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Löffler, Antje, Tobias Luck, Francisca S. Then, Claudia Sikorski, Peter Kovacs, Yvonne Böttcher, Jana Breitfeld i in. "Eating behaviour in the general population". Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-183210.
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The Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire (TFEQ) is an established instrument to assess eating behaviour. Analysis of the TFEQ-factor structure was based on selected, convenient and clinical samples so far. Aims of this study were (I) to analyse the factor structure of the German version of the TFEQ and (II)—based on the refined factor structure—to examine the association between eating behaviour and the body mass index (BMI) in a general population sample of 3,144 middle-aged and older participants (40–79 years) of the ongoing population based cohort study of the Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE Health Study). The factor structure was examined in a split-half analysis with both explorative and confirmatory factor analysis. Associations between TFEQ-scores and BMI values were tested with multiple regression analyses controlled for age, gender, and education. We found a three factor solution for the TFEQ with an ‘uncontrolled eating’, a ‘cognitive
restraint’ and an ‘emotional eating’ domain including 29 of the original 51 TFEQ-items. Scores of the ‘uncontrolled eating domain’ showed the strongest correlation with BMI values (partial r = 0.26). Subjects with scores above the median in both ‘uncontrolled eating’ and ‘emotional eating’ showed the highest BMI values (mean = 29.41 kg/m²), subjects with scores below the median in all three domains showed the lowest BMI values (mean = 25.68 kg/m²; F = 72.074, p<0.001). Our findings suggest that the TFEQ is suitable to identify subjects with specific patterns of eating behaviour that are associated with higher BMI values.
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Patcheep, Kamonporn. "Factors influencing Thai adolescents' eating behaviour". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/38856/.
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Eade, Jessica Emily. "Eating behaviour, affect and cognitive function". Thesis, Bangor University, 2001. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/eating-behaviour-affect-and-cognitive-function(006a8abe-7a9b-44c5-87b0-d97ecccc2273).html.
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The aim of this thesis was to examine the affective and cognitive disturbance associated with weight-loss dieting. We were particularly interested in how mood might interact with dietary restraint to produce cognitive deficit. Initially dieting was investigated in a community sample of overweight dieters. Affect was assessed by self-reported feelings of positive and negative mood (PANAS) and general psychological well-being (Ryff s PWB). Cognitive performance was assessed using a battery of computer administered tasks that measured speed to respond to a target stimulus; immediate memory recall; working memory capacity; vigilance (Bakan task); attentional distraction for food related stimuli (Stroop task); and, preference for food and body-shape related stimuli (Implicit Association Test). In replication of previous studies (e. g. Green, Rogers, Elliman, & Gatenby, 1994), dieting was found to be related to cognitive deficit. The same dieters were also found to be more neurotic and to have greater levels of affective disturbance compared to non-dieters. Contrary to expectation, restraint per se could not account for the dieter-non-dieter differences found. Further, differences in cognitive performance could not be explained as directly due to dieter-non-dieter differences in BMI, hunger, preoccupation, attentional bias or mood. Rather, it was the tendency to eat when emotional which best identified those dieters most vulnerable to cognitive and affective disturbance. Further investigation revealed that under conditions of high negative mood, tendency towards emotional eating was associated with an increase in preference for food related stimuli, and a decrease in attentional capacity. Accordingly, it was proposed that under dieting conditions, where opportunity for affective disturbance is increased, cognitive deficit is most likely to occur in the high emotional eater because they are highly sensitive to affective disturbance, and for them such disturbance results in preferential allocation of attentional resources to food and eating related cognitions. Further research is needed to fully examine the psychological profile of the individual with high tendency towards emotional eating. This issue is of particular importance given the additional finding that the tendency to consume when emotional is not context-bound but can also be observed in other behavioural domains, such as "emotional spending" on other consumer goods.
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Byles, Louise. "The link between the eating attitudes and behaviour of parents and the eating behaviour of their children". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1996. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2269/.
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Hepworth, Rebecca. "Eating behaviour and the role of emotions". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494377.
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Turnill, Nicola. "Psychological interactions between wellbeing and eating behaviour". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438384.
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Chambers, Lucy. "Individual differences in eating behaviour and physiology : predictions from the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.504379.
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A substantial percentage of the UK population are overweight or obese, and research indicates that behaviours associated with energy intake rather than expenditure account for this weight gain. Aberrant eating behaviours have been associated with disturbances in peripheral signals of hunger and satiety, but it is not yet clear if these mechanisms underlie individual differences in appetite control. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to identify healthy weight adults who were likely to overeat (scoring high on the TFEQ-disinhibition scale) or eat less than desired (scoring high on the TFEQ-restraint scale), and to examine the eating behaviours and peripheral appetite signals associated with these eating styles. Experiments 1 and 2 confirmed that TFEQ-disinhibition predicts overeating and indicated that this overeating was dependent on physiological context. Furthermore, these studies suggested that TFEQ-restraint was a weak predictor of energy intake, and had no impact on the overeating associated with TFEQ-disinhibition. Consequently, Experiments 3 and 4 examined whether the TFEQ-disinhibition and TFEQ-restraint eating styles were associated with disturbances in leptin, ghrelin and PYY3-36, peripheral peptides that influence the experience of appetite. Together, these Experiments indicated that TFEQ-restraint predicts low fasting levels of PYY3-36 and that TFEQ-disinhibition predicts low post-meal leptin levels, suggesting that both these eating styles are related to weak signals of satiety. Furthermore, the interaction of TFEQ-restraint and TFEQ-disinhibition predicted post-meal ghrelin levels, with individuals scoring low on both the TFEQ-restraint and TFEQ-disinhibition scales having low post-meal levels of ghrelin, which is associated with weak hunger signals. Experiment 5 was designed to determine the real-world eating styles associated with TFEQ-restraint and TFEQ-disinhibition. This food diary study provided some evidence that TFEQ-restraint and TFEQ-disinhibition predicted patterns of energy intake, implying that the physiological findings from Experiment 3 and 4 reflected differences in habitual eating patterns. Alternately, it is equally as likely that the physiology associated with the TFEQ determined the inter-individual differences in eating styles. Further work is required to validate these interpretations.
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Vaughan, Karis. "Understanding the relationship between mindfulness and eating behaviour". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/117862/.
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Mindfulness is a meditation practice and personality trait that concerns the extent to which an individual attends to present-moment experience in an open and non-judgemental manner. Mindfulness has been associated with a wealth of benefits for both psychological and physical wellbeing. With respect to eating behaviour, mindfulness has been linked with more favourable eating practices and positive outcomes for weight management, encompassing reduced energy intake, greater intake of fruit and vegetables, lower BMI, and greater success in weight loss efforts. In order to best apply mindfulness to eating and weight management a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between mindfulness and eating would be beneficial. Here, I investigated these mechanisms by focusing on the extent to which mindfulness may allow greater self-regulation of eating behaviour. Across six studies I used a variety of methods to examine processes of self-regulation in relation to mindfulness in the context of eating behaviour. This included investigating the mediating role of executive function in determining food consumption following a mindfulness induction, as well as implementing food cueing paradigms that manipulated the need for self-control to observe effects of dispositional mindfulness on eating behaviour. Finally, I examined the cognitive accessibility of dieting goals and motivational styles of behavioural regulation in relation to mindfulness and how they predicted weight and diet outcomes across time. Overall, the effects of mindfulness on eating behaviour were nuanced and complex. Rather than simply reducing energy intake per se, mindfulness may increase healthy food choices or act as a moderator of effects, and its benefits may be overridden by the motivational state of hunger. I found no evidence for enhanced self-control in the form of executive function or accessibility of dieting goals as being a mechanism underlying the effects of mindfulness. Instead, mindfulness may be predictive of slower responses to food stimuli and specific styles of behavioural regulation which represent more deliberative self-regulation rather than automatic self-control.
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McDonald, L. K. "Sleep, eating behaviour, and weight in early childhood". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2016. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1492858/.
