Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Ecological disturbances”
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Dornelas, Maria. "Disturbance and change in biodiversity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, nr 1558 (27.11.2010): 3719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0295.
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Understanding how disturbance affects biodiversity is important for both fundamental and applied reasons. Here, I investigate how disturbances with different ecological effects change biodiversity metrics. I define three main types of disturbance effects: D disturbance (shifts in mortality rate), B disturbance (shifts in reproductive rates) and K disturbance (shifts in carrying capacity). Numerous composite disturbances can be defined including any combination of these three types of ecological effects. The consequences of D , B and K disturbances, as well as of composite DBK disturbances are examined by comparing metrics before and after a disturbance, in disturbed and undisturbed communities. I use simulations of neutral communities and examine species richness, total abundance and species abundance distributions. The patterns of change in biodiversity metrics are consistent among different types of disturbance. K disturbance has the most severe effects, followed by D disturbance, and B disturbance has nearly negligible effects. Consequences of composite DBK disturbances are more complex than any of the three types of disturbance, with unimodal relationships along a disturbance gradient arising when D, B and K are negatively correlated. Importantly, regardless of disturbance type, community isolation enhances the negative consequences and hinders the positive effects of disturbances.
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Lugo, Ariel E. "Effects of Extreme Disturbance Events: From Ecesis to Social–Ecological–Technological Systems". Ecosystems 23, nr 8 (18.02.2020): 1726–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00491-x.
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AbstractEcologists addressed the effects of disturbances from the onset of the field by focusing on ecesis, which is the process by which organisms migrate and establish under the environmental conditions created by disturbances. Ecesis is the onset of succession, a self-organizing process whose nature, speed, and outcome depend in part on the outcomes of ecesis and the residual legacies remaining after disturbances. A by-product of succession after a disturbance is the reorganization of species dominance, or novelty. The degree of novelty in the outcome increases with the severity of the disturbance event. Initially, ecologists focused mostly on non-anthropogenic disturbances, but as human activity intensified and became a global force, more attention was given to the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on ecosystems. Today, anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic disturbances and their interactions are increasingly affecting ecosystems, particularly those exposed to extreme disturbance events. Extreme disturbance events are complex and low probability events composed of several disturbance forces that individually and in synergy affect different sectors of ecosystems, including the conditions that drive ecesis. I review the literature on disturbance research including the effects of extreme disturbance events on social–ecological–technological systems (SETSs). A SETS is an ecosystem defined by the flow and accumulation of energy through the medium of organisms, constructed infrastructure, institutions, and their environment. Human intentions, values, and capacities are part of the functioning of SETS, and they can drive ecological processes as do non-anthropogenic forces. Moreover, human-directed activities after an extreme disturbance event affect whole landscapes. The passage of hurricane María over the Puerto Rico SETS established that extreme disturbance events are of such power and complexity that they can influence the level and kind of relationship between humans and the environment, including the structure and species composition of the ecological systems within SETS. However, extreme disturbance events such as hurricanes have not changed the successional trajectory originally impulsed by anthropogenic disturbances. Thus, the species composition and functioning of novel forests in Puerto Rico are tied to economic activity in the social and technological sectors of SETS. It is no longer possible to interpret ecosystem functioning without considering the synergy between anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic extreme disturbances.
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Zhang, H., Z. Zhang, X. Guo, J. Zhao i Y. Shan. "UNDERSTANDING THE SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERN OF FIRE DISTURBANCE IN THE EASTERN MONGOLIA USING MODIS PRODUCT". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (30.04.2018): 1921–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-1921-2018.
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Fire disturbance plays an important role in maintaining ecological balance, biodiversity and self-renewal. In this paper, the spatio-temporal pattern of fire disturbances in eastern Mongolia are studied by using the ArcGIS spatial analysis method, using the MCD45A1 data of MODIS fire products with long time series. It provides scientific basis and reference for the regional ecological environment security construction and international ecological security. Research indicates: (1) The fire disturbance in eastern Mongolia has obvious high and low peak interleaving phenomenon in the year, and the seasonal change is obvious. (2) The distribution pattern of fire disturbance in eastern Mongolia is aggregated, which indicates that the fire disturbance is not random and it is caused by certain influence. (3) Fire disturbance is mainly distributed in the eastern province of Mongolia, the border between China and Mongolia and the northern forest area of Sukhbaatar province. (4) The fire disturbance in the eastern part of the study area is strong and the southwest is weaker. The spreading regularity of fire disturbances in eastern Mongolia is closer to the natural level of ecosystem.
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Crausbay, Shelley D., i Patrick H. Martin. "Natural disturbance, vegetation patterns and ecological dynamics in tropical montane forests". Journal of Tropical Ecology 32, nr 5 (14.07.2016): 384–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000328.
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Abstract:Disturbance is a central process in forest dynamics, yet the role of natural disturbance in tropical montane forests (TMFs) has not been systematically addressed. We posit that disturbance in TMFs has a wider role than commonly acknowledged and its effects are distinctive because: (1) TMFs often have very low rates of productivity due to low resources, and so recovery from disturbance may be slow, (2) montane forests have marked environmental heterogeneity which interacts with disturbance, (3) a large percentage of TMFs are regularly exposed to high energy windstorms and landslides, and (4) TMFs contain a biogeographically rich mixture of tree species with divergent evolutionary histories that interact differently with different disturbance types. We reviewed the literature on natural disturbance in TMFs and found 119 peer-reviewed papers which met our search criteria. Our review shows that disturbance is widespread in TMFs with pronounced effects on structure, function, composition and dynamics. Disturbance is also evident in the ecology of TMF biota with clear examples of plant life-history traits adapted to disturbance, including disturbance-triggered germination, treefall gap strategies and resprouting ability. Important aspects of TMF disturbances are stochastic and site-specific, but there are broad patterns in disturbance type, frequency and severity along latitudinal, altitudinal and environmental gradients. Compared with the lowland tropics, TMF disturbances are more spatially structured, TMFs experience more disturbance types in a given area due to environmental complexity, and TMFs are much more prone to small-scale yet severe landslides as well the large and potentially catastrophic disturbances of cyclones, forest die-back and fire. On the whole, natural disturbance should assume a larger role in models of ecosystem processes and vegetation patterns in TMFs. An improved understanding of what creates variation in disturbance severity and post-disturbance recovery rates, how composition and diversity feedback on disturbance type and likelihood, and how global change will alter these dynamics are important priorities in future TMF ecology research.
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Pompa-García, Marín, Jan Altman, Daniela Sarahi Paéz-Meráz i José Alexis Martínez Rivas. "Spatiotemporal Variability in Disturbance Frequency and Severity across Mexico: Evidence from Conifer Tree Rings". Forests 14, nr 5 (27.04.2023): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14050900.
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It is critical to understand the ecological processes of forest dynamics by identifying past forest disturbances to take appropriate management actions. Tree-rings are commonly used for this purpose due to their reliability and accuracy. Here, we used a network of ring-width data distributed along a broad ecological gradient for the spatiotemporal identification of forest disturbances in 15 species of 13 sites of young Mexican conifers. We found different spatial and temporal patterns in the occurrence of forest disturbance. The species with the highest disturbance rates were Pinus patula (Ppa; El Jacalón), Pinus montezumae (Pmo; La Cueva), Pinus hartwegii (Phc; Cerro El Moro), and Pinus teocote (Pts; Rancho Joyas del Durazno) of the Gulf of Mexico, and Pinus ayacahuite (Pay; Corral de los Borregos) of the Mexico Center. The highest number of disturbances was found in 1953, 1956, 1976, and 1980; however, we noted that the number of disturbances tended to increase from 1975 to 1990 and particularly from 2000 onwards. The species close to the Gulf of Mexico presented a higher frequency and severity of disturbances than those located close to the Pacific Ocean. Thus, our results demonstrate a spatiotemporal pattern of disturbance events, which deserves further analysis, including regarding the drivers of disturbance. This knowledge is crucial for a better understanding of the dynamics of contemporary species.
