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1
Torres, Cristian, and Cristian Torres@act gov au. "Early maladaptive schemas and cognitive distortions in psychopathy and narcissism." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20031107.130315.
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Personality disorders have traditionally been considered refractory to psychological interventions. Two of the most common, and potentially harmful personality disorders are antisocial personality disorder / psychopathy, and narcissism. Although a great deal of conceptual overlap exists between psychopathy and narcissism, the empirical study of these constructs has proceeded largely independently of one another. Further complicating the discrimination of these constructs is the identification of the bi-factorial nature of psychopathy - conceptualised as primary and secondary psychopathy - as well as the identification of two distinct forms of narcissism, overt and covert. The recent resurgence of interest in the sub-clinical manifestations of these two constructs has led to the development of a number of easily administered instruments to measure each of the psychopathy and narcissism constructs, as dimensional traits, within normal populations. This has provided empirically validated and reliable instruments to further explicate these two overlapping constructs. The first of the two studies reported sought to discriminate between psychopathy and narcissism through the recharacterisation of these constructs in terms of the early maladaptive schemas outlined in Youngs early maladaptive schema theory (Young, 1999). Two hundred and ninety one participants completed questionnaires measuring primary and secondary psychopathy, overt and covert narcissism, and early maladaptive schemas. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that psychopathy and narcissism are discriminable in cognitive-interpersonal terms, as operationalised by early maladaptive schemas. Findings also call into question the earlier observed hierarchical structure of the Young Schema Questionnaire. The current analysis identified a two-factor structure to the schema questionnaire, rather than the previously stated 5-factors. Having demonstrated the usefulness of understanding psychopathy and narcissism in cognitive-interpersonal terms, the second study sought to further clarify the association between psychopathy and narcissism through the reconceptualisation of these constructs in cognitive terms, through the identification of the cognitive distortions operative in each disorder. One hundred and thirty two participants completed a cognitive distortions questionnaire developed by the author, along with the same measures of primary and secondary psychopathy, and overt and covert narcissism, as those administered in study 1. Findings were interpreted as providing support for the notion of psychopathy representing a sub-category of narcissism. Findings also provide further supportive evidence for the validity of the primary / secondary psychopathy, and overt / covert narcissism distinctions. The further clarification of the factor structure of the Young Schema Questionnaire, and the replication of the reliability and construct validity of the measure of cognitive distortions developed for this research are highlighted as areas for future research.
2
Munroe, Mary K. "The Association Between Child Maltreatment and Adult Revictimization: The Contribution of Early Maladaptive Schemas." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1398691144.
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Barros, Mariana Emauz Rocha de. "Amor que vai, desamor que vem. Maus tratos nas relações de intimidade: aleatoriedade ou prévia (de)limitação da herança parental?" Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/19686.
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A presente investigação visa apurar se existem esquemas parentais (EPs)
ou mal-adaptativos precoces (EMPs) que predisponham à escolha, por parte
de mulheres vítimas de violência na intimidade, de parceiros potencialmente
agressores. Adicionalmente pretende identificar como se manifesta a
vitimação com os tipos de relacionamento amoroso de reparação narcísica.
O estudo, de cariz quantitativo, recorre a três instrumentos (QEP, QE e
ITRA) preenchidos por 27 mulheres com idades compreendidas entre os 23-
67 anos, das quais 10 sofreram algum tipo de violência numa relação de
intimidade. Este estudo concluiu que existem EPs e EMPs que parecem
predispor à escolha de parceiros amorosos abusivos. Estas escolhas
amorosas parecem estar relacionadas com a tendência para enveredar por
tipos de relacionamento amoroso mais patológico, nomeadamente, os tipos
evitante-desnarcisante e eufórico-idealizante. Posto isto, criou-se um modelo
que caracteriza vítimas e não-vítimas de violência nas relações de
intimidade com uma precisão de 96,3% com base nos resultados dos
instrumentos anteriores; When sorrow replaces love
Violence in intimate relationships: Randomness or effects of parental heritage?
