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Gossen, Candace Lynn. "Deforestation, Drought and Humans: New Discoveries of the Late Quaternary Paleoenvironment of Rapa Nui (Easter Island)". PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/782.
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The mystery of the trees of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) is a complex problem within a dynamic ecosystem. With new physical cores from the volcanic crater lake Rano Kao, this dissertation uncovers a detailed 15,000 year ecological history of Easter Island and its climatic variability. New radiocarbon dating methods establish a more precise chronology which shows that the island before human habitation was very different than what we know today. It had a simple but prolific ecology that transitioned into a barren grassland. What factors caused the transition are unclear but are likely to be human related. As the forests slowly disappeared, it could have triggered changes in regional and local climate, particularly rainfall, which generally leads to a rapid loss of ecosystems. With virtually stable climate conditions over the last 2,000 years, Easter Island has lost 33 species of plants including the giant palms, and still has not recovered today. This research challenges the previously accepted theory that humans deforested the island for the sole purpose of moving the Moai around, and focuses rather on uncovering the role of climate change that may have altered the ecosystem. New cores were obtained in 2005 from Rano Kao that were radiocarbon dated using scirpus seeds. The nine meters of core were sampled for oxygen isotope analysis of the lake water changes, a new science to the island. Detailed palynological studies of pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs uncovered changing vegetation patterns that aligned with a 700 year drought cycle. Conclusions support a cool-dry event that occurred 545 years ago, at which time the giant palms disappeared. While it was not the focus of this study, evidence confirms human occupation for more than 500 years before the disappearance of the trees.
2
Boyd, Laura Jean. "Mythologizing the History of Easter Island through Documentary Films". Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/boyd/BoydL1205.pdf.
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Documentaries have the power to rewrite history and perpetuate myths in our society. In the case of Easter Island, documentary filmmakers have sensationalized the history of the Rapa Nui people, dwelling on dramatic concepts such as eco-disaster, cannibalism and mysteriously vanishing cultures. As a result of poor filmmaking, we have a mythologized history of Easter Island. In my attempt to create a science-based documentary about an issue affecting contemporary Easter Island society, this mythologizing of history became a major obstacle. It became apparent that I had to first inform audiences to the fact that they had been misinformed by previous documentaries about Easter Island and I had to change their interpretation of the alleged facts. In my thesis paper I examine the documentaries that created sensational statements about the island and reveal why documentary filmmakers rely on dramatic elements. I also examine my approach to the process of making my graduate thesis film, Caballo Loco on Easter Island, and review the methods I used to ensure the people of Rapa Nui were accurately represented.
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Karaman, Ali Emre. "Statistical aspects of automatic pollen identification". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366220.
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Sottorff-Neculhueque, Ignacio [Verfasser]. "Diversity of Easter Island Actinobacteria and their secondary metabolites / Ignacio Sottorff-Neculhueque". Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188612042/34.
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Steiglechner, Peter. "A Spatially Explicit Agent-Based Model of Human-Resource Interaction on Easter Island". Thesis, KTH, Numerisk analys, NA, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277730.
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The history of Easter Island, with its cultural and ecological mysteries, has attracted the interests of archaeologists, anthropologists, ecologists, and economists alike. Despite the great scientific efforts, uncertainties in the available archaeological and palynological data leave a number of critical issues unsolved and open to debate. The maximum size reached by the human population before the arrival of Europeans and the temporal dynamics of deforestation are some of the aspects still fraught with controversies. By providing a quantitative workbench for testing hypotheses and scenarios, mathematical models are a valuable complement to the observational-based approaches generally used to reconstruct the history of the island. Previous modelling studies, however, have shown a number of shortcomings in the case of Easter Island, especially when they take no account of the stochastic nature of population growth in a temporally and spatially varying environment. Here, I present a new stochastic, Agent-Based Model characterised by (1) realistic physical geography of the island and other environmental constraints (2) individual agent decision-making processes, (3) non-ergodicity of agent behaviour and environment, and (4) randomised agent-environment interactions. I use the model and the best available data to determine plausible spatial and temporal patterns of deforestation and other socioecological features of Easter Island prior to the European contact. I further identify some non-trivial connections between microscopic decisions or constraints (like local confinement of agents' actions or their adaptation strategy to environmental degradation) and macroscopic behaviour of the system that can not easily be neglected in a discussion about the history of Easter Island before European contact.Påsköns historia har, med dess kulturella och ekologiska mysterier, väckt intressen hos arkeologer, antropologer, ekologer och ekonomer. Trots de stora vetenskapliga ansträngningarna lämnar osäkerheten i de tillgängliga arkeologiska och palynologiska data ett antal kritiska frågor olösta och öppna för debatt. Den maximala storleken som den mänskliga befolkningen nådde före européernas ankomst, och avskogningens tidsmässiga dynamik, är några av de aspekter som fortfarande är fyllda med kontroverser. Genom att tillhandahålla en kvantitativ arbetsbänk för att testa hypoteser och scenarier är matematiska modeller ett värdefullt komplement till de observationsbaserade metoder som vanligtvis används för att rekonstruera öns historia. Tidigare modelleringsstudier har emellertid visat ett antal brister i fallet med Påskön, särskilt när de inte tar hänsyn till den stokastiska karaktären av befolkningsökningen i en tillfällig och rumsligt varierande miljö. Här presenters en ny stokastisk, agentbaserad modell som kännetecknas av (1) realistisk fysisk geografi av ön och andra miljömässiga begränsningar, (2) individuella beslutsprocesser av agenter, (3) icke-ergodicitet av agentens beteende och miljö och (4) randomiserade agent-miljöinteraktioner. Modellen används tillsammans med de bästa tillgängliga data för att bestämma rimliga rumsliga och temporära mönster av avskogning och andra socioekologiska egenskaper på Påskön före européers ankoms. Vidare identifieras några icke-triviala förbindelser mellan mikroskopiska beslut eller begränsningar (till exempel lokal inneslutning av agentens handlingar eller deras anpassningsstrategi till miljöförstöring) och makroskopiskt beteende hos systemet som inte lätt kan försummas i en diskussion om påsköns historia före europeisk kontakt.
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Wozniak, Joan Alice. "Exploring landscapes on Easter Island (Rapanui) with geoarchaeological studies : settlement, subsistence, and environmental changes /". view abstract or download file of text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3113031.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2003.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 689-733). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Hicks, Karen Elizabeth. "Studies towards the total synthesis of rapamycin". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341068.
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Hanif, Shahpara <1991>. "Determination of Trace elements and Major Ions in Environmental Matrices from Rano Raraku Lake (Easter Island)". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/13793.
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In the southern Pacific Ocean Easter Island is located famous for its megalithic statues named moai. Two lakes Rano Raraku (RR) and Rano Aroi (RA) are central water resources currently used by the local population for agricultural and breeding activities. The objective of this study is to determine the trace and rare earth elements as well as major ion contents in water and sediments of these lakes to obtain information about the water quality and to provide additional insights on transport mechanism inside the lake basin. The analysis was carried out by using Inductively Coupled Plasma –Mass Spectrometry, Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry and Ion Chromatography.
The results showed that RR water contains high amounts of sodium and chlorine due to high evaporation rate in conjunction with a likely marine input. These values make the water undrinkable and unsuitable for agricultural purposes, although the level of metals in the water is not alarming. The rare earth element analysis suggested that strong winds activity, favored by the high deforestation rate occurred several centuries ago, is the main factor that influenced transport dynamics inside the basin. Potential warning for the water quality of RR is due to the unregulated management of the wild horses, as the dead body of the animals that oftentimes left near lakeshore. RR and RA are found to enrich in Ag, Fe, and Zn but they are deficient in many elements like Cs, Pb, V, Ni. This is explained as Island does not have industrial activities. Moreover, although the water of Rano Aroi is not polluted by metals and the presence of dead animals was not observed, the recent plantation of the eucalyptus forest in its neighborhood is a serious thread that may cause significant drop in the level of water in the next future.
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Abdurrahimli, Aygul <1996>. "Palaeoenvironmental changes in the Vaitea region (Easter Island) through a trace element record from Rano Aroi". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/17407.
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Easter Island is a remote Island located 3000 km far from the west-coast of Chile and it is considered the most isolated place on Earth. First humans arrived in the island likely during the 10th century. After their arrival the Rapa Nui people used the environmental resources available and created a complex society that lead to the building of the famous statues named Moai. However, between the 15th – 16th century, the Rapa Nui society declined. This decline has been ascribed to several climatic and environmental factors combined with a mismanagement of the resources available that lead to the deforestation of the island. Nevertheless, nowadays, past environmental reconstructions and archaeological evidence do not provide a clear description of the dynamics that lead to the aforementioned decline.
In this thesis, a sediment core collected in 2017 (2 m length) at the crater lake named Rano Aroi located in the Vaitea region (Easter Island) was analyzed. Trace and rare earth elements were determined in about 100 samples corresponding to a time period that covers the last 2 millennia. Several diagnostic elemental ratios and their concentrations were used to evaluate the dynamics and the timing of the main environmental changes that can be ascribed to a combination of natural, climatic and anthropogenic factors and that can be related to the Rapa Nui collapse.
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Navarro, Sigourney Nina. "The Crematorium of Hanga Hahave on Rapa Nui (Easter Island): What stories can the skeletal remains reveal". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325498.
