Artykuły w czasopismach: „ECCENTRIC BRACED”

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Jalali, Maryam, Farzam Farahmand, Tahmineh Rezaeian, Daniel K. Ramsey i Seyed Mohammad Ebrahim Mousavi. "Electromyographic analysis of anterior cruciate deficient knees with and without functional bracing during lunge exercise". Prosthetics and Orthotics International 40, nr 2 (17.12.2014): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364614560940.

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Background:The use of functional knee braces for returning to sports or during demanding activities following anterior cruciate ligament rupture is common; yet despite being commonly prescribed, its mechanism of action remains unknown.Objectives:To examine the effect of functional knee braces on mean muscle activity when performing lunge exercises.Study design:Pre-/post-test (within-subject research design).Methods:A total of 10 male participants with unilateral isolated anterior cruciate ligament deficiency participated. Electromyographic activities of six muscles around the knee were recorded during lunge exercises, with and without wearing a custom functional knee brace. The lunge cycle movement was subdivided into three phases: eccentric, isometric, and concentric.Results:The quadriceps and hamstrings were no different in the braced and unbraced conditions. When braced, the mean amplitude of the medial gastrocnemius was significantly lower throughout the whole movement (p = 0.01) and during the concentric (p = 0.006) and eccentric (p = 0.028) phases, but not within the isometric phase. The lateral gastrocnemius was found to have lower mean amplitude in the isometric phase (p = 0.044).Conclusion:With its origin on the medial femoral condyle, perhaps reduced medial gastrocnemius activity may better guide knee rotation and assist the joint achieving a healthier kinematic pattern.Clinical relevanceLower medial gastrocnemius activity may facilitate lower medial compartment contact pressure, for which greater loading is known to increase the risk of osteoarthritis in anterior cruciate ligament–deficient (ACLD) knees. However, further research is needed.

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Yamanouchi, H., M. Midorikawa, I. Nishiyama i M. Hirosawa. "An eccentric‐K braced steel structure". Batiment International, Building Research and Practice 15, nr 1-6 (styczeń 1987): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218708726840.

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Mohammadi, Sajjad, Abd-ol-Reza Sarvghad Moghaddam i Alireza Faroughi. "The effect of number and position of braced frames on column behavior of the dual steel structural system (MRF and EBF) (With a view on amplified seismic load)". Ciência e Natura 37 (21.12.2015): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x20858.

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In seismic design of structures, determination of number and position of braced frames, considering the architectural scheme of projects, is usually confronted by obstacles. Due to this fact, in some cases, selecting the best location and number of braced bays has led to mistakes in determination of their adjacent members (columns) design loads. One of the seismic design requirements of lateral resisting system is to control the columns adjacent to braced bays for load combinations of amplified seismic load, which is a function of over-strength factor of the structure. This research aims to present and introduce the best structural model of number and position of braced frames in a structural system, such as steel moment resisting frame and eccentric braces dual system; because in 3rd revision of Iranian 2800 standard of seismic provision, there are statements and criteria provided only for capacity of moment frame, not for braces. Though the amplified seismic load function is controlled in models which columns are connected to braces in 2 directions, and seismic loads are applied in those 2 directions, number of damage hinges (Exceeding CP) is significantly increased in comparison to the models with straggly braces. As the increase in axial force of these columns leads to decrease in their moment capacity (despite controlling the amplified seismic load provision), columns in dual systems that resist flexure, would be damaged and exceed the collapse threshold much sooner than other columns. This important fact is not presented in Iranian or even American codes and provisions.

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Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad, i Gholamreza Ghodrati Amiri. "Successive collapse potential of eccentric braced frames in comparison with buckling-restrained braces in eccentric configurations". International Journal of Steel Structures 17, nr 2 (czerwiec 2017): 481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13296-017-6008-6.

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Lei, Jin Song, Yin Sheng Zou, Ya Li Wang i Qing Ma. "Nonlinear Dynamic Response Analysis of the Braced Steel Frame with Wedge Devices". Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (październik 2011): 685–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.685.

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In order to research the nonlinear dynamic respond analysis of a new braced steel frame with wedge devices under the action of earthquake, its damping mechanism is analyzed, and the computational model is obtained. Based on the mechanism of multiple resistant lateral system, the explicit nonlinear dynamic analysis and dynamic contact algorithm are adopted to separately analyze the steel frame with no brace, with centric and eccentric brace, and with the new braced wedge block. During the analysis, in order to take the material and geometrical bi-nonlinear into account, the material model is chosen as the bilinear equivalent strength, and the explicit centered difference algorithm is adopted. It can be obtained from structural deformation and energy and so on. The results show that the stiffness of structure decays after plastic deformation in the earthquake effect, and the hysteresis energy consumption and system dumping appear. The nonlinear dynamic response of steel frame is affected by resistant lateral stiffness, plastic deformation, and system damping. The braced steel frame with wedge block regulates the displacement and acceleration response with yield energy dissipation of brace, as it provides resistance lateral stiffness to control the deformation. This kind of structure has strong adaptability to earthquake intensity and good seismic performance.

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Marquez A., Edelis del V., William Lobo-Q i Juan C. Vielma. "Comparative Analysis of the Energy Dissipation of Steel Buildings with Concentric and Eccentric Braces". Open Civil Engineering Journal 9, nr 1 (28.05.2015): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501509010295.

