Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „East Indian Australians”

This thesis examines the comparatively recent concept of transnationalism by undertaking an empirical study in a context that has so far not been systematically studied in this way. The transnationalism concept was pioneered in the early 19905 by scholars in the United States. The argument is that migrants and their kin construct transnational spaces which permeate various spheres of their daily life. Studies that fail to take these transnational spaces into consideration, risk overlooking important aspects of the migrant adaptation process and the lives of migrants and their kin. This study underlines the importance of applying a transnational perspective to migration and migrant adaptation. While being credited with adding valuable new perspectives and insights, transnationalism scholars have overlooked continuities with earlier migration concepts.

This thesis examines the lives and treatment of the Netherlands East Indies (NEI) people who resided in Australia during WWII and their return to their home country after the war. It compares the lives before, during and after the war of European Indonesians and indigenous Indonesians. It assesses their lives to that of other newcomers to Australia. My research connects underused Dutch archival material, only recently released to researchers, with sources in Australian archives to provide a fresh insight into the history of indigenous Indonesians in the Commonwealth from the start of the Pacific War to the official Indonesian independence in December 1949. The work can be divided into three main parts. The first part examines the histories of the KNIL, Koninklijk Nederlands-Indisch Leger (Royal Dutch East Indies Army) and the KPM, Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij (Royal Dutch Shipping Company or Royal Packet Navigation Company) before the outbreak of the Second World War and the transition of both organisations into wartime conditions. With a component of transnational history, this military history focuses on the Indies army’s composition and development mainly in the pre-war period, continuing with the conversion into a refugee army on Australian soil. The second part recreates the KNIL, KPM and Indonesian civilian histories in Australia until the war’s ending. A critical focus in this part of the thesis is on the legal aspects of the stay of all different groups from the NEI in their temporary homeland: the registration of aliens, the other status of newcomers to Australia, and the exact legal status of the NEI military, semi-military personnel, and civilians in the Commonwealth. I focus on the legal positions of KPM seamen and negotiated special rights, extra-territorial rights, for the KNIL. The third and final part closely examines the post-war period in which many indigenous Indonesians ended up behind barbwire and the negotiations between the Australians and the NEI ‘Government-in-Exile’, as well as the military high command. The internment camps on Australian soil were occupied by the Netherlands East Indies’ people after WWII. I analyse why these NEI soldiers, semi-military personnel and even a few civilians were locked up in camps and not repatriated back to their towns and villages in the Indies. The research emphasises how the Indonesians returned to their home country, when and how they could leave the Commonwealth, and how they were received and perceived by their fellow countrymen and women.

Master of Arts
Department of History
David A. Graff
On December 7, 1941 the Japanese Empire launched a surprise attack on the United States at the Pearl Harbor naval base in the territory of Hawaii. The following day President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared war on Japan, and America was suddenly an active participant in a global war that had already been underway for over five years. World War II pitted the Axis (Japan, Germany, and Italy) against a coalition of allied nations that were united primarily by fear of Axis totalitarianism. Typically referred to as the Allies, the alliance’s most powerful participants included the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain. However, many other nations were involved on the Allied side. Smaller European countries such as Holland, Belgium, and Poland fought with armed forces and governments in exile located in London after their homelands had been overrun by the Germans in 1939 and 1940. China had been at war with Japan since 1937. After the United States entered the war, allied action resulted in the creation of different, localized military coalitions between 1941 and 1945. These coalitions presented Allied leaders with unique problems created by the political, geographic, military and logistical issues of fighting war on a global scale. The earliest coalition in which the United States was involved was known by the acronym ABDACOM, short for the American, British, Dutch, Australian Command. ABDACOM’s mission was the defense of the Malay Barrier, which stretched from the Malay Peninsula through the Dutch East Indies to New Guinea, and the protection of the Southwest Pacific Area from Japanese invasion. In its brief two-month existence the ADBA coalition in the Southwest Pacific Area failed to prevent the Japanese from taking the Malay Barrier, Singapore, Burma and the islands between Java and the Philippines. This was due not to one overriding problem, but to a combination of planning, command, and logistical problems, compounded by the distance of Allied production and training centers from the front lines. These problems can be traced from the late 1930s to the dissolution of ABDACOM at the end of February 1942. Historians have often overlooked the underlying causes of the United States’ first foray into coalition warfare in World War II. To better understand why the Allied forces succumbed to the Japanese onslaught so quickly, one must look at political, military and economic relations between the United States and its allies prior to the onset of hostilities in 1941. Domestic political realities combined with international diplomatic differences kept the United States from openly preparing for coalition action until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The ensuing military coalition suffered from numerous deficiencies in command structure and logistics. Though pre-war planning existed within each of the Allied governments, the lack of cooperative action gave the Japanese military an insurmountable military advantage over the members of the ABDA coalition. Given the limited scope of this paper the focus will be on American participation in ABDACOM. The other countries involved will be included insomuch as they help to fill out the story of the United States and its first coalition effort in World War II. The story of the ABDACOM coalition is one of perseverance, creative planning, and deep stoicism in the face of overwhelming odds. The short life of the coalition gave planners in Washington, D.C. and London time to sort out potential conflicts between the Allies.