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The rising prevalence of obesity poses a considerable threat to population health. Shorter nighttime sleep has emerged as a novel risk factor for overweight and obesity, and the association appears to be stronger at young ages. Experimental studies in adults suggest that increasing energy intake drives weight gain during periods of sleep curtailment. However, there have been few studies addressing the association between free-living sleep and weight in children. Using data from the Gemini twin birth cohort, the objective of this thesis was to advance the understanding habitual sleep behaviour in early childhood and how it may operate to influence the development of adiposity. Study 1 identified the predictors and pathways to shorter sleep at age 15 months, demonstrating that multiple environmental factors are associated with shorter sleep in children, with several operating through a later bedtime. Studies 2 and 3 examined the association between sleep and energy intake at age 21 months. Study 2 identified a linear relationship between shorter sleep and energy intake, before an association between sleep and weight was observed. Study 3 demonstrated that shorter sleeping children consumed more calories at night only, and predominantly from milk drinks. Study 4 showed that shorter sleep was significantly associated with weight at age 5 years; and at this age shorter sleep was associated with higher food responsiveness, which could partly explain the association with a higher weight. Findings from study 5 highlight the role of the home environment, demonstrating a stronger association between sleep and weight among children living in higher risk home food environments. Overall, the results of this thesis highlight the importance of an early bedtime, and strongly suggest that shorter sleep in early life may lead to a greater propensity to over-consume. Shorter sleeping toddlers may consume more because of parents’ inclination to feed to soothe at night, but changes in sensitivity to food stimuli may increase food intake and weight in older children with a greater autonomy over their eating behaviour. Implications, limitations and avenues for future research are discussed.
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Spörndly-Nees, Søren. "Physical activity and eating behaviour in sleep disorders". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sjukgymnastik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-308395.
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Sleep-disordered breathing and insomnia are common sleep disorders and associated with an increased risk of morbidity. The aim of this thesis was to study the contribution of a behavioural sleep medicine perspective on sleep-disordered breathing and insomnia. More specific, factors considered important for changing eating behaviour and the impact of physical activity were studied. Methods: In study I, semi-structured interviews of participants with obstructive sleep apnoea and obesity (n = 15) were analysed using a qualitative content analysis. A population-based female cohort was followed prospectively over ten years in study II and III using a postal questionnaire on two occasions (n = 4,851 and n = 5062, respectively). In study IV, a series of five experimental single-case studies was conducted testing how an aerobic exercise intervention affected selected typical snores, following an A1B1A2B2A3 design over nine days and nights (n = 5). Results: Facilitators and barriers towards eating behaviour change were identified. A low level of self-reported leisure-time physical activity was a risk factor among women for future habitual snoring complaints, independent of weight, weight gain alcohol dependence or smoking. Maintaining higher levels or increasing levels of leisure-time physical activity over the ten-year period partly protected from snoring complaints (study II). Further, a low level of self-reported leisure-time physical activity is a risk factor for future insomnia among women. Maintaining higher levels or increasing levels of leisure-time physical activity over the ten-year period partly protect against self-reported insomnia, independent of psychological distress, age, change in body mass index, smoking, alcohol dependence, snoring status or level of education (study III). Single bouts of aerobic exercise did not produce an acute effect on snoring the following nights in the studied individuals. A pronounced night-to-night variation in snoring was identified (study IV). Conclusion: Women with sleep disorders would benefit from a behavioural sleep medicine perspective targeting their physical activity in the prevention and management of snoring and insomnia. This is motivated by the protective effects of physical activity confirmed by this thesis. Knowledge was added about facilitators and barriers for future eating behaviour change interventions.
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Sharps, Maxine Adele. "Social influences on children's and adolescents' eating behaviour". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2016. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3005389/.
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This thesis aimed to examine how children's and adolescents' eating behaviour is socially influenced by their parents and their peers. Chapter 2 aimed to examine whether there was evidence that adolescents may mimic their parent when eating a lunchtime meal together. Chapter 2 showed that adolescents may mimic their parent when eating together, looking to their parents to determine what to eat and when. Chapters 3-5 aimed to examine whether perceived eating norms influenced children's eating behaviour, the mechanisms underlying this influence, and whether perceived eating norms in the form of messages may be used as an intervention tool. Across chapters 3 and 4 perceived eating norms influenced children's vegetable consumption. In addition, in Chapter 4 the perceived eating norm continued to influence children's eating behaviour in an eating session twenty-four hours later. Furthermore, Chapter 4 found that perceived eating norms may act as a form of informational social influence, through removing uncertainty about how much to eat. Finally, Chapter 5 showed that perceived eating norm messages may be a potential way of increasing children's fruit and vegetable intake. We argued that children's and adolescents' eating behaviour is socially influenced by their parents and their peers, and that interventions could make use of perceived eating norms to increase children's fruit and vegetable intake.
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Caswell, Noreen. "A laboratory investigation of stress-induced eating behaviour". Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2007. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/21816/.
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Studies suggest that the experience of anxiety or exposure to stressful events may contribute to the 'disinhibition' of dietary restraint (diet breaking) and promote symptoms of binge eating and bulimia. Mechanisms by which such factors lead to overeating are not clearly understood, and competing theoretical explanations have not been sufficiently tested using reliable and robust methodological approaches within the laboratory. The current research adopted a psychophysiological approach to the measurement of stress-eating and information processing, using an aggregation of experimental paradigms taken from cardiovascular/stress and dietary restraint literatures, to investigate the effects of self-directed ego threat stress on female restrained eaters, with and without bulimic symptoms. The first main aim was to test two competing theoretical explanations of overeating [bingeing] in response to stress - the limited capacity versus the 'escape' theory. Taken together, the results obtained from three experiments revealed only limited support for the limited capacity model. Some support was obtained for the 'escape' theory. These results were also discussed in relation to restraint theory, and the continuum and new generation cognitive models of BN. The second main aim was to ascertain the existence of information processing and memory biases for scheme-relevant cues unrelated to eating [self-directed ego threat] in the two target populations. Results from these analyses provided further support for restraint theory, the 'escape'theory of bingeing, and the continuum and new generation cognitive models of BN. Two more minor aims of the current research were a) to assess arousal responses in response to post-stress food ingestion in the two target populations, b) to assess whether temporal/habituation effects occurred in respect of information processing of ego-threat stimuli.
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Brace, Aaron. "Induced impulsiveness? : eating behaviour and the modulation of behavioural sub-types of impulsivity". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/61021/.
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Previous research has implicated the role of food associated cues or pre-task reward exposure with eating behaviour. Eating behaviour (specifically overeating) has itself been associated with subtypes of impulsivity. To date, no research has examined the direct relationship between (food) reward-associated cues, or rewarding food exposure on behavioural impulsivity – a possible underlying mechanism. This thesis aimed to examine how behavioural impulsivity may be modulated by external cues, or by hedonic reward consumption, and how this interacts with eating attitudes (TFEQ). Experiment 1 examined the aims explicitly, giving participants a hedonic preload (or nothing) before they completed impulsivity tasks. Those who received a preload were more impulsive in terms of their impulsive choice, and inhibitory control than those who had not received a preload. This effect did not replicate in experiment 3, where 2 further conditions were added, a non-hedonic preload, and an anticipation condition, but no differences were found between the groups. Experiment 4 conditioned rewarding cues to novel stimuli, and presented them before the behavioural tasks, but again, no difference was found between the groups. This thesis discusses the theoretical and methodological concepts, which may explain some of these null findings. Experiment 2 aimed to examine how the reinforcing value of food (RRV) may be associated with types of impulsivity. However, no relationship was found between RRV and impulsivity, but RRV was consistent in predicting ad libitum food intake, as shown in previous studies. Chapter 6 of this thesis is a meta-analysis of our laboratory's research linking delayed discounting (DDT), the TFEQ, and cue exposure paradigms. The analysis showed that those in high in dietary disinhibition (TFEQ-D) who were shown food cues, or consumed a hedonic preload were more impulsive on the DDT than those high in TFEQ-D that did not consume anything. The key limitations of this thesis are discussed, most notably the lack of statistical power in the experimental studies conducted. The general discussion of this thesis discusses the important implications of this finding in understanding modulation of behavioural impulsivity.
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Hotham, Sarah. "Attention and eating behaviour : the role of cognitive control". Thesis, University of Kent, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633662.
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This thesis examines the relationship between top-down attentional control in the presence of food information and eating restraint.. It does so by i) examining top-down attentional control in the presence of food cues; ii) examining how emotion, working memory and cognitive load interact with restrained eating behaviour to affect top-down attentional control; iii) examining the relationship between dieting, weight change and top-down attentional control; and iv) examining the contribution of approach and avoidance attentional strategies in the presence of food. To explore these questions both indirect (reaction times) and direct (eye movements & ERPs) indices of top-down attentional control are used. The thesis begins by discussing the role of executive functions in health behaviours and goes on to examine previous research on attentional biases in the presence of food. Finally, it presents eight experiments examining the relationship between eating restraint and top-down attentional control. These experiments utilise two paradigms-Stroop and Antisaccade Task- adapted to include images of high-fat food. In summary, a number of key findings are illustrated. First, top-down attentional control across trials is affected by individual differences in eating restraint. Second, top-down attentional control in restrained eaters varies according to the availability of food. Third, changes in weight are also related to top-down attentional control. It is concluded valence, choice and availability of food all moderate top-down attentional control, with the extent of this disruption largely dependent on individual differences in eating behaviour.