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A comparative study has been done to analyze the behavior of regular steel building structures of 4, 6, 8 and 10 stories, located in seismic zone 5 and soil type S1. The structures were upgraded with different brace configurations according to current Venezuelan codes. A total number of 24 numerical models were analyzed considering non-linear static and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). The buildings were initially designed as moment resisting frames, and upgraded with six different bracing configurations: concentric braces in “X” and inverted “V”; eccentric braces inverted "V" with horizontal links, inverted “Y” and “X” with vertical links. Short length links were used to ensure a shear failure. The used methodology is based on obtaining the capacity, IDA curves, and bilinear approximations of these curves that allow the determination of yield and ultimate capacity points, in order to estimate important parameters of seismic response: overstrength and ductility; and considering these areas under the curves to estimate elastic deformation energy, energy dissipated by hysteretic damping and equivalent damping. According to the results, the cases with no brace enhancement showed the lowest lateral strength and lateral stiffness and high deformation capacity. On the other hand, the concentric bracing cases, resulted with the highest stiffness and strength and the lowest deformation capacity, therefore they have low ductility and energy dissipation capacity under seismic loading. Structures with links showed intermediate stiffness and strengths, resulting in the best performance in terms of ductility and energy dissipation capacity. The present study provides a better understanding of the benefits of eccentrically braced systems.

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Yang, Wen Xia, Qiang Gu i Zhen Sen Song. "Response Modification Factor for Y-Eccentric-Braced Steel Frame Structures". Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (maj 2011): 2285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2285.

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In current seismic design procedure, structural base shear is calculated according to the linear elastic response spectra divided by response modification factorR. The response modification factor is important to the reliability and economy of building seismic design. In this paper, the response modification factors of Twelve Y-eccentric braced steel frames with various stories and spans lengths were evaluated by capacity spectrum method based on the global capacity envelops obtained from an improved pushover analysis and incremental dynamic analysis. According to the results, an appropriate formula of the response modification factor for the Y-eccentric braced steel frames was suggested.

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Baktash, Parvaneh, i Cedric Marsh. "Damped moment-resistant braced frames: a comparative study". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, nr 3 (1.06.1987): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-054.

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This paper reports a study on the comparisons between the behaviours of braced steel building frames with friction joints and with eccentric bracing, under seismic forces. Nonlinear time-history dynamic analysis is used. Friction damping is shown to be of particular merit. Key words: bracing, damping, ductility, dynamics, earthquakes, eccentric; energy dissipation, friction, hysteresis loops, response, steel frames, time history.

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Susanti, Lilya, i Ming Wijaya. "Eccentricity effect on the cyclic response of braced frame type-V". Civil and Environmental Science 005, nr 01 (1.04.2022): 089–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.civense.2022.00501.9.

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Eccentricity on the braced frames can sometimes not be avoided to facilitate some structural considerations, such as openings. V-type braced frames are among the most widely used bracing types because of their satisfying performance. The present study investigated the effect of eccentricity as 15 cm, and 25 cm on the reinforced concrete braced frames of 80 cm x 100 cm in dimension compared to V-type of Concentric Braced Frame (CBF). Results indicated that a frame with 15 cm of eccentricity has almost similar stress but higher strain compared to the CBF while the frame with 25 cm of eccentricity resulted in lowest stress but highest strain. As the eccentricity rises, a frame is likely to behave as a moment-resisting frame. Link beams are the most critical part of the Eccentric Braced Frame

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YILMAZ, Mehmet Fatih. "The Effect of Different Braced Configurations on the Nonlinear Seismic Behavior of Steel Structure". Civil Engineering Beyond Limits 1, nr 1 (30.12.2019): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/cebel.2020.001.005.

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Improvements in construction technologies have allowed steel structural elements to become more frequently used today in order to enable different architectural designs and to meet structural performance more effectively and efficiently. Structural steel has been used for more than a hundred years and has been tested under real earthquakes, which provide the basis of many earthquake-resistant steel construction standards. The major advantage of steel construction material is that it allows for large plastic deformations. Structural deformations vary depending on the deformation capacity of the structural components in addition to the configuration of the structural components. In this study, moment resisting frames (MRF), X braced frame (XBF), Inverse V braced frame (IVBF), K braced frame (KBF), and eccentric inverse V braced frames (EIVBF) were used to examine the effect of different steel braced systems on the plastic deformation capacity of steel structure with the help of nonlinear static pushover analysis. Bilinear material model was utilized to represent nonlinear steel material behavior and inelastic displacement-based frame element were used to represent column and beam element. The analyses' results demonstrated that the braced frame configuration had a significant effect on the lateral response of steel frame structures.

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Sadeghpour, Mahmoud. "Technical-Economical Comparison Between Vertical Link Beam and Knee Brace Systems in Mid-Rise Steel Buildings". Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 9, nr 1 (1.05.2019): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2019-0015.

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Abstract In knee brace and shear panel systems, unlike eccentric braced frames, energy absorption is achieved through plastic deformation when sub-members yield by shear forces or bending moments caused by bracing members during severe earthquakes. Several studies have been conducted on the behavior of these two systems which resulted in design methods to obtain the best structural performance. The present study attempted to design frames using these methods, and then to compare them in terms of technical and economic factors. In this regard, to obtain a pattern of the frames behavior, a 3-span 5-storey frame was modeled for three different types of brace system (coaxial, knee and shear panel) using ANSYS software. After performing pushover nonlinear static analysis, behavior coefficients were determined and the force-lateral displacement curves of the systems were compared. In the next step, 3-span 5- 8- and 12-storey frames were analyzed and designed using ETABS software and were compared in terms of the parameters such as relative lateral displacement, normal period of system, structural weight, and shear force into foundation. The results indicate that using the above-mentioned systems, structure will exhibit more ductility which leads to reduced design base shear. The forces applied to main structural members (beams, columns, and braces) are reduced by the use of knee brace and shear panel systems. This will affect the design and sometimes increases or decreases weight of these members.