Data collected during boat-based and aerial surveys were used to describe population structure, movements, temporal patterns of migration and skin condition of humpback whales in breeding sub-stock C1-S off southern Africa. Results confirmed that the migration route along the south coast of South Africa is linked to the winter ground off Mozambique. A lack of exchange between breeding sub-stocks C1-N and C1-S was found, suggesting that these are independent of each other. Molecular analysis revealed unexpected levels of population structure between the migration route and the winter ground of C1-S, as well as the possibility that this migration route is also utilised by some individuals from breeding sub-stock C3. A skin condition of unknown aetiology that primarily affects humpback whale mother-calf pairs was identified. The first assessment of its prevalence and severity was made, providing a baseline for future monitoring. Humpback whale abundance in an inshore region of Bazaruto Archipelago, Mozambique was estimated and attempts were also made to use the limited information off Plettenberg Bay/Knysna, South Africa. In addition to improving our understanding of humpback whales from Breeding Stock C, knowledge about another baleen whale species utilising the southwest Indian Ocean was extended. The first evidence of southern right whale presence off the coast of Mozambique since the cessation of whaling was documented. It remains unknown whether this is a remnant sub-stock or the recovering South African sub-stock reoccupying its historical range.

The air campaign conducted by the RAAF in the North-Western Area during the Second World War has been largely ignored by historians yet it contributed significantly to the outcome of the Pacific war. This thesis sets out to discuss the campaign by considering various factors that impacted on the RAAF in the lead up to and during the course of the Pacific war and their relevance to the campaign. It looks at the way air operations were conducted in the North-Western Area between 1942 and 1945 and describes the role played by the flying squadrons based in the area. Using primary sources such as operational record books, documents and files at archives and libraries and interviews with veterans and experts the thesis found that the campaign was conducted in several phases. It started with the defence of Darwin. In keeping with overall allied strategy the RAAF then went on an offensive into what was then the Netherlands East Indies (NEI) using medium and heavy bombers and mine laying sea planes flying from bases in Australia???s north west. The NEI was vital to the Japanese war effort as a source of essential raw materials such as oil, timber, and rubber. To defend this part of their new empire the Japanese had amassed large military garrisons on the islands. The vessels used to transport troops and materials became the most important targets for the RAAF???s bomber squadrons. As General MacArthur???s forces advanced along the north coast of New Guinea the North-Western Area based units conducted raids into the NEI to deceive the Japanese into thinking an invasion would be launched from Darwin. As the New Guinea campaign gained momentum the RAAF???s task was to protect its western flank, to prevent the Japanese from moving troops and aircraft east to the Philippines. The thesis concludes the campaign was successful because Darwin was defended, it denied the Japanese vital materials for the conduct of the war and it kept hundreds of aircraft and tens of thousands of troops away from the allied advance.