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Kang, Hojeong, Sunghyun Kim, Keunyea Song, Min-Jung Kwon i Jaehyun Lee. "Intermediate Disturbances Enhance Microbial Enzyme Activities in Soil Ecosystems". Microorganisms 12, nr 7 (11.07.2024): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12071401.
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The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH) posits that maximal plant biodiversity is attained in environments characterized by moderate ecological disturbances. Although the applicability of the IDH to microbial diversity has been explored in a limited number of studies, there is a notable absence of experimental reports on whether soil microbial ‘activity’ demonstrates a similar response to the frequency or intensity of environmental disturbances. In this investigation, we conducted five distinct experiments employing soils or wetland sediments exposed to varying intensities or frequencies of disturbances, with a specific emphasis on disturbances associated with human activity, such as chemical contamination, hydrologic changes, and forest thinning. Specifically, we examined the effects of bactericide and heavy metal contamination, long-term drainage, tidal flow, and thinning management on microbial enzyme activities in soils. Our findings revealed that microbial enzyme activities were highest at intermediate disturbance levels. Despite the diversity in experiment conditions, each trial consistently demonstrated analogous patterns, suggesting the robustness of the IDH in elucidating microbial activities alongside diversity in soils. These outcomes bear significant implications for ecological restoration and management, as intermediate disturbance may expedite organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycles, crucial for sustaining ecosystem services in soils.
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Drever, C. Ronnie, Garry Peterson, Christian Messier, Yves Bergeron i Mike Flannigan. "Can forest management based on natural disturbances maintain ecological resilience?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, nr 9 (1.09.2006): 2285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-132.
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Given the increasingly global stresses on forests, many ecologists argue that managers must maintain ecological resilience: the capacity of ecosystems to absorb disturbances without undergoing fundamental change. In this review we ask: Can the emerging paradigm of natural-disturbance-based management (NDBM) maintain ecological resilience in managed forests? Applying resilience theory requires careful articulation of the ecosystem state under consideration, the disturbances and stresses that affect the persistence of possible alternative states, and the spatial and temporal scales of management relevance. Implementing NDBM while maintaining resilience means recognizing that (i) biodiversity is important for long-term ecosystem persistence, (ii) natural disturbances play a critical role as a generator of structural and compositional heterogeneity at multiple scales, and (iii) traditional management tends to produce forests more homogeneous than those disturbed naturally and increases the likelihood of unexpected catastrophic change by constraining variation of key environmental processes. NDBM may maintain resilience if silvicultural strategies retain the structures and processes that perpetuate desired states while reducing those that enhance resilience of undesirable states. Such strategies require an understanding of harvesting impacts on slow ecosystem processes, such as seed-bank or nutrient dynamics, which in the long term can lead to ecological surprises by altering the forest's capacity to reorganize after disturbance.
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Ojha, Santosh K., Kozma Naka i Luben D. Dimov. "Assessment of Disturbances across Forest Inventory Plots in the Southeastern United States for the Period 1995–2018". Forest Science 66, nr 2 (26.11.2019): 242–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz072.
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Abstract Disturbances of varying frequency and intensity shape the species composition, stand structure, and functions of forests. This study assessed the frequency and distribution of disturbances caused by eight agents (insects, diseases, fire, animals, weather, other vegetation, human, and unknown) in the forests of the southeastern United States from 1995 to 2018. We used data from 88,722 inventory measurements of 33,531 plots from the USDA Forest Inventory and Analysis database to assess disturbance among different forest types and to different canopy strata. Disturbances were detected in approximately 14 percent of the plots, located mostly in pine-dominated forest types. Fire was the most frequent disturbance agent (occurring 6 percent of the time), followed by weather and animal agents. The agents that caused the highest mortality rate during the period for saplings were silvicultural treatments (8.6 percent), other vegetation (5.6 percent), and fire (4.4 percent), whereas for trees they were silvicultural treatments (9.8 percent), weather (1.9 percent) and insects (1.7 percent). The forest type that appeared to have been most affected by disturbances was longleaf–slash pine of the Coastal Plain. These results are useful for understanding the spatiotemporal distribution of disturbance events in different southeastern forest types and locations and for guiding forest management activities to mitigate potential impacts.
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Konôpka, Bohdan, Peter Zach i Ján Kulfan. "Wind – an important ecological factor and destructive agent in forests". Forestry Journal 62, nr 2 (1.06.2016): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2016-0013.
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AbstractWind is both an ecological provider and disturbance facilitator influences trees and other organisms in forests. Impacts of wind on induvidual trees and forests mainly depend on the strength (or intensity) of the wind and the stability of the trees. Wind causes large-scale damage to forests and serious economical losses for the forestry sector within Europe. Therefore, knowledge of interactions between wind and trees and/or forests provides the baseline for developing adequate prevention or mitigation of the negative consequences associated with wind disturbances in forest ecosystems. Herein, we analyse the wind as an ecological and disturbance factor in forests in Europe, emphasising forests in Slovakia. Here, strong winds destroy mostly spruce dominated forests in the following regions; Orava, High and Low Tatra Mountains, Great Fatra Mountains, Pohronie, Poľana Mountains and Slovak Ore Mountains. Increasing volumes of timber damaged by windstorms have been documented since 1961, with the maximum damage recorded in 2004. Yearly volumes of damaged timber of approximately 2.5 mil. m3are predicted from 2016 to 2030. This highlights the data requirement regarding wind disturbances for integrated forest protection against dangerous winds and other disturbance agents in forest ecosystems in Slovakia and other European countries.
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Whicker, April D., i James K. Detling. "Ecological Consequences of Prairie Dog Disturbances". BioScience 38, nr 11 (grudzień 1988): 778–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310787.
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Katz, Richard W., Grace S. Brush i Marc B. Parlange. "STATISTICS OF EXTREMES: MODELING ECOLOGICAL DISTURBANCES". Ecology 86, nr 5 (maj 2005): 1124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/04-0606.
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Hu, Yang, Tim S. Doherty i Tim S. Jessop. "How influential are squamate reptile traits in explaining population responses to environmental disturbances?" Wildlife Research 47, nr 3 (2020): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19064.
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Abstract Context Understanding how organismal attributes influence sensitivity to environmental perturbations is a central theme in ecology and conservation. Certain traits, such as body size, habitat use, dietary preference and reproductive output are considered important determinants of animal species’ responses to the impacts of ecological disturbances. However, the general relationships between functional traits and post-disturbance responses by animals are not fully understood. AimsOur primary aim was to use a meta-analysis to evaluate the influence of species traits on variation in population abundances of squamate reptiles (i.e. lizards and snakes). MethodsWe extracted data from 107 original published studies, from which 1027 mean effect sizes of post-disturbance responses by 298 species were estimated. We examined short-term responses only (i.e. within 3 years since the most recent disturbance). A comprehensive range of disturbances was examined, such as habitat destruction, fragmentation, fire, and exotic-species invasions. We used Bayesian linear mixed-effect modelling (BLMM), utilising the Markov-chain Monte Carlo algorithm (MCMC) for the meta-regression. Specifically, we tested the influence of eight species traits (body size, diet, temporal activity pattern, sociality, reproductive mode, clutch size, habitat selection, and mean body temperature), along with disturbance type, in explaining variation in species-specific abundance responses of squamate reptiles post-disturbance. Key resultsPost-disturbance abundance responses of squamate species were significantly influenced by two parameters, namely, mean body temperature and clutch size. In general, significant positive responses post-disturbance were observed for species with higher mean body temperatures and a greater clutch size. The type of disturbance had no detectable influence on squamate abundances. The influence of random effects (heterogeneity among studies and species, and broad taxonomic identity) accounted for more of the model variation than did the fixed effects (species traits and disturbance type). ConclusionsCertain species traits exerted some influence on the sensitivities of lizards and snakes to ecological disturbances, although the influence of random effects was very strong. Our findings are likely to be a result of the complexity and idiosyncratic nature of natural abundance patterns among animal species, in addition to the potential confounding effect of methodological differences among studies. ImplicationsThe present study is the first major quantitative synthesis of how species traits influence population-level responses of squamate reptiles to ecological disturbances. The findings can be used to guide conservation efforts and ecological management, such as by prioritising the efforts of mitigation on species that reproduce more slowly, and those with lower body temperatures.