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Lawton, Clare Louise. "Investigation of the action of serotoninergic drugs on carbohydrate intake in the rat". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293692.
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Jas, Pauline Emilia. "Changes in food intake and mood across the menstrual cycle". Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320137.
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Wolz, Ines. "Emotions in Eating Disorders: The Interplay of Emotion Regulation and Inhibitory Control in Appetite and Eating Behaviour". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/401872.
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OBJECTIVES: The main goals of this thesis were to examine the link between the regulation of emotions and disordered eating to obtain insights into the processes underlying ED psychopathology. More specifically, this work aimed to expand upon previous knowledge on emotion regulation in ED patients and upon the effects of these difficulties on eating patterns and craving. An additional aim was to advance the research regarding addiction-like eating and to contribute to the discussion about the validity and usefulness of the FA concept.
RESULTS: Study 1: A systematic review of a total of 39 studies showed alterations in emotional facial expression across different mental disorders (obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, AN, BN, autism spectrum disorder, and disruptive behaviour disorder). A meta-analysis showed decreased facial expressivity in response to positive and negative stimuli in patients with AN, with a higher summary effect size for positive (d=1.01) than for negative (d=.58) stimuli.
Study 2: ED patients had higher values than HC in the total score and in all subscales of difficulties in emotion regulation. Results furthermore showed that difficulties in emotion regulation mediate the influence of harm avoidance and self-directedness on ED severity. While for self-directedness an indirect and a direct effect on ED was found, the effect of harm avoidance was fully explained through the level of difficulties in emotion regulation.
Study 3: This study on predictors of FA in ED patients showed that those patients with higher levels of FA are characterized by lower self-directedness, more negative urgency and less perseverance. The probability of receiving an FA “diagnosis” was predicted by higher reward dependence, higher negative urgency and higher premeditation. Negative urgency was the strongest predictor of FA in patients with an ED.
Study 4: Results suggest that of the variables included the only independent predictor of FA might be negative urgency. Self-directedness and emotion regulation predicted negative urgency and were highly related to ED symptomatology in general, but not to FA.
Study 5: A systematic review of 26 studies on attentional processing of food stimuli as measured through electrophysiological potentials showed high motivated attention towards food pictures compared to neutral pictures in all participants. This review shows that the type of eating pathology and other factors such as the availability of food and the type of stimuli have an influence on the attentional processing of food cues; however, further research is needed for a better understanding of the subject.
Study 6: In this study on stimulus-induced chocolate craving patients with binge-eating pathology reported higher craving than controls; both groups experienced a significant increase in craving when exposed to the smell and sight of chocolate. Amplitudes of electrophysiological event-related potentials were higher for chocolate than for neutral pictures. The Late Positive Potential as measure of motivated attention did not differ between groups. Patients compared to HC had lower baseline amplitudes of an electrophysiological potential related to inhibitory control (N2) in neutral trials but showed a higher relative increase in N2 amplitudes related to chocolate pictures. Priming chocolate pictures by chocolate odour compared to neutral odour led to a slightly increased craving response and to an increased activation of inhibitory control resources in binge-eating patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Alterations in facial emotional expressivity and self-reported difficulties in emotion regulation point towards emotional problems underlying ED psychopathology. Unregulated affect and decreased facial emotional expressivity might explain difficulties to recognize own and other’s emotions and thus constrain satisfactory social relations. Negative urgency is a form of impulsivity related to negative affect and is shown to be specifically associated to addictive eating patterns in patients with EDs. There is a possible incentive sensitization of food cues, which is seen in that food stimuli lead to more motivated attention than neutral stimuli.Los objetivos principales de esta tesis doctoral fueron el análisis de la relación entre la regulación emocional y los TCA, para incrementar el entendimiento de los procesos que subyacen a la psicopatología del TCA. Más concretamente, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo ampliar los conocimientos sobre la regulación emocional, en los pacientes con TCA, y sobre los efectos de estas dificultades en los patrones de alimentación y el deseo por la comida. Otro objetivo fue avanzar en la investigación relacionada con hábitos alimentarios similares a la adicción, contribuyendo a la discusión sobre la validez y la utilidad del concepto de la AC. Teniendo en cuenta que la sensibilización incentivada está relacionada con la atribución de significado motivacional a los estímulos potencialmente adictivos, otro objetivo fue investigar si la prominencia de incentivación de alimentos claves, está alterada en pacientes con TCA en comparación con individuos sanos. Los resultados demostraron que las alteraciones en la regulación emocional, identificadas a través de la expresión facial y de las medidas de autoinforme apuntan a los problemas emocionales que subyacen la psicopatología de los TCA. El afecto mal regulado y la disminución de la expresividad emocional facial, podrían explicar las dificultades para reconocer las propias emociones y los emociones de otros, limitando el establecimiento y mantenimiento de relaciones sociales satisfactorias. La urgencia negativa es una forma de impulsividad relacionada a las emociones negativas, demostrándose que está específicamente asociada a los patrones de alimentación adictivos, en los pacientes con TCA. Existe una posible sensibilización a los incentivos ante determinados estímulos alimentarios. Cuando éstos se comparan con estímulos neutros se identifica la presencia de una atención motivacional alterada. Se confirmó un elevado sesgo atencional frente a la comida, en distintos patrones de alimentación anormal, principalmente referente a la orientación atencional. Además, los intervalos de tiempo posteriores parecían estar afectados por estrategias cognitivas que los individuos utilizarían con el fin de controlar su conducta alimentaria. El olor del chocolate es un potente estímulo para inducir deseo de comer y podría aumentar la respuesta a los estímulos visuales.
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Elfhag, Kristina. "Rorschach personality characteristics in obesity, eating behaviour and treatment outcome /". Stockholm, 2003. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2003/91-7349-711-8/.
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Bryant, Eleanor Jane. "Understanding disinhibition and its influences on eating behaviour and appetite". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438474.
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Barker, Mary Elizabeth. "The behaviour, body composition and eating habits of adolescent girls". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300826.
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Santos-Murphy, Sarah Maria. "Ice cream : an approach considering formulation microstructure and eating behaviour". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5277/.
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Ice cream is a popular, yet complex, multi-phase/colloidal foodstuff. To understand how this complex microstructure influences the eating behaviour of the consumer requires an interdisciplinary collaboration between Chemical Engineering and Psychology. Thus, an understanding of how product formulation affects consumer preference could be derived and could possibly be used for either product reformulation or promotion. Experiments explored and quantified the physical properties of the ice cream and how these structures translated into the sensory qualities within the human participants. This involved measuring the consumer’s preferences and the potential satiating qualities from different formulations. Destabilisation times of basic emulsions were also examined. The in-depth examination of the eating behaviour of ice cream used an universal eating machine. This showed, that regardless of formulation quality, the rate and total amount consumed remained relatively constant. This counter-intuitive result also persisted over repeated exposures to the product. By manipulating the physical structure of the ice cream (ice crystal phase through temperature manipulation), an understanding of the limits of oral sensitivity, and consumer perception of an altered product could be gained through a triangle test. These “human” results were contrasted to “machine data” (engineering measurements) gathered in the laboratory. The ice creams differed most markedly in their tribological responses. However, overall, the human panelists were insensitive to these clear physical differences in the test products.
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Liu, Jinyu. "Norm effects on eating behaviour : the role of social identity". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2018. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8314/.
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The main theme of the thesis was to examine the relationship between social influences and adults’ eating behaviour, in particular how social identity affects the norm influence on eating behaviour. Chapter One describes the general background and evaluates the research literature. Chapter Two reports the results of a longitudinal investigation of the relationship between perceived eating norms and self-reported food consumption among a student population. Chapter Three presents a pair of online studies that tested whether social norms predict eating and whether there is an interaction between norm effects and social identity in both a community and student population. Chapter Four presents the results of two laboratory-based experiments that examined the moderating effect of social identity on the relationship between social norm messaging and healthy /unhealthy food consumption using a remote-confederate design. Chapter Five reports the results of a laboratory study that examined the effect of manipulating social identity on social norm enhancement of eating behaviour. Chapter Six reviews all findings, reflects on the importance of completed work, and concludes that social influences on eating are robust and social identity plays a moderating role. The findings have implications for the development of norm-identity based interventions in promoting healthier dietary habits.
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Houldcroft, Laura. "Peer and friend influences on eating behaviour in school children". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/17380.