To a large extent research on diversity in organisations has centred on the persistence of gender inequality. Relatively few studies deal with the racialised character of many professional workplaces, especially in the Australian context. This research critically examines the experiences of perceived discrimination, exclusion after inclusion, and prejudice faced by immigrant Indian professionals in Australian organisations. It focuses on the challenges of emotional labour as it can be difficult to conceal true emotions and to display the emotions required by the job. Embroiled in this conflict between the required and true emotions, job burnout and stress may occur. The present research examines the adjustments and struggles faced by immigrant Indian professionals and whether these factors also play a role in their integration within organisations. The principle research question which drives this research is: Are immigrant Indian professionals vulnerable to prejudice and discrimination as well as exclusion after inclusion in Australian organisations and does prejudice and discrimination as well as exclusion after inclusion have an impact on emotional labour? In particular my research goal is to analyse the perceived experiences, if any, of inclusionary and exclusionary organisational practices and how they impact the emotional labour of immigrant Indian professionals. Discrimination and exclusion is difficult to measure and, as such, researchers rely on respondents’ perceptions. Although there may be a difficulty in assessing whether perceptions of discrimination are representative of actual discriminatory actions, whether the perceived discrimination is ‘real’ or not, it is an important psychological reality for immigrants. Perceived discrimination has strongly and consistently been found to be a psychological stressor (Mirchandani 2003). Drawing on a qualitative approach I have used in-depth interviews to reveal the stories and experiences of immigrant Indian professionals to Australia. A major element driving my choice of research design is the assumption that many of the exclusionary practices which may take place are informal and may include a collection of interpersonal dynamics and institutional practices that set up advantages for some employees but disadvantages for others. I have sought to gather data that is often veiled and hidden, intentionally or otherwise. I have attempted to explore whether stereotyping of and exclusionary practices toward immigrant Indian professionals persist in Australian organisations outside the framework of formal policies and regulation. This thesis does not examine policies of organisations per se, but focuses on the experiences of immigrant Indian professionals and their perceptions of practices that may persist regardless of policy. The findings indicated that, due to tougher legislation against discrimination in the workplace, it now exists in subtle forms in Australian organisations. This includes ridicule, withholding information, social isolation, passing remarks and making unfair accusations, each causing the ethnic minorities a lot of stress. The data indicates that the interviewees perceive that there is a devaluation of their skills, knowledge and qualifications, at a time when the country is in competition with other migration nations for scarce and in-demand human capital. With the increasing diversity in the work environment, Australian organisations need to make proper adjustments regarding worker’s interests and needs, and to make sure the work environment is equitable and inclusive. This study will allow better recognition and understanding of the dynamics of the Indian Diaspora in Australia and the dynamics of their inclusion in Australian organisations. The Australian workplace continues to become more ethnically diverse at all levels of occupation, with people from ethnic backgrounds making up considerable additions to the workforce. However, the examination of exclusionary or discriminatory practices and the relationship between work stress, acculturation and its impact on emotional labour has not been well researched. Many of the reports of discriminatory practices towards Indians or stigmatisation on the basis of accent, skin tone or national origin are anecdotal in nature and this study, especially by conducting interviews with immigrant Indian professionals, seeks to better comprehend and elucidate such practices as perceived by these professionals, and their impacts on Indian professionals in Australia. This will provide organisations with information to improve the alignment between organisational discourse and organisational practice. It is expected that the findings generated by this study will encourage and promote greater awareness and understanding so that the immigrant Indian professionals may be better understood and served.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
The hydroclimate of eastern Australia is highly variable, with a multitude of large-scale climate processes bearing considerable influence on spatial and temporal rainfall characteristics. One phenomenon known for its contribution to rainfall and which operates on daily timescales, are East Coast Lows (ECLs). These intense low-pressure systems which take place over the subtropical east coasts of southern and northern hemisphere continents are typically associated with gale force winds, large seas, storm surges, heavy rainfall and flooding. While ECL impacts are usually seen as negative (e.g. flooding, storm damage etc.), the rainfall associated with ECLs is also very important for urban water security within the heavily populated eastern seaboard of Australia (ESA). This region of Australia contains a high number of city centres which are forecast to undergo disproportionate rates of growth compared to other areas in Australia. As a result, considerable pressure will be placed on water infrastructure and its resilience to climate variability. This thesis investigates the historical variability of ECLs, and their impact on eastern Australia’s hydroclimate, with particular emphasis placed on the ESA. Within the last decade, several comprehensive ECL databases have been developed. Despite this, inconsistencies remain as to what constitutes an ECL. This has hindered our ability to understand these systems and their impacts. In this thesis, we demonstrate that the definition of an ECL should include classification of the various ECL sub-types based on the synoptic-scale environments from which they form. ECL sub-types have different spatial distributions, seasonal cycles, and rainfall characteristics. Consequently, regions of eastern Australia and in particular the ESA, are influenced differently by different ECL sub-types. An investigation of rainfall across Australia and within the ESA suggests that the ESA is different to the rest of Australia and also not homogenous itself. For winter three separate divisions are identified: (i) the most northerly division from Moreton in Queensland (QLD) to the Manning region of New South Wales (NSW); (ii) the Hunter region south to the metropolitan Sydney area; and (iii) from Illawarra (NSW) to Eastern-central Victoria. For summer, autumn, and spring rainfall, two clear divisions are present: (i) the two most northerly divisions identified in winter combined and (ii) and the equivalent of the third and most southerly outlined for winter. The results suggest that the observed spatial inhomogeneity in rainfall across the ESA is at least in part due to ECLs and their sub-types. Though ECLs may only last a few days, they do have the capacity to provide considerable contributions to water storage reservoirs. Approximately one-third of ECL related rainfall occurs in the 48-hours prior to the system entering the Tasman Sea. Furthermore, given the trajectory of sub-types such as Inland Troughs (IT), Continental Lows (CL) and Southern Secondary Lows(SSL), much of this rainfall provides relief to western flowing headwaters, inland of the Great Dividing Range (GDR). An examination of seasonal rainfall contributions reveals that rainfall associated with Easterly Trough Low (ETL) is statistically significant along the central and northern latitudes of the ESA within winter. SSLs are also found to be significant for the southern extent of the ESA and extends its influence into spring, while CLs establish significance across Victoria. On daily time-scales ITs and ex-tropical cyclones are found to have significantly higher rainfall totals than non-ECL sources (and a number of other ECL sub-types) for their regions of preference. However, due to their infrequent nature, this did not translate into significant seasonal contributions, signifying an important difference in what sub-types present a risk to flooding and those, or rather their absence, that present a risk to water security. ECL sub-types and how their variability impact eastern Australia’s hydroclimate is also shown to be affected by large-scale climate processes. Changes in the spatial distribution of ECLs is found to reflect changes in the proportion of ECL sub-types. When in the La Niña phase, the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (and its variant ENSO Modoki) tend to shift the spatial distribution of ECLs north. In winter, this also corresponds to an increase in overall ECL activity. This results in more than a 50% increase in ECL related winter rainfall, while similar magnitude of decrease was observed during the El Niño phase. Other mechanisms such as the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) were also found to have a considerable influence on the spatial distribution of ECLs and their associated rainfall. During negative IOD conditions, increases in rainfall west of the GDR corresponded to an increase in the proportion of westerly ECLs. Conversely, during positive IOD, ECL rainfall increases within the ESA owing to a change in the proportion of ECL sub-types. This thesis also provides insights into the importance of ECLs and their sub-types to a key streamflow monitoring station within the Hunter region of NSW. As an indicator for inflowpotential to the Grahamstown Dam, ECLs are responsible for 74% of all streamflow ≥ 99th percentile within the Williams River catchment. Likewise, the absence of ECLs is also shown to be associated with times where the Williams River is experiencing its lowest flow rates. The findings of this thesis are significant and demonstrate the influence ECL sub-types have on hydroclimatic variability in eastern Australia. It also reveals that existing climate related risks are different across the ESA and suggests that how those risks change into the future is also likely to be inconsistent across the ESA – and will likely depend heavily on what eventuates in terms of changes to ECL, and the various ECL sub-types and behaviour (e.g. frequency, timing, location, duration, magnitude and sequencing). This reinforces the need for locally relevant and practically useful climate science information and adaptation strategies - as opposed to State- or Countrywide information and adaptation approaches that are commonly used.

