Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Easter Island

Spis treści

Artykuły w czasopismach
Rozprawy doktorskie
Książki
Części książek
Streszczenia konferencji
Raporty organizacyjne

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Easter Island”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 29 lipca 2024

Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych

Wybierz rodzaj źródła:

Zobacz listy aktualnych artykułów, książek, rozpraw, streszczeń i innych źródeł naukowych na temat „Easter Island”.

Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.

Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.

Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Easter Island"

Spencer, Hamish G., Jonathan M. Waters i Thomas E. Eichhorst. "Taxonomy and nomenclature of black nerites (Gastropoda:Neritimorpha:Nerita) from the South Pacific". Invertebrate Systematics 21, nr 3 (2007): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is06038.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Members of the genus Nerita are abundant components of the intertidal fauna in many parts of the world and yet Nerita taxonomy remains unsettled. Here, the relationships among black-shelled Nerita populations from Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, the Kermadec Islands and Easter Island are discussed. Four species are recognised: N. atramentosa Reeve, 1855 from the southern half of Australia; N. melanotragus E.A. Smith, 1884 from eastern Australia, northern New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island and the Kermadec Islands; N. morio (G. B. Sowerby I, 1833) from Easter Island and the Austral Islands; and N. lirellata Rehder, 1980 from Easter Island alone. These species are of great importance in studies of intertidal community structure and yet two of them have been consistently confused in the ecological and taxonomic literature. Moreover, the relationships among the species are not at all as implied by recent subgeneric classifications; it is argued that all four species should be placed in the subgenus Lisanerita Krijnen, 2002. The superficially similar N. picea Récluz, 1841 is not closely related. An accurate taxonomy of the genus will almost certainly require considerable genetic analysis. The nomenclature for each species is herein established by complete synonymies, and lectotypes for both N. atramentosa and N. melanotragus are selected.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Foot, David K. "Easter Island". Greener Management International 2004, nr 48 (1.12.2004): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.3062.2004.wi.00004.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

González-García, A. César. "Easter Island". Journal for the History of Astronomy 45, nr 4 (listopad 2014): 487–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828614538383.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Ayres, Williams S. "Easter Island Subsistence." Journal de la Société des océanistes 41, nr 80 (1985): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/jso.1985.2805.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Keenan, Michael. "Rhode Island Easter". Colorado Review 43, nr 1 (2016): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/col.2016.0045.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

MCCALL, GRANT. "Exploring Easter Island". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 17, nr 2 (3.05.2011): 394–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2011.01697.x.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Bogomolov, Fedor, Ivan Cheltsov, Adrien Dubouloz i Alvaro Liendo. "Easter Island volume". European Journal of Mathematics 5, nr 3 (9.08.2019): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40879-019-00364-1.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Savill, J. "Academic paediatrics: Easter Island or Easter Sunday?" Archives of Disease in Childhood 90, nr 5 (1.05.2005): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2004.063057.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Diamond, J. "ARCHAEOLOGY: Easter Island Revisited". Science 317, nr 5845 (21.09.2007): 1692–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1138442.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Nagarajan, Palanisamy. "Collapse of Easter Island". Journal of Developing Societies 22, nr 3 (wrzesień 2006): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x06068032.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Więcej źródeł

Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Easter Island"