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Anoushehei, Majid, i Farhad Daneshjoo. "Geometric Parameters and Behavior Factor of Knee-Braced Steel Frames Using Nonlinear Static Pushover (NSP) Analyses". Modern Applied Science 10, nr 11 (29.07.2016): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v10n11p110.

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During the recent years, the new knee-braced frame (KBF) system has been interested to achieve a proper seismic behavior. Briefly introducing KBF, the present study evaluates the geometric parameters and behavior factor of multi-story knee-braced steel frames. The studied models include three-, five- and eight-story steel CBFs, EBFs and KBFs. Using linear static analyses, the present study evaluates lateral stiffness of knee-braced frames and plots their co-stiffness curves. Using co-stiffness curves, then, the best range is determined for geometric parameters of KBFs to achieve the proper stiffness. In addition, ductility-related seismic force reduction factor (Rμ), incremental resistance coefficient (RS), and behavior factor (R) are calculated for the frames using incremental nonlinear static analyses, and compared with the corresponding concentric and eccentric frames.

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Popov, Egor P. "On California Structural Steel Seismic Design". Earthquake Spectra 2, nr 4 (październik 1986): 703–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585407.

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A number of new code developments, largely initiated in California, are taking place in the USA for the seismic design of steel structures. The principal ones are reviewed and commented upon in the paper. Key experimental support for some of the changes is indicated. Major attention is directed to the three main types of steel construction: moment-resisting frames, concentrically braced steel frames, and, the relatively new method for seismic design, eccentric bracing. Some of the proposed and possible practical improvements in moment-resisting connections are given; the reasons for some concern over the use of concentrically braced frames for severe seismic applications are discussed; and a brief overview on the application of eccentrically braced steel frames is presented. The paper concludes with a few remarks on future trends and needs in structural steel seismic design.

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Popov, Egor P. "On California structural steel seismic design". Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 20, nr 1 (31.03.1987): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.20.1.7-21.

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A number of new code developments, largely initiated in California, are taking place in the USA for the seismic design of steel structures. The principal ones are reviewed and commented upon in the paper. Key experimental support for some of the changes is indicated. Major attention is directed to the three main types of steel construction: moment resisting frames, concentrically braced steel frames, and, the relatively new method for seismic design, eccentric bracing. Some of the proposed and possible practical improvements in moment-resisting connections are given: the reasons for some concern over the use of concentrically braced frames for severe seismic applications are discussed; and a brief overview on the application of eccentrically braced steel frames is presented. The paper concludes with a few remarks on future trends and needs in structural steel seismic design.

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Kamanli, Mehmet, i Alptug Unal. "Behaviour of Strengthened RC Frames with Eccentric Steel Braced Frames". E3S Web of Conferences 19 (2017): 03030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20171903030.

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Prinz, Gary S., i Paul W. Richards. "Seismic Performance of Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames with Eccentric Configurations". Journal of Structural Engineering 138, nr 3 (marzec 2012): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000471.

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Vaseghi Amiri, J., B. Navayinia i S. Navaei. "Evaluation of performance of eccentric braced frame with friction damper". Structural Engineering and Mechanics 39, nr 5 (10.09.2011): 717–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2011.39.5.717.

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Song, Xiaobin, i Frank Lam. "Laterally braced wood beam-columns subjected to biaxial eccentric loading". Computers & Structures 87, nr 17-18 (wrzesień 2009): 1058–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2009.04.007.

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Larijan, Reza Jalali, Heydar Dashti Nasserabadi i Iman Aghayan. "Progressive collapse analysis of buildings with concentric and eccentric braced frames". Structural Engineering and Mechanics 61, nr 6 (25.03.2017): 755–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2017.61.6.755.

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Niknam, Touraj, Hamid Saberi, Vahid Saberi, Abbasali Sadeghi i Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi. "Effect of Link Beam Length of the Eccentric Bracing System on Seismic Rehabilitation of Weak Reinforced Concrete Frames". Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 32, nr 1 (1.03.2022): 152–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2022-0009.

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Abstract In this study, A reinforced concrete (RC) reference specimen with compressive strength of 250 kg/cm 2 and the weak RC specimen for seismic rehabilitation with compressive strength of 150 kg/cm2 were examined in two types of structures with 6 and 12-stories. The link beam lengths of 50, 80, and 100 cm have been used in 6 and 12-stories prototypes under the effect of 7 earthquake records. The nonlinear dynamic analyses are performed. Then, The behavior of the link beam depends on its length. For short link beam lengths, shear behavior is serious, then for medium lengths, shear-flexural behavior is important, and finally, long lengths will have flexural behavior for the beam. In eccentrically braced frames, the details of the link beam and the fit of the other members must be done in such a way as to ensure its proper ductility. According to the obtained results, the performance of short link beams is much better than long link beams, and short link beams provide more energy dissipation and, at the same time, more ductility. Therefore, in the design of the link beam, mainly the shear of the link beam is considered as a ductile component. The axial force in the link beam, which is due to the application of lateral load to the structure, reduces both the bending capacity and the inelastic deformation capacity of the link beam, so it can be explained that in steel eccentric braces, the link beam is symmetrical between the two main components of the brace and it can affect the strength of the structure against lateral loads.

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Pirmoghan, Hamid, Hossein Khosravi, Abbasali Sadeghi, Majid Pouraminian i Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi. "Investigation of Resilience of Eccentrically Braced Frames Equipped with Shape Memory Alloys". Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 32, nr 1 (1.03.2022): 176–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2022-0010.