The formation of student diasporas in western universities is a manifestation of the globalization and internationalization of higher education, and has necessitated studies about international students’ adaptation to such universities. Statistics of the last decade show that there has been a significant flow of international students to Australian universities, and a large proportion of this student cohort comes from South East Asian and South Asian countries. Whilst there has been a good deal of research on international students from South East and Far East Asia, who share a Confucian Heritage Culture (CHC) background, there are relatively very few studies on South Asian students, particularly postgraduate students from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh (defined as South Asian for this study). This qualitative study about the adaptation experiences of postgraduate coursework students from South Asian countries fills some of the gap that exists in the body of literature about international students. The study, conducted at a cross-sectoral Australian university in Melbourne, referred to with the pseudonym Southern University (SU), has utilised a longitudinal qualitative approach to explore from an ‘emic’ perspective the adaptation experiences of ten postgraduate coursework students from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The students were studying in four faculties at SU, and participated in in-depth interviews and focus group discussions over their first two semesters. The study considers the students’ adjustment process in the Australian academic landscape from their pre-arrival expectations to their settlement after two semesters, and is structured to consider three phases of their experiences – initial, transitional and endpoint – in negotiating new academic norms and genres, including spoken communication. The study identifies a number of dimensions along which differences are evident in the students’ approaches and strategies in adjusting to their studies and lives as postgraduates. In academic adjustment, all the postgraduates demonstrated incremental progress which was marked by varying levels of perceptual and attitudinal changes in understanding the new academic culture. Whilst the students shared a common goal of undertaking an Australian postgraduate degree to enhance their employment prospects, two broad types of strategists emerged: initiators of self-development and system compliers. The study also notes that the postgraduates, through their physical presence in Australia and becoming qualified with a western education, negotiated new, hybrid and empowered identities for themselves. In its limited exploration about the students’ social acculturation, the study notes that some of them followed a selective integrative approach while others adopted assimilatory process, and they all indicated a hybrid state of acculturation to Australian culture. The study also uncovers that, besides their academic goals, many of the postgraduates had a largely hidden agenda of long term settlement in Australia.