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This paper uses an osteological approach and applies the study of entanglement in an attempt to understand the crematoria on Rapa Nui (Easter Island), which represent a unique tradition within the ceremonial spheres of the Polynesian area. Skeletal remains from the crematorium of ahu Hanga Hahave, which consist of both cremated - and unburned remains, have been analysed to reveal the different practices that took part in the cremation process and to identify the individuals that were deposited in such structure. Ethnohistorical records were applied to interpret the osteological evidence and to discuss the circumstances surrounding the possible use of the crematorium, as either a site for sacrificial offerings or a site for burials. This paper aims at creating an underlying basis for the study of crematoria on Rapa Nui and provides an overview of the processes central to the disposal of the dead and the usage and significance of this structure. The results of this study showed that the ancient Rapanui through the practice of cremation, followed an internalised structure within their society to complete each cultural act that constituted the crematorium, and these were divided in the construction of the crematorium, the making of fire, and the treatment of the dead. The complexity of each cultural act presents the possibility that an organised society, with at least one designated head, may have been in charge of the practice of cremation physically and spiritually. The skeletal remains could not be applied to determine whether the crematorium of Hanga Hahave was used for sacrificial offering or for burial since the analysed remains only represented one-fifth of the entire bone collection from the crematorium. However, the findings of this study have pointed towards a burial practice rather than a sacrificial one.Denna uppsats använder ett osteologiskt tillvägagångssätt och Hodders’’entanglement’ studie i tolkningen av krematorierna på Rapa Nui (Påskön), som representerar en unik tradition inom Polynesien. Skelettmaterialet från krematoriet i ahu Hanga Hahave har analyserats för att upptäcka de olika metoder som deltog i kremeringsprocessen och identifiera vilka individer som deponerades här. Etnohistoriska källor användes också i tolkningen av det osteologiska materialet och för att behandla frågorna kring krematoriernas användning: antigen som en plats för offring eller en plats för begravning. Syftet är att skapa en underliggande grund för studiet av krematorierna på Rapa Nui för att ge en överblick på de centrala processerna. Resultatet visade att den forntida Rapanui följde en internaliserad struktur inom sitt samhälle för att slutföra varje kulturell handling som utgjorde kremerings praktik och var uppdelade i konstruktionen av krematoriet, bruken av eld och hantering av de döda. Komplexiteten hos varje handling möjliggör att ett organiserat samhälle, där minst en ledare har varit ansvarig i fysisk eller andlig form. Skelettmaterialet från krematoriet i ahu Hanga Hahave kunde inte användas för att bestämma krematoriets användning eftersom det analyserade materialet endast representerade en femtedel av den totala bensamlingen, dock pekar studiet på en begravningsritual snarare än en offer.
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Elf, Donaldson Evelina. "Visitor Perceptions of Authenticity and Commodification in Easter Island Cultural Heritage Tourism : Pride and Empowerment of the Rapanui". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-412194.
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This study sought to analyze tourist perceptions of cultural heritage tourism on Easter Island, more specifically, how they perceived and valued the concept of ‘authenticity’ in representations of local Rapanui culture. By analyzing and categorizing trends found in Trip Advisor reviews left for 6 tourism businesses on the island (3 traditional performance venues and 3 guided tour companies), this primary research question was further broken down to assess 1) what factors in particular render an experience valuable and authentic to the tourist, 2) how tourists perceive indigenous Rapanui’s relationship to their own culture in the context of cultural tourism, and 3) if they perceive the industry as exploiting or empowering the Rapanui people. Ultimately the study uncovered the tendency for tourists to look to the transmitters of culture themselves (i.e. local performers, guides, company owners) when assessing the value and authenticity of their cultural experience, taking into account the transmitter’s indigenous heritage, cultural pride, knowledgeability, and openness and eagerness to share their culture with visitors (evident by the perceived passion with which they performed, or the personal storytelling and friendship evident in the guide-guest relationship). In addition to constructing value and authenticity, these qualities left visitors with the impression that local Rapanui are empowered by the industry and have agency over the manner in which their culture is showcased. The tourist’s search for meaning was also an important finding, as the majority either appreciated direct explanations about island culture and history, or created their own meaning when none was provided. While the scope of this study was limited to Easter Island, it has implications that may be applied to other destinations with indigenous, cultural tourism, as it very much speaks to the value that tourists place on cultural pride and preservation, community-based grassroots tourism, a desire for meaning and explanation, and consideration for the tourist’s own impact on the destination.
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Margalef, Marrasé Olga. "The last 70 kyr of Rano Aroi (Easter island, 27ºS) peat record: New insights for the Central Pacific paleoclimatology". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/146186.
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The PhD entitled “Last 70kyr of Rano Aroi (Easter Island, 27ºS) peat record: New insights for Central Pacific paleoclimatology” presents an environmental and climate reconstruction of Easter Island during the last 70.000 years. To accomplish this purpose, two peat cores of 14 and 4 meters have been retrieved from the center and the margin of the Rano Aroi peatland. Facies description and age model allowed us to decipher that the peat started accumulating 70.000 years ago, what means that this is the oldest peat record recovered up to the moment over the Southern Pacific. To investigate changes in the type of accumulated peat we determined total carbon, nitrogen and sulfur (TC, TN, TS) of organic matter as well as stable isotope values of each element (delta13C, delta15N, delta34S). In order to decipher the composition of the mineral content, X-Ray Fluorescence measurements was performed over the cores, obtaining the quantity of Ca, Fe and Ti. Additionally, the concentration of the major, minor and trace elements was determined by spectrometry (ICP-AES). The geochemical approach was complemented by the study of macrofossil (plant or animal remains as seeds or insects) and pollen content, what permitted to reconstruct vegetation changes on the mire and the island. The combination of geochemical and biological proxies defined three main hydric conditions (flood, drought and baseline conditions) of the peatland that have been alternated along Late Pleistocene and Holocene.
During MIS 4 (70 to 60 kyr BP in Rano Aroi), the hydric and environmental conditions in the mire were stable and resembled mire baseline conditions. Open grasslands covered Rano Aroi catchment area and C4 Poaceae dominated the mire. Early MIS 3 (60 to 40 cal kyr BP in Rano Aroi) was marked by the onset of wet events. During the first half of MIS 3 and probably driven by the wetter and warmer conditions Asteraceae and other small trees became gradually more abundant, forming small and scattered forests around the Terevaka volcano, while C3 peat forming plants colonized the Aroi mire. Late MIS 3 was a very dry period, which led to peat oxidation and exposure shortly after 39 cal kyr BP. These conditions changed on early MIS 2 (27.8–19 cal kyr BP). The water table recovered and peat accumulation resumed under C3 plant dominance. The evidence of the onset of deglaciation is concordant with Raraku Lake environmental development and was dated at 17.5 cal kyr BP in both sites. The regional mid-Holocene dry period is well characterized at Rano Aroi from 5 to 2.5 cal kyr BP.
The correlation between Rano Aroi record and other circumpacific sites suggests important changes in the atmospheric or oceanic circulation on Central Pacific during Late Pleistocene. In particular, the Rano Aroi record indicates that the episodes of maximum precipitation over the island correlate with North Atlantic Heinrich stadials and other stadials. During these stadials, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrated to the south while the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) shifted eastwards provoking the arrival of storm systems over the island. In accordance to this atmospheric and oceanic restructuration, Rano Aroi wet events also correlated with periods of a reduced Sea Surface Temperature (SST) gradient along the Equator. This fact indicates that more humid conditions over the Easter Island region occurred when the Walker circulation was reduced. The Central Pacific climate was also influenced by high latitude dynamics, like the changes in Intermediate Antarctic Water formation and the position of the Southern Westerlies.La tesi titulada: "Last 70kyr of Rano Aroi (Easter Island, 27ºS) peat record: New insights for Central Pacific paleoclimatology" presenta una reconstrucció climàtica i ambiental de l’illa de Pasqua (Rapa Nui) pels darrers 70.000 anys. Per aquest propòsit es van estudiat dos testimonis de 14 i 4 metres, extrets del centre i marge de la torbera de Rano Aroi. Per determinar els canvis en el tipus de torba acumulada es van obtenir els perfils de carboni, nitrogen i sofre total (TC, TN, TS) així com els corresponents isòtops estables (delta13C, delta 15N, delta 4S). La variabilitat en el contingut de Calci, Ferro i Titani (Ca, Fe, Ti) es va obtenir amb mesures de Fluorescència de Rajos X mitjançant core-scanner. Usant espectrometria (ICP-AES) es va determinat la concentració d’elements majoritaris, minoritaris i traça de la fracció inorgànica. El conjunt d’indicadors geoquímics es va complementar amb l’estudi de macrofòssils (restes animals i vegetals com insectes o llavors) i la determinació del contingut pol•línic del registre. La integració de les dades geoquímiques i biològiques ha permès establir tres condicions hídriques (inundació, sequera, condicions de base) de la torbera que s’han anat alternant durant els darrers 70.000 anys. Durant el MIS 4 la vegetació de la conca consistia en amplis prats de Poaceae i la formació de la torba es produïa per acumulació de restes de plantes de tipus C4. L’inici del MIS 3 va estar caracteritzat per l’ocurrència d’episodis de forta precipitació. Durant aquest període, les creixents temperatures i l’elevada precipitació varen afavorir l’establiment d‘Asteraceae formant possiblement petites clapes de bosc al voltant de Rano Aroi. La vegetació de tipus C3 va colonitzar la torbera, tot produint un canvi en la isotopia de carboni present fins a dia d’avui. El final del MIS 3 va ser caracteritzat per un llarg període sec situat en algun moment entre els 39 i els 31 kyr cal BP. A l’inici del MIS 2, la làmina d’aigua de la torbera es va recuperar tot reactivant l’acumulació de torba. L’Holocè es registra com a un període relativament sec, interromput puntualment per un episodi humit als 5.8 kyr cal BP. La correlació de la historia ambiental de Rano Aroi amb altres registres del circumpacific han permès deduir canvis en la circulació oceànica i atmosfèrica del Pacífic Central. En concret, el registre de Rano Aroi indica que els episodis de màxima precipitació de l’illa correlacionen amb períodes estadials freds definits a l’Atlàntic Nord al llarg del darrer cicle glacial. Durant els estadials, la zona de convergència intertropical (ITCZ) es va desplaçar cap el sud mentre que la zona de convergència del Pacífic Sud (SPCZ) va migrar en direcció est. Aquesta reestructuració atmosfèrica va comportar una major arribada de tempestes ciclòniques a l’illa. El clima del Pacífic central també es va veure influenciat per les dinàmiques de altres latituds, com els canvis en la formació d’aigües intermèdies antàrtiques o la posició dels vents meridionals de l’oest.