Gossen, Candace Lynn. "Deforestation, Drought and Humans: New Discoveries of the Late Quaternary Paleoenvironment of Rapa Nui (Easter Island)". PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/782.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The mystery of the trees of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) is a complex problem within a dynamic ecosystem. With new physical cores from the volcanic crater lake Rano Kao, this dissertation uncovers a detailed 15,000 year ecological history of Easter Island and its climatic variability. New radiocarbon dating methods establish a more precise chronology which shows that the island before human habitation was very different than what we know today. It had a simple but prolific ecology that transitioned into a barren grassland. What factors caused the transition are unclear but are likely to be human related. As the forests slowly disappeared, it could have triggered changes in regional and local climate, particularly rainfall, which generally leads to a rapid loss of ecosystems. With virtually stable climate conditions over the last 2,000 years, Easter Island has lost 33 species of plants including the giant palms, and still has not recovered today. This research challenges the previously accepted theory that humans deforested the island for the sole purpose of moving the Moai around, and focuses rather on uncovering the role of climate change that may have altered the ecosystem. New cores were obtained in 2005 from Rano Kao that were radiocarbon dated using scirpus seeds. The nine meters of core were sampled for oxygen isotope analysis of the lake water changes, a new science to the island. Detailed palynological studies of pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs uncovered changing vegetation patterns that aligned with a 700 year drought cycle. Conclusions support a cool-dry event that occurred 545 years ago, at which time the giant palms disappeared. While it was not the focus of this study, evidence confirms human occupation for more than 500 years before the disappearance of the trees.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Boyd, Laura Jean. "Mythologizing the History of Easter Island through Documentary Films". Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/boyd/BoydL1205.pdf.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Documentaries have the power to rewrite history and perpetuate myths in our society. In the case of Easter Island, documentary filmmakers have sensationalized the history of the Rapa Nui people, dwelling on dramatic concepts such as eco-disaster, cannibalism and mysteriously vanishing cultures. As a result of poor filmmaking, we have a mythologized history of Easter Island. In my attempt to create a science-based documentary about an issue affecting contemporary Easter Island society, this mythologizing of history became a major obstacle. It became apparent that I had to first inform audiences to the fact that they had been misinformed by previous documentaries about Easter Island and I had to change their interpretation of the alleged facts. In my thesis paper I examine the documentaries that created sensational statements about the island and reveal why documentary filmmakers rely on dramatic elements. I also examine my approach to the process of making my graduate thesis film, Caballo Loco on Easter Island, and review the methods I used to ensure the people of Rapa Nui were accurately represented.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Karaman, Ali Emre. "Statistical aspects of automatic pollen identification". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366220.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Sottorff-Neculhueque, Ignacio [Verfasser]. "Diversity of Easter Island Actinobacteria and their secondary metabolites / Ignacio Sottorff-Neculhueque". Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188612042/34.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Steiglechner, Peter. "A Spatially Explicit Agent-Based Model of Human-Resource Interaction on Easter Island". Thesis, KTH, Numerisk analys, NA, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277730.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The history of Easter Island, with its cultural and ecological mysteries, has attracted the interests of archaeologists, anthropologists, ecologists, and economists alike. Despite the great scientific efforts, uncertainties in the available archaeological and palynological data leave a number of critical issues unsolved and open to debate. The maximum size reached by the human population before the arrival of Europeans and the temporal dynamics of deforestation are some of the aspects still fraught with controversies. By providing a quantitative workbench for testing hypotheses and scenarios, mathematical models are a valuable complement to the observational-based approaches generally used to reconstruct the history of the island. Previous modelling studies, however, have shown a number of shortcomings in the case of Easter Island, especially when they take no account of the stochastic nature of population growth in a temporally and spatially varying environment. Here, I present a new stochastic, Agent-Based Model characterised by (1) realistic physical geography of the island and other environmental constraints (2) individual agent decision-making processes, (3) non-ergodicity of agent behaviour and environment, and (4) randomised agent-environment interactions. I use the model and the best available data to determine plausible spatial and temporal patterns of deforestation and other socioecological features of Easter Island prior to the European contact. I further identify some non-trivial connections between microscopic decisions or constraints (like local confinement of agents' actions or their adaptation strategy to environmental degradation) and macroscopic behaviour of the system that can not easily be neglected in a discussion about the history of Easter Island before European contact.
Påsköns historia har, med dess kulturella och ekologiska mysterier, väckt intressen hos arkeologer, antropologer, ekologer och ekonomer. Trots de stora vetenskapliga ansträngningarna lämnar osäkerheten i de tillgängliga arkeologiska och palynologiska data ett antal kritiska frågor olösta och öppna för debatt. Den maximala storleken som den mänskliga befolkningen nådde före européernas ankomst, och avskogningens tidsmässiga dynamik, är några av de aspekter som fortfarande är fyllda med kontroverser. Genom att tillhandahålla en kvantitativ arbetsbänk för att testa hypoteser och scenarier är matematiska modeller ett värdefullt komplement till de observationsbaserade metoder som vanligtvis används för att rekonstruera öns historia. Tidigare modelleringsstudier har emellertid visat ett antal brister i fallet med Påskön, särskilt när de inte tar hänsyn till den stokastiska karaktären av befolkningsökningen i en tillfällig och rumsligt varierande miljö. Här presenters en ny stokastisk, agentbaserad modell som kännetecknas av (1) realistisk fysisk geografi av ön och andra miljömässiga begränsningar, (2) individuella beslutsprocesser av agenter, (3) icke-ergodicitet av agentens beteende och miljö och (4) randomiserade agent-miljöinteraktioner. Modellen används tillsammans med de bästa tillgängliga data för att bestämma rimliga rumsliga och temporära mönster av avskogning och andra socioekologiska egenskaper på Påskön före européers ankoms. Vidare identifieras några icke-triviala förbindelser mellan mikroskopiska beslut eller begränsningar (till exempel lokal inneslutning av agentens handlingar eller deras anpassningsstrategi till miljöförstöring) och makroskopiskt beteende hos systemet som inte lätt kan försummas i en diskussion om påsköns historia före europeisk kontakt.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Wozniak, Joan Alice. "Exploring landscapes on Easter Island (Rapanui) with geoarchaeological studies : settlement, subsistence, and environmental changes /". view abstract or download file of text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3113031.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2003.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 689-733). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Hicks, Karen Elizabeth. "Studies towards the total synthesis of rapamycin". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341068.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Hanif, Shahpara <1991&gt. "Determination of Trace elements and Major Ions in Environmental Matrices from Rano Raraku Lake (Easter Island)". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/13793.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

In the southern Pacific Ocean Easter Island is located famous for its megalithic statues named moai. Two lakes Rano Raraku (RR) and Rano Aroi (RA) are central water resources currently used by the local population for agricultural and breeding activities. The objective of this study is to determine the trace and rare earth elements as well as major ion contents in water and sediments of these lakes to obtain information about the water quality and to provide additional insights on transport mechanism inside the lake basin. The analysis was carried out by using Inductively Coupled Plasma –Mass Spectrometry, Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry and Ion Chromatography. The results showed that RR water contains high amounts of sodium and chlorine due to high evaporation rate in conjunction with a likely marine input. These values make the water undrinkable and unsuitable for agricultural purposes, although the level of metals in the water is not alarming. The rare earth element analysis suggested that strong winds activity, favored by the high deforestation rate occurred several centuries ago, is the main factor that influenced transport dynamics inside the basin. Potential warning for the water quality of RR is due to the unregulated management of the wild horses, as the dead body of the animals that oftentimes left near lakeshore. RR and RA are found to enrich in Ag, Fe, and Zn but they are deficient in many elements like Cs, Pb, V, Ni. This is explained as Island does not have industrial activities. Moreover, although the water of Rano Aroi is not polluted by metals and the presence of dead animals was not observed, the recent plantation of the eucalyptus forest in its neighborhood is a serious thread that may cause significant drop in the level of water in the next future.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Abdurrahimli, Aygul <1996&gt. "Palaeoenvironmental changes in the Vaitea region (Easter Island) through a trace element record from Rano Aroi". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/17407.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Easter Island is a remote Island located 3000 km far from the west-coast of Chile and it is considered the most isolated place on Earth. First humans arrived in the island likely during the 10th century. After their arrival the Rapa Nui people used the environmental resources available and created a complex society that lead to the building of the famous statues named Moai. However, between the 15th – 16th century, the Rapa Nui society declined. This decline has been ascribed to several climatic and environmental factors combined with a mismanagement of the resources available that lead to the deforestation of the island. Nevertheless, nowadays, past environmental reconstructions and archaeological evidence do not provide a clear description of the dynamics that lead to the aforementioned decline. In this thesis, a sediment core collected in 2017 (2 m length) at the crater lake named Rano Aroi located in the Vaitea region (Easter Island) was analyzed. Trace and rare earth elements were determined in about 100 samples corresponding to a time period that covers the last 2 millennia. Several diagnostic elemental ratios and their concentrations were used to evaluate the dynamics and the timing of the main environmental changes that can be ascribed to a combination of natural, climatic and anthropogenic factors and that can be related to the Rapa Nui collapse.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Navarro, Sigourney Nina. "The Crematorium of Hanga Hahave on Rapa Nui (Easter Island): What stories can the skeletal remains reveal". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325498.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