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Burton, Philip J., Anke Jentsch i Lawrence R. Walker. "The Ecology of Disturbance Interactions". BioScience 70, nr 10 (16.09.2020): 854–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa088.
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Abstract Global change has been accompanied by recent increases in the frequency and intensity of various ecological disturbances (e.g., fires, floods, cyclones), both natural and anthropogenic in origin. Because these disturbances often interact, their cumulative and synergistic effects can result in unforeseen consequences, such as insect outbreaks, crop failure, and progressive ecosystem degradation. We consider the roles of biological legacies, thresholds, and lag effects responsible for the distinctive impacts of interacting disturbances. We propose a hierarchical classification that distinguishes the patterns and implications associated with random co-occurrences, individual links, and multiple links among disturbances that cascade in chains or networks. Disturbance-promoting interactions apparently prevail over disturbance-inhibiting ones. Complex and exogenous disturbance cascades are less predictable than simple and endogenous links because of their dependency on adjacent or synchronous events. These distinctions help define regional disturbance regimes and can have implications for natural selection, risk assessment, and options for management intervention.
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Chaves Cardoso, Jéssica, Philip J. Burton i Che M. Elkin. "A Disturbance Ecology Perspective on Silvicultural Site Preparation". Forests 11, nr 12 (28.11.2020): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121278.
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Silvicultural site preparation methods are used as planned disturbances for counteracting soil and vegetation constraints, as well as facilitating successful tree regeneration and growth. Understanding the possible effects of silvicultural site preparation on the ecosystem and evaluating site preparation as an ecological disturbance can help guide the selection and application of site preparation techniques for forest management goals. This review evaluates silvicultural site preparation techniques that are commonly used in boreal mixedwood ecosystems as agents of ecological disturbance by comparing the effects of each technique on the area disturbed and the degree of biomass modification, and then ordering them along a disturbance severity gradient. With a strong emphasis on the numerical estimation of the spatial footprint of different disturbances, broadcast burning typically has the highest disturbance severity, followed in order by broadcast herbicide use, mixing, plowing, disc trenching, mounding, scalping, and inverting. The evaluation of disturbance severity of various silvicultural site preparation techniques while using the proposed framework is feasible, in which quantitative assessments of area disturbed and biomass modification could be collected and assessed in most managed forests.
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Jacquet, Claire, i Florian Altermatt. "The ghost of disturbance past: long-term effects of pulse disturbances on community biomass and composition". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, nr 1930 (8.07.2020): 20200678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0678.
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Current global change is associated with an increase in disturbance frequency and intensity, with the potential to trigger population collapses and to cause permanent transitions to new ecosystem states. However, our understanding of ecosystem responses to disturbances is still incomplete. Specifically, there is a mismatch between the diversity of disturbance regimes experienced by ecosystems and the one-dimensional description of disturbances used in most studies on ecological stability. To fill this gap, we conducted a full factorial experiment on microbial communities, where we varied the frequency and intensity of disturbances affecting species mortality, resulting in 20 different disturbance regimes. We explored the direct and long-term effects of these disturbance regimes on community biomass. While most communities were able to recover biomass and composition states similar to undisturbed controls after a halt of the disturbances, we identified some disturbance thresholds that had long-lasting legacies on communities. Using a model based on logistic growth, we identified qualitatively the sets of disturbance frequency and intensity that had equivalent long-term negative impacts on experimental communities. Our results show that an increase in disturbance intensity is a bigger threat for biodiversity and biomass recovery than the occurrence of more frequent but less intense disturbances.
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Rocha, Bernardo, Pedro Pinho, Joana Vieira, Cristina Branquinho i Paula Matos. "Testing the Poleotolerance Lichen Response Trait as an Indicator of Anthropic Disturbance in an Urban Environment". Diversity 11, nr 4 (6.04.2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11040055.
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Urban environments are densely populated areas buzzing with a wide range of anthropic activities that cause disturbances like air pollution or the heat island effect, threatening both human and environmental health. Mitigating its impacts implies understanding the integrated effects that those disturbances exert on urban environments. Lichen biodiversity is frequently used as an ecological indicator, being able to integrate its effects in a quantifiable way. The poleotolerance response trait classifies lichens according to their tolerance to human disturbance, but it was developed for Italy’s flora and has seldom been applied outside Italy or in urban context studies. The aim of this work was to assess this trait suitability as an indicator of urban anthropic disturbance and test it outside Italy. For that, we sampled lichen diversity in 41 green spaces in Lisbon. Lichens were classified into the respective poleotolerance trait functional groups and their community weighted mean related with three type of environmental variables used as surrogates of urban disturbance. We showed that disturbance-tolerant functional groups could be used as an ecological indicator of the integrated effects of environmental disturbances. Some species were clearly misclassified, so we propose reclassification for those. Natural and seminatural functional groups did not behave as expected. Nevertheless, disturbance-tolerant functional groups have the potential to be used in in other Southern European cities.
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Rentch, James S., Mary Ann Fajvan i Ray R. Hicks. "Spatial and Temporal Disturbance Characteristics of Oak-Dominated Old-Growth Stands in the Central Hardwood Forest Region". Forest Science 49, nr 5 (1.10.2003): 778–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/49.5.778.
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Abstract Using a radial growth averaging technique, decadal-scale growth changes of 150- to 350-yr-old overstory oaks were used to identify canopy disturbance events in five old-growth stands, and canopy disturbance intervals were estimated using frequency analysis. Stem maps and tree-establishment and canopy-accession chronologies were then used to reconstruct the size of canopy openings. Between 1700 and 1990, median canopy disturbance interval was approximately 3 yr for each stand; larger disturbances involving two or more trees occurred about every 16 yr per stand. Based on age distribution of the oldest cohorts, three stands became established after a major disturbance, but the majority of multiple-tree disturbances were associated with gaps < 200 m2 in area. Historic disturbance frequency and size distribution of canopy gaps suggest that the oak components of these stands persisted by utilizing a variety of growth strategies appropriate to large and small openings. The absence of significant changes in overstory disturbance frequencies further suggests that increases in the level of understory competition are responsible for the present-day decline in oak dominance.
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Johnson, E. A. "Disturbance: the process and the response. An epilogue". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15, nr 1 (1.02.1985): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x85-047.
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One gap in our understanding of disturbances became evident during this symposium and in the discussions before and after: How did the disturbances work and how exactly did they affect plants? In this epilogue I consider why the traditional study of succession by describing developmental sequences has led to such a slow formulation of the coupling of disturbance processes to ecological responses. A conceptual framework is also suggested for the coupling of process and response.
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Norderhaug, KM, K. Filbee-Dexter, C. Freitas, SR Birkely, L. Christensen, I. Mellerud, J. Thormar i in. "Ecosystem-level effects of large-scale disturbance in kelp forests". Marine Ecology Progress Series 656 (10.12.2020): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13426.
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Understanding the effects of ecological disturbances in coastal habitats is crucial and timely as these are anticipated to increase in intensity and frequency in the future due to increasing human pressure. In this study we used directed kelp trawling as a scientific tool to quantify the impacts of broad-scale disturbance on community structure and function. We tested the ecosystem-wide effects of this disturbance in a BACI design using two 15 km2 areas. The disturbance had a substantial impact on the kelp forests in this study, removing 2986 tons of kelp and causing a 26% loss of total kelp canopy at trawled stations. This loss created a 67% reduction of epiphytes, an 89% reduction of invertebrates and altered the fish populations living within these habitats. The effect of habitat loss on fish was variable and depended on how the different species used the habitat structure. Our results show that large-scale experimental disturbances on habitat-forming species have ecological consequences that extend beyond the decline of the single species to affect multiple trophic levels of the broader ecosystem. Our findings have relevance for understanding how increasing anthropogenic disturbances, including kelp trawling and increased storm frequency caused by climate change, may alter ecosystem structure and function.