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Rowe, Daniel. "Constant Motion". VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3120.
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This thesis contains my writings and concept development, as it relates to personal history, time and animated art. This is explored through various methodologies, including short story and Zen meditative writing. As a companion to my recent thesis exhibition, this paper looks to make logical, emotional and spiritual connections between my art practice, ritualized cultural tropes and contemporary views of mortality.
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Andreassen, Olaug Irene Rosvik Social Sciences & International Studies Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "When home is the navel of the world: an ethnography of young Rapa Nui between home and away". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Social Sciences & International Studies, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41457.
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Rapa Nui (Easter Island) has for centuries been known as an isolated island of archaeological mysteries; yet after a rapid modernisation this is today an international tourist destination, a World Heritage Site and a glocalised community. This anthropological study based on long-term fieldwork among young Rapa Nui on the island and away, describes how it can be to grow up in and to belong to such a place. Place is seen as a continually constructed social space and is influenced by Miriam Kahn??s use of Henri Lefebvre??s concept thirdspace. Rapa Nui, as a place, people and community, is here understood as continuously formed by global and local influences. Thus, although historical, global and national influences can seem overwhelming in such a small tourist destination with a turbulent colonial history, this study also sees the opinions and practices of the inhabitants as important agents. This thesis shows how young Rapa Nui are both influenced by and influencing what Rapa Nui is and becomes. Above all, their guiding principle seems to be a continuing strong attachment to their land ??also called Te Pito o te Henua (??The Navel of the World??).
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Dahlstrand, Ivan. "Påsköns stenstatyer, moai : Vilket genus representerar de?" Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Education, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-1534.
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Abstract.
The question in this analysis is which gender moai, the big statues on Rapa Nui, represent. My hypothesis is that they have developed from visual symbols to metaphores in mythologies from an polynesian context. That these statues were symbols for human origin and creation of ancestors ideological power, and gods in consideration male gender. In the long isolation, in both time and space, the mytologies in Rapa Nui was changed, and the pictures got a new meaning. These changes depended on clearing of wood and big trees and the following difficult situation in farming. It led to difficult exposure to climatchanges and much more hard work in the cultivation. This happened in the same time as rapanuis life became more dependent on what the earth could producece because of bad fishing and a growing population. The cult of fertility get a more central place in rapanuis religious life. The male metaphore changes to female when the mother of earth, papa, became the most important spiritual force concerning food supply. I mean that moai follow the mythologies change, and developed in both form, size and contents. The theories behind this discussion is the analysis of Karen Armstrong, in how mythologhies change when human go from hunting- to cultivating society, and where she explain how the gender of gods changes from male to female. I also use theories from structuralism that say that human thinking and building mythologies follow an arcetypical pattern, for us to make our world understandable and organized. This analysis, and changed interpretation of moai from male to female representation, is a critical studie of traditional interpretation to “primitiv” art from aborigines and prehistorical humans. I mean the common interpretation of prehistorical pictures in Rapa Nui have a basic europeen code where an abstract male is standard. My theoretical support here is the analysis of Yvonne Hirdmans of gender from a historical perspective. The most important sources I have use in this work comes from archaeology, ethnology and art analythic work on Rapa Nui, with litterature from Jo Anne Van Tilburg, Georgia Lee and more scientist search from the island. I have also made field studies of my own. I hope this analys can contribute toward a critical view of a stereotypical european norm in interpretation of “primitive” and prehistorical art.
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Olsson, Dan. "Maktstrukturer och sociala fält i förhistorisk och tidighistorisk tid på Påskön : En studie av symboliskt kapital, fält och habitus". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413752.
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The thesis illustrates the emergence and development of the types of symbolic capital, networks and fields used by the rulers of Easter Island in their exercise of power, and what possible consequences they may have for their habitus. There is no concrete conclusion, but it is possible to see reasonable course of events, where the archaeological finds form the milestones, and it is possible to trace the formation and expansion of a field, created from material assets, inventions, social thoughts and actions. There are signs of variation, or different phases, in the field, over time. The rulers seem to have tried to control the field by, for example, building monuments, such as ahu and statues, or in other words, the authorities of Easter Island managed to create different types of assets. In addition, various organizational forms, sacred places and buildings, taboos and traditions have been used in the form of ceremonies, rituals and sacrifices of various kinds. This symbolic capital has been used by the rulers to steer residents' work and striving in the desired direction, and to create a habitus that everyone feels involved in. This habitus has probably changed when new businesses entered the market.
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Bretón, Ricardo. "Tangata Manu : Fågelmannens uppror". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-394884.
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This study investigates the ceremonial village of Orongo and the sacred site of Mata Ngarau. They are located on the southern edge of the Ranu Kau volcano crater, as well as the Motu Nui islet in front of the named volcano. Orongo was the scenario of important political and religious events that submerged Rapa Nui and its inhabitants in a magical story from the mid-1500s to the mid-1800s. This study aims, to some extent, elucidate the context in which the legend and the ritual of the Tangata Manu originates and its importance for the development of the Rapa Nui society. The study examines archaeological, ethnohistorical and contemporary evidences of the birdman cult and contradictory theories about the catastrophe that loomed over the Rapa Nui society The archaeological evidence of those events is the silent testimony of the god Make Make and Tangata Manu, the birdman, the god representative on earth. These are carved on the edge and the slopes of the Ranu Kau crater, in the carved and rupestrian paintings of the stone houses of Mata Ngarau at Orongo, in the caves of the Motu Nui islet and in the one of the cannibals, Ana Kai Tangata. Ethnohistorical evidences provide data on the ritual activities in connection to the birdman cult. The social and environmental degradation which causes of the almost total extermination of its inhabitants as well as the eroding of its culture and with it that of the birdman, Tangata Manu. Today the birdman culture and Orongo is one of the prominent visitors’ sites on the island but interviews with Indigenous Rapanui show that the site also continue to have spiritual and political meaning in today’s society. The modern Rapa Nui society today shows contradictory features. On the one hand we see the face of a thriving, mercantilist society, with hundreds of thousands of tourists visiting it annually and buying handicrafts of dubious local creation. On the other hand, we observe the efforts of hundreds of islanders who struggle to maintain their language, their cultural heritage, their petroglyphs, their cave paintings and their legends. That is the spirit of the rebellion of Tangata Manu.
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Lee, Kin-kau Eric, i 李建求. "Highway architecture: Island Eastern Corridorresidential development". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31987138.
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Muñoz, Azócar Diego. "Diaspora Rapanui (1871-2015). L’île de Pâques, le Chili continental et la Polynésie française : une ethnographie historique de la mobilité dans une société transnationale". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0066/document.