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Currently there is limited research addressing the eating behaviours of preadolescent children, despite evidence suggesting that friends and peers may contribute to the developing eating attitudes and behaviours of children of this age. Eating behaviours in terms of this thesis include both under- and over- eating behaviours, with a specific focus on the under-eating behaviour, dietary restraint, and the over-eating behaviours emotional eating and external eating. The fundamental aim of this thesis was to examine friend and peer influences on children s eating behaviours, with a specific focus on a community sample of preadolescent children. Based on links established in the literature between childhood eating behaviours (dietary restraint, emotional eating and external eating) and parental controlling feeding practices (pressure to eat and restriction) and childhood symptoms of anxiety and depression, these factors were also considered alongside the contribution of friends and peers, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The longitudinal stability and continuity of self-reported eating behaviours and perceived parental feeding practices in preadolescent children were also examined in this thesis. A pilot study and experimental study provided an objective measure of children s snack food intake following a school lunchtime, when offered a selection (healthy and unhealthy) of snack foods in the presence of friends and peers. Links between food intake in the presence of friends and peers, and self-reported eating behaviours, parental controlling feeding practices, child symptoms of anxiety and depression and BMI were further explored. The research in this thesis suggests that friends dieting behaviours predict individual children s dieting behaviours, and also highlights links between problematic eating and anxiety in preadolescent children. Parental controlling feeding practices were found to have a negative impact on preadolescents eating behaviours and were also found to be potentially linked to the development or maintenance of anxiety and depression symptoms in children of this age. Preadolescents reports of eating behaviours and perceptions of the controlling feeding practices their parents utilised with them were stable over time, but, with the exception of restriction, lacked continuity. Dietary restraint, emotional eating and external eating decreased over a 12 month period. While some of the research in this thesis requires replication, the results present many novel and interesting findings. Using longitudinal and experimental data, the research reported on in this thesis highlights the important contributions of friends, peers, parents and individual anxiety and low mood to the eating attitudes and behaviours of preadolescent aged children.
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Bell, Caroline. "The Eating Disorder Belief questionnaire in adolescent girls, and predictors of behaviour, and weight, shape and eating concerns". Thesis, Open University, 2001. http://oro.open.ac.uk/58167/.
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Henderson, Kari. "Towards an understanding of what changes, and how people cope, following bariatric surgery". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9728.
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Introduction: Bariatric surgery (BS) is currently the most effective treatment for morbid obesity. However, many individuals fail to lose or maintain adequate weight loss. It is a challenge to understand why some individuals can make the required changes following BS and some cannot. Evidence suggests that emotional eating (EE) may be associated with poorer outcome. However, there is as yet no conclusive research or review of the research in this area. Method: A systematic review was conducted with the aim to examine how EE relates to BS outcome. This review was complimented by a qualitative research project examining the experiences of individuals following weight loss surgery, with a particular focus on what changes and emotional coping. Results: Systematic review results suggest that EE is associated to poorer weight loss following BS. Six superordinate themes emerged from the qualitative research project; Surgery Outcome, Changing Views of the Self, Coping with Emotions, Being Judged Negatively, Being Obese is a Barrier to Living and It’s a Different Addiction. Discussion The overall results suggest that EE is an ongoing issue following bariatric surgery. BS seems to initiate various changes in behaviour, and cognition, together with increased sense of control. However, such changes seem to be attributed to BS, which is suggestive of an underestimation of self efficacy. Perceptions of obesity being the result of an addiction and emphasis on the difficulties associated with losing weight further highlight the issue of reduced self efficacy. This study also highlights that for many, having surgery does not cure all difficulties associated with eating. There are possibly underlying difficulties associated with obesity, such as neurocircuitry pathways that increase desire for food, whilst reducing control and attachment difficulties that reduce emotion regulation capacity. However, much work is required to understand such explanations and develop appropriate psychological interventions. Conclusion: The overall results from this thesis provide support for the view that EE and associated emotion regulation difficulties are related to poorer BS outcome. What seems clear from this research is that, although BS provides many positive changes, the battle against obesity continues for most and services are currently limited in their resources to intervene.
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Leitch, Margaret. "Impulsivity and eating behaviour : an examination of subtypes of impulsive behaviour and overeating in healthy females". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6310/.
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A wealth of support has shown higher levels of state and trait impulsivity can be found among those individuals prone to developing problematic eating behaviors and obesity. Thus, upon commencing the investigations in this thesis, it was hypothesized that impulsivity is an individual difference implicated in overeating behaviour. Increasing information indicates that there are divisions within impulsivity subtypes. Prior to this thesis, studies in the field of eating behaviour had not distinguished between subtypes of impulsivity. This was problematic because it limited researchers ability to describe how impulsivity is specifically involved in the perpetuation of overeating behaviour. The purpose of this Thesis was to provide a methodical inquiry into the relationship between impulsivity, and its relation with overeating behaviour. This objective was achieved by separating three prioritites, first to determine if impulsivity was higher in women who self report overeating, second to define differences between impulsivity classifications and determine if there was a consistnent pattern between self reported overeating and a relation to a subtype of overeating behaviour, and third to designate a specific impulsivity subtype to individuals who self report overeating behaviour. Six Experimental Chapters explored these three priorities. Two exploratory correlational/regression analysis were used to refine our ability to operationalize measures of self reported overeating and impulsivity (Chapters 2 and 5). Chapter 3 and Chapter 5 were devoted to assess the impact that ingestion of palatable food, and the violation of cognitive boundaries of restraint, have on subsequent impulsivity. The two remaining investigations were structured to assess the impact that environmental factors have on impulsive behaviour. In Chapter 4, a Controlled versus Unrestricted eating environment were manipulated to determine whether overeaters benefit from a structured breakfast meal prior to completing a battery of impulsivity tasks. In Chapter 7, anticipation for a rewarding food item was manipulated in two conditions. In this final Chapter, the impact that anticipation for rewarding food in self reported overeaters was assessed. The battery of impulsivity tasks in this thesis include the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), The Go No Go task, the Matching Familiar Figures task (MFFT), and two versions of the Delay Discounting Task (DDT). Impulsivity was classified along a spectrum of Reward Reactivity versus Inhibition subtypes, based on Evenden´s (1999) classification of impulsive behaviour. Participants tendency to overeat was based on a dual classification of tendency to restrain eating (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire- Restraint) with tendency to overeat (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-Disinhibition subscale). The outcomes of the five experimental investigations in this thesis demonstrated a reliable pattern by which participants with high Disinhibition scores had significantly more impulsive responses on the MFFT task. These results indicated that inhibition impulsivity is the clearest individual difference to be found between healthy volunteers who self-report overeating. The role that Inhibition Impulsivity plays in the perpetuation of overeating behaviour is illustrated and discussed in each Experimental Chapter.
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Banas, Katarzyna Joanna. "Effect of social identity salience on healthy eating intentions and behaviour". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15891.
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Background. Self-categorisation theory and the identity-based motivation perspective suggest that people’s motivation to engage in a particular behaviour is stronger when that behaviour is congruent with their salient social identity. In situations where a certain social identity is made salient, or where people identify strongly with a particular group, the social norm associated with that group may have a strong effect on individual behaviour. This perspective can be used to enhance the understanding of health-related intentions and behaviour. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the usefulness of adding concepts related to social identity to existing social cognitive models of healthy eating. The prediction being made is that members of groups that value healthy eating might be more likely to engage in healthy eating when their membership in that particular group is made salient. Five experimental studies tested the effect of social identity salience and group identification on healthy eating intentions and behaviour. Both intentions and behaviour were measured in each of the five studies, to allow for investigating the existence and potential causes of the intention-behaviour gap for healthy eating. Methods and Results. All five studies included random assignment of participants to conditions, and an experimental manipulation of social identity salience or social image healthiness. In Study 1 (n = 149), conducted among female university students, participants’ female, family, or personal identity was made salient. The results showed that increasing the salience of female or family identity led to stronger healthy eating intentions, but did not increase the likelihood of picking a healthy snack over an unhealthy one. Study 2 (n = 115) did not include a successful manipulation of salient social identity, but it showed a positive association between female identification, measured as a trait, and healthy eating intentions, even after controlling for attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control. Study 3 (n = 156) included a manipulation of social identity salience (female or student) and a manipulation of social image healthiness (images presenting in-group members engaging in either healthy or unhealthy behaviour). The results corroborated the earlier finding that female identification is positively correlated with healthy eating intentions. Also, the results indicated that when participants were shown social images of their in-group members engaging in healthy or unhealthy behaviour, they expressed intentions in line with the social images only if they did not express strong identification with the in-group. Study 4 (n = 87) was conducted in the context of Australian identity and included a manipulation of social images healthiness. The findings provided evidence for the existence of a vicarious licensing effect for healthy eating. Namely, for participants who highly identified with their social group, exposure to pictures of other in-group members engaging in healthy behaviour resulted in choosing less healthy food items from a restaurant menu. Study 5 (n = 117) demonstrated the existence of a vicarious licensing effect in the context of female identity, where participants’ food intake during a taste test was predicted by the interaction of the social image healthiness and their group identification. Conclusions. By examining the predictors of both healthy eating intention and behaviour, the research presented in this thesis sheds light on some of the phenomena potentially underlying the intention-behaviour gap for healthy eating, particularly among women. It appears that the healthy eating norm is internalised by women and translated into healthy eating intentions, to the extent that women who identify more highly with their gender group, and those whose female identity is made temporarily salient, also express stronger healthy eating intentions. The association between female identification and healthy eating behaviour, however, appears to be much less consistent, and in most studies the correlation between healthy eating intentions and eating behaviour was poor, even though a variety of measures of behaviour was used. These findings suggest that actual eating is often not predicted by intentions, but depends on contextual factors, such as being given an opportunity to reinforce the healthy eating goal, or the availability of information about in-group members’ eating behaviour. The results also have implications for health-psychological interventions, in suggesting that people’s response to health-related content (such as social images that may be used in health promotion interventions) may be different depending on their level of group identification. In line with the vicarious licensing effect, individuals who report high levels of group identification might be less likely to respond to interventions aimed at their specific social groups.