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Abstract Nowadays, the use of smart materials in structures is a major concern to structural engineers. The act of benefiting from numerous advantages of these materials is the main objective of researches and studies focused on seismic and structural engineering. In the present study, in addition to the development of finite element models of several steel frames using ABAQUS software, the effect of shape memory alloys (SMAs) on superelastic behavior and the various types of eccentric braces will be checked. Moreover, it was observed that the use of SMAs within various types of bracing systems of steel frames leads to a decrease in the reduction factor of the frames. Also, the eccentric bracing in which SMAs are utilized in the middle of bracing led to the highest effect on reduction of lateral drift of the frames and decrease of reduction factor. The obtained results indicated that the application of smart materials led to increasing of strain energy and base shear of the first plastic hinge, which is followed by a decrease in the reduction factor of the frame.

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Bahrami, Alireza, i Mahmood Heidari. "Investigation of Steel Frames Equipped with Steel Eccentric Braces and Steel-Concrete Buckling-Restrained Braces Having Moment Link". Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 15, nr 1 (6.05.2021): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836802115010055.

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Background: Different bracing systems of steel Eccentric Braces (EBs) and steel-concrete Buckling-Restrained Braces (BRBs) can be used in steel frames in order to make the frames stronger in resisting lateral loads. These steel frames with EBs or BRBs are generally called Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBFs) or Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames (BRBFs), respectively. Objective: This study aims to investigate steel frames with bracing systems of steel EBs and steel-concrete BRBs having moment link. Methods: The EBFs and BRBFs are nonlinearly analysed employing the finite element software ABAQUS. Experimental tests of the EBF and BRB are utilised for the validation of their modelling. The modelling is validated by comparing the modelling results with experimental tests results. Then, an EBF and a BRBF are designed having moment link. The extreme earthquake records of Tabas, Chi-Chi, and Northridge are selected for the dynamic analyses of the EBF and BRBF. The validated modelling method is applied to analyse the designed EBF and BRBF under the selected earthquake records. Results: The achieved results from the analyses are lateral displacements, base shears, and energy dissipations of the EBF and BRBF and moment link rotations. These results are compared and discussed. Conclusion: It is concluded that the hierarchy of the lateral displacements of the analysed EBF and BRBF, having moment link, is related to the Tabas, Chi-Chi, and Northridge records because the lateral displacements of the frames are directly proportional to the peak ground accelerations of the records, and there is the same hierarchy for the records in terms of their peak ground accelerations. Lower lateral displacements are witnessed for the BRBF than the EBF subjected to the Tabas and Chi-Chi records. However, larger lateral displacement is observed for the BRBF than the EBF under the Northridge record. The same procedure as the lateral displacements is also revealed for the effectiveness of the BRBF with regard to its link rotations compared with the EBF. Moreover, the BRBF improves the base shear capacities and energy dissipations of the frame compared with the EBF. Consequently, the BRBF is generally demonstrated to be superior to the EBF from the structural performance point of view. Thus, the BRBF can be used more efficiently in structures subjected to large lateral loads compared with the EBF.

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Bradford, M. A. "Service-load Behaviour of Braced Reinforced Concrete Columns with Rotational Spring Supports". Advances in Structural Engineering 1, nr 3 (lipiec 1998): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136943329800100304.

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A simplified mathematical model for the short-term and time dependent analysis of reinforced concrete columns subjected to eccentric loading and with rotational springs is developed. Such a column is typical of that in a sway-prevented frame. The analysis includes cracking at service loads, creep and shrinkage deformations, and second order slenderness effects. The second order deflections are compared with those predicted by use of the contentious effective length factor given in design codes of practice.

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Karsaz, Kamran, i Seyed Vahid Razavi Tosee. "A Comparative Study on the Behavior of Steel Moment-Resisting Frames with Different Bracing Systems Based on a Response-Based Damage Index". Civil Engineering Journal 4, nr 6 (4.07.2018): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-0309178.

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Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings is one of the most effective ways to reduce damages under destructive earthquakes. The use of bracings is one of techniques for seismic rehabilitation of steel structures. In this study we aimed to investigate the seismic performance of three 5, 10 and 15-storey steel structures with moment-resisting frames designed three dimensionally in ETABS 2015 application based on first edition of Iranian Standard 2800. Their damage under five ground motions was evaluated using response-based damage model proposed by Ghobara et al. (1999). Then, the structures were rehabilitated with different bracing systems (X, eccentric and concentric V and inverted-V) and, again, their damage under five earthquakes were evaluated and compared with those of moment resisting frames. The pushover analysis results indicated that X-braced frame was the least ductile system but had highest initial stiffness and yield stress. In low-rise building, X-braced frames showed better performance among studied bracing systems compared to moment resisting frames, while mid and high-rise buildings with eccentrically braced frame (EBF) showed the best behavior against earthquakes with the least damage. Moreover, it was found out that EBFs’ performance increases by increasing storey height, but for concentrically braced frames (CBFs) it was decreased. We concluded that the use of response-based damage models can be a suitable procedure for estimating the vulnerability of steel structures rehabilitated with bracing system.

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Ramadan, T., i A. Ghobarah. "Behaviour of bolted link-column joints in eccentrically braced frames". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, nr 4 (1.08.1995): 745–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-085.