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Le sujet de cette thèse est la société rapanui, quelques 5000 personnes, du nom de l’île qui en est le lieu d’origine et de référence, connue aussi comme l’île de Pâques. Si l’île demeure la référence pour chacun, la « société rapanui » n’est plus limitée à cette île de Polynésie orientale, mais inclut les communautés émigrées, installées au Chili continental (près de la moitié des Rapanui), principalement dans la grande région métropolitaine de Santiago, et un petit nombre à Tahiti, Polynésie française. Pour les Rapanui, Tahiti est un lieu important dans l’histoire de l’île, de la diaspora et dans la formation d’une identité polynésienne. Cette thèse vise à comprendre la configuration de la communauté rapanui, comprendre la manière dont ceux qui se reconnaissent comme « Rapanui » font société aujourd’hui, au travers de leurs relations sociales qui configurent une diaspora non figée mais façonnée par la mobilité entre les divers lieux. Notre démarche est à la fois anthropologique et historique. Nous observons et analysons les communautés contemporaines dans leur vie quotidienne (occupations, rapport de parenté, tenure foncière, rapport à l’histoire) à partir de plusieurs enquêtes de terrain, étalées entre 2006 et 2014, à Hanga Roa, « le » village sur l’île, dans l’immense réseau urbain de Santiago, et dans le quartier de Pamatai à Tahiti où des Rapanui se sont installés au cours de la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle. Ce sont des parcours de vies discutés lors de très nombreux dialogues avec des Rapanui de tous âges et de toutes conditions. Les différents aspects de la diaspora sont le résultat d’une histoire longue, plus d’une fois dramatique, dont il faut remonter les fils, par la mémoire conservée et transmise ainsi que par des archives souvent méconnues jusqu’ici. Comme ailleurs en Océanie, cette histoire inclut l’arrivée des missionnaires et des colons. Mais elle est aussi marquée par les drames que furent les raids esclavagistes venus du Pérou, l’exode vers Tahiti et Mangareva décidé par une collusion entre missionnaires et colons, et puis la transformation d’une île en champ d’élevage de moutons pour une entreprise privée après la mainmise coloniale chilienne et sa féroce politique d’« enfermement », unique dans l’histoire et en place jusqu’en 1966. L’« enfermement » a conduit des Rapanui à s’« évader » de chez eux, au péril de leur vie. Aujourd’hui, c’est une toute autre histoire qui se joue : celle d’un tourisme débridé, de la réappropriation d’un héritage archéologique, de la réaffirmation d’une identité polynésienne et d’un début de développement économique où les Rapanui ont enfin leur partThe present thesis revolves around a group of about 5000 people, native to Easter Island and how they construct their society, and their relationships within their island and their diasporic communities. It is about the construction of Rapanui identity, how and who is and recognized as "Rapanui". Although the island is the reference point par excellence for Rapanui identity, "Rapanui society" is not limited to this eastern Polynesian island, but includes its migrant communities located in mainland Chile (about half of the population) that lives mainly in the large metropolitan area of Santiago, plus a small number of people that live in Tahiti, French Polynesia. For the Rapanui, Tahiti is an important place in the history of the island and of the diaspora and in the configuration of a Polynesian identity. Rapanui diaspora is not a fixed diaspora but is characterized by the mobility of its people between these different places. The characterization of this diasporic process is the main theme of this thesis. Our study is anthropological and historical. We observed and analyzed contemporary communities in their daily lives (occupations, kinship relations, land tenure, relationship to history). Several field seasons were conducted between 2006 and 2014 in Hanga Roa, the only town of Rapa Nui, as well as in the extensive urban network of Santiago and in the Pamatai neighborhood in Tahiti, where a group of Rapanui settled during the second half of the nineteenth century. Formal and informal interviews and conversations were carried out with Rapanui people of all conditions and ages. The characteristics of the diaspora are the result of a long, often dramatic history, that is threads of which are traced in the preserved and transmitted memories, and the analysis of previously unknown archival documentation. As elsewhere in Oceania, this story includes the arrival of missionaries and settlers. But for Rapanui this history also includes the drama of the slave raids from Peru, the massive exodus to Tahiti and Mangareva colluded by missionaries and merchants, as well as by a unique Chilean colonial policy of confinement that transformed the entire island into a private sheep station until 1966. This policy of confinement would lead to several Rapanui to escape from their home and island, at the risking of their lives. Today the story is very different: it is the story of "overflowing tourism", of the re-appropriation of their archaeological heritage, of the reaffirmation of a Polynesian identity and of the beginnings of an economic development in which the Rapanui finally recover the fruits of their island and their history
En esta tesis se estudia la sociedad rapanui, unas 5000 personas, que tiene como lugar de origen y de referencia a Rapa Nui, o Isla de Pascua. A pesar de que la isla es el lugar de referencia identitaria por excelencia, la « sociedad rapanui » no se limita solamente a esta isla de la Polinesia oriental, sino que incluye a sus comunidades de emigrantes instaladas en Chile continental (cerca de la mitad de la población) principalmente en la región metropolitana de Santiago, más un pequeño número en Tahiti, Polinesia francesa. Para los rapanui, Tahiti es un lugar importante en la historia de la isla, de la diáspora y en la formación de una identidad polinésica. El objetivo de esta tesis es comprender la configuración de la comunidad rapanui, comprender de qué manera aquellos que se reconocen « Rapanui » construyen su sociedad a través de diferentes tipos de relaciones, organizando una diáspora, una diáspora que no es fija sino que se establece en la movilidad entre los diversos lugares. Nuestro estudio es antropológico e histórico. Observamos y analizamos las comunidades contemporáneas en sus vidas cotidianas (ocupaciones, relaciones de parentesco, tenencia de la tierra, relación a la historia), a partir de varias investigaciones de terreno realizadas entre 2006 y 2014, tanto en Hanga Roa, el único pueblo de Rapa Nui, como en la extensa red urbana de Santiago y en el barrio de Pamatai en Tahiti, donde un grupo de rapanui se instaló durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Son vidas evocadas en diálogos con personas rapanui de todas la condiciones y edades. Las diferentes características de la diáspora son el resultado de una larga historia, más de una vez dramática, de la cual es preciso reconstruir la trama mediante las memorias conservadas y transmitidas, así como por documentos de archivo, muchas veces desconocidos hasta ahora. Como en otras partes de Oceanía esta historia incluye la llegada de misioneros y colonos. Sin embargo, la historia rapanui está definida por el drama que significaron las redadas esclavista venidas del Perú, el masivo éxodo a Tahiti y Mangareva planeado por misioneros y comerciantes, así como por una política colonial chilena de encierro que transformó a la isla entera en una estancia ovejera privada hasta 1966. Este encierro condujo a varios rapanui a intentar escapar de la isla, arriesgando sus vidas. Actualmente es una otra historia, aquella de un «turismo desbordado», de la apropiación de una herencia arqueológica, de la reafirmación de una identidad polinésica y de los inicios de un desarrollo económico por el cual los rapanui recuperan, al fin, parte de las riquezas de la isla y de su historia
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Lee, Kin-kau Eric. "Highway architecture Island Eastern Corridor residential development /". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31987138.
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Concha, Mathiesen Roberto. "Dinámica del Turismo y Transformaciones en los usos del Patrimonio en la Isla de Pascua". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461150.
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En esta tesis, se entiende el patrimonio cultural como realidad construida, que en las últimas décadas ha dejado de ser acaparado por los Estados y las élites, de modo que han surgido nuevos patrimonios, definidos desde espacios locales con creciente participación de movimientos sociales. Grupos subalternos, entre ellos los pueblos indígenas, se interesan e intervienen en la selección de su patrimonio, de acuerdo con una visión construida por ellos acerca de su propia identidad. El binomio identidad/patrimonio puede tener un uso económico, al favorecer la distinción de destinos turísticos así como la denominación de origen de ciertos productos y empresas. También, a través de la producción de etnomercancías, que pueden ser vendidas a turistas e intermediarios, en las cuales se plasma una identidad étnica, así como representaciones de patrimonio inmaterial.
La identidad y el patrimonio además pueden tener un uso político, por ejemplo, en el seno de movimientos regionalistas y en el contexto de luchas étnicas. Como han propuesto algunos autores (Comaroff & Comaroff, 2009; Escobar, 1995; Van Den Berghe, 1994), creemos que los usos económicos de la identidad cultural favorecerían, bajo ciertas condiciones, su regeneración.
En la presente tesis de doctorado, se analiza el uso económico de la identidad rapanui a través del turismo en Isla de Pascua y su posible potenciamiento recíproco con el uso político de dicha identidad y del patrimonio que se le asocia, en un contexto de creciente búsqueda de auto- determinación por parte de la etnia Rapa Nui. Para ello se propone un modelo teórico-conceptual que da cuenta de dichas interrelaciones. También se aportan antecedentes históricos acerca de Isla de Pascua, recogiendo los principales hechos que determinaron la situación actual. Luego, se analizan antecedentes relativos al destino Isla de Pascua, de interés para la investigación, en particular, el sistema patrimonial en Isla de Pascua, considerando elementos declarados y su gestión. Posteriormente, se identifican factores exógenos y endógenos que han incidido en la construcción del patrimonio cultural en Isla de Pascua y por último, se reconstruyen y analizan diacrónicamente los usos económicos y políticos de elementos patrimoniales específicos en Isla de Pascua: La Tapati Rapa Nui y el Parque Nacional Rapa Nui. Para ello se utilizan metodologías cualitativas, técnicas de registro etnográfico, cuestionarios, análisis documental y reconstrucción de biografía cultural.
En el capítulo introductorio se plantea el problema, la hipótesis inicial y los objetivos de la investigación, así como la metodología aplicada.In this thesis, cultural heritage is understood as a constructed reality, which in recent decades has ceased to be hoarded by states and elites, so that new patrimonies have emerged, defined from local spaces with increasing participation of social movements. Subaltern groups, including indigenous peoples, are interested and involved in the selection of their heritage, according to a vision built by them on their own identity. We assumed that the binomial identity / heritage can have an economic use, favoring the distinction of touristic destinations and the denomination of origin of certain products and enterprises. Also, performances of intangible heritage and ethno-commodities in which an ethnic identity is represented, can be sold to tourists or intermediaries. Identity and heritage can also be used politically, for example, within regionalist movements and in the context of ethnic struggles. As some authors have proposed (Comaroff & Comaroff, 2009; Escobar, 1995; Van den Berghe, 1994), we believe that, under certain conditions, the economic uses of cultural identity may support their regeneration. In this PhD thesis, we analyze the economic use of rapanui identity through tourism in Easter Island and its possible reciprocal enhancement with the political use of this identity and the associated heritage, in a context of increasing quest of self-determination by the rapanui ethnic group.