Abstract:
This research aims at determining whether there are schemas originated by
parenting styles (PSs) or early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) that
predispose women, who were victims of violence in their intimate
relationships, to choose abusive romantic partners. Additionally it intends to
identify how victimization reveals itself through romantic relationship types
that are due to repair the Self narcissistic vulnerabilities. This quantitative
study relies on three instruments (PSQ, SQ, ITRA) filled by 27 women with
ages between 23-67, 10 of which were victims of violence in their intimate
relationships. This study concludes that there are PSs and EMSs that seem
to predispose to the choice of abusive romantic partners. These romantic
choices seem to be related with the predisposition to more pathological
romantic relationship types, namely, the avoidant-devaluate and euphoricidealizing
types. Following this, a model was created to characterize
individuals as victims or non-victims of violence in their intimate
relationships with a precision of 96.3%, based on the results of the
instruments above.
4
Carr, Steven, and steven carr@rmit edu au. "Retrospective Reporting of Childhood Experiences and Borderline Personality Disorder Features in a Non-Clinical Sample: A Cognitive-Behavioural Perspective." RMIT University. Health Sciences, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080205.101748.
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The purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) symptoms and childhood experiences, and to explore the role of Early Maladaptive Schemas and core beliefs as variables possibly mediating this relationship. Previous research with clinical samples has established a strong link between childhood maltreatment and adult BPD (& other PD) symptoms in clinical samples. However, difficulties with these studies limit the specificity of results. For example, BPD has been shown to be highly comorbid with other axis I and axis II psychiatric conditions. Given that studies examining the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment generally fail to control for these comorbid conditions, the specificity of their results must be questioned. Furthermore, it has been well established that childhood familial environment is strongly related to childhood maltreatment. Again studies examining the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment have generally failed to concurrently assess childhood familial environments, hence opening the possibility that the relationship between BPD and childhood maltreatment may be due to family functioning rather than childhood maltreatment per se. Finally, studies linking childhood maltreatment with adult BPD have primarily utilized clinical samples. However, the primary use of clinical samples to examine the aetiology of disorders in this context ignores the vast literature showing adequate psychological functio ning for the majority of individuals exposed to childhood maltreatment. Hence, the primary aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adult BPD symptoms in a primarily non-clinical sample whilst statistically controlling for commonly comorbid axis I and axis II symptomatology and concurrently measuring childhood familial functioning. It was a secondary aim of the current study to examine the mediating effects of beliefs on the relationship between childhood factors (i.e., childhood maltreatment & childhood familial functioning) and adult BPD symptomatology. That is, cognitive-behavioural theorists argue that personality disorders may be triggered by adverse childhood experiences leading to maladaptive beliefs (or schemas) related to the self, others, and the world, and it is these beliefs which lead to the behavioural disturbances evident in personality disorders. One hundred and eighty-five primarily non-clinical participants completed questionnaires measuring a variety of axis I and axis II symptoms, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs, as well as retrospective reports of family functioning and childhood maltreatment. Results showed a significant relationship between childhood factors and adult BPD symptomatology. For example, the largest correlation between BPD symptoms and a childhood factor was .27 (for childhood emotional abuse). Furthermore, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs were found to mediate the relationship between childhood factors and adult BPD symptomatology thus supporting cognitive-behavioural theories of personality disorders. However, early maladaptive schemas and core beliefs were also found to mediate the relationship between childhood factors and other Axis I and Axis II symptoms. Hence, it was concluded that while there was some support for a cognitive mediation hypothesis for BPD symptoms, future research is needed in exploring the specificity of the cognitive mediation hypothesis for BPD.
5
Motley, Lisa S. "CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ASSAULT, SCHEMAS, AND REVICTIMIZATION: THE ROLE OF EARLY MALADAPTIVE SCHEMAS ON REVICTIMIZATION." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/389.
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Childhood sexual assault (CSA) refers to a sexual act that is imposed on a child or adolescent who lacks the emotional capacity, maturity, and cognitive development to understand what they are engaging in, and is incapable or unwilling to give consent. Many individuals who experience CSA also experience adult sexual assault, such as rape. To date, there is limited research that has examined early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and CSA, and no research that examines the relationship between CSA, EMS, and revictimization. The present study examined EMS as mediators of revictimization and mental health outcomes (i.e., depression and PTSD) among 263 college women who experienced CSA. Participants completed the Sexual Experiences Survey (SES-LFV; Koss et al., 2007) which assesses victimization and perpetration of unwanted sexual experiences, the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-SF: Young, 1998) to measure early maladaptive schemas, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist 5, a brief self-report instrument consisting of 20 items that reflect the symptoms of PTSD outlined in DSM-5, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-R; Radloff, 1977) is a brief self-report instrument used to measure symptoms of depression.