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Abdeen, Ghalia Nazir. "Changes in eating behaviour and meal patterns following vertical sleeve gastrectomy". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/34941.
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Anecdotal evidence from clinical observations and evidence in rodents after vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) suggest a shift in food preferences. Direct measures of behaviour to study the effects of VSG on the food preferences are unknown. This study aimed to investigate (1) Changes in eating behaviour and meal patterns after VSG, (2) Changes in sweet taste detection thresholds after VSG, (3) Changes in appetitive behaviour as a marker of changes in reward after VSG, and (4) Changes in consummatory behaviour as a marker of changes in reward after VSG in adolescents' subjects. The project recruited 50 adolescents after VSG and 35 as controls. The ages were 15 ± 0.27 and 14 ± 0.28 for the subjects after VSG and controls respectively. 42 % of the subjects were females and 58 % males, with the mean BMI of (51.1 ± 1.0) for VSG and (31.9 ± 1.1) for control subject. The parameters recorded for each aim included; Aim 1: Meal duration, meal size, pre-meal hunger and post-meal satiation that were assessed before and after VSG. Attitudes to foods, 24h recall method and FFQ were measured. Aim 2: The intensity of sweet taste stimuli assessed before and after VSG, using the constant stimuli methods. Aim 3: The appetitive reward of fat and sweet taste stimuli was assessed before and after VSG, using the Progressive Ratio Task. Aim 4: The consummatory reward of fat and sweet taste stimuli was assessed before and after VSG, using taste reactivity by recording and analysing facial expressions to determine the ingestive behaviour in response to stimulants. The results demonstrated; Aim 1: Changes in food preferences towards healthier choices, eating behaviour and meal pattern after VSG (all p < 0.05). Aim 2: No changes in sucrose detection threshold after VSG (p= 0.6). Aim 3: Appetitive reward value as measured by the breakpoint of the tastant decreased after VSG (p=0.02). Aim 4: Consummatory reward value of the tastant as measured by behaviours associated with positive ingestive behaviours decreased after VSG as well (p= 0.03). In conclusion obese adolescents after VSG have a shift in food preferences to healthier food choices, as well as eating behaviour and meal patterns. VSG changed the Hedonic value of high fat and sugary food as suggested by changes in Appetitive and Consummatory behaviour in response. However VSG had no effect on the sensory domain as regards sweet sensitivity. Taken together VSG may improve the quality of food selected after surgery by reducing the reward value of high fat and sugary foods.
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Walsh, S. Jane. "Nutritional knowledge and disordered eating attitudes and behaviour in college women". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ31410.pdf.
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Hupkens, Christianne Louise Hubertine. "Social class differences in eating and drinking behaviour an international study /". Delft : Maastricht : Eburon ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1998. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5976.
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Yin, Wenting. "The effect of food flavour on human appetite and eating behaviour". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/37304/.
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Overconsumption of foods is thought to be one of the main causes of the rising number of global obesity. This thesis aims to investigate the role of food flavour in human appetite and eating behaviour through three studies. The first study investigated whether the sweetness intensity of a milkshake affected ad libitum intake of the milkshake and sensory-specific satiety (SSS). In a crossover single-blinded design, 24 participants consumed ad libitum high, ideal and low sweetness (HS, IS or LS) milkshakes over three visits. After milkshake intake, participants consumed ad libitum one, or both of a sweet and a savoury snack. All milkshake consumption was similar, suggesting that the sweetness intensity did not affect the ad libitum intake of the milkshake. After intake of all sweet milkshakes, ratings of desire for something sweet decreased, and subsequent savoury snacks were consumed more than subsequent sweet snacks. The sweetness intensity of milkshakes did not affect the change in the desire for something sweet or the subsequent snack intake. Ratings of desire for something savoury increased after the intake of HS milkshake and were higher than the ratings collected following the intake of IS milkshake. Therefore, this study suggested that a sweeter milkshake did not affect the magnitude of SSS for sweet foods, but increased a stronger sensory-specific appetite (SSA) for savoury foods. The second study examined the effects of aroma, taste and their interaction on subjective appetite sensation and subsequent lunch intake. In a crossover design, 26 females consumed 1 of the 4 test drinks as a preload: 1) water; 2) strawberry aroma in water; 3) sucrose and citric acid in water; 4) strawberry aroma, sucrose and citric acid in water. The subsequent lunch intake did not differ after all drink preloads. The drink with only aroma or only taste were not different from water in affecting appetite sensation. A drink with both aroma and taste reduced hunger ratings greater than water or a drink with only taste or aroma, during 15 min drinking and up to 30 min post drinking. Meanwhile, the drink with both taste and aroma was the highest in perceived flavour intensity. This suggests enhancing flavour perception of a drink through aroma-taste cross-modal interaction can increase the satiating effect of a drink. The third study investigated effects of sweetness, thickness and caramel flavour perception of custards on expected satiation and expected satiety of the custards. 90 participants (65 females, 25 males) tasted 18 custard samples over two sessions. Ingredients of custards were different only in the concentrations of caramel aroma, Truvia sweetener and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), based on an experimental design. Thickness enhanced both expected satiation and expected satiety. Sweetness enhanced expected satiation but not expected satiety. Caramel flavour did not affect expected satiation or expected satiety. The cognitive expectation on satiation and satiety has previously been shown to determine self-selected portion size. Therefore, the current study suggests that manipulating sweetness and thickness perception of a food without changing its energy content might help portion size control, via manipulating consumers’ cognitive expectation of the food. In conclusion, manipulating food flavour is a promising area to explore with the respect to hunger suppression and fullness enhancing, limiting the intake of eaten foods while promoting intake of other foods via SSS or SSA, and contributing to the cognitive control of portion size. Therefore, manipulation food flavour might be helpful for appetite control and supporting an energy-restrict diet; however, it seems challenging to reduce actual food energy intake through manipulating only the flavour properties of foods.
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Witcomb, Gemma L. "Effects of cognitive distraction on the regulation of human eating behaviour". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2005. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/2184.
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In humans, what, when, and how much is eaten is the result of a complex interplay between physiological and psychological dietary controls. The need to identify how these different influences interact is integral to understanding how eating behaviour is regulated in a range of different contexts. In particular, one phenomenon that remains poorly understood is why eating while distracted is associated with increased food intake. The aim of this thesis is to attempt to identify the nature of the potential process that underlies this phenomenon. In Part I, the relationship between dietary strategy, allocation of attention, and amount eaten is explored in three experiments. The results confirm that intake can be predicted by how attention is directed during a meal. Furthermore, contrary to previous accounts that view overeating as a passive behaviour, this research suggests that individuals may choose to direct their attention strategically in order to control their intake. In Part II, four experiments investigate the possibility that the mechanism underlying the relationship between attention and intake is related to a process akin to ‘sensory-specific satiety'. This term describes the hedonic shift in the sensory properties of a food that occur as it is eaten and which is believed to be important in meal termination. The results suggest that distraction is associated with an attenuation of the rate at which ‘desire to eat' (both generally and specifically for the food being eaten) declines. Furthermore, although declining pleasantness is reported to remain influential in determining eating cessation when distracted, this response is somewhat inhibited, occurring after a greater amount of food has been consumed. Based on this, the conclusion drawn is that the deficit underlying overeating is one of attention, and that this may lead to overeating by undermining the rate at which satiety develops.
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Ralph-Nearman, Christina. "Examining the relationship between information processing strategies and disordered eating behaviour". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49926/.