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Roth, Aaron Lyle. "Mycorrhizae of outplanted conifer seedlings on eastern Vancouver Island". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29864.
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Mycorrhizal colonization and types of mycorrhizae that formed on container-grown Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and western red cedar seedlings were determined in a nursery near Nanaimo, B.C. and under a range of field conditions on eastern Vancouver Island. Methods included a root clearing,
bleaching, and staining procedure that allowed for accurate estimates of percentage colonization and some advantages in mycorrhiza characterization. The percentage of Douglas-fir and western hemlock short roots colonized by ectomycorrhizal fungi in the nursery was highly variable but over 99 percent of the mycorrhizae were formed by Thelephora terrestris. After one field season mycorrhizal colonization levels were between 72 and 93 percent on the new roots formed. The most difficult to regenerate site had the lowest percentage colonization and number of ectomycorrhizal types. T. terrestris mycorrhizae still had the highest relative abundance followed by Rhizopogon vinicolor (on Douglas-fir only), Cenococcum geophilum, Mycelium radicus atrovirens, Tujber-like, Sndogone-like, and 38 minor types of ectomycorrhizae. Some types of ectomycorrhizae were only present or common on specific sites. This included a type that formed spore-like structures on the mantle cystidia and a type that produced red-brown hyphal exudates. Douglas-fir seedlings artificially inoculated with R. vinicolor in an Oregon nursery were taller than control seedlings when outplanted but no height or weight difference was found after one field season. The 17 types of mycorrhizae that formed on the control seedlings were dominated in relative abundance by a type that was morphologically identical to that formed on the seedlings that were artificially inoculated with R. vinicolor. Western red cedar did not form mycorrhizae in the nursery but formed low levels of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in the field that included both fine and coarse endophytes.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Green, Robert Norman. "Site-forest productivity relationships and their management implications in coastal lowland ecosystems of East Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27462.
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Relationships between soil, physiographic, floristic, and stand properties were examined in second-growth stands on a range of imperfectly to poorly drained ecosystems on east Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands. The major objective was to describe ecological factors associated with variation in tree growth, as expressed by site index of western redcedar.
Cedar site index was found to be strongly correlated with soil nutrient content, particularly total N and exchangeable Mg, expressed on a kg/ha basis. Decreasing site index was associated with decreasing rooting depth, due to slowly permeable horizons, and poor soil aeration, reflected by high volumetric moisture content. A simple model using total N content and volumetric moisture content summarized the relationship between cedar site index and soil properties, and accounted for 78% of the site index variation.
Three site index classes used as sampling strata (redcedar site index ≤ 15, 16-20, and >20 m/50 yrs. b.h. age) could be successfully differentiated by soil properties using discriminant analysis. Natural structure in the soils data revealed through principal components analysis and cluster analysis also reflected, with minor overlap, these three site index classes. Understory vegetation could be used to differentiate the poorest site index class, however the remaining two classes could not be floristically differentiated. A simple model relating cedar site index to reciprocal averaging scores derived from vegation data, and the frequency of the nutrient-medium indicator species group only explained 44% and 31% respectively of site index variation.
Site index of Sitka spruce, western hemlock, and lodgepole pine were all highly correlated with redcedar site index. Hemlock and pine showed similar height growth patterns to cedar, while spruce was markedly different, showing slower height growth than cedar on poorer sites and greater height growth on better quality sites. The sensitivity of spruce to limiting site conditions was also reflected in its increasing stand volume composition with improving site quality. The sampled sites generally supported high stand volumes given the site limitations, with MAI averaging 5 m³ha⁻¹yr⁻¹ on the poorest sites (site index class 1) to 13 m³ha⁻¹yr⁻¹ on the best sites (site index class 3).
Management strategies were recommended based on relationships observed in the study. Preferred tree species to manage are: for site index class 1 - cedar, pine, and hemlock; for site index class 2 - cedar, hemlock, pine, (with minor spruce); for site index class 3 - hemlock, spruce, cedar. Site productivity of these ecosystem may be improved by increasing the volume of aerated soil exploitable by tree roots. This could be achieved by site preparation which created relatively low, but wide mounds.Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Wilson, Emma Clare. "Making space for local voices : local participation in natural resource management, north-eastern Sakhalin island, the Russian far east". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/280352.
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Baker, Simon. "Isotopic dating and island arc development in the Halmahera region, Eastern Indonesia". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267534.
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The islands of Halmahera, Morotai, Bacan, Obi and Waigeo lie in a zone of complex tectonics at the junction between the Eurasian margin and the Philippine Sea and Australian plates. New age data from the region using Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr and K-Ar systems and geochemical data are presented and are integrated with existing geological, geochemical and isotopic data to produce a regional geochronological framework. Continental metamorphic rocks of probable Palaeozoic age, derived from New Guinea, are found on Bacan and Obi. Sm-Nd model ages indicate that metamorphic protoliths contained Precambrian cratonic material which was subsequently mixed with younger mantle-derived material. Rb-Sr and K-Ar systematics give Neogene ages which relate to exhumation and emplacement of these rocks by strike-slip processes in the Sorong fault system. Ophiolitic rocks from Halmahera, Obi and Gag are of Philippine Sea plate origin and are interpreted to have formed an intra-oceanic forearc-arc-backarc system of Jurassic age based on Sm-Nd, K-Ar dating and geochemical and stratigraphic evidence. Subsequent Cretaceous to Tertiary arc activity has largely disturbed K-Ar ages of ophiolitic rocks. Cretaceous calc-alkaline arc activity formed the Gowonli and related volcaniclastic formations on Obi and Waigeo. Unusual amphibole-rich cumulates, hornblende gabbros and ultramafic rocks occur adjacent to continental metamorphic rocks. These yield Cretaceous and younger isotopic ages and are interpreted as the roots of a calc-alkaline island arc subsequently disrupted and uplifted by faulting in the Early Cretaceous and Neogene. Diorites and trondjhemites intruded into ophiolitic rocks on Halmahera and Obi date two phases of arc-related plutonic activity in the Middle to Late Cretaceous. One Paleocene diorite has also been dated. Isotopic ages from amphibolites, derived from basic protoliths, and biostratigraphic ages from sedimentary fault-related breccia deposits indicate deformation of ophiolitic rocks in the Late Cretaceous. Ar-Ar plateau ages and reset K-Ar ages suggest another period of deformation in the Paleocene. Isotopic dating shows that Tertiary arc activity occurred in three phases: a brief, Middle Eocene phase of diorite and andesite formation in eastern Halmahera; a dominantly Oligocene period of arc activity related to subduction beneath the Philippine Sea plate and a Neogene phase related to subduction of the Molucca Sea plate. Oligocene arc activity was terminated by Early Miocene collision of the Philippine Sea plate with the northern Australian margin. Convergence of the Philippine Sea plate with the Eurasian margin led to Neogene arc activity above an eastward-dipping Molucca Sea plate slab. Isotopic dating indicates that Neogene arc volcanism migrated northwards over time. Pliocene compressional deformation in Halmahera and Bacan caused a westward shift of the arc to its present position and may be related to collision events within the Sorong Fault system
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Chan, Suk-yee Ruth. "Planning sustainable and vibrant North Point Waterfront : Island Eastern Corridor and development potentials /". View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B35081387.
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Chan, Suk-yee Ruth, i 陳淑儀. "Planning sustainable and vibrant North Point Waterfront: Island Eastern Corridor and development potentials". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45014073.
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Hoshino, Yasuharu. "Dendrochronology of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata Bl.) on the eastern Honshu Island, Japan". Kyoto University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/136427.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第13154号
人博第361号
新制||人||89(附属図書館)
18||D||162(吉田南総合図書館)
UT51-2007-H427
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生文明学
(主査)教授 光谷 拓実, 教授 肥塚 隆保, 助教授 窪寺 茂
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Bennett, Lorne P. "In situ creep of perennially cryotic ground, Rea point, Eastern Melville Island, Northwest Territories". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/21265.
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Pishief, Katharine Sophie. "Community understanding and preparedness for tsunami risk in the eastern North Island, New Zealand". The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2393.
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The Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004 made many New Zealanders more aware of the devastating affects that a tsunami can have on coastal communities, and highlighted the need for people living in the coastal zone to be prepared for natural hazard events. The east coast of New Zealand is at high risk from both local and distantly generated tsunami, and Poverty Bay and Hawke Bay have been identified among the most at risk areas from tsunamis in the country. Three surveys were conducted between January and November 2006 to assess community understanding of, and preparedness for tsunami risk in the eastern North Island, New Zealand. These surveys were a camping ground visitor survey; a tourism sector preparedness survey; and the 2006 National Coastal Survey. Findings of all three surveys show that the general public does not appear to have sufficient knowledge of tsunami risk in their area. Also, there does not appear to be adequate information on tsunamis available to the public. Understanding of official tsunami warnings was high amongst residents surveyed in the 2006 National Coastal Survey. However, it was low amongst visitors surveyed in the camping grounds, with the majority of camping ground survey respondents indicating that they do not know what makes up the New Zealand public notification system. It is encouraging to find that overall the public are aware of the correct actions to take in the event of a tsunami warning being issued. Staff in hotels/motels in the Napier area were not well prepared for managing natural hazard events, with the majority of respondents having no training for dealing with emergencies, and none of those who had received training had received training for tsunami hazards. It is recommended that steps be taken to better educate and prepare the public and tourism managers in eastern North Island communities. This will require not only public education but a range of activities that engage, empower and motivate at-risk communities to respond effectively and appropriately to tsunami warnings.