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Current seismic provisions require that shear links in eccentrically braced frames be fully welded to the column flanges at the link-column joint. Since field welding may have its disadvantages, the use of bolted extended end-plate connection is examined. An experimental program is conducted to assess the response of extended end-plate connections of link-column joints in eccentrically braced frames. Six link-column joint specimens are tested using a cyclic load that represents the severe load reversals that the frame may be subjected to during strong earthquakes. The specimens are selected on the basis of different connection designs. Measurements of forces, strains, and displacements are made. Interaction curves relating the shear force and moment acting on links with semirigid connections are developed. The slip tendency and energy dissipation capacity of the different specimens are compared. On the basis of the test results, a design procedure is developed for the bolted extended end-plate link-column connection. It is concluded that bolted extended end-plate connections can be used for link-column joints of eccentrically braced frames. In properly designed connections bolt slippage was not measured even at high shear forces that are characteristic of link-column joint. Existing guidelines for the design of extended end-plate link-column joints are modified to account for the variable shear force and moment associated with links of different lengths. Key words: steel, frame, eccentric, braced, bolted, end plate, link, connection.

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Ghobarah, A., i T. Ramadan. "Seismic analysis of links of various lengths in eccentrically braced frames". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, nr 1 (1.02.1991): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-016.

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Eccentrically braced steel frames have excellent elastic stiffness under moderate lateral loads and good ductility when subjected to severe seismic loading conditions. Under extreme loading, the inelastic behaviour is designed to be confined to a ductile link element. The behaviour of links of various lengths in eccentrically braced frames is evaluated using a finite element model. The link is subjected to extreme cyclic loading simulating a severe earthquake. The effect of the link length on its performance, capacity for energy dissipation, plastic mechanisms, and mode of failure are investigated. Measures for improving the performance of long links are examined. It was found that the most efficient link is the short shear link. However, the short link deformation is characterized by large angles of deformation, which may cause substantial damage to the nonstructural elements. On the other hand, long links were found to have smaller angles of deformation than short links, but with reduced ductility levels. An effective approach to improve the performance of long links is by increasing the flange thickness of the link section with the appropriate adjustment to the stiffener design. This technique can be applied to links of length up to 1.4 times the critical shear link length. Key words: steel, eccentric, braced, frame, link, seismic, ductility, design.

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Dubina, Dan, Aurel Stratan i Adriana Chesoan. "I.11.20: Design recommendations for dual moment - eccentric braced frames with replaceable links". ce/papers 1, nr 2-3 (wrzesień 2017): 3414–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.396.

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Mechiche, Mohamed Oussalem, Ali Bouheraoua, Farid Chalah, Ourida Hellal i Abderrahim Bali. "Global Behavior Factor of Frames with Eccentric Bracings and Relationships with the Ductility Requirements". Applied Mechanics and Materials 330 (czerwiec 2013): 948–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.330.948.

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During alternate loading cycles, as during earthquakes, the structure behavior becomes inelastic. This is particularly the case for steel structures. They show a better ability to absorb earthquake energy. This energy dissipating capacity is described by the q global behavior factor as used in the Eurocode 8. However, in other earthquake codes, it is expressed by R letter and in others only the X and V shapes bracing systems are taken into account in the seismic design. In this work, a method for determining the global q behavior factor is presented for eccentrically braced steel frames that are designed to resist seismic loads.

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Ramin, Keyvan, i Mahmoud R. Maheri. "The Seismic Investigation of Off-Diagonal Steel Braced RC Frames". Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 26, nr 3 (1.09.2018): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2018-0020.

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Abstract Steel bracing may be used to enhance the seismic strength of RC frames. Concentric steel bracing generally reduces ductility, which is a key component of seismic design. To overcome the problem, ductile steel brace-RC frame systems are therefore usually introduced in the form of eccentric braces. In the present study, the Off-Diagonal Bracing System (ODBS), which works as a concentric type of bracing, is investigated. In this paper the response of ODBS elements to cyclic loading is first explored and compared with those of other types of bracing such as X-bracing and inverted-V bracing systems. The time history analysis responses and cyclic hysteresis responses of a number of lowrise to mid-rise RC frames retrofitted with different types of bracing systems are then evaluated and compared. It is shown that under seismic excitation, a much reduced base shear is experienced by frames retrofitted with ODBS compared to other bracing systems. The results of time history and cyclic hysteresis response analyses also indicate a far greater energy dissipation capacity and ductility for the ODBS compared to other bracing systems. It is also concluded that ODBS performs best in lowrise frames. The out-of-plane buckling response of the ODBS is also investigated, and it is shown that a double-plated central connection can control such an adverse response.

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Kianmehr, Alireza. "Effect of the Bracing System on the Probability of Collapse of Steel Structures under Maximum Credible Earthquake". Shock and Vibration 2021 (18.10.2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2323758.

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Simple bracing frames can be divided into two types in terms of concentric or eccentric. Concentric bracing frames are frames that intersect with other structural members at one point in the structure along the bracing members. Otherwise, the braced frame will be eccentric. It is said empirically that due to this type of shaping, eccentric bracing frames exhibit more ductile behavior and concentric bracing frames exhibit more stiff behavior. This behavioral difference caused this study to be numerically computing for five frames, including unique concentric and eccentric bracing frames of 5 and 10 stories and an ordinary 5-story concentric bracing frame. Their tensions and drift ratios should be acceptable for the use of residential buildings. Using the primary two steps of the new PEER probabilistic framework, namely, probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and structural analysis, which leads to the drawing of fragility curves, the probability of collapse is obtained to compare the safety capability of these frames according to their different characteristics against earthquakes. The results show that increasing the ductility or increasing the number of floors or the height of these systems can reduce collapse. Also, according to the results of the probability of collapse obtained in frames with 5-story concentric bracing frames, it can be said that some of the current regulations, which work based on previous approaches of analysis, can lead to unsafe structures with a high probability of collapse.