As hypothesized, CSA was positively correlated with revictimization. CSA was correlated with EMS, specifically, emotional deprivation, mistrust/abuse, social isolation, defectiveness/shame, and self-sacrifice, but not abandonment. Surprisingly, EMS did not mediate the relationship between CSA and revictimization. EMS mediated the relationship between CSA and mental health outcomes, such as, depression and PTSD. EMS social isolation mediated the relationship between CSA and depression symptoms and EMS mistrust/abuse, social isolation, and self-sacrifice mediates the relationship between CSA and PTSD. In conclusion, our findings could be used to further investigate what appropriate early childhood interventions could possibly be used to address and treat early maladaptive schemas.
6
Rayner, Jenny Sayle. "The relationship between patterns of relating and early maladaptive schemas /." Full text available from ProQuest UM Digital Dissertations, 2008. http://0-proquest.umi.com.umiss.lib.olemiss.edu/pqdweb?index=0&did=1850458351&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1279302846&clientId=22256.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Mississippi, 2008.<br>Typescript. Vita. "May 2008." Major professor: Dr. Marilyn Snow Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-92). Also available online via ProQuest to authorized users.
7
Makinson, Jenny Elizabeth. "Early maladaptive schemas and their relationship to psychopathology in adolescence." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7994.
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Schema therapy was developed by Jeffery Young to treat adults with personality disorders, and has been evidenced to be effective in treating both Axis I and Axis II disorders. While Young stipulates that schemas are likely to be in place by adolescence, there is currently little agreement over the appropriateness of schema theory and therapy in understanding and treating psychopathology in adolescence. This thesis aims to explore the evidence–base and potential utility of applying schema theory to adolescent psychopathology, and consists of a systematic review and research article. The review included published studies measuring Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) in 12 to 18 year olds, including those exploring relationships between EMS and psychopathology. The search of relevant literature from 1990 to 2012 yielded 19 articles for review, which were then subject to assessment of methodological quality. Most studies were assessed as ‘moderate’ in quality. Good quality evidence was found for the detection of higher rates of EMS in clinical or referred adolescent populations compared to non–clinical populations, as well as some evidence for effects of age and gender on EMS. Less consistent evidence was found for specific associations between individual EMS or domains and particular types of psychopathology or problem behaviour. Common limitations of the articles reviewed included poor control of confounding variables and little testing of EMS alongside contextual constructs to provide validation of findings. The main research article used a quantitative, questionnaire–based cross– sectional design to test the dimensionality of the schema concept in a population of 12 to 18 year–olds, comparing levels of EMS between a referred and non–referred group. EMS were measured alongside attachment and interpersonal behaviours to test their unique predictive effect on psychopathology. Specific relationships between individual groups of EMS and type of psychopathology were also explored. Results showed that the referred group scored significantly higher than the non–referred group on overall schema score. Schemas were found to significantly predict level of psychopathology, over and above prediction by attachment or interpersonal behaviour scores. There was also evidence for the specific prediction of internalising and externalising problem behaviour, affective, anxiety, oppositional–defiant and conduct problems by clusters of EMS. In conclusion, EMS appear to be a valid concept in predicting and understanding psychopathology in adolescence. A conceptual model is suggested for future research to explore the adaptation of schema theory more fully within developmental psychopathology. It is hoped that future research will test other aspects of schema theory in adolescents such as coping styles and modes. It is proposed that, following further validating evidence, this may result in the development of improved interventions for a range of presenting problems in adolescence.
8
Qayum, Amreen. "Exploring early attachments and maladaptive schemas in juvenile sexual offenders." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5129/.