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Robertson, Scott M. "Holocene deglacial and sea level history of Dobbin Bay, eastern Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ40101.pdf.
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Perkins, Deborah Ellen. "The Breeding Ecology and Behavioral Endocrinology of Ruddy Turnstones (Arenaria Interpres) in the Eastern Canadian Arctic". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/PerkinsDE2004.pdf.
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Schlaak, Claudia. "Island language policy and regional identity east of Africa". Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6313/.
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Since 2011 the Comorian Island of Mayotte has been France’s 101st département, thereby becoming part of the European Union. As a result, France has consolidated and strengthened its strategic position in the Indian Ocean.
With the change of political status in 2011, new developments have occurred in Mayotte. It is still unclear whether the expected economic boom, extensive social benefits or injection of EU regional funds can help to alleviate poverty and raise living standards. There is concern, however, that massive immigration to Mayotte from the surrounding territories is diminishing any progress and will continue to do so. Not only France but also the EU will have to adapt to new immigration problems due to this new external border.
In this situation one thing is clear: the language contact between French and the local languages, which is the result of political developments, is leading to new dynamics. The diglossic situation east of Africa, between French as the dominant language and local languages like Shimaoré or Shibushi spoken in Mayotte will become more marked in the next few years.
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Williams, Alwyn. "On the Ecology and Restoration of Podocarpus cunninghamii in the Eastern South Island High Country". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5141.
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Podocarpus cunninghamii is an endemic New Zealand conifer that, in pre-human times, formed extensive forest communities across the eastern South Island high country. Anthropogenic disturbances have reduced the distribution of Podocarpus cunninghamii communities such that they now exist mainly as small and isolated remnants within a highly modified, predominantly pastoral landscape. Very little is known of the ecology of high country Podocarpus cunninghamii communities, and without this information it is not possible to develop an ecological basis for their restoration. This thesis explores the ecology of Podocarpus cunninghamii in the eastern South Island high country, investigating factors that potentially affect the restoration of Podocarpus cunninghamii within this environment, with special attention paid to the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).
Field investigations of Podocarpus cunninghamii communities showed that they contain a high degree of floristic and structural variation determined by soil and climatic variables. Analysis of age and size class distributions suggest that Podocarpus cunninghamii has more than one regeneration strategy, and can regenerate within intact forest following the opening of small canopy gaps or can undergo large-scale recruitment following catastrophic disturbance. Field and glasshouse experiments investigating growth and nutrient responses of Podocarpus cunninghamii to different AMF inoculants found that Podocarpus cunninghamii responses are dependent on both AMF type and grass competition. Finally, investigation of Podocarpus cunninghamii carbon stocks showed that they are less than that of other New Zealand forest types, but are greater than that of grazed pastures.
Successful restoration of high country Podocarpus cunninghamii communities will require the incorporation of associated species based on local environmental conditions, and will also need to allow for disturbance processes. AMF may have an important role to play in restoration by reducing seedling production times and by increasing the competitiveness of Podocarpus cunninghamii when in competition with exotic grasses.
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Corrigan, Brendan. "Different stories about the same place : interpreting narrative, practice and tradition in the East Kimberley of northern Australia and the Aru Island of Eastern Indonesia". University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0083.
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This thesis interrogates the relationship of archaeological models and indigenous understandings of origins in the East Kimberley region of Northern Australia and the Aru Islands of Eastern Indonesia. Archaeological models of prehistoric migration construct these places as part of the same landmass in the recent human period and at times of lower sea levels. Yet, the indigenous groups who currently inhabit these places assert and rely upon their localised understandings of autochthony and mythological creationism. The existence of these competing models has led me to examine the degree to which the practice of archaeology in these locations constructs human prehistory in a way that necessarily disempowers the indigenous cosmology there. Below I examine the construction and content of these different stories about the same place to show how it is that they are essentially competing, conflicting and contradictory claims to truth. I show how each of these asserted cosmological positions emerge from the various cultural systems that sponsor and perpetuate them and I pay special attention to the role of institutionally authorised experts within each of the cosmological positions described. I also seek to demonstrate the ways in which the distribution of expert knowledge plays a core role in a naturalised social order and the ongoing construction of cultural identity in their respective communities. I then interrogate the relationships that these differing forms of knowledge have with each other - paying close attention to the specifics of context in which they are evoked. I conclude that the examination of how these competing claims to truth are distributed in space reveals their influence in the ongoing construction of identity in their respective communities.
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Corrigan, Brendan. "Different stories about the same place : interpreting narrative, practice and tradition in the East Kimberley of northern Australia and the Aru Island of Eastern Indonesia /". Connect to this title, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0083.
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Olsen-Harbich, Peter Jakob. "Usufruct in the Land of Tribute: Property, Coercion, and Sovereignty on Early Colonial Eastern Long Island". W&M ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1477068000.
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In reexamining the early colonial history of Eastern Long Island, this thesis combines archaeological, archival, published records, and oral historical sources to explore the relationship between property, coercion, and sovereignty among the Algonquian-Ninnimissinuok and English settlers of New England. It begins with an overview of historical and contemporary models of political economy among Native groups in the pre-contact and pre-settlement era Northeast, emphasizing the importance of neo-evolutionary anthropology as an instructive corollary to more traditional functionalist and evolutionary theories of Native political economy. Special emphasis is placed on passages from classical ethnographic sources that gesture towards coercive and meaningful inequality within Algonquian societies. Subsequently, the relationship between usufruct forms of property ownership, territorial sovereignty, and kinship is analyzed in detail. Focus is placed on the historiographic tension created by the ownership of resource use-rights by multiple kinship lineages and the simultaneous possession of territorial sovereignty by Algonquian polities. Attention is then turned towards the early colonial New England context and the incorporation of Eastern Long Island Algonquians into the nascent English tributary chiefdom following the Pequot War. Focus is placed on the particular connection between sovereign authority and the preeminence of a single lineage of sachems among Eastern Long Island Algonquians, who ruled over a cohesive polity known as the Paumanack ("Land of Tribute"). Turning towards the English settlement of Long Island, it is argued that the planting of English colonists proceeded as Long Island sachems surrendered partial use-rights over those resources least essential for the reproduction of their authority. Confronted directly is the notion that English settlers and Algonquian sachems misunderstood one another's concepts of property ownership from within a usufruct/fee-simple binary. An emphasis is placed on conceptualizing English 'property' acquisitions, and those resources retained by the Long Island Algonquians after 1636, as necessarily limited due to the English Empire's overarching demand for sovereignty. The work concludes with an analysis of coercion within the Paumanack and local customs of lineage and inheritance, which are argued to be cognatic with a preference for patrlineage.
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Courbis, Sarah Shelby. "Population Structure of Island-Associated Pantropical Spotted Dolphins (Stenella attenuata) in Hawaiian Waters". PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/578.