This paper uses an osteological approach and applies the study of entanglement in an attempt to understand the crematoria on Rapa Nui (Easter Island), which represent a unique tradition within the ceremonial spheres of the Polynesian area. Skeletal remains from the crematorium of ahu Hanga Hahave, which consist of both cremated - and unburned remains, have been analysed to reveal the different practices that took part in the cremation process and to identify the individuals that were deposited in such structure. Ethnohistorical records were applied to interpret the osteological evidence and to discuss the circumstances surrounding the possible use of the crematorium, as either a site for sacrificial offerings or a site for burials. This paper aims at creating an underlying basis for the study of crematoria on Rapa Nui and provides an overview of the processes central to the disposal of the dead and the usage and significance of this structure. The results of this study showed that the ancient Rapanui through the practice of cremation, followed an internalised structure within their society to complete each cultural act that constituted the crematorium, and these were divided in the construction of the crematorium, the making of fire, and the treatment of the dead. The complexity of each cultural act presents the possibility that an organised society, with at least one designated head, may have been in charge of the practice of cremation physically and spiritually. The skeletal remains could not be applied to determine whether the crematorium of Hanga Hahave was used for sacrificial offering or for burial since the analysed remains only represented one-fifth of the entire bone collection from the crematorium. However, the findings of this study have pointed towards a burial practice rather than a sacrificial one.
Denna uppsats använder ett osteologiskt tillvägagångssätt och Hodders’’entanglement’ studie i tolkningen av krematorierna på Rapa Nui (Påskön), som representerar en unik tradition inom Polynesien. Skelettmaterialet från krematoriet i ahu Hanga Hahave har analyserats för att upptäcka de olika metoder som deltog i kremeringsprocessen och identifiera vilka individer som deponerades här. Etnohistoriska källor användes också i tolkningen av det osteologiska materialet och för att behandla frågorna kring krematoriernas användning: antigen som en plats för offring eller en plats för begravning. Syftet är att skapa en underliggande grund för studiet av krematorierna på Rapa Nui för att ge en överblick på de centrala processerna. Resultatet visade att den forntida Rapanui följde en internaliserad struktur inom sitt samhälle för att slutföra varje kulturell handling som utgjorde kremerings praktik och var uppdelade i konstruktionen av krematoriet, bruken av eld och hantering av de döda. Komplexiteten hos varje handling möjliggör att ett organiserat samhälle, där minst en ledare har varit ansvarig i fysisk eller andlig form. Skelettmaterialet från krematoriet i ahu Hanga Hahave kunde inte användas för att bestämma krematoriets användning eftersom det analyserade materialet endast representerade en femtedel av den totala bensamlingen, dock pekar studiet på en begravningsritual snarare än en offer.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Więcej źródeł

Książki na temat "Easter Island"

Loret, John, i John T. Tanacredi, red. Easter Island. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0183-1.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Vanderbes, Jennifer. Easter Island. New York: Random House Publishing Group, 2003.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

John, Flenley, red. Easter Island, Earth Island. New York, N.Y: Thames and Hudson, 1992.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Charlotte, Beech, red. Chile & Easter Island. Wyd. 7. Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet, 2006.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

McCarthy, Carolyn. Chile & Easter Island. Wyd. 9. Footscray, Vic: Lonely Planet, 2012.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Natalie, Minnis, i Discovery Channel (Firm), red. Chile & Easter Island. Wyd. 3. Singapore: APA Pub., 2005.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Küffner, Stephan. Frommer's Chile & Easter Island. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2007.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Raum, Elizabeth. Statues of Easter Island. Mankato, MN: Amicus High Interest, 2015.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Inc, DK Publishing, red. Chile and Easter Island. London: DK Pub., 2011.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Vanderbes, Jennifer. Easter Island: A novel. New York: Dial Press, 2003.

Znajdź pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Więcej źródeł

Części książek na temat "Easter Island"

Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. "Easter Island". W Encyclopedia of Prehistory, 45–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1189-2_8.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Loret, John. "Introduction: An Easter Island Experience—How it all Started". W Easter Island, 1–15. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0183-1_1.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Boyko, Christopher B. "The Endemic Marine Invertebrates of Easter Island: How Many Species and for How Long?" W Easter Island, 155–75. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0183-1_10.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Magliulo-Cepriano, Lucia, Martin P. Schreibman i John T. Tanacredi. "Finfish in the Rano Kau Caldera of Easter Island". W Easter Island, 177–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0183-1_11.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Hemm, Robert A., i Marcelo Mendez. "Aerial Surveys of Isle De Pasqua: Easter Island and the New Birdmen". W Easter Island, 187–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0183-1_12.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Kirksey, Lindley. "Easter Island Under Glass: Observations and Conversations". W Easter Island, 195–206. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0183-1_13.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Reanier, Richard E., i Donald P. Ryan. "Mapping the Poike Ditch". W Easter Island, 207–21. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0183-1_14.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Loret, John, i John T. Tanacredi. "Addendum". W Easter Island, 223–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0183-1_15.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Loret, John. "A Cultural Icon: Scientific Exploration into the World’s Environmental Problems in Microcosm". W Easter Island, 19–28. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0183-1_2.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Tanacredi, J. T., K. Buckley, T. Savage i B. Cliver. "Rapa Nui National Park, Easter Island, Chile: An Eco-Tourism Outline with Issues and Suggestions". W Easter Island, 29–36. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0183-1_3.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Easter Island"