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Chance, Donald P., Johannah R. McCollum, Garrett M. Street, Bronson K. Strickland i Marcus A. Lashley. "Native Species Abundance Buffers Non-Native Plant Invasibility following Intermediate Forest Management Disturbances". Forest Science 65, nr 3 (25.01.2019): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxy059.
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Abstract The biotic resistance hypothesis (BRH) was proposed to explain why intermediate disturbances lead to greater resistance to non-native invasions proposing communities that are more diverse provide greater resistance. However, several empirical data sets have rejected the BRH because native and non-native species richness often have a positive relation. We tested the BRH in a mature loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) forest with a gradient of disturbance intensities including canopy reduction, canopy reduction + fire, and canopy reduction + herbicide and fire. We analyzed data from the study using a combination of Pearson’s correlation and beta regressions. Using species richness, we too would reject BRH because of a positive correlation in species richness between native and non-native plants. However, native species abundance was greatest, and non-native species abundance was lowest following intermediate disturbances. Further, native and non-native species abundances were negatively correlated in a quadratic relation across disturbance intensities, suggesting that native species abundance, rather than richness, may be the mechanism of resistance to non-native invasions. We propose that native species abundance regulates resistance to non-native invasions and that intermediate disturbances provide the greatest resistance because they promote the greatest native species abundance.
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Yimer, Hayal Desta, i Seyoum Mengistou. "Water Quality Parameters and Macroinvertebrates Index of Biotic Integrity of the Jimma Wetlands, Southwestern Ethiopia". Journal of Wetlands Ecology 3 (11.02.2010): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jowe.v3i0.2265.
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The wetlands located at the periphery of Jimma town, southwestern Ethiopia, have critical roles in providing a range of ecological and socio-economic benefits, yet they are subject to increasing anthropogenic disturbances, notably through agriculture, settlement, intensive grazing and brick-making. This study assessed the ecological status of these wetlands, and examined the scale of the human disturbances that local communities might impose on them. Macroinvertebrate communities, water quality parameters, and human disturbance scores were assessed. Except for electrical conductivity and water temperature, no significant difference (P < 0.05) was found in physico-chemical parameters between the sampled sites. Nitrate was the only parameter that correlated with significant influence on species richness of the sampled macroinvertebrates. A total of 10 metrics were used to generate the index of biotic integrity (IBI). This IBI was then tested based on macroinvertebrate data collected. Ways of assessing and evaluating the existing ecological status of the wetlands are discussed in the context of physico-chemical parameters, IBI based on macroinvertebrates and human disturbance scales. Key Words: Catchments land use; Water quality; Macroinvertebrate; Index of Biotic Integrity; Wetland DOI: 10.3126/jowe.v3i0.2265 Journal of Wetlands Ecology, (2009) Vol. 3, pp 77-93
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Baggio, J. A., i V. Hillis. "Managing ecological disturbances: Learning and the structure of social-ecological networks". Environmental Modelling & Software 109 (listopad 2018): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.08.002.
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Konijnendijk, Cecil, Lorien Nesbitt i Zach Wirtz. "Urban Forest Governance in the Face of Pulse Disturbances—Canadian Experiences". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 47, nr 6 (1.11.2021): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2021.023.
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"The sustainable provision of urban forest benefits can be threatened by the occurrence of sudden, major disturbance events, such as forest fires, insect outbreaks, and extreme weather events, which are considered to be “pulse” disturbance events from a socio-ecological systems perspective. Sound urban forestry programs are needed to prepare for these disturbances and reduce their negative impacts. To investigate the role of governance in building more resilient urban forest socio-ecological systems, the relation between pulse disturbances and urban forest governance was studied in 4 Canadian cities. Our study of local urban forestry included expert interviews with local urban forest governance actors, document analysis, and site visits. The Policy Arrangement Approach was applied to structure and analyse urban forest governance. Findings show that all cities had seen a development of their urban forestry programs and governance over time, such as development of staff and formal plans, as well as alliances with key partners. Pulse disturbances seem to have played an important role in the development and sometimes reorientation of urban forestry programs. Although disturbances often had devastating impacts, having a strong urban forestry program in place, including strong alliances with, e.g., industry partners or NGOs, was considered important for handling the aftermath of these events. Efforts had also been made to be better prepared for future disturbances through further professionalization, development of plans, guidelines, and best practices, capacity building through partnerships, and setting up better real-life information systems in support of decision making. Results can inform urban forest governance and urban forestry programs in Canadian cities and elsewhere."
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Melgarejo, A. R., i A. S. Aguiar. "Poisonous snakes, ecological disturbances and public health". Toxicon 34, nr 2 (luty 1996): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(96)83652-x.
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Sanz-Lazaro, Carlos. "A Framework to Advance the Understanding of the Ecological Effects of Extreme Climate Events". Sustainability 11, nr 21 (25.10.2019): 5954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11215954.
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Climate change is modifying disturbance regimes, affecting the severity and occurrence of extreme events. Current experiments investigating extreme events have a large diversity of experimental approaches and key aspects such as the interaction with other disturbances, the timing, and long-term effects are not usually incorporated in a standardized way. This lack of comparability among studies limits advances in this field of research. This study presents a framework that is comprised of two experimental approaches designed to test expected changes on disturbance regime due to climate change. These approaches test the effects of disturbances becoming more clustered and more extreme. They use common descriptor variables regardless of the type of disturbance and ecosystem. This framework is completed with a compilation of procedures that increase the realism of experiments in the aforementioned key aspects. The proposed framework favours comparability among studies and increases our understanding of extreme events. Examples to implement this framework are given using rocky shores as a case study. Far from being perfect, the purpose of this framework is to act as a starting point that triggers the comparability and refinement of these types of experiments needed to advance our understanding of the ecological effects of extreme events.
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Little, L. R., i R. Q. Grafton. "Environmental offsets, resilience and cost-effective conservation". Royal Society Open Science 2, nr 7 (lipiec 2015): 140521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140521.
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Conservation management agencies are faced with acute trade-offs when dealing with disturbance from human activities. We show how agencies can respond to permanent ecosystem disruption by managing for Pimm resilience within a conservation budget using a model calibrated to a metapopulation of a coral reef fish species at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. The application is of general interest because it provides a method to manage species susceptible to negative environmental disturbances by optimizing between the number and quality of migration connections in a spatially distributed metapopulation. Given ecological equivalency between the number and quality of migration connections in terms of time to recover from disturbance, our approach allows conservation managers to promote ecological function, under budgetary constraints, by offsetting permanent damage to one ecological function with investment in another.
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Feng, Hengdong, Xiaoguang Zhang, Ying Nan, Da Zhang i Yan Sun. "Ecological Sensitivity Assessment and Spatial Pattern Analysis of Land Resources in Tumen River Basin, China". Applied Sciences 13, nr 7 (25.03.2023): 4197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074197.
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Ecological sensitivity is one of the important indicators of regional ecological fragility, which can represent the sensitivity of ecosystems to natural environmental conditions and human activity disturbances in the region. In this study, the ecological sensitivity of land resources in the Tumen River Basin of China was quantitatively evaluated by taking 3 ecologically sensitive impact types, including the natural environment, human disturbance, and soil erosion, as evaluation criteria, and 11 ecologically sensitive factors were selected to build an evaluation system using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, to determine the weights of the evaluation factors, combined with geographic information system (GIS) technology. The results show that: (1) Among the three types of ecological sensitivity factors, the influence of human disturbance is the most obvious, and the two factors of land use type and distance from construction land have the highest weights in the comprehensive ecological sensitivity evaluation. (2) There are no extremely sensitive areas or insensitive areas in the Tumen River Basin in China. Highly sensitive areas account for only 0.59% of the total area and are mainly concentrated in the lakes, rivers, and reservoirs in the study area. Moderately sensitive areas account for 54.12%, which are concentrated in the central part of the Tumen River Basin Slightly sensitive areas are mainly located in the mountainous areas in the north and south of the study area. (3) Among the various land resource types, the proportion of slightly sensitive areas and moderately sensitive areas of woodland is close (about 50%), while cultivated land, grassland, construction land, and bare land are mainly moderately sensitive areas (73.95%, 82.07%, 96.59%, and 78.78%), and water bodies are mostly distributed within highly sensitive areas (60.97%), and all wetlands with the smallest area are moderately sensitive. The results of the study can provide data support and a scientific basis for regional ecological protection and development planning.