碩士
國立成功大學
會計學系碩博士班
96
This paper considers stock markets in 10 South-East Asian countries to investigate whether the accrual anomaly (Sloan 1996), characterized by U.S. stock prices overweighting the role of accrual persistence, is a local manifestation of a global phenomenon. This paper explores whether the occurrence of the anomaly is related to cross-country differences in accounting and institutional structures, and examines alternative explanations for its occurrence. Generally, in the selected South-East Asian countries, this paper does not find stock prices overweight accruals but underweight accruals, and no evidence showing that accruals overweighting will occur in countries with a common law relative to a code law tradition. Using firm-level data on a country-by-country basis, this paper documents the occurrence of the anomaly in there countries, India, Thailand, and Indonesia. Using country-level data, this paper confirms that the anomaly of accruals is more likely to occur in countries providing lower shareholder protections and in countries with less important equity market. Additional analyses reveal that occurrence of accrual anomaly is mainly due to earnings management, and after controlling barriers to arbitrage, accrual anomaly is not fully arbitraged away in South-East Asian countries.

This thesis examines modalities of identity and representation for the Indo-Fijian diaspora and its second shift diasporic remove in Liverpool, Sydney, Australia. Indo-Fijian Literature in English, Fiji-Hindi, Memoir form of Indo-Fijian diasporic writings along with representations of Indo- Fijians in other texts are examined in the first instance to enable siting of various identities and representations. This is used as a springboard to engage with instances of production; expression and consumption of Popular Culture in Indo-Fijian diasporas are examined towards a critical inquiry into the problematic of Indo-Fijian diasporic identities and representations. The problem at hand is the issue of identity and representation between the binaries of homogeneous constructs of a people and their lives and that of heterogeneous modalities that takes in difference and the place of the individual and their everyday lived space in the Indo-Fijian diaspora. Modes of identity and representation in its various modes, literary, non-literary narratives and in the production, expression and consumption of popular culture is examined in this thesis towards a construct of a diaspora, of a people, beyond convenient reductive homogeneous constructs.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis examines modalities of identity and representation for the Indo-Fijian diaspora and its second shift diasporic remove in Liverpool, Sydney, Australia. Indo-Fijian Literature in English, Fiji-Hindi, Memoir form of Indo-Fijian diasporic writings along with representations of Indo- Fijians in other texts are examined in the first instance to enable siting of various identities and representations. This is used as a springboard to engage with instances of production; expression and consumption of Popular Culture in Indo-Fijian diasporas are examined towards a critical inquiry into the problematic of Indo-Fijian diasporic identities and representations. The problem at hand is the issue of identity and representation between the binaries of homogeneous constructs of a people and their lives and that of heterogeneous modalities that takes in difference and the place of the individual and their everyday lived space in the Indo-Fijian diaspora. Modes of identity and representation in its various modes, literary, non-literary narratives and in the production, expression and consumption of popular culture is examined in this thesis towards a construct of a diaspora, of a people, beyond convenient reductive homogeneous constructs.

The primary purpose of this thesis is to examine the interconnections between the roles played by parents and teachers and children’s own sense of ethnic identification during early childhood. Although the study of ethnicity and multiculturalism received much attention during the 1980s associated research applicable within the Australian early childhood scene remains largely an unchartered territory. Much of the research todate has focussed on adults’ perceptions, paying little regard to children’s view of the world. This study is based on twenty-seven children aged between 5 to 8 years, descendants of Scottish, Finnish and Indian immigrants living in Canberra, Australia. To analyse the differences between the learning environments of home and school, a typology based on the participants’ perceptions of their roles is advanced. The findings confirm the view that ethnic identification is a product of socialisation processes and that its outcomes are difficult to predict. More importantly, there is evidence to suggest that the process of learning to be Scottish, Finnish or Indian does not follow a serial or linear path, progressing neatly from the home to the school. It was found that although parents and teachers can alter the context of learning, children’s capacity for independent thought and their everyday experiences with grandparents, siblings and peers, for instance, also contribute to children’s sense of ethnic identification. Hence, when examining the contexts of learning, both adult and child perspectives must be considered together.