Zeferjahn, Tanya, Matthew Becker i Carl Lipo. "SUBMARINE DISCHARGE AND THE ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF EASTER ISLAND". W 112th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016cd-274674.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Onederra, O., I. Zamora, J. I. San Martin, F. J. Asensio, G. Saldana i A. A. Silva. "Design of Easter Island Energy Supply by Renewable Energy Sources". W 2019 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccep.2019.8890108.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Martinelli, Julieta, Sandra Gordillo, Sandra Gordillo, Maria Carla De Aranzamendi, Maria Carla De Aranzamendi, Marcelo Rivadeneira i Marcelo Rivadeneira. "FIRST CHARACTERIZATION OF DRILLING PREDATION ON EASTER ISLAND - RAPA NUI". W GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-303900.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Kao, Hei-Ling, i Huann-Ming Chou. "Observing the conflict between human civilisation and Mother Nature in environmental changes on Easter Island". W 2017 International Conference on Applied System Innovation (ICASI). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icasi.2017.7988581.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Popp, Brian, Catrine Jarman, Thomas Larsen, Terry Hunt, Carl Lipo, Hilary G. Close, Natalie Wallsgrove i Cassie Ka'apu-Lyons. "DIET OF THE PREHISTORIC POPULATION OF RAPA NUI (EASTER ISLAND, CHILE) SHOWS ENVIRONMENTAL ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE". W 113th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017cd-292619.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Rzoska, Agata Angelika, i Aleksandra Drozd-Rzoska. "The Story about One Island and Four Cities. The Socio-Economic Soft Matter Model - Based Report." W Socratic Lectures 8. University of Lubljana Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55295/psl.2023.ii18.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The report discusses the emergence of the Socio-Economic Soft Matter as the consequence of interactions between physics and economy, since the onset of modern times. First, using soft matter science tools, demographic changes since the Industrial Revolution times onset are tested. It is supported by innovative derivative-sensitive and distortions-sensitive analytic tools. All these revealed for population changes the Weibult-type powered exponential description, with the crossover to the lesser rising pattern emerging after the year 1970. Subsequently, population changes are tested for the Rapa Nui (Easter) Island model case and for four selected model cities where the rise and decay phases have occured. They are Detroit and Cleveland in USA and Łódź (Lodz, the former textile industry center), and Bytom (the former coal mining center) in Poland. The analysis shows universal scaling patterns for population changes, coupled to the scocio-economic background impact, revealing also the long-lasting determinism. Finally, sources of obtained universal behavior are discussed in the frame of the Socio-Economic Soft Matter concept. Keywords: Demography; Socio-economy; Soft Matter; Weilbul distribution; Rapa Nui; Post-industrial cities

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Yao, W. F., A. L. Peratt, P. Bustamante i R. Tuki. "A complete survey of the rock art on easter island as solar-earth MHD instablities recorded by mankind in antiquity". W 2009 IEEE 36th International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2009.5227369.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

El Amrousi, Mohamed, Mohamed Elhakeem i Evan Paleologos. "Mangrove Parks as Alternative Urbanscapes in Desert Environments: Abu Dhabi as a Case Study". W Human Systems Engineering and Design (IHSED 2021) Future Trends and Applications. AHFE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001175.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The Abu Dhabi coastline is currently being connected at the Eastern Mangroves on the main island of Abu Dhabi to newly urbanized islands such as Al Jubail Island via an extensive bridge that will cross Umm Lafina Island and vast mangrove landscapes. This is part of a broader plan to create connections to new urban islands to mainland Abu Dhabi such as Al Reem and Al Maryah islands through a series of bridges, roads, and related infrastructure. The most challenging aspect in Gulf state cities is creating green open spaces and parks due to the scarcity of water and extreme heat. Mangroves offer Abu Dhabi an alternative venue to connect urban expansions to the environment because mangrove landscapes can be developed without the need for fresh water, and have become destinations for expatriate communities to enjoy the view and watersports such as Kayaking. This research studies Mangrove waterfront landscapes in Abu Dhabi and new urban developments created in the Eastern Mangroves and Al-Jubail Island.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Kordej-De Villa, Željka, i Sunčana Slijepčević. "LIVING ON CROATIAN ISLANDS – PERCEPTIONS AND REALITIES OF ISLAND DEVELOPMENT POLICY". W Fourth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.s.p.2020.47.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The Croatian islands make the second-largest archipelago in the Mediterranean. There are 1244 islands (78 islands, 524 islets, and 642 rocks and rocks awash) that are situated in a range of 450 km along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. The total area covers 3300 km2 (about 5.8 % of Croatian mainland territory) and the length of their coast is 4057 km. Twenty of these islands occupy an area larger than 20 km2 each, and the other 58 ones have a surface from 1 km2 to 20 km2. There are 47 islands that are permanently inhabited. Administratively, islands belong to seven coastal counties and 51 island towns/municipalities. Several small islands are in the jurisdiction of seven coastal cities. By the Constitution, islands are considered as a region of special protection and unique value. Islands specificities require development policy that takes account of demographic, economic, environmental, and other island issues. In the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, island development policy becomes even more challenging and complex. This paper aims to analyse the attitudes and perceptions of the islanders about the living conditions on the island and the impact of public policies on island development. Identifying the problems from the local perspective helps us to evaluate the success of island development policy. Effective island policy increases the quality of life of the islanders while respecting island specifics. For this purpose, the results of a survey conducted on a sample of the inhabitants of Croatian islands conducted in 2020 are used. The surveys were conducted using the online tool LimeSurvey. The results indicate that 42 percent of the islanders think that living conditions on the islands are not improving. Most of the islanders think that government policy does not encourage island development. The paper also identifies factors that are responsible for differences in attitudes and perceptions of islanders.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Вакуров, М. С. "ENCOUNTERS WITH FALLEN LONGSNOUT LANCETFISH ALEPISAURUS FEROX INDIVIDUALS AND SPECIFICS OF THEIR DIET IN COASTAL WATERS OF THE EASTERN SHORE OF THE BERING ISLAND (COMMANDER ISLANDS)". W ХXIV международная научная конференция сохранение биоразнообразия Камчатки и прилегающих морей. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53657/kbpgi041.2023.37.47.046.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