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DELGADO, JUAN D., RODRIGO RIERA, RICARDO A. RODRÍGUEZ, PABLO GONZÁLEZ-MORENO i JOSÉ MARÍA FERNÁNDEZ-PALACIOS. "A reappraisal of the role of humans in the biotic disturbance of islands". Environmental Conservation 44, nr 4 (12.04.2017): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000236.
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SUMMARYTraditionally, islands have been used as ecological and biogeographical models because of their assumed ecological simplicity, reduced ecosystem size and isolation. The vast number of Earth's oceanic islands play a key role in maintaining global biodiversity and serve as a rich source of evolutionary novelty. Research into the factors determining diversity patterns on islands must disentangle natural phenomena from anthropogenic causes of habitat transformation, interruption and enhancement of biological fluxes and species losses and gains in these geographically and ecologically limited environments. The anthropogenic ecological forcing of communication through global transport has profound implications regarding island–continent links. Anthropogenic disturbances along continental margins and insular coasts contribute to shaping island biotas in ecological time, but also have evolutionary consequences of global resonance. Patterns of human landscape and resource use (geographical space and ecological communities and species), as well as increasing ecological connectivity of oceanic islands and mainland, are chief driving forces in island biogeography that should be reappraised. Global indirect effects of human activities (i.e. climate change) may also affect islands and interact with these processes. We review the implications of direct and indirect anthropogenic disturbances on island biotic patterns, focusing on island size, isolation and introduced exotic species, as well as the unsettled issue of oceanic island ecological vulnerability.
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Taylor, Anthony R., David A. MacLean, Peter D. Neily, Bruce Stewart, Eugene Quigley, Sean P. Basquill, Celia K. Boone, Derek Gilby i Mark Pulsifer. "A review of natural disturbances to inform implementation of ecological forestry in Nova Scotia, Canada". Environmental Reviews 28, nr 4 (grudzień 2020): 387–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2020-0015.
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Like many jurisdictions across North America, the province of Nova Scotia (NS) is faced with the challenge of restoring its forests to a more natural, presettlement state through implementation of ecological forestry. At the core of ecological forestry is the idea that natural forest structures and processes may be approximated by designing management practices that emulate natural disturbances. Successful natural disturbance emulation depends on fundamental knowledge of disturbance characteristics, including identification of specific disturbance agents, their spatial extent, severity, and return interval. To date, no comprehensive synthesis of existing data has been undertaken to document the natural disturbance regime of NS forests, limiting the application of natural disturbance emulation. Using over 300 years of documents and available data, we identified the main natural disturbance agents that affect NS forests and characterized their regimes. Overall, fire, wind (predominantly hurricanes), and outbreaks of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)) are the most important disturbance agents, causing substantial areas of low- (<30% mortality), moderate- (30%–60%), and high- (>60%) severity disturbance. While characterization of natural historic fire is challenging, due to past human ignitions and suppression, we estimated that the mean annual disturbance rate of moderate- to high-severity fire ranged between 0.17% and 0.4%·year−1 (return interval of 250–600 years), depending on ecosystem type. Hurricanes make landfall in NS, on average, every 7 years, resulting in wide-scale (>500 ha) forest damage. While hurricane track and damage severity vary widely among storms, the return interval of low- to high-severity damage is 700–1250 years (0.14%–0.08%·year−1). Conversely, the return interval of host-specific spruce budworm outbreaks is much shorter (<50 years) but more periodic, causing wide-scale, low- to high-severity damage to spruce–fir forests every 30–40 years. Further disturbance agents such as other insects (e.g., spruce beetle), diseases, ice storms, drought, and mammals can be locally important and (or) detrimental to individual tree species but contribute little to overall disturbance in NS. Climate change is expected to significantly alter the disturbance regime of NS, affecting current disturbances (e.g., increased fire) and driving the introduction of novel agents (e.g., hemlock wooly adelgid), and continued monitoring is needed to understand these changes.
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"Managing Nature Reserves Using Ecological Disturbances Can Easily Go Wrong". Ecologia 1, nr 1 (15.12.2010): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ecologia.2011.68.68.
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Muko, Soyoka, i Kazuo Nadaoka. "Ecological disturbances and their relative impacts on coral cover: analysis of monitoring data in Sekisei Lagoon (Okinawa, Japan)". Bulletin of Marine Science 96, nr 1 (1.01.2020): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2018.0092.
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Using monitoring data from 1998 to 2017, we examined the spatiotemporal pattern of disturbances that occurred in Sekisei Lagoon, surrounded by Iriomote and Ishigaki islands in Okinawa, Japan. Outbreaks of crown- of-thorns starfish ( Acanthaster cf. solaris ), coral bleaching, typhoon damage, snail predation, and occurrences of growth anomalies, black band disease, and white syndrome were investigated using generalized linear models. Likelihood ratio test indicated that the type of coral assemblage, topographic features, and geographic range of research sites affected the occurrence of each disturbance. The sites dominated by Acropora spp. and the sites located in Sekisei Lagoon suffered recurrent and multiple disturbances. The impacts of disturbances on coral cover were evaluated using generalized additive models. Model averaging using Akaike information criteria revealed that a loss of coral cover occurred even when only a few A. cf. solaris were present, when the bleaching rate was sufficiently high, or when typhoon damage was severe. Our study describes spatiotemporal patterns of disturbances over a 20-yr period and reveals their relative impacts on coral cover. Our findings may be useful in predicting the responses of coral communities to future climate change scenarios.
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Younsi, Salah Eddine, i Zahira Bouziane. "Plant diversity in Mediterranean coastal dune systems subjected to anthropogenic disturbances". Biodiversity: Research and Conservation 72 (3.01.2024): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/biorc.2023.72.4.
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Mediterranean coastal dunes have an undeniable value in terms of floristic diversity as a result of their well-adapted plant species, such as psammophytes and halophytes. Unfortunately, these ecosystems are often disturbed by anthropogenic activities, such as the use of bathing settlements and trampling, the construction of paths or roads, and grazing by livestock. In this paper, these environmental factors were considered to determine their relative influences on several Algerian coastal dune systems undergoing ecological disturbance, by measuring in these systems various ecological gradients. Using ecological indices, multivariate analysis of data, and the analysis of variance, we compared the composition of the flora of 7 study sites that were subjected to various scales and types of disturbances. A total of 83 plant species were identified, reflecting the floristic richness of the sites. They seemed to be unevenly distributed and considerably modified according to environmental and human impact descriptors. The composition, abundance, and distribution of plant diversity are positively correlated with the height and width of the dunes. Regrettably, the floristic diversity of coastal dunes is more and more degraded by disturbance pressures (particularly grazing).
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Cobb, T. P., D. W. Langor i J. R. Spence. "Biodiversity and multiple disturbances: boreal forest ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) responses to wildfire, harvesting, and herbicide". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, nr 8 (sierpień 2007): 1310–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-310.
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Rising societal demands for forest resources along with existing natural disturbance regimes suggest that sustainable forest management will increasingly depend on better understanding the cumulative effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. In North America, for example, there is increasing economic pressure to salvage log burned forests, although the ecological consequences of combining fire and harvesting on the same sites are unclear. We examined the short-term (2 year) responses of boreal forest ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to the individual and combined effects of wildfire, harvesting, and herbicide. Ground beetle responses to wildfire and forestry-related disturbances differed strongly and suggested that, although some species may appear to benefit from disturbance combinations (e.g., Sericoda quadripunctata (DeGeer)), these effects are detrimental to others (e.g., Sericoda bembidioides Kirby). Species compositional variability was significantly reduced by disturbance combinations suggesting that multiple disturbances may lead to a simplification of this entire assemblage. In addition, ground beetle responses were correlated with changes in several key habitat parameters such as amount of woody debris, exposed ground, and plant species richness suggesting avenues for future study. Overall, however, our results suggest that efforts to avoid compounding disturbances on any site should be considered when developing current and future forest management guidelines.