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Setyowulan, D., L. Susanti i M. N. Wijaya. "Study on the behavior of a one way eccentric braced frame under lateral load". Asian Journal of Civil Engineering 21, nr 4 (18.02.2020): 733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42107-020-00234-2.

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Yang, Wen Xia, Qiang Gu, Ping Zhou Cao i Rong Jin Shi. "Response Modification Factor for Y-Eccentric-Braced Steel Frame Structures Designed Based on Chinese Code". Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (lipiec 2014): 1449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1449.

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In current seismic design procedure, structure base shear is calculated according to the linear elastic response spectra divided by the response modification factor, which accounts for ductility and overstrength of a structural system. In this paper, the response modification factors of Y-eccentric braced steel frames (YECBF) designed based on Chinese Code were evaluated by an improved pushover analysis on 12 examples with various stories and spans lengths. According to the analysis results, the effects of fundamental periods, storey numbers, and spans of frames on the behavior factor were studied. In the end, an appropriate response modification factor was proposed for YECBF designed base on Chinese Code.

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Ferretti, Manuel, Francesco D’Annibale i Angelo Luongo. "Flexural-Torsional Flutter and Buckling of Braced Foil Beams under a Follower Force". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2691963.

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The flutter and buckling behavior of a cantilever foil beam, loaded at the tip by a follower force, are addressed in this paper. The beam is internally and externally damped and braced at the tip by a linear spring-damper device, which is located in an eccentric position with respect to beam axis, thus coupling the flexural and torsional behaviors. An exact linear stability analysis is carried out, and the linear stability diagram of the trivial rectilinear configuration is built up in the space of the follower load and spring’s stiffness parameters. The effects of the flexural-torsional coupling, as well as of the damping, on the flutter and buckling critical loads are discussed.

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Korcz-Konkol, Natalia, i Piotr Iwicki. "Stability of roof trusses stiffened by trapezoidal sheeting and purlins". MATEC Web of Conferences 219 (2018): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821902006.

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In the article linear buckling analysis of a set of steel trusses braced by purlins and trapezoidal sheeting are conducted. The buckling load factor due to the height of a corrugated sheeting profile is investigated in parametric studies. The minimal height of trapezoidal sheeting required for preventing the sheeting and chords of the trusses against the buckling is obtained. Two groups of models are considered: “axial” model as a simple one and “eccentric” model as a more complex one. In the second group of models, eccentricity between the top chord of the trusses and purlins is considered, by means of equivalent beam elements. The differences between models are indicated and the results are discussed.

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Gerami, Mohsen, i Abbas Sivandi-Pour. "Performance-based seismic rehabilitation of existing steel eccentric braced buildings in near fault ground motions". Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings 23, nr 12 (21.03.2013): 881–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tal.1088.

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Daloglu, Ayse T., Musa Artar, Korhan Ozgan i Ali İ. Karakas. "Optimum Design of Braced Steel Space Frames including Soil-Structure Interaction via Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization and Harmony Search Algorithms". Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3854620.

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Optimum design of braced steel space frames including soil-structure interaction is studied by using harmony search (HS) and teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) algorithms. A three-parameter elastic foundation model is used to incorporate the soil-structure interaction effect. A 10-storey braced steel space frame example taken from literature is investigated according to four different bracing types for the cases with/without soil-structure interaction. X, V, Z, and eccentric V-shaped bracing types are considered in the study. Optimum solutions of examples are carried out by a computer program coded in MATLAB interacting with SAP2000-OAPI for two-way data exchange. The stress constraints according to AISC-ASD (American Institute of Steel Construction-Allowable Stress Design), maximum lateral displacement constraints, interstorey drift constraints, and beam-to-column connection constraints are taken into consideration in the optimum design process. The parameters of the foundation model are calculated depending on soil surface displacements by using an iterative approach. The results obtained in the study show that bracing types and soil-structure interaction play very important roles in the optimum design of steel space frames. Finally, the techniques used in the optimum design seem to be quite suitable for practical applications.

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Han, Chen, Zhou, Zhang i Gho. "Strength Performance of an Eccentric Jacket Substructure". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, nr 8 (10.08.2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7080264.

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An eccentric jacket substructure is comprised of circular hollow section tubular joints with complete overlap of braces. The joint is formed with the lap brace overlapping the diagonal through the brace joining the chord face. In this study, the jacket substructure is subjected to a static vertical load due to self-weight and facilities, and four horizontal loads to simulate the environmental loads applied at four different horizontal angles. The maximum stresses at each level of the eccentric jacket are found lower than that of the traditional jacket. For the eccentric jacket substructure, the high stress critical area is mostly located at the short segment of the diagonal through brace joining the chord face. From the parametric study, the ultimate strength of the joint with the complete overlap of braces of the eccentric jacket reduces with increasing the gap size-to-through brace diameter ratio, ξ. With the short segment of the through-brace joining the chord face, the high-stress area is transferred from the joint intersection of the chord and the braces to the lap brace and the diagonal through-brace. It could; therefore, be concluded, based on the strength performance, that the eccentric jacket performed better with maximum stresses and high-stress critical areas.

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Rezvan, Pooya, i Yunfeng Zhang. "Nonlinear seismic performance study of D‐type self‐centering eccentric braced frames with sliding rocking link beams". Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 51, nr 4 (17.12.2021): 875–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3595.

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Gholami, Mohammad, Elnaz Zare, Mojtaba Gorji Azandariani i Reza Moradifard. "Seismic behavior of dual buckling-restrained steel braced frame with eccentric configuration and post-tensioned frame system". Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 151 (grudzień 2021): 106977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106977.