ВСТРЕЧИ ПАВШИХ ОСОБЕЙ ДЛИННОРЫЛОГО АЛЕПИЗАВРА ALEPISAURUS FEROX И НЕКОТОРЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИХ ПИТАНИЯ В ПРИБРЕЖНЫХ ВОДАХ ВОСТОЧНОГО ПОБЕРЕЖЬЯ О-ВА БЕРИНГА (КОМАНДОРСКИЕ О-ВА) ENCOUNTERS WITH FALLEN LONGSNOUT LANCETFISH ALEPISAURUS FEROX INDIVIDUALS AND SPECIFICS OF THEIR DIET IN COASTAL WATERS OF THE EASTERN SHORE OF THE BERING ISLAND (COMMANDER ISLANDS)

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Easter Island"

Hooper, M. J. G., i A. S. Dyke. Surficial geology, Agu Bay and Easter Cape, Baffin Island, Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/211525.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

James J. Herlan, James J. Herlan. Digitizing the Coral Reefs of Easter Island and Salas y Gómez. Experiment, listopad 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/1657.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Gossen, Candace. Deforestation, Drought and Humans: New Discoveries of the Late Quaternary Paleoenvironment of Rapa Nui (Easter Island). Portland State University Library, styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.782.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Audsley, Neil, Gonzalo Avila, Claudio Ioratti, Valerie Caron, Chiara Ferracini, Tibor Bukovinszki, Marc Kenis i in. Glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar). Euphresco, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240228465.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis), native to the southeastern USA and northeastern Mexico, has become a major economic threat to the grape and wine industry of California, USA, due to its role as a vector for the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. This pest has also spread to Hawaii, Cook Islands, Easter Island and French Polynesia. In California, chemical control measures have led to imidacloprid resistance, necessitating sustainable management options. Classical biological control has been effective, particularly using egg parasitoids from the genus Cosmocomoidea. The most successful species, Cosmocomoidea ashmeadi, has achieved parasitism rates of 80-100% and significantly reduced H. vitripennis populations in California and French Polynesia. Cosmocomoidea walkerjonesi offers complementary control, particularly in cooler regions. These parasitoids present promising long-term solutions for managing H. vitripennis populations.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Gow, Kirsten, Margaret Currie, Paula Duffy, Ruth Wilson i Lorna J. Philip. Gow’s Typology of Scotland’s Islands: Technical notes. University of Aberdeen, listopad 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57064/2164/22333.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