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Schoon, Michael L., i Michael E. Cox. "Understanding Disturbances and Responses in Social-Ecological Systems". Society & Natural Resources 25, nr 2 (luty 2012): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2010.549933.
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Davidsson, Åsa, Magnus Johansson i Carl Bonander. "Desirable Effects from Disturbance Ecology—A Paradox within Conservation Management". Sustainability 13, nr 13 (23.06.2021): 7049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137049.
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The importance of natural disturbances for biodiversity is well-documented in the disturbance ecology literature. Natural disturbances such as fire, wind, and flooding strongly influence ecosystems by creating short and long-term ecological processes. Conservation management of protected areas should consider the importance of natural disturbances since natural shifts in ecosystems are, in a long-term perspective, necessary to maintain high biodiversity. The purpose of this study is to explore how and if natural disturbances are incorporated in the management of Swedish national parks and to identify possible examples of barriers for this incorporation. The design of the study is a multiple comparative case study based on a document study and completed with qualitative interviews. The cases consist of propositions and management plans for 15 Swedish national parks established between 1962 and 2018. The document analysis generated four main categories: historic/future and positive/negative perceptions of natural disturbances. The results indicate that there are positive perceptions concerning the inclusion of disturbance ecology in the management of national parks. However, there are also obstacles and challenges around natural disturbances within Swedish national parks. These obstacles are, in some cases, explained by practical implications such as the closeness to surrounding societies and in others explained by paradoxes such as visitors’ perceptions of national parks and the wilderness.
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Peterson, Chris J. "The Silver Lining: The Benefits of Natural Disasters". Forest Science 48, nr 3 (1.08.2002): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/48.3.623.
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Abstract In this welcome and accessible volume, Seth Reice, a stream ecologist who specializes in the study of disturbance effects on community structure, explains to the informed nonspecialist how important are disturbances to the health and diversity of ecosystems. It is important to note that this book is intended to enlighten a lay audience; it is not intended strictly or even primarily for forest scientists or ecologists. And therein lies its potential value: by making the benefits of natural disasters clear to the nonspecialist, Reice communicates how, by embracing the inevitability of natural disturbances and recognizing their benefits for natural systems, we can adopt more sustainable policies, behaviors, and attitudes. I wholeheartedly applaud this goal, and believe as a whole that Reice's book is an excellent step in that direction.
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Doretto, Alberto, Paolo Espa, Francesca Salmaso, Giuseppe Crosa i Silvia Quadroni. "Considering mesohabitat scale in ecological impact assessment of sediment flushing". Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, nr 423 (2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2021037.
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Benthic macroinvertebrates respond to several factors characterizing the physical habitats, as water depth, current and streambed substrate. Thus, anthropogenic disturbances altering these factors may have different effects on benthos, also depending on mesohabitats. These disturbances include sediment flushing operations, commonly carried out to recover reservoir capacity, and investigating their effects at mesohabitat scale could be relevant for an adequate ecological impact assessment of these operations. Here, we compared benthic macroinvertebrate communities sampled before and after a controlled sediment flushing operation in three different mesohabitats (a pool, a riffle and a step-pool) of an Alpine stream. Contrary from expectations, the composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages was not significantly different among mesohabitats. Moreover, the impact of sediment flushing was more significant in terms of density rather than in richness. Two stressor-specific indices were tested, but only one (the Siltation Index for LoTic EcoSystems − SILTES) clearly detected the impact of sediment flushing on the macroinvertebrate community structure. Finally, some differences in the temporal trajectories and recovery times to pre-flushing conditions were observed among mesohabitats, both if the three mesohabitats were considered separately and if all their possible combinations were accounted for. Particularly, riffle was the most sensitive mesohabitat, not fully recovering one year after the sediment disturbance.
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Mantero, Giulia, Donato Morresi, Raffaella Marzano, Renzo Motta, David J. Mladenoff i Matteo Garbarino. "The influence of land abandonment on forest disturbance regimes: a global review". Landscape Ecology 35, nr 12 (1.11.2020): 2723–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01147-w.
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Abstract Context Since the nineteenth century, rural areas have experienced progressive abandonment mostly due to socioeconomic changes, with direct and indirect effects on forest disturbance regimes occurring in these human-dominated landscapes. The role of land abandonment in modifying disturbance regimes has been highlighted for some types of disturbances, albeit being still somewhat overlooked compared to climate change. Objectives This literature review is aimed at highlighting the most relevant effects of land abandonment and land-use legacy on the regime of different types of forest disturbances, providing insight into land-use change/disturbances interactions. Methods We searched in the Scopus and Web of Science databases for relevant studies at the global scale dealing with eight major natural disturbances: avalanche, flooding, herbivory, insect outbreak, landslide, rockfall, wildfire and windthrow. We classified papers into five relevance classes, with the highest score (4) assigned to studies quantitatively measuring the interactions between abandonment dynamics and disturbance regimes. Results Most papers focused on wildfires in Mediterranean Europe in the twentieth century, where landscape homogenisation and fuel build-up contributed to worsening their frequency, size and severity. Dense forests developed following land abandonment instead exert inhibiting effects toward mass movements such as avalanches, rockfalls and landslides. Regarding the other investigated disturbances, we found only a few studies presenting site-specific and partly contrasting effects. Conclusions Land abandonment triggers ecological processes at the landscape scale, altering land cover patterns and vegetation communities, which in turn affect disturbance regimes. Implications for land and resource management mostly depend on the stage at which post-abandonment secondary succession has developed.
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Nardi, Davide, Diego Fontaneto, Matteo Girardi, Isaac Chini, Daniela Bertoldi, Roberto Larcher i Cristiano Vernesi. "Impact of forest disturbance on microarthropod communities depends on underlying ecological gradients and species traits". PeerJ 11 (5.10.2023): e15959. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15959.
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Windstorms and salvage logging lead to huge soil disturbance in alpine spruce forests, potentially affecting soil-living arthropods. However, the impacts of forest loss and possible interactions with underlying ecological gradients on soil microarthropod communities remain little known, especially across different environmental conditions. Here we used DNA metabarcoding approach to study wind-induced disturbances on forest communities of springtails and soil mites. In particular, we aimed to test the effect of forest soil disturbance on the abundance, richness, species composition, and functional guilds of microarthropods. We sampled 29 pairs of windfall-forest sites across gradients of elevation, precipitation, aspect and slope, 2 years after a massive windstorm, named Vaia, which hit North-Eastern Italy in October 2018. Our results showed that wind-induced disturbances led to detrimental impacts on soil-living communities. Abundance of microarthropods decreased in windfalls, but with interacting effects with precipitation gradients. Operative Taxonomic Units (OTU) richness strongly decreased in post-disturbance sites, particularly affecting plant-feeder trophic guilds. Furthermore, species composition analyses revealed that communities occurring in post-disturbance sites were different to those in undisturbed forests (i.e., stands without wind damage). However, variables at different spatial scales played different roles depending on the considered taxon. Our study contributes to shed light on the impacts on important, but often neglected arthropod communities after windstorm in spruce forests. Effects of forest disturbance are often mediated by underlying large scale ecological gradients, such as precipitation and topography. Massive impacts of stronger and more frequent windstorms are expected to hit forests in the future; given the response we recorded, mediated by environmental features, forest managers need to take site-specific conservation measures.
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Lear, Luke, Elze Hesse, Katriona Shea i Angus Buckling. "Disentangling the mechanisms underpinning disturbance-mediated invasion". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, nr 1919 (29.01.2020): 20192415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2415.