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Masoomzadeh, Mohsen, Mohammad Charkhtab Basim, Mohammad Reza Chenaghlou i Hesam Khajehsaeid. "Probabilistic performance assessment of eccentric braced frames using artificial neural networks combined with correlation latin hypercube sampling". Structures 48 (luty 2023): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.11.132.

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Hemmati, Ali, i Ali Kheyroddin. "BEHAVIOR OF LARGE-SCALE BRACING SYSTEM IN TALL BUILDINGS SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE LOADS". Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 19, nr 2 (18.04.2013): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.741613.

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Bracing is a highly efficient and economical method of resisting of lateral forces in a steel structure. The most common types of bracing are those that form a fully triangulated vertical truss. These include the concentric and eccentric braced types. In high-rise buildings, the location and number of bracings is an important limitation to the architectural plan. A similar scheme has been used in larger scale spanning multiple stories and bays in tall buildings which is called large-scale bracing system. Large-scale bracing (LSB) is a particular form of a space truss. It consists of multiple diagonal elements that form a diagonal grid on the face of the structure. In this paper, a 20 story steel frame with different arrangement of bracing systems is analyzed. Linear and static nonlinear (push-over) analyses are carried out and the results presented here. Analytical results show that, the large-scale bracing is more adequate system under the lateral loads. Using LSB in tall buildings, decreases the lateral displacement, drift ratio, uplift forces in foundation and increases the ductility and shear absorption percent of the bracing system. Moreover, the stress ratios in the structural members of LSB system are less than the relevant values in other bracing systems.

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Gholizadeh, Nima, i Feng Fu. "Seismic Behaviour of Multistorey Steel Framed Tall Buildings Using Intentionally Eccentric Braces". Shock and Vibration 2023 (21.06.2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7288450.

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Braces with intentional eccentricity (BIE) are recently proposed to improve the seismic behaviour of conventional buckling braces (CBBs) by inserting intentional eccentricity along the brace length. Due to this eccentricity and the resultant bending moment, the BIE bends uniformly from small storey drifts and moves smoothly into the postbuckling behaviour under compression and sustains trilinear behaviour under tension. This behaviour delays the appearance of midlength local buckling which causes unstable energy dissipation. BIEs have a desirable postyielding stiffness which results in stable energy dissipation during cyclic loading and are capable of dissipating energy during low-intensity earthquakes. The seismic behaviour of structures with BIEs for use in buildings has not yet been investigated, specifically in tall buildings. Therefore, this study concentrates on investigating the seismic behaviour of tall buildings equipped with BIEs that uses a 3-dimensional (3D) finite element model in ETABS. In the first step, a 20-storey structure is designed using both eccentric brace frame (EBF) and BIE system and their seismic performance under the TABAS earthquake record is compared. In the second step, the seismic performance of a 25-storey irregular structure is assessed to evaluate the efficiency of the BIE system in irregular structures. Results show the desirable performance and energy dissipation capacity of the BIE system but it also shows large out-of-plane deformation in some cases.

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Grigorian, Mark, Abdolreza S. Moghadam i Ali Massumi. "Sustainable Seismic Design of Triple Steel Structures". Sustainability 15, nr 13 (29.06.2023): 10336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151310336.

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Dual systems composed of steel Moment Frames (MFs) and Eccentric Braced Frames (EBFs) are some of the most popular earthquake-resisting structures (ERSs) worldwide. Triple systems are similar to ERSs but with added hybrid rigid rocking cores (HRRCs) that render the trio sustainable against seismic events. Economy-based Sustainable Seismic Design (SSD) is a new concept with a view to achieving financial benefits and environmental protection. Earthquakes impose the utmost load conditions accompanied by large inelastic distortions of almost all structures. The challenge is always the same: to prevent collapse and attempt repairs. Hence, the aim is to design ERSs with an emphasis on the economy and Post-Earthquake Realignment and Repair (PERR), rather than complying with antiquated guidelines. In conventional ERSs, the aim is to satisfy code requirements, whereas in SSD, the economics and post-earthquake attributes of the system are as important as those during the event. The physical effort involved in PERR is directly affected by the design objectives. SSD is part of neither college curricula nor design guidelines. This article promotes the notion that seismic sustainability (SS) in a structure can be highly economical and environmentally friendly if it can prevent collapse, overcome residual effects, and lend itself to PERR. To gain insight into the inner workings of SSD, this report discusses the principles of performance control (PC), design-led analysis (DLA), and the use of replaceable energy-dissipating devices (REDDs). In conclusion, the main contribution of this paper is that it shows that the conventional design can be upgraded to economy-based SSD without resorting to untenable costs and technologies. All the results have been verified via independent computer analysis.

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Petersen, Wolf, Robert Welp i Dieter Rosenbaum. "Chronic Achilles Tendinopathy". American Journal of Sports Medicine 35, nr 10 (październik 2007): 1659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546507303558.

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Background Previous studies have shown that eccentric training has a positive effect on chronic Achilles tendinopathy. A new strategy for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinopathy is the AirHeel brace. Hypothesis AirHeel brace treatment improves the clinical outcome of patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy. The combination of the AirHeel brace and an eccentric training program has a synergistic effect. Study Design Randomized controlled clinical trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods One hundred patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: (1) eccentric training, (2) AirHeel brace, and (3) combination of eccentric training and AirHeel brace. Patients were evaluated at 6, 12, and 54 weeks after the beginning of the treatment protocol with ultrasonography, visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle score, and Short Form-36 (SF-36). Results The VAS score for pain, AOFAS score, and SF-36 improved significantly in all 3 groups at all 3 follow-up examinations. At the 3 time points (6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 54 weeks) of follow-up, there was no significant difference between all 3 treatment groups. In all 3 groups, there was no significant difference in tendon thickness after treatment. Conclusions The AirHeel brace is as effective as eccentric training in the treatment of chronic Achilles tendinopathy. There is no synergistic effect when both treatment strategies are combined. Clinical Relevance The AirHeel brace is an alternative treatment option for chronic Achilles tendinopathy.