While classifications of Scotland’s islands already exist, these are often based on geographical location or local authority boundaries, which fails to acknowledge key differences between islands in close geographical proximity and overlooks commonalities between geographically dispersed islands. Measures of population size and travel time to larger population centres are routinely used in domestic and international examples of such classifications. However, these do not capture island-specific factors affecting those who live and work in islands, which are key considerations for research and policy making. Gow’s Typology of Scotland’s Islands was developed as part of a doctoral research project exploring island connections and return migration in order to address these issues and tackle some of the difficulties associated with ensuring the anonymity of research participants and the communities they live in when working with islands with small populations. The typology is framed by two concepts, capacity and reliance, and classifies inhabited islands that met the inclusion criteria set for the research project. Specifically, the typology examines: (i) the capacity an island has to meet the day-to-day needs of its inhabitants, and (ii) the island’s reliance, by which we mean the extent to which it must rely on external actors to meet these needs, and the ease or difficulty island residents might experience in doing so. The concepts, factors and associated dimensions are described in section 5 and have been used to create the classes, or ‘types’ outlined in section 6. Gow’s Typology of Scottish Islands necessarily indicates aspects of capacity and reliance in Scotland’s islands at a specific point in time. However, it has been developed in a way that allows it to be updated and also has the potential to be extended for wider use, both by adding additional factors to complement the conceptual framework, and/or by adding dimensions to existing factors. Further, it is possible that a similar approach could be adopted for other global island groupings.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Hall, Linnea, Peter Larramendy, Lena Lee i Annie Little. Landbird monitoring 2020 annual report: Channel Islands National Park. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301088.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The National Park Service (NPS) began monitoring landbirds at Channel Islands National Park in 1993 as part of its long-term inventory and monitoring program. The park?s landbird monitoring later became part of the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Division?s Mediterranean Coast Network long-term monitoring programs. Consequently, landbird monitoring has been conducted in the park during every breeding season since 1993. In this report, we summarize data collected during the 2020 breeding season. Landbird monitoring was conducted between 1 April and 30 June 2020. Using distance-based sampling methods in a standardized protocol, birds were counted on 7 of 10 permanent line transects (70%) (2 of 3 on Santa Barbara Island, 1 of 1 on East Anacapa Island, and 4 of 5 on San Miguel Island). Two transects were not sampled in 2020 because of nesting California Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) on Santa Barbara Island (i.e., Canyons Transect) and reduced person hours and unfavorable winds on San Miguel Island (i.e., San Miguel Hill Transect). For point counts, 225 of 338 (67%) permanent stations were counted (i.e., 30 of 33 points on Santa Barbara Island, 8 of 8 on East Anacapa Island, 100 of 112 on Santa Cruz Island, 40 of 40 on San Miguel Island, and 47 of 145 on Santa Rosa Island). The 8 Prisoners? Cove points were not counted in 2020. Three points were not counted on Santa Barbara Island due to nesting pelicans: these points and the transect were also not counted in 2016?2019 to avoid disturbing breeding pelicans. Other points (i.e., on east Santa Cruz Island and Santa Rosa Island) were not counted due in large part to the global COVID-19 pandemic. Traveling to and from the park was only granted to essential NPS staff for the majority of the landbird season. Fifty-one bird species were counted from points and transects across all of the islands in 2020; 39 of these are breeding species on the island. Parkwide, the 10 most commonly detected breeding landbirds in 2020 were, in descending order: Horned Lark, Spotted Towhee, Song Sparrow, White-crowned Sparrow, Western Meadowlark, Orange-crowned Warbler, Bewick?s Wren, Island Scrub-Jay, House Finch, and Common Raven. On East Anacapa Island, 26 landbird species have been counted since 1993; 5 species were counted in 2020. No new transient species were detected in 2020; 10 transient or visiting species (nonbreeding, native species recorded only once or twice during surveys) have been counted on the island overall since 1993. On Santa Barbara Island, 49 landbird species have been counted since 1993; 15 species were counted in 2020. The highest number of Horned Lark since 1993 were counted in 2020 (n = 451). Warbling Vireo was a new transient species counted in 2020 on Santa Barbara; 30 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island since 1993. On Santa Cruz Island, 74 landbird species have been counted since 2013; 34 species were counted in 2020. Bullock?s Oriole was a new transient species counted in 2020 on Santa Cruz; 21 transient or visiting species have been counted on this island since 2013. On San Miguel Island, 69 landbird species have been counted since 1993; 14 were counted in 2020. No transient species were counted in 2020; 34 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island since 1993. On Santa Rosa Island, 75 landbird species have been counted since 1994; 26 were detected in 2020. Rose-breasted Grosbeak was a new transient species counted in 2020 on Santa Rosa Island; 30 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island since 1994. Across all the 5 islands, 3 transient or visiting bird species were newly counted in 2020, for a total of 77 such species counted since NPS monitoring began on the islands. Nonnative and invasive birds were counted on only 1 of the 5 islands in 2020: 4 European Starlings on Santa Rosa Island. However, anecdotal sightings of nonnative species occurred much more frequently (i.e., outside of the point and transect counts), and were made on all islands except Anacapa in 2020. The highest numbers of nonnative species detections occurred on Santa Cruz Island, with 33 detections of Eurasian Collared Dove (primarily at the Main Ranch area in the Central Valley), 15 detections of Brown-headed Cowbird (primarily at Scorpion Harbor), and 15 detections of European Starling (primarily at the Main Ranch and Scorpion Harbor). House Sparrows were observed fewer times, but on all islands except Anacapa; cowbirds occurred on all islands except Anacapa and San Miguel; and Rock Pigeon occurred on Santa Barbara and Santa Cruz Islands. In 2020, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, 67% of all points and 77% of all transects were counted among the 5 islands. Santa Rosa received the lightest sampling of points (32%), due to the difficulty of getting observers onto the island. Even with diminished sampling, species richness (number of species) values fell in predictable patterns: richness was greatest on the larger islands (75 on Santa Rosa, 73 on Santa Cruz) and least on the smallest islands (26 on Anacapa, 48 on Santa Barbara). We continue to recommend that nonnative invasive species, such as European Starlings on Santa Rosa Island, be removed before their numbers become harder to manage. Also, because Distance analyses assist statistically with evaluations of trends, we continue to recommend that a trend analysis using program DISTANCE, or newer hierarchical distance analyses, should be used after the 2020 season to assess 5-year trends in breeding species? numbers following the 2015 trend analysis conducted by Coonan and Dye (2016).

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Larramendy, Peter, Linnea Hall i Annie Little. Landbird trends 2016–2021, and 2021 annual report: Channel Islands National Park. National Park Service, sierpień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299629.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