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Understanding gene flow, diversity, and dispersal patterns is important for predicting effects of natural events and anthropogenic activities on dolphin populations. With the very recent exceptions of false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens), spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris), and common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), Hawaiian odontocete species are managed as single stocks within the U.S. Hawaiian Exclusive Economic Zone. These exceptions are a result of recent studies that have indicated that some species have populations that show fidelity to individual islands or groups of islands, resulting in genetic differentiation, often with management implications. The first part of my study (following the introductory chapter) focused on population structure of pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) near the Hawaiian Islands. Because of the level of human interaction, pantropical spotted dolphin populations need to be defined accurately to be managed in a way that will avoid local population losses, especially given that the commercial and recreational troll fisheries near the islands "fish on dolphins" to catch tuna. I analyzed genetic samples for mtDNA and microsatellite loci from four island regions: Hawai'i, the 4-islands area, O'ahu, and Kaua'i/Ni'ihau. My results support genetic differentiation among the regions of Hawai'i, the 4-islands area, and O'ahu and suggest that pantropical spotted dolphins near Kaua'i/Ni'ihau are likely transient and in very low numbers. There was no strong evidence to support sex-biased dispersal or group fidelity. Possibly, differentiation is mediated by behavior adapted to differing habitat types. From a management perspective, spinner and bottlenose dolphin populations near the Hawaiian Islands have been split into separate stocks for management based on levels of genetic differentiation similar to those found for pantropical spotted dolphins. These precedents suggest that comparable action should be taken to split pantropical spotted dolphin stocks near the Hawaiian Islands. Most population studies rely heavily upon fixation indicies like FST to determine whether populations are genetically differentiated. When FST values are low but significantly different from zero, it can be difficult to interpret the biological significance of these values. As part of my study, I suggest that one way to evaluate whether small FST values indicate significant differentiation is to compare FST values with other populations considered to be separate based on factors such as extreme distance or morphological differences. I examined pantropical spotted dolphins from the coastal and offshore Eastern Tropical Pacificm (ETP), Hawaiian Islands, and China/Taiwan to examine the utility of comparing FST values across separate populations. Among Hawaiian Island regions, FST values are significantly different from zero but small. The comparison of these FST values with more distant populations in the ETP and China/Taiwan indicated that differences among Hawaiian Island regions were similar in magnitude to those found between the offshore and coastal ETP sub-species, but smaller than between the Hawaiian Island regions and the other regions examined. This suggests a level of reproductive isolation among the Hawaiian Islands regions that is comparable to that of offshore and coastal ETP populations, and supports the value of fixation index comparisons in evaluating differentiation among putative populations. My results suggest that assigning specific numerical baseline FST values may not always be biologically meaningful but that determining whether related populations with geographic or other separation show a preponderance of similar, lower, or higher fixation index values can help evaluate whether genetic differences among sympatric or parapatric groups warrants designating them as separate populations for management. Lastly, I explore whether the fast evolving mtDNA control region may be more suited to phylogenetic comparisons among the Stenella than slower evolving gene regions and whether the small number of haplotypes generally used in phylogenetic analyses is adequate for defining relationships among dolphins. Usually, slow evolving regions, such as gene regions, are used in phylogenetic analyses because species and genera have been isolated long enough for variation to have accumulated in such regions but not so long that many reversals (i.e. a mutational change in sequence that later changes back to the original sequence) have occured. The mtDNA control region is typically used for population genetic comparisons rather than phylogenetic comparisons because it is considered to be a fast evolving region. Historically, dolphin phylogeny has been examined using gene regions, which have resulted in ambiguous and unexpected relationships. However, the lack of variation in the mtDNA control region for pantropical spotted dolphin populations and the fact that recent studies have found that the mtDNA control region in cetaceans evolves at about one quarter the rate of other mammals, raises the question as to whether this region would be better suited to phylogenetic studies for the Stenella (and potentially other dolphin species). In comparing 346 haplotypes from five species of Stenella world-wide, I found that the mtDNA control region is probably not a good region to use for phylogenetic analyses, and that even faster evolving regions might perform better. The differences in the mtDNA control region were not sufficient to distinguish clear relationships among the Stenella. I also found that when subsets of haplotypes chosen at random were compared, the results differed among comparisons, suggesting that there is value in using more than the usual one or two haplotypes when making phylogentic comparisons. Given the recent increases in sequence availability (e.g. GenBank) and computing power, researchers should strongly consider using many haplotypes from a variety of populations in their phylogenetic comparisons.
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Georgiadis, M. "The South-eastern Aegean in the Mycenaean period : islands, landscape, death and ancestors". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288860.
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Kullolli, Arben. "Proselytization in Albania by Middle Eastern Islamic organizations". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Mar/09Mar%5FKullolli.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Middle East, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2009.Thesis Advisor(s): Kadhim, Abbas ; Shore, Zachary. "March 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 24, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Revival of Islam in Albania, Islamic Extremists, Religious Tolerance, Democratic Reforms Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-60). Also available in print.
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Hackenburg, Clint. "Voices of the Converted: Christian Apostate Literature in Medieval Islam". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440404264.
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HASHIM, WAHID HAMZA. "THE IMPACT OF MODERNIZATION ON MIDDLE EASTERN POLITICS". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184061.
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This study analyzes various perspectives of modernization theory in some Middle Eastern countries and examines the impact of modernization, both in its western and eastern formula, on the legitimacy and stability of these countries. It also examines those external factors that influenced these countries' internal and external policies. The study's major hypothesis is that Modernization + Secularization = Instability, whereas Modernization - Secularization = Stability in Middle Eastern Islamic countries. Secularization is a component of both the western and eastern paths; consequently, a Middle Eastern country that attempts to modernize and secularize along either of these paths is doomed to instability. The hypothesis suggested herein is analyzed in regard to twelve Middle Eastern countries. The principal conclusions are that the collapse of the Shah's regime in 1979 was a direct result of his western and secular policies; Egypt's political and economic instability was a result of its unsuccessful oscillation between west and east; Lebanon's limited experience with liberal democracy was a failure because of internal secularization and sectarian politics, and external interference by foreign powers; the instability of the Ba'athist regimes of Syria and Iraq is a consequence of their secular socialist policies; and South Yemen's Marxist-Leninist policies were a major cause for its unstable political regime. Even though Libya's Third International Theory of Modernization, based on an Islamic framework, seems to generate political stability for Qadhafi's regime, his latest adoption of Marxist-Leninist ideology may delegitimize his rule; on the other hand, the latest external pressures by the United States and Western European powers on Libya have legitimized Qadhafi's rule and boosted his popularity, for the time being. In contrast, Algeria's pragmatic socialism has been carefully tailored to its Islamic tradition and therefore has resulted in one of the major stable political systems in the Middle East. Contrary to the pessimist modernization theorists who predict the demise of the traditional monarchies when attempting to rapidly modernize, modernization in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Morocco seems for the most part to have been accompanied by political stability due to their exclusion of the secular component of the western path.
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Almardi, Jasim Mohamed Jasim Mohamed. "A geological field guide to the east and central Lantau Island". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/192988.
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This field guide has been carried out to fulfil part of the requirements of my master’s degree in the field of Applied Geosciences at the University of Hong Kong. The project was mainly written from September 2012 to July 2013 under the supervision of Dr. Jason R. Ali.
The objective of the study was to produce a simple, easily understood, geological guide of areas on eastern and central Lantau Island. The guide intends to introduce useful, fundamental concepts of geomorphology and geology to everyone who visits the selected study areas.
Data has been obtained by a literature survey, interpretation of aerial photographs, use of geological and topographic maps and much fieldwork.
The information is presented in the form of a simple field guide divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 is the introduction, while Chapter 2 presents background information of the geology of Lantau Island and Chapter 3 is the actual field guide divided into two areas, east Lantau and central Lantau. Chapter 4 concludes this dissertation.
It is concluded that Lantau Island exhibits many interesting landscapes and geological features. This field guide provides convenient and easy to understand information for any person, professional or amateur, having an interest in understanding their surroundings (the physical environment) when visiting Lantau Island.published_or_final_version
Applied Geosciences
Master
Master of Science
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Endicott, Phillip. "Ancient DNA and human population genetics in island South East Asia". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670170.
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Stamoulou, Eva. "Candia and the Venetian Oltremare : identity and visual culture in the early modern Eastern Mediterranean". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/candia-and-the-venetian-oltremare-identity-and-visual-culture-in-the-early-modern-eastern-mediterranean(2a81a08c-a2f6-4248-9acb-2000151bd40f).html.
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Following its acquisition in 1204, Crete became one of Venice’s prime colonial possessions in the Eastern Mediterranean. Venice’s maritime empire was known as the Stato da mar or the Oltremare. Candia, Crete’s capital, was the island’s largest urban centre, the heart of the colony’s administration, and a thriving port. Its inhabitants included patricians sent from Venice to govern the island, noble Cretans and noble Venetians, descendants of the early Venetian colonisers, cittadini, and a host of transient residents. The city’s Jewish community was confined to the Judaica, a section of the urban expanse inside the city’s Byzantine walls. By the sixteenth-century, three centuries of Creto-Venetian co-existence had given birth to an urban society which was polyglot and multi-denominational. Cretans travelled frequently to Venice, which hosted a large Greek community after the fall of Constantinople (1453). This thesis examines aspects of Cretan identity in the sixteenth century, such as class, religion and locality. The importance of appearances in the early modern colonial context is discussed and evidence is presented of Venice’s influence on Cretan attire and the language used to describe such artefacts. Stemming from this, sumptuary legislation is examined and instances when appearances deceived and threatened social order. Sources consulted and brought to bear on the discussion include extant material records, such as embroidery, and archival and published documents, such as state and private correspondence, notarial records, costume books, maps, atlases, contemporary literature, and historical accounts of Crete. The last chapter examines aspects pertaining to Crete’s insularity: the experience of sea travel, the cartographic genre of isolarii, island-books, where Crete featured prominently, the maps of Crete’s most famous cartographer and, finally, the unpublished wills of the Regno di Candia and the island of Scio.
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Zuber, Charles. "Islands of the Imagination: Representations of the Spice Islands from Pre-Colonial to Post-Colonial Times". Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366374.