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Jin, Se-Young, Su-Gil Choi, Sang-Min Park, Tae-Young Yeon, Chang-Su Kim i Si-Kuk Kim. "A Study on the Development of Floor-Fixed Standpipe Sway Brace for Narrow Space". Fire Science and Engineering 34, nr 1 (29.02.2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.2020.34.1.047.

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This paper proposes a solution to the problems of constructing and installing sway braces for existing standpipes in narrow spaces and pits. The study develops a floor-fixed sway brace for a narrow space that can support the ground area under horizontal seismic loads (X-axis, Y-axis) as well as vertical seismic loads (Z-axis). The results of structural analysis using SolidWorks simulation showed that the eccentric load was generated in the first design according to the anchored position along the vertical direction, and the problem of exceeding the allowable stress of the material along the horizontal and vertical directions. In the second design model, deformation caused by the eccentric load along the vertical direction, similar to the first design model, did not occur. The maximum strain rate was 0.17%, which is approximately 12.84% less than the first design model (Maximum strain rate of 13.01%). It was confirmed that the structural stability and durability improved. Compressive and tensile load testing of the prototypes showed that all of them meet the performance criteria of the standard.

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Hartsell, Heather D., i Sandi J. Spaulding. "Effects of Bracing on Isokinetic Torque for the Chronically Unstable Ankle". Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 8, nr 2 (maj 1999): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.8.2.83.

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Because the effects of bracing on dynamic torque production are unknown, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of flexible and semirigid braces on isokinetic torque production at varying velocities produced by the invertor and evertor muscles for the chronically unstable ankle. Ten healthy and 14 chronically unstable ankles were tested, with a repeated-measures design including joint motion (inversion, eversion), muscle contraction type (concentric, eccentric), brace condition (unbraced, flexible, semirigid), and velocity (60, 120, 180, 240°/s). Multiple ANOVAs with repeated-measures and Bonferroni-adjusted comparisons were performed. Results showed that the chronically unstable ankle was significantly weaker than the healthy ankle, regardless of muscle contraction type or joint motion, and that bracing did not deter the muscles' ability to produce peak torque either concentrically or eccentrically. The chronically unstable ankle requires enhanced strengthening, particularly eccentrically and at higher, more functional velocities. Bracing can reduce or prevent injury to the ankle without deterring torque production.

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KIRN, TIMOTHY F. "Eccentric Training Rivals Achilles Tendon Brace". Family Practice News 37, nr 21 (listopad 2007): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(07)71325-7.

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Miao, Fei, Faezeh Nejati, Sulima Ahmed Mohammed Zubair i Mona Elmahi Yassin. "Seismic Performance of Eccentrical Braced Frame Retrofitted by Box Damper in Vertical Links". Buildings 12, nr 10 (22.09.2022): 1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101506.

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Passive control methods reduced the vulnerability of structures to earthquakes by decreasing the seismic demand and improving structural plasticity. One of the passive control systems is the eccentrically braced frame with a vertical shear link (V-EBF). The present study aims to direct the damage to the absorbing plates of the vertical link beam to allow the structure’s appropriate seismic performance and reparability. Yielding dampers are one of the most widely used types in systems and can provide perfect vibration control if used optimally. Different types of dampers were introduced and used; how to use them depends on the shape and the way they connect to the structure. This research investigates a new type of damper called box damper, an improved type of shear panel damper. The improvement in the way of connecting to the braced frame and the ease of using this damper in different situations are the features of this new damper. This research investigated the mechanism of these yielding dampers in structures and their strengths and weaknesses. In the next step in this study, a V-EBF with plates of thickness 4, 6, and 8 mm was analysed in the finite element software ABAQUS using the nonlinear static analysis and cyclic loading conditions. Some examples of this damper were attached to the braced frames to investigate the effect of using this damper on the seismic behaviour of the braced structures. The results show that the shear link performs like an electrical fuse absorbing all damage and plastic hinges so that other elements of the braced frame remain in their nonlinear elastic region. By increasing the thickness of the damper from 2 to 8 mm, the resistance increased by two times, and the flexibility of the structure had a noticeable change with the rise in thickness from 2 mm to 8 mm. Ductility increased from 38 to 75 mm.

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Corte, Gaetano Della, i Gaetano Cantisani. "FEM Analysis of Steel Eccentric Braces for Seismic Retrofitting". Procedia Structural Integrity 44 (2023): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2023.01.062.

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Wang, Da Peng, i An Lin Yu. "Shear Failure Behavior of Y-Eccentrically Brace in RC Frame Structures under Earthquake Action". Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (styczeń 2013): 866–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.866.

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In order to study the mechanical characteristics and the shear failure behavior under earthquake action, a single-storey single-span RC frame structure strengthened with Y-eccentrically brace were designed and manufactured to be 1/3 scale. The pseudo-dynamic testing method was carried out under El-Centro earthquake action with different peak acceleration adjusted by Code for Seismic Design of Buildings in mainland China. The testing result indicates that RC frame structure strengthened with Y-eccentrically steel brace presents perfect seismic performance under strong earthquake action, at one time, the seismic performance maybe affected by the length of outsourcing steel at the joint between energy dissipation element of eccentric steel brace and RC frame beam. The joint should be considerably designed to make sure that shear failure can firstly occur in energy dissipation element.

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