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Many cognitive theories point to key factors underlying the development and maintenance of eating disorders, such as: unhealthy food-related cognitive biases, negative body attitude, and perfectionism. The present research utilised eye-tracking during reading as a novel implicit measure of how these factors may relate to eating disorder tendencies in females and males, followed by the development of two new male body dissatisfaction scales. In four experiments female and male (N = 360) participants’ eye movements were monitored while they read third- and second-person perspective texts in which the characters’ emotional responses to food-, body image-, and perfectionism-related scenarios were described. Overall, results from these studies suggest that on-line processing of characters’ emotional responses to perfectionism-, and to a lesser extent, body image-related information is predictive of participants’ disordered eating tendencies, thus supporting theories in which these two underlying factors are key to developing and maintaining eating disorders. Interestingly, the on-line processing of characters’ emotional responses to food-related scenarios did not predict eating disorder tendencies, as participants read food-related scenarios similarly, regardless of having a higher eating disorder level. In Chapter V, two new male body dissatisfaction scales: The Male Body Scale (MBS; consisting of emaciated to obese figures) and the Male Fit Body Scale (MFBS; consisting of emaciated to muscular figures) were developed, tested, and re-tested. Male participants (N = 103) rated which of nine body figures on each scale most represented their current- and ideal- body figure, followed by the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS), the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q 6.0), and the calculation of their actual body mass index (BMI), fat-, and muscularity-percentage. This was followed by a re-test and manipulation check two to six weeks later. Results found both new scales were consistently valid and reliable between test and re-test, and importantly, each scale was sensitive to different types of body dissatisfaction within males. Specifically, the MBS revealed that males’ desire for the thin-ideal significantly corresponded to higher eating disorder tendencies as shown by EDE-Q 6.0 scores, whilst the MFBS revealed much higher body dissatisfaction toward the larger, muscularity-ideal, predicting higher drive for muscularity as shown by DMS scores. Altogether, the present research findings provide novel insights into cognitive processes underlying disordered eating behaviour, demonstrate the utility of eye-tracking as a more natural implicit measure, provide tools to assess and predict eating disorder tendencies in females and males, and inform eating disorder related research.
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Yabsley, Jaime-Lee. "Validation of a Child Version of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire – A Psychometric Tool for the Evaluation of Eating Behaviour". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37977.
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Introduction: Currently, 1 in 7 children are classified as obese, which represents an obesity rate two times higher than that of the last 25 years. Part of the solution to address the positive energy balance underlying weight gain is to target the specific eating behaviours and factors that lead to food intake. One widely used tool to measure eating behaviour is the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ).
Objective: The primary objective of this study was to validate scores of the 21-item Child version of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21 C), by examining validity evidence and reliability of TFEQ-R21 C responses in a sample of Canadian children and adolescents. The secondary aim was to examine the associations between the TFEQ-R21 C factors and body mass index (BMI) z-scores and food/taste preferences.
Methods: The participants consisted of a sample of 158 children, 63 boys (mean age: 11.5 ± 1.6 years) and 95 girls (mean age: 11.9 ± 1.9 years), recruited from English schools in the Ottawa area. To assess eating behaviour, participants filled out the TFEQ-R21 C, the Power of Food Scale, and the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire. Height and weight measurements were taken using a stadiometer and a digital scale. An exploratory factor analysis with oblique rotation and an item analysis were conducted to determine the factor structure and validity of the questionnaire. A median split on Cognitive Restraint (CR), Internal Uncontrolled Eating (UE 1), External Uncontrolled Eating (UE 2), and Emotional Eating (EE) was used to dichotomize factor-based scores into high and low categories for each factor, to allow for group comparisons. Bivariate correlations explored relationships between weight, BMI and BMI z-score, and food and taste preference, by sex and age group. To determine if BMI, BMI z-scores, and food/taste preferences were associated with factor scores of the TFEQ-R21 C, two-way ANOVAs were conducted.
Results: The exploratory factor analysis replicated the Emotional Eating (EE) and Cognitive Restraint (CR) scales of the original TFEQ-R21, whereas the global factor of Uncontrolled Eating (UE) produced two subscales: Internal Uncontrolled Eating (UE 1) and External Uncontrolled Eating (UE 2). Item 17 did not load onto any of the factors and was subsequently removed. The four-factor model, with item 17 removed (FFEQ-R21 C: 20-item Child version Four-Factor Eating Questionnaire), accounted for 41.2% of the common variance in the data and showed good internal consistency (α= 0.81). The factors of UE 1 (r= 0.27, p<0.001), UE 2 (r= 0.36, p<0.0001), and CR (r= 0.20, p= 0.04) correlated significantly with EE. Younger children reported higher UE 1 scores [F(1,143)= 3.99, p=0.048, f2= 0.028] and CR scores [F(1,143)= 3.99, p= 0.001, f2= 0.089]. Boys who reported a high UE 1 scores had a significantly higher weight [F(1,58)= 6.44, p=0.014, f2= 0.117 ] and BMI z-scores [F(1,58)= 4.45, p=0.039, f2=0.083], compared to those who reported low UE 1 scores. Children with overweight or obesity [F(1,143)= 2.75, p<0.001. f2= 0.035] reported higher EE scores, compared to children of normal weight. Children with high UE 1 scores reported greater preference for high protein and fat foods, and high fat savoury (HFSA) and high fat sweet (HFSW) foods, compared to those with low UE 1 scores. Higher preference for high protein, fat, and carbohydrate foods, and HFSA, HFSW, and low fat savoury foods (LFSA) foods was found in children with high UE 2 scores, compared to those with low UR 2 scores. Children and adolescents with low CR scores reported greater preference for high protein, carbohydrate, and fat foods, compared to those who reported high CR scores.
Discussion: This study showed adequate reliability and validity evidence of the TFEQ-R21 C scores, and that the questionnaire is best represented by a 20-item four-factor model in our sample. The FFEQ-R21 C was able to identify relevant eating behaviour traits associated with higher BMI z-scores and food preferences in both sexes and age groups, which were mainly in accordance with previous findings in children and adolescents. These results support the utility of the questionnaire for the assessment and identification of problematic eating behaviour and food preferences in the Canadian pediatric population. Younger children reported higher influence of the psychological constructs of eating behaviour (CR, UE 1, UE 2, and EE), compared to older children. This study provides preliminary evidence that FFEQ-R20 is a reliable and valid self-report tool to measure eating behaviour in children and adolescents to characterize those at higher risk for excess weight. However, further research is needed to examine the validity of the questionnaire in larger samples and in other geographical locations across Canada, as well as the inclusion of extraneous variables such as parental eating behaviour, socioeconomic status, and physical activity levels.
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Igelström, Helena. "Physical Activity and Eating Behaviour Changes in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sjukgymnastik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-197595.
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This thesis aimed at developing and evaluating a tailored behavioural sleep medicine intervention for enhanced physical activity and healthy eating in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and overweight. Participants with moderate or severe OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index ≥15) and obesity (Studies I-II) or overweight (Studies III-IV), treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (Studies I-II) or admitted to CPAP treatment (Studies III-IV), were recruited from the sleep clinic at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden. Semi-structured individual interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis (Study I). Data on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time were collected with three measurement methods and analysed regarding the level of measurement agreement (Study II). Potential disease-related and psychological correlates for the amount of MVPA, daily steps and sedentary time were explored using multiple linear regression (Study III). Physical activity and eating behaviour changes were examined after a six month behaviour change trial (Study IV). A tailored behavioural sleep medicine intervention targeting physical activity and healthy eating in combination with first- time CPAP treatment was compared with CPAP treatment and advice on the association between weight and OSAS. According to participants’ conceptions, a strong incentive is needed for a change in physical activity and bodily symptoms, external circumstances and thoughts and feelings influence physical activity engagement (Study I). Compared with accelerometry, the participants overestimated the level of MVPA and underestimated sedentary time when using self-reports (Study II). The participants spent 11 hours 45 minutes (71.6% of waking hours) while sedentary. Fear of movement contributed to the variation in steps and sedentary time. Body mass index was positively correlated to MVPA (Study III). The experimental group increased intake of fruit and fish and reduced more weight and waist circumference compared with controls. There were no changes in physical activity (Study IV). The novel tailored behavioural sleep medicine intervention combined with first-time CPAP facilitated eating behaviour change, with subsequent effects on anthropometrics, but it had no effects on physical activity and sedentary time. Fear of movement may be a salient determinant of sedentary time, which has to be further explored in this population. The results confirm sedentary being a construct necessary to separate from the lower end of a physical activity continuum and highlight the need of developing interventions targeting sedentary behaviours specifically.
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Frame, Lucy. "Self, social, & clinical factors implicated in dieting behaviour & disordered eating amongst young women". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318846.
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McGowan, Laura. "Development and testing of a social cognitive model of adult eating behaviour". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492020.
