flujos y fondos. Esto puede ser entendido como la etapa pre-analítica de la representación MuSIASEM del proceso económico en cuestión.
El caso de estudio de Camisea analiza el complejo de energía-agua-minería y plantea la interrogante sobre cuáles son las implicancias de largo plazo en el sistema energético nacional del crecimiento del sector minero en Perú, favorecido por el gobierno. Esta pregunta se responde mediante el análisis de las interacciones entre el fondo de actividad humana y los flujos de energía exosomática a través de múltiples escalas de la economía peruana para los años 2000 y 2010, con una proyección al 2020. Los resultados empíricos indican: (1) el altísimo ratio metabólico de electricidad (eEMR) del sector minero (61.6 MJ/h en 2010), el cual resultó ser 11 veces el eEMR del sector de construcción y manufactura; y (2) el posible incremento de la proporción de electricidad utilizada por el sector minero, lo cual podría reducir la disponibilidad de gas natural de Camisea –la principal reserva de combustibles fósiles– para el resto de la sociedad peruana. Por lo tanto, se argumenta que el fuerte apoyo del gobierno al crecimiento del sector minero tendría que ser revisado.
El caso de estudio de Conga en los Andes explora la anatomía del conflicto ecológico distributivo entre la empresa minera y los campesinos. Se complementa el concepto de tierra Ricardiana –un fondo indestructible– con el concepto de materiales de tierra, el cual es susceptible de cambio cualitativo, y por lo tanto puede ser fondo o flujo del proceso económico. Desde la perspectiva de la empresa minera, los materiales de tierra son considerados flujos del proceso de extracción de minerales, lo cual está en conflicto con la perspectiva de los campesinos, quienes consideran los mismos materiales de tierra como fondos del proceso de producción de leche fresca. En otras palabras, desde el punto de vista de los campesinos “el agua vale más que el oro”, es decir, el oro como valor de cambio en el mercado es menos importante que el agua como valor de soporte de la vida, tanto biofísica como espiritual.
El caso de estudio de Sierra del Divisor en la Amazonia aplica una representación simplificada de MuSIASEM con el fin de describir los procesos económicos clave en dos períodos de tiempo, antes y después de la posible construcción del proyecto de ferrocarril transcontinental entre Brasil y Perú, que podría cruzar la Sierra del Divisor y los territorios Isconahuas. Los procesos económicos estudiados incluyen: la producción industrial de soya en Brasil, la minería de oro aluvial en Perú, las pesca de comunidades nativas, la producción de arroz de pequeños agricultores, y las actividades de caza y recolección de pueblos indígenas viviendo en aislamiento voluntario.The thesis aims to contribute toward improved understanding of complex ecological distribution conflicts at the commodity frontiers, where increasing metabolism in industrial societies is leading to increased environmental destruction in resource rich countries throughout the world. The thesis consists of three case studies of social metabolism in Peru (i.e. Camisea, Conga, and Sierra del Divisor). Analytical representations of the central economic processes are developed based on the flow/fund theory (Georgescu-Roegen, 1971) in order to explore the anatomy of these environmental conflicts. The thesis develops an empirical methodological contribution that combines two approaches: the environmental valuation triadics representation of economic purpose (Farrell, 2007) and the multi-scale integrated analysis of societal and ecosystem metabolism (MuSIASEM) representation of economic process (Giampietro and Mayumi, 2000a, 2000b, 2009). That is, the social actor’s economic purpose defines the boundaries of the economic process (i.e. frontier and duration), and therefore, the process elements identities in terms of flows and funds. This can be understood as the pre-analytical step of the MuSIASEM representation of an economic process. The Camisea case study analyzes the energy-water-mining complex, and poses the specific question: What are the long-term national energy system implications of the government-supported growth of the mining sector? This question is addressed by analyzing interactions between funds of human economic activity and flows of exosomatic energy across scales of the Peruvian economy, in 2000 and 2010, with a projection for 2020. The MuSIASEM empirical results indicate: (1) the extremely high electricity metabolic rate (eEMR) of the mining sector (61.6 MJ/h in 2010), which was found to be 11 times the eEMR of the building and manufacturing sector; and (2) the potential increase of the flow share of electricity used by the mining sector, which could reduce the availability of Camisea natural gas –the main fossil fuels reserve– for the rest of society. Based on these implications, it is argued that the Peruvian government strong support for growth of the mining sector may have to be reconsidered. The Conga case study in the Andes explores the anatomy of the ecological distribution conflict between the mining corporation and the campesinos (peasants). By complementing the concept of Ricardian land—an indestructible fund—with the concept of land materials, which is susceptible to qualitative change, and therefore can be either a fund or a flow element of the economic process, we illustrate that the minerals extraction process of multinational companies, which treats this land material as a flow, stands in conflict with the milk production process of campesinos, because that process is using these land materials as a fund, that is, in order to make production possible. In other words, from the perspective of campesinos (and the common sense) “el agua vale más que el oro” –that is, the market exchange value of gold is less important than the life support value of water (i.e. biophysical and spiritual). The Sierra del Divisor case study in the Amazonia applies the MuSIASEM in a simplified way in order to describe key economic processes in two periods of time, before and after the potential construction of the transcontinental Brazil-Peru railway project that would cross the Sierra del Divisor tropical rainforest, representing a major change in the boundary conditions of the observed system. The economic processes studied in this case include: industrial soybean production in Brazil, alluvial gold mining extraction in Peru, fishing by native communities, rice production by small farmers, and hunting and gathering activities of indigenous people living in voluntary isolation.