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The term 'Spice Islands' has been used as a descriptor in m. The thesis begins with a chapter on my exhibition titled Islands of the Imagination. It describes the form the exhibition took, and how the various elements were developed and finalised. One of the most significant components was the canvases which reworked various signs of the Spice Islands. These canvases continued my interest in popular culture and deployed a variety of codes in order to find new ways of discussing the Spice Islands. Other significant elements included artefacts such as spices, Birds of Paradise and coins from my visit to the Moluccas. There were projected photographs taken by myself in the Moluccas, and also I showed many slides made by myself from publications that inspired the idea of the thesis itself. Some of my key photographs for the exhibition are included in an appended CD. any precolonial, colonial and postcolonial contexts. This thesis has charted some of the reasons why this is so, and the images which have been mobilised when the term is used. In the analysis of the images, and the production of my exhibition in 1999, the methodologies used derive primarily from Cultural Studies approaches. Part One, 'From Mythological Islands to the Moluccas,' describes some of the many and varied ways in which these islands were encountered over the last 500 years, and in doing so provides historical contexts for the images in my exhibition. The Spice Islands were initially mythological islands in the Western imagination from which came the most valuable of all spices: nutmeg, mace and cloves. It was these spices that fuelled the desires of European society and led to epic sea voyages. The Spice Islands remained less than real in both written descriptions and maps as the Portuguese entered uncharted waters, and there were many ideas in circulation about where the Spice Islands, or Moluccas, were to be found. The chroniclers of Magellan's voyage brought back to Europe the first evidence of the existence of the Spice Islands in illustrative and descriptive forms. In the 16th century, this pioneering journey was viewed as more significant for its discovery of the Spice Islands than for the circumnavigation of the world - the event for which it is now best known. Over time, the Dutch were to replace the Iberians as the colonisers of this area, and Dutch representations of the Spice Islands came into broader circulation in Europe. The images that were generated specifically from the Moluccas during the early years of the Dutch East India Company's presence in the islands were far removed from the Golden Age of Dutch art. This is manifested in the subjects that were illustrated, and also the techniques used to illustrate them. The crudeness of these images parallels the perception of these lands as being as far away from Holland as anyone imagined it was possible to travel. The Spice Islands were something other than civilised. In the 18th century, the Spice Islands became known in a much more specific, quantifiable way. They became a site from which investigations took place into the various forms of exotic flora and fauna. This was to be a significant departure from the early representations of erupting volcanoes and warships that appeared in many colonial publications. By the 1790s, French and British plantations were sprouting far away from the Dutch Spice Islands. There were now British and French Spice Islands in different parts of the globe. The term 'Spice Islands' itself was developing its own worth, and becoming as valuable as the spices themselves. By the 19th century, there were the original Spice Islands from which the term is derived but also other islands growing spices in diverse locations that could - and still do - claim legitimacy for the title 'Spice Islands'. In turn, the words 'Spice Islands' grew into a franchise/identity/logo, with other islands and commodities using the term in a transnational, transglobal capacity. Part Two, 'The Spice Islands as a Fractured Sign', suggests ways in which we might envisage an account of the Spice Islands as signs in a semiotic landscape of various media, including newspapers, magazines, websites and museums. This methodology also helps the understanding of my exhibition and the form that it took. It suggests that Spice Islands had become commodities in a somewhat different sense as they emerged as part of the tourist industry. The 'Spice Islands' existed wherever tour operators wanted them to. In popular culture, the Spice Islands could be imagined (with the aid of commercial tourism enterprises) as existing almost anywhere that was warm, a long way from Europe, and part of a trade that was associated with the colonial era. The thesis concludes with images derived from the Maluku wars that started in 1999, soon after my return from the Indonesian Spice Islands. Media reports on the wars provided yet more representations which connected the Spice Islands to the Moluccas once again. The conclusion suggests that to research images of Spice Islands is also to research the background to the fear of terrorism, the representations of Indonesia, religious wars and a wide range of political concerns that affect us today.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Chalazonitis, Ioannis. "The north-eastern Aegean, 1050-600 BC". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2f15b253-cc97-4e65-98cf-657a203bfc3e.
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This thesis aims to construct a historical narrative for the region of the north-eastern Aegean (NEA) during the Early Iron Age (1050-700 BCE) and the early Archaic period (7th century BCE) based primarily on archaeological evidence. Its goals are to investigate the most distinctive material culture elements for the studied period; to explore themes of continuity and connectivity between regions; to trace large- and smaller-scale population movements; to discuss how early communities perceived themselves and each other; and to investigate the social structure and organisation of these communities. Evidence from settlement sites, funerary contexts, and sanctuaries are presented in the first three chapters in that order. Following that, the final chapter presents the primary, overarching conclusions of the thesis, in four sub-chapters. Firstly, it is argued that the NEA was characterised by relative cultural continuity from the Late Bronze Age to well within the Archaic period: when new elements were introduced, they were, generally, integrated into earlier paradigms. Secondly, evidence is provided for an increase in connectivity and maritime traffic peaks during the late 8th century BCE; shortly afterwards, new population groups from the central and southern Aegean arrived in the NEA, and seem to have cohabited relatively peacefully with earlier populations. Thirdly, it is posited that there is little evidence for overarching NEA regional identities before the 6th century BCE: communities appear to have developed local identities, through association with specific sites and through references to the communal past in cult practice and funerary contexts. Finally, it is argued that social elites were markedly active in NEA communities of studied period: there is considerable evidence for socially exclusive groups, primarily in funerary and ritual contexts. The thesis concludes with a short chapter containing the author's closing remarks.
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Cathie, Julie Ann. "Pottery production during the post Saladoid period (c. AD 600-1500) on the island of Nevis, eastern Caribbean". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396719.
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Furlan, Francesco. "Il racconto escatologico-apocalittico e le dinamiche di conflitto : Temi e testi escatologici della produzione arabo-islamica e cristiana a confronto (sec. VII-IX)". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP048.
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Cette recherche entend analyser les productions eschatologiques byzantines et arabes rédigées pendant les deux premiers siècles après la naissance de l'Islam. L'expansion soudaine des troupes islamiques, a été interprétée par les Chrétiens d'Orient surtout selon une optique apocalyptique; une grande partie des sources en grec et en syriaque compte l'invasion soudaine des Arabes parmi les signes de la fin des temps. Dans la narration eschatologique la conquête arabe devient une tribulation éphémère avant la victoire finale du bien; cette vision de l'histoire fournit ainsi des éléments d'espoir et d'encouragement à la résistance des Chrétiens assujettis. À cette fin, les conquêtes musulmanes ont été assimilées à des figures eschatologiques de la précédente production apocalyptique juive et chrétienne: leur avènement a été perçu comme une punition pour les péchés des Chrétiens, et ainsi les caractéristiques des bêtes apocalyptiques ou quelles des hordes de Gog et Magog ont été attribuées aux nouveaux conquérants. Les événements choquants de ces années ont été ainsi inclus dans une vision sotériologique, et dé-historicisés par la médiation fondamentale mise en œuvre par le discours apocalyptique. Les prophéties d'affranchissement ont en outre développé une figure messianique "nationale" et humaine: le «Dernier Empereur», le souverain grec vainqueur des Arabes avant la descente de Jésus Christ. De même, entre les conquérants musulmans, après la chute soudaine des Sassanides, la production eschatologique a été consacrée à la représentation apocalyptique de l'ennemi byzantin: des pics de pression eschatologique sont détectables dans les oeuvres eschatologiques musulmanes en même temps que les deux sièges de Constantinople de 674-678 et 717-718; un grand nombre des traditions (aḥādīth) a été dédié à la prédiction de la chute de la ville; souvent dans la tradition eschatologique musulmane la conquête de Constantinople est le dernier événement avant le jugement final, ou le prélude au royaume chiliastique du Mahdī, le souverain juste décrit dans la grande production des aḥādīth musulmane. Les craintes d'une campagne de reconquête byzantine ont été sublimées dans les traditions musulmanes, qui représentent cet événement comme une fitna (tribulation) temporaire avant la victoire de l'Islam; dans ce cas également, par conséquent, la peur de l'ennemi est annulée par la dé-historicisation religieuse, qui donne un nouveau sens aux événements par l'intermédiaire du discours apocalyptique. La principale collection de traditions eschatologiques musulmanes est le Kitab al-Fitan (Livre des tribulations) de Nu'aym b. Hammad rédigé avant l'année 844. Cette collection, qui comprend plus de deux mille traditions séparées par chapitre, est l'une des rares œuvres de collection organisée par une division thématique, et est probablement la plus ancienne parmi celles qui existent aujourd'hui. J'ai effectué une traduction des principales narrations eschatologiques contenues dans cette œuvreIn my research I analyse the eschatological productions, both Christian and Muslim, written in the two centuries after the birth of Islam. In works such as the Syriac apocalypses of Pseudo-Methodius and Pseudo-Ezra the sudden expansion of Muslim troops was mainly perceived by Eastern Christians as an apocalyptic trial, a sign of the End of Time. On the Muslim side, the main eschatological aḥādīth collection, the Kitab al-Fitan by Nu’aym b. Hammad (d. 844) shows the existence of a vital apocalyptic production which rose in correspondence to times of internal and external strife. The first part of my work deals with the use of these apocalyptic texts as historical sources, by analysing the so-called ‘vaticinia ex eventu’ (the genuine historical narrations concealed in the eschatological texts by the use of pseudonymia and isnad backdating) to shed light on some of the main events of the Arab-Byzantine conflict (e.g. the still debated chronology and size of the Arab sieges of Constantinople). In a second part I survey some of the main themes common to both of these eschatological productions (such as the depiction of the enemy, the development of messianic figures, the role of Jerusalem in the end-time, etc.); the use of a comparative perspective bears a fundamental theoretical contribution, by highlighting the presence of direct references between the different traditions, but also by underlining the common processes of eschatological production and development. Some other remarks deal with the contemporary use of these traditions, made by both Muslim and Christian fundamentalists, who look for a “prophesied roadmap” to read the current world events
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Mirmotahari, Emad. "Islam and the Eastern African novel revisiting nation, diaspora, modernity /". Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1666396541&sid=12&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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