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Current levels of obesity have been described as a 'health time bomb', with over half the population in Northern Ireland reported to have a significant weight problem. World'ide levels are also at epidemic proportions, with the World Health Organisation estimating that more than 300 million people are obese worldwidc mainly as a result of behaviour including poor dict. TIIC widcr health risks of obesity are well documented as it is a significant risk factor for high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, cancer and diabetes, and has been linked to a 9-year reduction in life expectancy. In order to reduce these health risks adult eating behaviour must be modified. Current models used in thc field - predominantly the TIleory of Planned Behaviour - only account for approximately one third of thc variancc in cx-plaining this behaviour, and tllcse figurcs could be improved upon if existing knowledge was integrated in a systematic manner. Stage 1 of this research involved conducting a systematic review to answer tile question: 'What are the cognitive factors influencing adult eating behaviourT TIle review aimed to identifY all available evidence to reach an unbiased conclusion about tile cognitive variables which are important correlates of eating behaviour. At Stage 2 the results from tile review were used to inform a pilot survey examining healthy eating behaviour via a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) along with tile key psychological factors identified. Path analysis resulted in tile development and construction of a new social-eognitive model of adult eating behaviour, and additionally of healthy eating intention. TIle key findings showed that self-cfficacy most strongly predicted healtlly eating behaviour, along with the acceptance of a diet-health relationship, perceived health benefits from a healthy diet and knowledge. Incorporating tllese findings in future tlleoretical intcn'cntions targcting healthy eating ,will consequently lead to an increase in successfully predicting and modifying adult eating behaviour.
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Mulvihill, Caroline. "Adolescent eating behaviour in relation to iron status and psychological well-being". Thesis, London South Bank University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245094.
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Day, Catherine Jane. "An exploration of the relationships between personality, eating behaviour and taste preference". Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2009. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/20659/.
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Taste is a fundamental determinant of food acceptance; it is the primary reinforcer in the complex process of food choice. The examination of individual difference factors in other complex behaviours have increased our understanding of other psychological processes and behaviours, despite this, these remain largely overlooked in the appetite and eating behaviour literature. This research explored individual differences in taste preference in non-clinical populations. The principle aim was to examine personality factors that predict taste preference for a number of taste dimensions, using a biological model of personality (Cloninger, 1987). In addition, the research examined the relationship between taste preference and cognitive characteristics of eating behaviour (using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire; TFEQ), and also body mass (BMI). In study 1 the relationships between personality and self-rated usual taste preference were explored for tastes dimensions sweet, salty, umami, bitter, sour and spicy. The results indicated that small amounts of variance in taste preference could be explained by personality. Study 2, an exploratory study, sought to further examine relationships between personality and taste preference using real-food samples. This study also examined relationships between personality and characteristics of eating behaviour (TFEQ). Consistent relationships with study 1 were revealed, particularly related to sweet and sour tastes. Preference for the taste of high-calorie dense foods was examined in the final studies. Study 3 examined individual differences in preference for lemon-flavoured drinks with increasing intensities of glucose. Sweet tooth, usual sweet and sour and measures of eating behaviour were also explored. Associations between sweet tooth and personality factors, and also preferred drink choice and personality were related to the inhibition and maintenance system. The final study produced UK normative data for the Fat Preference QuestionnaireRTM for both males and females. Furthermore this final study explored individual differences in fat preference. Preference for high fats was found to be associated with scores of Restraint and BMI, rather then personality. Overall, the conclusion drawn is that taste preference and characteristics of eating behaviour are associated with personality factors. Approach and avoidance behaviours characterised by constructs of Harm Avoidance and Reward Dependence are implicated in the process of explicit liking in terms of taste, rather than reward processes characterised by Novelty Seeking behaviour. Although the amount of variance may be small, personality factors are involved in the complex process of food choice, and therefore, future research examining food choice and eating behaviour should pay attention to these important individual differences.
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Carins, Julia Elizabeth. "Changing Eating Behaviour: Broadening Social Marketing by Adopting a Dual-Process Approach". Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366246.
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Recent research shows that increases in unhealthy dietary patterns are occurring at a faster rate than increases in healthy dietary patterns in most parts of the world (Imamura, Micha et al., 2015). This is despite longstanding knowledge of the importance of a nutritious diet for health and wellbeing, the prevention of illness, and as a foundation for physical, mental and emotional performance (World Health Organization, 2003; Rodriguez, DiMarco et al., 2009; Montain, Carvey et al., 2010). As a consequence, cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes are leading causes of death and disability (World Health Organization, 2014).
Social marketing has been used extensively to improve health and for the betterment of society, including in the nutrition domain (Gordon, McDermott et al.,
2006; McDermott, Stead et al., 2006). With historical roots in the social sciences and commercial marketing, social marketing seeks to apply marketing thought to social issues for the benefit of individuals and society (Andreasen, 1994). To date, social marketing has predominately focused on individuals, maintaining a downstream focus in its attempts to foster behaviour change (Gordon, 2013) relying heavily on promotion, education and persuasion to encourage individuals to make a conscious decision to change their behaviour. The broader social sciences and commercial marketing recognise that much human behaviour occurs automatically (or subconsciously) and is heavily influenced by our surroundings (Bargh, 2002). Recognition of dual processes (both conscious and automatic decision-making processes) during either formative research or intervention has been largely unexplored in social marketing.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Sivyer, Katy. "Mediators of transdiagnostic psychological treatments for eating disorders". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:42b0ec86-7fca-42ee-948b-74b77e5e6db4.
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Cognitive behaviour therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy are the leading treatments for eating disorders. Little is understood regarding their mechanisms of action. The research described in this thesis investigated the purported mechanisms of action of two transdiagnostic versions of these treatments; enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E) and interpersonal psychotherapy for eating disorders (IPT-ED). A series of mediation studies were embedded within a randomised controlled trial comparing CBT-E and IPT-ED in a transdiagnostic sample of patients with eating disorders. An analytic strategy using multilevel and structural equation modelling was used to assess for statistical mediation. Three of the key purported mediators of action of CBT-E (regularity of eating, frequency of weighing, and frequency of shape checking) and the key purported mediator of IPT-ED (interpersonal problem severity) were studied. Only regularity of eating demonstrated a strong case for being a mediator of the effect of CBT-E (on frequency of binge eating). The findings were inconclusive regarding other putative mediators of the effect of CBT-E, and for interpersonal problem severity being a mediator of the effect of IPT-ED. Limitations of the research included the non-optimal choice of measures and non-optimal timing of measurements for establishing temporal precedence. Future research should investigate the mediating role of both cognitive (e.g. interpretation of weight) and behavioural processes (e.g. frequency of weighing) in CBT-E, and the role of interpersonal functioning in CBT-E and IPT-ED. Research should use daily, or session by session measurement to better assess the temporal relationship between the purported mediator/s and the outcome/s. Experimental designs comparing dismantled versions of treatment would also help determine the relative effects that different treatment procedures have on treatment outcome/s.
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Edwards, Stephen. "The behavioural pharmacology of peripheral 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced anorexia". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280053.
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Meyer, Caroline. "Cognitive processing in bulimic psychopathology : the role of threat". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264833.
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Thiago, L. R. L. de S. "Voluntary intake of forages by ruminants : Factors relating to eating behaviour and rumen fill". Thesis, University of Reading, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380847.
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Rose, Kathryn. "The eating disorder belief questionnaire in 17-18 year old girls and predictors of behaviour, and weight, shape and eating concerns". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275180.
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Saeidi, Saeideh. "Managing binge eating in a primary health care setting : a preventative approach". Thesis, Leeds Beckett University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340557.
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Burokas, Aurelijus 1982. "New behavioural models to investigate eating disorders". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/126535.