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Disturbances can play a major role in biological invasions: by destroying biomass, they alter habitat and resource abundances. Previous field studies suggest that disturbance-mediated invader success is a consequence of resource influxes, but the importance of other potential covarying causes, notably the opening up of habitats, have yet to be directly tested. Using experimental populations of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens , we determined the relative importance of disturbance-mediated habitat opening and resource influxes, plus any interaction between them, for invader success of two ecologically distinct morphotypes. Resource addition increased invasibility, while habitat opening had little impact and did not interact with resource addition. Both invaders behaved similarly, despite occupying different ecological niches in the microcosms. Treatment also affected the composition of the resident population, which further affected invader success. Our results provide experimental support for the observation that resource input is a key mechanism through which disturbance increases invasibility.
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Russell, Matthew, Stephanie Patton, David Wilson, Grant Domke i Katie Frerker. "Impacts of Alternative Harvesting and Natural Disturbance Scenarios on Forest Biomass in the Superior National Forest, USA". Forests 9, nr 8 (12.08.2018): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9080491.
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The amount of biomass stored in forest ecosystems is a result of past natural disturbances, forest management activities, and current structure and composition such as age class distributions. Although natural disturbances are projected to increase in their frequency and severity on a global scale in the future, forest management and timber harvesting decisions continue to be made at local scales, e.g., the ownership or stand level. This study simulated potential changes in natural disturbance regimes and their interaction with timber harvest goals across the Superior National Forest (SNF) in northeastern Minnesota, USA. Forest biomass stocks and stock changes were simulated for 120 years under three natural disturbance and four harvest scenarios. A volume control approach was used to estimate biomass availability across the SNF and a smaller project area within the SNF (Jeanette Project Area; JPA). Results indicate that under current harvest rates and assuming disturbances were twice that of normal levels resulted in reductions of 2.62 to 10.38% of forest biomass across the four primary forest types in the SNF and JPA, respectively. Under this scenario, total biomass stocks remained consistent after 50 years at current and 50% disturbance rates, but biomass continued to decrease under a 200%-disturbance scenario through 120 years. In comparison, scenarios that assumed both harvest and disturbance were twice that of normal levels and resulted in reductions ranging from 14.18 to 29.85% of forest biomass. These results suggest that both natural disturbances and timber harvesting should be considered to understand their impacts to future forest structure and composition. The implications from simulations like these can provide managers with strategic approaches to determine the economic and ecological outcomes associated with timber harvesting and disturbances.
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Ma, Jianfang, Lin Li, Limin Jiao, Haihong Zhu, Chengcheng Liu, Feng Li i Peng Li. "Identifying Ecological Security Patterns Considering the Stability of Ecological Sources in Ecologically Fragile Areas". Land 13, nr 2 (8.02.2024): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13020214.
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Ecological security patterns (ESPs) provide an effective spatial approach for identifying critical conservation areas and ensuring regional ecological security. However, prior research has not paid much attention to the importance of the stability of ecological sources in time-series changes, which is especially critical for maintaining ecological functions in ecologically fragile areas. Focusing on the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR) of China, this study evaluated the spatiotemporal change patterns in ecosystem services importance (ESI) from 2000 to 2020, integrating the spatial principal component analysis (SPCA) and circuit theory to propose a novel ESP construction framework that aims to address the issue of insufficient consideration of source stability. A total of 93 stable ecological sources were identified, with the capacity to ensure the continuous provision of high-level ecosystem services and resistance to external disturbances. The extraction of 234 ecological corridors and 430 ecological nodes effectively enhanced the stable flow of ecological processes and connectivity. The stable ESP, constituted by the above ecological elements, can serve as core ecological space and basic skeleton to maintain the regional sustainable landscape. This study provides scientific references for identifying key priority conservation areas and formulating targeted ecological conservation and restoration strategies in ecologically fragile areas.
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Mao, Mingjiang, Lingyan Wei, Wenfeng Gong, Genghong Wu i Tiedong Liu. "Impacts of Spatio-Temporal Changes in Anthropogenic Disturbances on Landscape Patterns in the Nandu River Basin, China". Sustainability 16, nr 7 (26.03.2024): 2724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16072724.
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We explored the characteristics of landscape pattern (LP) changes in the Nandu River Basin (NRB) and its dynamic response mechanism to anthropogenic disturbance (AD). This is important for ecological protection and for land use decision-making in the basin in the context of the construction of a free trade port. Land use and land cover change (LULCC) data of 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 were analyzed with the help of the LP index, moving window method, hemeroby index, geo-information atlas, and geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis to reveal the dynamic changes in LP characteristics in the NRB. Furthermore, this paper discusses into the correlation between LP and AD. The results indicate that over the past three decades, the NRB showed a staggered LP, dominated by forestland and cropland, whose total area has decreased by 25.27 km2 and 62.75 km2, respectively. On the other hand, the built-up land increased by 91.37%. The overall landscape fragmentation, landscape patch homogeneity, and landscape diversity have increased in the NRB. AD is the main reason for the dramatic changes in the LP of urban agglomerations centered in Haikou city. The area of minor disturbance (over 34%) occupies the largest proportion of the land, followed by higher (about 13~25%) and moderate disturbances (about 17~22%). The area of minor and strong disturbances has increased significantly, whereas those of moderate and higher disturbances have significantly decreased. The spatial distribution pattern of AD is gradually increasing from the southwest (natural landscape) to the northeast (human landscape). A transition in areas of low disturbance levels to higher levels is obvious. The area of the atlas that has transitioned from “minor → lighter disturbance (12)” and “higher → minor disturbance (41)” changed changed most significantly during 2000 to 2010 and from 2010 to 2020, occupying 26.79% and 11.99% of the transfer atlas, respectively. All regions encountering disturbances were significantly correlated with the largest patch index (LPI) from 1990 to 2020. The overall AD in the NRB has increased, especially in Haikou. Urbanization is the main factor for an increase in AD. The ecological and environmental management and monitoring in the basin need to be strengthened.
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Calder, W. John, i Bryan Shuman. "Detecting past changes in vegetation resilience in the context of a changing climate". Biology Letters 15, nr 3 (marzec 2019): 20180768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0768.
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Anthropogenic climate change is continuously altering ecological responses to disturbance and must be accounted for when examining ecological resilience. One way to measure resilience in ecological datasets is by considering the amount and duration of change from a baseline created by perturbations, such as disturbances like wildfire. Recovery occurs when ecological conditions return to equilibrium, meaning that no subsequent changes can be attributed to the effects of the disturbance, but climate change often causes the recovered state to differ from the previous baseline. The palaeoecological record provides an opportunity to examine these expectations because palaeoclimates changed continuously; few periods existed when environmental conditions were stationary. Here we demonstrate a framework for examining resilience in palaeoecological records against the backdrop of a non-stationary climate by considering resilience as two components of (i) resistance (magnitude of change) and (ii) recovery (time required to return) to predicted equilibrium values. Measuring these components of resilience in palaeoecological records requires high-resolution fossil (e.g. pollen) records, local palaeoclimate reconstructions, a model to predict ecological change in response to climate change, and disturbance records measured at the same spatial scale as the ecological (e.g. vegetation history) record. Resistance following disturbance is measured as the deviation of the fossil record from the ecological state predicted by the palaeoclimate records, and recovery time is measured as the time required for the fossil record to return to predicted values. We show that some cases may involve nearly persistent equilibrium despite large climate changes, but that others can involve a shift to a new state without any complete recovery.
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Volik, Olena, Matthew Elmes, Richard Petrone, Eric Kessel, Adam Green, Danielle Cobbaert i Jonathan Price. "Wetlands in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region: the nexus between wetland hydrological function and resource extraction". Environmental Reviews 28, nr 3 (wrzesień 2020): 246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2019-0040.