The National Park Service (NPS) began monitoring landbirds at Channel Islands National Park in 1993 as part of its long-term inventory and monitoring program. The park’s landbird monitoring later became part of the NPS Inventory and Monitoring Division’s Mediterranean Coast Network long-term monitoring programs. Consequently, landbird monitoring has been conducted during every breeding season since 1993. In this report, we summarize data collected during the 2021 breeding season and we analyze trends in a select number of species. Landbird monitoring was conducted between 10 March and 22 May 2021. Using distance-based sampling methods in a standardized protocol, birds were counted on 334 of 338 permanent point count stations (99%) across the Channel Islands monitored for landbirds. These surveys were conducted at 29 of 33 points on Santa Barbara Island, 8 of 8 on East Anacapa Islet, 112 of 112 on Santa Cruz Island, 40 of 40 on San Miguel Island, and 145 of 145 on Santa Rosa Island. Four points on Santa Barbara Island were not counted due to nesting California Brown Pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) and Western Gulls (Larus occidentalis); 3 of 4 points (i.e., 17, 19, and 20) were also not counted in 2016–2021 to avoid disturbing breeding pelicans. This was the first monitoring season that the permanent line transects on Santa Barbara, East Anacapa, and San Miguel Islands were not surveyed. During the 2021 monitoring season, Channel Islands National Park decided to stop using line transects and focus on point count stations only, based on an external review of the landbird monitoring program. Fifty-six bird species were counted at point count stations across all of the islands in 2021. Parkwide, 40 of these species are breeders in Channel Islands National Park. Parkwide, the 10 most detected breeding landbirds in 2021 were, in descending order: Spotted Towhee, Song Sparrow, Bewick’s Wren, Orange-crowned Warbler, House Finch, Western Meadowlark, Horned Lark, Common Raven, Island Scrub-Jay, and Pacific-slope Flycatcher (scientific names in Table 2 and Appendix A). On East Anacapa Islet, 26 landbird species have been counted since 1993; 7 species were counted in 2021. No new transient species were detected in 2021; 6 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island overall since 1993. On Santa Barbara Island, 50 landbird species have been counted since 1993; 13 species were counted in 2021. Lincoln’s Sparrow was a new transient species counted in 2021 on Santa Barbara; 23 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island since 1993. On Santa Cruz Island, 78 landbird species have been counted since 2013; 45 species were counted in 2021. Hermit Warbler, Lawrence’s Goldfinch and Warbling Vireo were new transient species counted in 2021 on Santa Cruz Island; 21 transient or visiting species have been counted on this island since 2013. On San Miguel Island, 70 landbird species have been counted since 1993; 10 were counted in 2021. No transient species were counted in 2021; 32 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island since 1993. On Santa Rosa Island, 78 landbird species have been counted since 1994; 39 were detected in 2021. No new transient species were counted in 2021 on Santa Rosa; 21 transient or visiting species have been counted on the island since 1994. Nonnative and invasive birds were counted on only 1 of the 5 islands in 2021: 23 European Starlings on Santa Rosa Island. However, anecdotal sightings of nonnative species occurred more frequently (i.e., outside of survey times) on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands in 2021. The highest numbers of nonnative species detections occurred on Santa Rosa Island, with 25 detections of Eurasian Collared Dove (primarily at the Historic Ranch), 18 detections of European Starling (Historic Ranch), 2 detections of Brown-headed Cowbird, and 1 Rock Pigeon detection (Historic Ranch). Other species were not reported by Channel Islands National Park landbird monitors or in eBird in 2021. This was the first annual monitoring report since the Coonan and Dye (2016) trend report to incorporate density estimates for particular species across Channel Islands National Park. Parkwide, 13 species were analyzed using the Distance Package in R. Of the 13 species analyzed, 5 had either increasing or decreasing densities from 2016 to 2021. All park islands except for Santa Barbara had a species that showed an increasing or decreasing trend from 2016 to 2021. Horned Lark and House Finch on San Miguel Island were the only species to show decreasing trends from 2016 to 2021, which is opposite from the trend presented by Coonan and Dye (2016).

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Mayr, U., T. Frisch, T. de Freitas, A. V. Okulitch i J. W. Kerr. Geology, eastern Prince of Wales Island and adjacent smaller islands, Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/214111.

Pełny tekst źródła

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Haggart, J. W., L. T. Dafoe, K. M. Bell, G L Williams, E. T. Burden, L. D. Currie, R. A. Fensome i A. R. Sweet. Historical development of a litho- and biostratigraphic framework for onshore Cretaceous-Paleocene deposits along western Baffin Bay. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321828.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Cretaceous-Paleogene strata along the eastern coast of Baffin Island, on Bylot Island, and on associated islands north of Cape Dyer, have been known since the early days of exploration of Baffin Bay in the mid-nineteenth century. Studies of these strata in the 1970s-1990s established their clastic nature and revealed details of their stratigraphy, ages, and depositional settings. Onshore strata in the Cape Dyer area accumulated in close association with volcanic deposits related to late-stage rifting in the Late Cretaceous to Early Paleocene that eventually formed Baffin Bay. In contrast, deposits in more northerly areas, such as the Eclipse and North Bylot troughs on Bylot Island, exhibit similar clastic rocks, but lack conspicuous volcanic strata, and have been associated with either the Sverdrup Basin or the Baffin Bay rift. The litho- and biostratigraphy of these deposits are summarized and discussed in terms of differing and contrasting stratigraphic interpretations, age assignments, and depositional environments.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Whitaker, Stephen. Rocky intertidal community monitoring at Channel Islands National Park: 2018–19 annual report. National Park Service, sierpień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299674.

Pełny tekst źródła

Streszczenie:

Channel Islands National Park includes the five northern islands off the coast of southern California (San Miguel, Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, and Santa Barbara Islands) and the surrounding waters out one nautical mile. There are approximately 176 miles of coastline around the islands, about 80% of which is composed of rock. The diversity and undisturbed nature of the tidepools of this rocky coastline were recognized as special features of the islands in the enabling legislation. To conserve these communities unimpaired for future generations, the National Park Service has been monitoring the rocky intertidal communities at the islands since 1982. Sites were established between 1982 and 1998. Site selection considered visitation, accessibility, presence of representative organisms, wildlife disturbance, and safety. This report summarizes the 2018–2019 sampling year efforts (from November 2018 to April 2019) and findings of the Channel Islands National Park Rocky Intertidal Community Monitoring Program. Specific monitoring objectives are 1) to determine the long-term trends in percent cover of key sessile organisms in the rocky intertidal ecosystem, and 2) to determine population dynamics of black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii), owl limpets (Lottia gigantea), and ochre sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus). Objectives were met by monitoring percent cover of core species in target intertidal zones using photoplots and transects, and by measuring size frequency and abundance of black abalone, owl limpets, and sea stars using fixed plots or timed searches. Twelve key species or assemblages, as well as the substrate, tar, have been monitored twice per year at 21 sites on the five park islands as part of the rocky intertidal community monitoring program. Fixed photoplots were used to monitor the percent cover of thatched and acorn barnacles (Tetraclita rubescens, Balanus glandula/Chthamalus spp., respectively), mussels (Mytilus californianus), rockweeds (Silvetia compressa, and Pelvetiopsis californica (formerly Hesperophycus californicus), turfweed (Endocladia muricata), goose barnacles (Pollicipes polymerus) and tar. Point-intercept transects were used to determine the percent cover of surfgrass (Phyllospadix spp.). Information about size distribution (i.e., “size frequency” data) was collected for owl limpets in circular plots. Size distribution and relative abundance of black abalone and ochre sea stars were determined using timed searches. The maximum number of shorebirds and pinnipeds seen at one time were counted at each site. The number of concession boat visitors to the Anacapa tidepools was collected and reported. All sites were monitored in 2018–2019. This was the third year that we officially reduced our sampling interval from twice per year (spring and fall) to once in order to streamline the program and allow for the implementation of additional protocols. Weather conditions during the site visits were satisfactory, but high wind coupled with strong swell and surge limited or prevented the completion of some of the abalone and sea star searches. The percent cover for most key species or assemblages targeted in the photoplots was highly variable among sites. Mussel (Mytilus californianus) cover remained below average at Anacapa and Santa Barbara Islands. Record or near record low abundances for Mytilus were measured at Middle West Anacapa (Anacapa Island), Harris Point (San Miguel Island), Prisoner’s Harbor (Santa Cruz Island), and Sea Lion Rookery (Santa Barbara Island) sites. The only site that appeared to have above average Mytilus cover was Scorpion Rock on Santa Cruz Island. All other sites had mussel cover near or below the long-term mean. Qualitatively, Mytilus recruitment appeared low at most sites. Both rockweed species, Silvetia compressa and Pelvetiopsis californica (formerly Hesperophycus californicus), continued to decrease markedly in abundance this year at the majority of sites compared to combined averages for previous years. Fossil Reef and Northwest-Talcott on Santa Rosa Island, Sea Lion Rookery on Santa Barbara Island, and South Frenchy’s Cove on Anacapa Island were the only sites that supported Silvetia cover that was near the long-term mean. No sites exhibited above average cover of rockweed. Extremely high levels of recruitment for Silvetia and Pelvetiopsis were documented at many sites. Most sites exhibited marked declines in S. compressa abundances beginning in the early 2000s, with little recovery observed for the rockweed through this year. Barnacle (Chthamalus/Balanus spp.) cover fell below the long-term means at all islands except Anacapa, where barnacle cover was slightly above average. Endocladia muricata abundances remained comparable to the grand mean calculated for previous years at Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa Islands, while cover of the alga decreased slightly below the long-term means at Anacapa and San Miguel Islands. Black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) abundances at the islands remain less than one percent of 1985 population levels. Zero abalone were found throughout the entire site at Landing Cove on Santa Barbara Island and South Frenchy’s Cove on Anacapa Island. Above average abundances relative to the long-term mean generated from post-1995 data were observed at all but five sites. Juvenile black abalone were seen at all islands except Santa Barbara. Ochre sea star (Pisaster ochraceus) populations crashed in 2014 at all monitoring sites due to Sea Star Wasting Syndrome, an illness characterized by a suite of symptoms that generally result in death. The mortality event was widely considered to be the largest mortality event for marine diseases ever seen. Beginning in June 2013, the disease swiftly and significantly impacted P. ochraceus (among other species of sea stars) populations along the North American Pacific coast from Alaska to Baja California, Mexico. By the beginning of 2014, P. ochraceus abundances had declined by >95% at nearly all Channel Islands long-term intertidal monitoring sites, in addition to numerous other locations along the West Coast. At various times during the past decade, extremely high abundances (~ 500 P. ochraceus) have been observed at multiple sites, and most locations have supported >100 sea stars counted during 30-minute site-wide searches. This year, abundances ranged 0–13 individuals per site with all but one site having fewer than 10 P. ochraceus seen during routine searches. Insufficient numbers of sea stars were seen to accurately estimate the size structure of P. ochraceus populations. Only two juveniles (i.e., <50 mm) were observed at all sites combined. Giant owl limpet densities in 2018–2019 were comparable or slightly above the long-term mean at seven sites. Exceptionally high densities were measured at Northwest-Talcott on Santa Rosa Island, Otter Harbor on San Miguel Island, and Willows Anchorage on Santa Cruz Island. The sizes of L. gigantea this year varied among sites and islands. The smallest L. gigantea were observed at Otter Harbor followed closely by Willows Anchorage and Anacapa Middle West, and the largest were seen at Northwest-Talcott. Temporally, the mean sizes of L. gigantea in 2018–2019 decreased below the long-term mean at each island except Anacapa. Surfgrasses (Phyllospadix spp.) are typically monitored biannually at two sites each on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands. Beginning in 2015, all transects at each of the monitoring sites were only sampled once per year. At East Point on Santa Rosa Island, the conditions were not conducive to sampling the surfgrass transects, but qualitatively, percent cover of surfgrass appeared to be near 100% on all three transects. Relative to past years, cover of surfgrass increased above the long-term mean at Fraser Cove on Santa Cruz Island, fell slightly below the mean at Trailer on Santa Cruz Island, and remained approximately equivalent to the mean at the two Santa Rosa Island sites. Overall, the abundance and diversity of shorebirds in 2018–2019 at all sites appeared similar to observations made in recent years, with the exception of elevated numbers of brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) observed at East Point on Santa Rosa Island. Black oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) were the most ubiquitous shorebird seen at all sites. Black turnstones (Arenaria melanocephala) were not common relative to past years. Pinniped abundances remained comparable in 2018–2019 to historical counts for all three species that are commonly seen at the islands. Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) were seen in the vicinity of eight sites this year. As in past years, harbor seals were most abundant at Otter Harbor and Harris Point on San Miguel Island. Elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) were seen at six sites during the year, where abundances ranged 1–5 individuals per location. California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) were common at Santa Barbara Island; 117 individuals were observed at Sea Lion Rookery. Sea lion abundances were higher than usual at Harris Point (N = 160) and Otter Harbor (N = 82) on San Miguel Island. Relative to past years, abundances this year were considered average at other locations.

Style APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO itp.

Oferujemy zniżki na wszystkie plany premium dla autorów, których prace zostały uwzględnione w tematycznych zestawieniach literatury. Skontaktuj się z nami, aby uzyskać unikalny kod promocyjny!