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The rapid increase of obesity has encouraged the study of the aetiology of eating disorders. Besides genetic, social and metabolic factors, obesity is caused by over-eating and has high rate of relapse to abnormal food-taking habits, which is mainly provoked by food-associated cues. High-palatable food intake shares similarities with the consumption of addictive drugs since it engages brain reward systems and produces comparable behavioural adaptations. However, the mechanism of the transition from normal food consumption to pathological over-eating remains obscure. Animal models are crucial to study the underlying mechanisms and are also excellent tools to facilitate the research of new pharmacological targets and to evaluate the benefit/risk ratio of potential novel treatments. We have focussed our research in the study of novel potential targets for eating disorders using new animal models developed in our laboratory. Firstly, we investigated the effects of the chronic blockade of the endocannabinoid system as anti-obesity treatment in a novel model of diet-induced obese rats and the role of the endocannabinoid system on cognitive processes and metabolism in mice using new behavioural devices. Secondly, we validated new sophisticated behavioural models of relapse and frustration in mice to investigate these key elements in the development of overeating.L’augment de l’obesitat promou l’estudi de l’etiologia dels trastorns alimentaris. A més dels factors genètics, socials i metabòlics, l’obesitat es deu a la ingesta excessiva i hi ha una elevada recaiguda a hàbits alimentaris anormals per factors ambientals associats al menjar. El consum de menjar d’alta pal•latabilitat s’assembla al de substàncies addictives donat que implica els sistemes cerebrals de recompensa produint adaptacions comportamentals comparables. Tanmateix, el mecanisme de transició d’un consum normal de menjar a un consum patològic excessiu es coneix poc. Els models animals són molt importants per conèixer els mecanismes d’aquests processos patològics i eines excel•lents per trobar noves dianes farmacològiques, així com per avaluar el risc/benefici de possibles nous tractaments. Hem centrat el nostre treball en l’estudi de noves dianes per als trastorns alimentaris emprant nous models animals posats a punt en el nostre laboratori. Primer, hem estudiat els efectes del bloqueig crònic del sistema endocannabinoide com un tractament anti-obesitat en un nou model d’obesitat induïda en rates i la implicació del sistema endocannabinoide en els processos cognitius i metabòlics en ratolins emprant nous sistemes comportamentals. Segon, hem validat nous models de recaiguda i frustració en ratolins per estudiar aquests elements claus en el desenvolupament de l’obesitat.
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Joyce, Jessica L. "A Longitudinal Investigation of Bidirectional Associations between Children's Disinhibited Eating Behaviour and Parenting". Thesis, Griffith University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367076.
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Child overweight and obesity are significant public health concerns. Most would agree that the problem must be addressed by implementing interventions at multiple levels from the broader macrosystem down to the individual. These interventions depend on basic knowledge of the correlates and causes of eating and weight problems at each level. When focused on young children, the family is one significant source of influence, but only a few studies have focused on how parenting is associated with young children’s eating and weight problems, and how children also may play a role in these processes. The current research was focused on identifying some of the processes involved in the associations between parenting and young children’s (age 4 to 8) eating and weight problems. Three studies were conducted. In particular, a new measure of parent interactions with children in the eating/feeding domain was developed, and the parent feeding behaviour of restriction also was investigated. In addition, constructs examined as correlates, mediators or moderators of parenting and children’s eating and weight included child temperamental characteristics and gender, parent’s own eating behaviour and concern about their weight, and parents’ perception and concern about their children’s weight. Four main sets of findings emerged from the studies. First, a new measure of six food-related parenting dimensions, the Parent Feeding Dimensions Questionnaire (PFDQ), was developed and validated through a series of two studies (N = 84 and N = 230). This measure was based on a six-dimensional model of parenting grounded in Self-Determination Theory (Skinner, Johnson, & Snyder, 2005). The final 32-item version of the PFDQ was found to be a reliable and valid tool for measuring a wider range of food-related parenting dimensions than is currently available. Second, how and under what conditions parenting may influence children’s eating and weight was examined in a study of 230 parents and their children. In this study, parents completed questionnaires, whereas children were weighed at school. It was found that children’s disinhibited eating partially mediated the association between parent restriction and children’s BMI and that associations between restriction and children’s disinhibited eating differed depending on parents’ supportive, coercive and chaotic food-related parenting. Third, drawing from data collected from the same 230 parents, parent and child characteristics were investigated as correlates, mediators and moderators of associations between parenting and children’s disinhibited eating and weight. It was found that parent perceptions and, to a lesser extent, eating behaviour may be important factors in determining parenting in the eating and feeding contexts. Further, preliminary support was found for the hypothesis that such parenting is associated with child characteristics, particularly child temperament, and that gathering information on temperament and parenting may provide a better account of children’s eating problems and overweight.
Fourth and finally, a longitudinal bidirectional model of parenting and children’s disinhibited eating was tested with two waves of longitudinal data collected from 163 parents. The findings showed that earlier parenting restriction was associated with a relatively greater increase in children’s disinhibited eating over time (across a 17-month period) but not vice versa. Hence, parents had a significant influence on their children’s eating behaviours over time, but no child effect on parents was found. The findings presented here suggest that investigations of the family environment and parents in relation to the development of weight problems in children would benefit from the continued examination of specific, proximal parent behaviours that are targeted toward the child (such as parent restriction), but should also consider more distal, contextual factors related to parenting and the family such as the quality of the socioemotional climate of parent-child interactions in the feeding domain (e.g., parenting dimensions). Future designs need to test multifactorial models of mutual, concurrent, and temporal influences between children and parents, with consideration of how (i.e., the mechanisms) or under what conditions associations or effects occur. The findings of this research are discussed in the context of key issues related to food-related parenting and children disinhibited eating research and in relation to implications for intervention, prevention and public policy.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology (PhD)
School of Psychology
Griffith Health
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Higgs, Suzanne. "Benzodiazepine receptors and the control of ingestive behaviour in the rat". Thesis, Durham University, 1996. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5441/.
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When administered systemically, benzodiazepine receptor agonists have been shown to increase food intake in a number of species. Conversely, benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists bring about reliable decreases in feeding. The aim of the experiments reported in this thesis was to investigate the brain and behavioural mechanisms involved in the effects of benzodiazepines on ingestion. The effect on food intake of microinjection of the benzodiazepine receptor agonist midazolam into the brainstem of the rat was investigated. A reliable hyperphagic response was elicited following injection of midazolam into both the IVth ventricle and the parabrachial nucleus (PEN). This increase in intake was reversed by pretreatment with the selective benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil. These results suggest that benzodiazepine receptors located in the brainstem, specifically in the PEN, may be responsible for the effects of benzodiazepines on ingestion. In further experiments, a microstructural approach was adopted which involved analyzing the effects of benzodiazepine ligands on the detailed pattern of licking for both a carbohydrate and a fat in the rat. The effects of midazolam were similar to the effects of increasing concentration. The effects of the benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist Ro 15-4513 were similar to the effects of decreasing concentration. These results suggest that benzodiazepines influence ingestive behaviour by modulating palatability. The proposal that benzodiazepines may interact with opioids to influence feeding behaviour was examined in Chapters 7 and 8. Although the effects of the opioid agonist morphine and the opioid antagonist naloxone on licking behaviour were not the same as the effects of benzodiazepine ligands, naloxone blocked the effects of midazolam. These results suggest that the effects of benzodiazepine on palatability may depend on release of endogenous opioid peptides. This work has implications for understanding the neural control of ingestive behaviour and may help in developing new therapies for clinical disorders such as anorexia and bulimia.
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Karantzas, Kellie, i n/a. "An investigation of obesity and binge eating behaviour in preadolescent Australian school children". Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20070416.150247.
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Childhood overweight and obesity is a significant and increasing health problem both nationally and globally. Yet few interventions for preventing obesity have been successful, particularly in the long-term, suggesting that important factors are being overlooked. The aims of this thesis were to investigate (a) the prevalence of childhood overweight, obesity, and binge eating; and (b) the relationships between body weight, binge eating behaviour, and a set of physical, psychological, and psychosocial variables including parent body size, body dissatisfaction, size-related teasing experiences, internalisation of sociocultural messages, depression, dieting attitudes and behaviour, and emotional eating.
Participants were 569 grade five and six primary school children (272 boys and 297 girls) from Catholic and Government schools across metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. Almost 25% of participants were classified as overweight or obese. Thirteen percent of participants reported engaging in overeating (with or without loss of control), 14% reported loss of control (with or without overeating), and 6% reported engaging in binge eating (overeating and loss of control).
Structural equation modelling analyses found that body weight and binge eating were indirectly related. Body weight was directly and positively associated with parent body size, size-related teasing experiences, body dissatisfaction, and internalisation of sociocultural messages, negatively associated with emotional eating, and indirectly associated with depression, and dieting attitudes and behaviour. Binge eating was directly and positively related to parent body size, emotional eating, depression, and body dissatisfaction, while indirect associations were found with size-related teasing experiences, internalisation of sociocultural messages, and dieting attitudes and behaviour. A direct relationship between body dissatisfaction and loss of control was also found. Some gender differences were detected.
Multivariate analysis of variance also revealed that binge eaters scored significantly higher on measures of depression, size-related teasing experiences, internalisation of sociocultural messages, and angry and worried related emotional eating than non-binge eaters. Differences were also found for participants reporting the presence or absence of overeating (regardless of loss of control) and loss of control (regardless of overeating).
Overall, the study demonstrated that psychological and psychosocial factors have a significant association with both weight and binge eating behaviour in a non-clinical sample of preadolescent Australian school children. As such, future intervention programs may benefit by addressing these factors. In addition, these results support the idea of working toward the prevention of obesity and eating disorders simultaneously in children, and of extending research in this area to examine causality.