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Oil sands development within the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) has accelerated in recent decades, causing alteration to natural ecosystems including wetlands that perform many vital ecosystem functions such as water and carbon storage. These wetlands comprise more than half of the landscape, and their distribution and local hydrology are the result of interactions among a subhumid climate, topography, and spatially heterogeneous surficial and bedrock geology. Since hydrology plays a fundamental role in wetland ecological functioning and determines wetland sensitivity to human disturbances, the characterization of anthropogenic impacts on wetland hydrology in the AOSR is necessary to assess wetland resilience and to improve current best management practices. As such, this paper reviews the impacts of oil sands development and related disturbances including infrastructure construction, gravel extraction, and land clearing on wetland function in the AOSR. Hydrologic disturbances in wetlands in the AOSR include changes to soil hydrophysical properties that control water table position, the interruption of recharge–discharge patterns, and alteration of micrometeorological conditions; these in turn govern wetland ecological structure and wetland ecosystem processes (e.g., evapotranspiration, nutrient cycling). Given that anthropogenic disturbance can affect natural wetland succession, long-term hydrological monitoring is crucial for predicting the response of these ecosystems to varying levels of human impact.
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Bergeron, Yves, i Nicole J. Fenton. "Boreal forests of eastern Canada revisited: old growth, nonfire disturbances, forest succession, and biodiversity". Botany 90, nr 6 (czerwiec 2012): 509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b2012-034.
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Boreal forests have commonly been described as dominated by monospecific postfire stands that are reburnt well before other ecological process than those occurring immediately after fire can take place. Research undertaken over the last 30 years has given us a very different perspective of the complexity of Canadian boreal forests. Old-growth forests are common and their development is controlled by nonfire disturbances. Consequently, monospecific even-aged stands can develop towards more diversified uneven-aged stands with increasing time since fire. This complex disturbance regime, including both fire and nonfire disturbances, is partially responsible for a higher than expected biodiversity (e.g., understory) in these forests. The dominating forest management model in Canadian boreal forests, based on clear-cut harvesting and regeneration of short rotation even-aged stands, does not reflect the complexities of the disturbance–succession cycle observed in Canadian natural boreal forests.
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H. Punia, H. Dhiman, H. Saharan i S. Jakhar. "Floristic Composition and Diversity in Response to Varying Degrees of Disturbance in Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests of Southern Haryana, India". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28, nr 04 (2022): 2164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i04.079.
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The aim of the current investigation was to study the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on the vegetation structure of the three Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests of Southern Haryana i.e., Mandhana, Ghasola, and Mandhiali in the Bhiwani, Charkhi Dadri, and Mahendergarh districts, respectively. The data were collected from March, 2020 to March, 2021. The floristic composition was quantified by randomly placing 15 quadrats per site (45 in total). A disturbance index was developed for each site and high, medium and low disturbance areas were identified based on prevailing disturbances that were found to be maximum for Mandhiali (21), followed by Ghasola (16) and Mandhana (9). Ecological parameters such as frequency, density, abundance, basal area, IVI, and diversity indices were calculated for each siteduring the study. A total of 50 species of plants representing 44 genera and 25 families were observed consisting of 14 trees, 9 shrubs, and 27 herbs during the investigation of floristic composition. The species richness decreased with an increase in the disturbance level on the three sites viz., Mandhana (40), Ghasola (33), and Mandhiali (29) respectively. The value of Shannon Weiner diversity index (H’) and Pielou Index of evenness (E) declined with an increasing disturbance while Simpson index of dominance (Cd) increased as the disturbance levels increased across the three sites. The results offer significant evidence that anthropogenic disturbances in arid regions of South Haryana play a vital role in community structure and composition. In a forest ecosystem, anthropogenic disturbances cause habitat fragmentation along with soil erosion, loss of soil fertility and biodiversity, etc. The selected forests are in urgent need of management activities to check the intensity of disturbances by controlling anthropogenic pressure on these ecosystems and save them from further degradation. Thus, the present study intensifies the need for phytosociological studies crucial for proper management and conservation purposes.
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Lundquist, John E. "A Method of Estimating Direct and Indirect Effects of Armillaria Root Disease and Other Small-Scale Forest Disturbances on Canopy Gap Size". Forest Science 46, nr 3 (1.08.2000): 356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/46.3.356.
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Abstract The ecological and economic impacts of individual forest pathogens on forest stands are often difficult to measure because of indirect impacts arising from their interactions with other agents. Root diseases especially interact with many elements of the forest. This study uses a method called path analysis to estimate direct and indirect effects of Armillaria root disease and other small-scale disturbances on a pristine Pinus ponderosa stand in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Indirect effect was defined as an outcome where one small-scale disturbance alters the effect that another has on canopy gap size. Results indicate that key factors affecting gap size include Armillaria root disease, bark beetles, weak pathogens, ice/snow damage, lightning, and wildfires, presented in order of relative importance. Interactions occur between Armillaria and lightning, beetles, wind, and fire; between bark beetles and wind, fire, and weak pathogens; and between wind and fire. Armillaria and beetles both tend to occur where damage by wind is absent. Armillaria root disease was predicted to have the largest overall effect on gap size, which is mostly due to its direct effects, and not resulting from its interactions with other disturbances. Path analysis generates a predictive model based on covariation among disturbances and offers a way of quantifying the effects of these associations. FOR. SCI. 46(3): 356–362.
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Langor, David W., i John R. Spence. "Arthropods as ecological indicators of sustainability in Canadian forests". Forestry Chronicle 82, nr 3 (1.05.2006): 344–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc82344-3.
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The high functional and unmatched biological diversity represented by arthropods demand that these organisms be considered as ecological indicators of sustainable forest management. Successful use of arthropods in this capacity will require a systematic and rigorous process, including selection of potential indicators, definition of relationships between indicators and disturbance variables, optimization of the useful range of the indicator and application of the indicator(s) in monitoring. In Canada, the single greatest impediment to the use of arthropods as ecological indicators is the importance of accurate species-level identification and the difficulty achieving it. Consequently, most work has focused on a few relatively well-known groups (e.g., epigaeic carabid and staphylinid beetles and spiders, saproxylic beetles, butterflies and larger night flying moths).Many recent studies have provided baseline data about the range of natural variation and have begun to quantify arthropod responses to natural and anthropogenic disturbances in the context of preplanned experiments or through various retrospective approaches. Carabid beetles are the best-studied group and sufficient sets of data now exist to permit a meta-analysis of the robustness of carabids as indicators across multiple spatial scales and in terms of how well they represent broader ecological responses to disturbances. There is good potential to incorporate arthropod indicators into monitoring programs in Canada, but it is necessary to first complete a scientifically credible selection process for specific ecological indicators. Future research should focus on completing the process for taxa under current study as this develops the best presently understood opportunities for using arthropod indicators in assessing various aspects of environmental change. Researchers should also consider other means of monitoring arthropod biodiversity by the use of surrogate ecological parameters such as ecological land classification and habitat classification systems. Key words: arthropods, ecological indicators, monitoring, biodiversity, taxonomy, sustainability
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Tremont, RM, i S. Mcintyre. "Natural Grassy Vegetation and Native Forbs in Temperate Australia: Structure, Dynamics and Life-Histories". Australian Journal of Botany 42, nr 6 (1994): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9940641.
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This paper describes aspects of the structure, floristics and dynamics of natural grassy vegetation in temperate Australia. The community structure of this vegetation type can be conceptualised using a matrix-interstitium model which may be useful in studies of the dynamics of forb populations and the role of disturbances in grassland management. Disturbance alters the balance between the matrix and interstitial components and is important for herbaceous communities as an agent in changes to, and losses of, native species. Life history characteristics conferring tolerance of disturbance upon native forbs are discussed, and the ruderal nature of the exotic component is suggested as a characteristic leading to the replacement of native forbs by exotic species, where substantial exogenous disturbance occurs. Despite the demonstrated importance of exogenous disturbances in influencing native species diversity and exotic invasions, there is still a poor understanding of the specific and interactive effects of various disturbances and the roles of particular plant traits in determining forb survival. Further research, utilising comparative or functional group approaches, is required to explain responses of natural grassy communities and native forbs. Such studies would provide opportunities for developing ecological theory and improving the management of natural grassy communities and their native forbs.