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Little research has been conducted when looking at the causes of juvenile sexual offending. This thesis attempted to highlight some of the gaps within the literature in this area by identifying whether developmental factors play an important role in juvenile sexual offending. This thesis includes a systematic review and review of a psychometric tool, in addition to both an individual case study and a research paper. The research compared two groups of juvenile sex offenders, those who offend against children and those who offend against adults/peers to identify differences on their maladaptive schemas and early attachment to parent and/or caregivers. Results indicated that all juvenile sexual abusers reported insecure attachment styles. Child abusers were mostly associated with a fearful attachment style whereas peer abusers were mostly associated with a dismissive attachment style. Those with a fearful attachment style reported significantly higher scores on the subjugation and self-sacrifice schemas. Furthermore, child abusers endorsed higher scores on the enmeshment, subjugation, insufficient self-control and self-sacrifice schemas. Further qualitative and quantitative research is recommended to develop these findings.
9
Walker, Louise. "Adolescents who self-harm : the role of Early Maladaptive Schemas." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2014. http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/18974/.
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Background: An estimated one in ten adolescents living in the community will engage in deliberately self-harming (DSH) during their lifetime. This perplexing behaviour is of growing clinical concern and appears to be increasing in prevalence, yet continues to be without definitive understanding. There are multiple theories on the underlying mechanisms of DSH, however, there is limited empirical evidence to support these theories. The present study aimed to investigate whether Young’s schema theory could provide a comprehensive framework to understand DSH in adolescents from the general community. This study aimed take a unique perspective on DSH by investigating the theorised unconscious cognitive constructs, known as Early Maladaptive Schema’s (EMS’s), which may underlie this behaviour. It also explored the relationship between EMS’s and psychopathology within this sample. Methodology: 252 adolescents recruited from internet forums and social networking sites completed a series of self-report questionnaires online. DSH was measured using the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory. Early Maladaptive Schema’s were measured using an age downward version of the Young’s Schema Questionnaire-short form. The Brief Symptoms Inventory was used to measure psychopathology, and a demographics questionnaire was designed to gather pertinent additional information. Results: Correlational analyses indicated positive relationships between frequency of DSH behaviours and intensity of 13 of the 15 EMS’s. Despite no association found between the overall EMS score and general psychological distress, when each EMS was considered individually, relationships were found between the intensity of each of the 15 EMS’s and the general measure of psychological distress. Hierarchical multiple regression, controlling for gender and general psychopathology, indicated that the Emotional Deprivation, Vulnerability to Harm, Subjugation and Self-Sacrifice EMS’s accounted for a unique proportion of the variance in DSH behaviour. Conclusions: These finding are unique in that they extend the research into both DSH and EMS’s in adolescents. From the findings one could broadly conclude that, as Schema Theory states, DSH is a coping strategy used to manage unbearable memories, emotions, cognitions, and bodily sensations associated with EMS’s, with positive correlations between the intensity of the EMS’s and the frequency of DSH, and the intensity of the EMS’s and increased psychological distress. Further, during this time the EMS’s Emotional Deprivation, Vulnerability to Harm, Self-Sacrifice and Subjugation are more predictive of DSH than alternative EMS’s. When comparing these findings to the wider literature, one could conclude that EMS’s are unstable in adolescents, as those EMS’s causing distress in an individual’s adolescence may not continue to do so into their adulthood, yet the coping strategy may remain the same. This highlights the role of social, environmental and biological changes in the stability of EMS’s. The pertinence of these findings to adolescents who DSH, the overlap with broader psychological symptomotology, and its relevance to clinical practice is discussed.
10
Beckley, Kerry. "Schemas in adolescents and their relationship to psychopathology." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268649.
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Kose, Bahar. "Associations Of Psychological Well-being With Early Maladaptive Schemas And Self-construals." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610854/index.pdf.
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The present study aimed 1) to examine possible influences of demographic variables (i.e., age, gender, marital status, sibling number, mother&rsquo<br>s education, father&rsquo<br>s education) on the various measures of the study (i.e., schema domains,
self-orientations, and well-being measures i.e. depression, positive affect, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking)<br>2) to examine the differences of schema domains
on self-orientations of Balanced Integration Differentiation Model and also on well-being, and 3) to analyse the differences of four self-construals of Balanced Integration Differentiation Model on schema domains and well-being measures. In order to fulfill these aims 501 people between the ages 18-50 participated in the study. According to the results, having strong characteristics of schema domains
were related to low levels of self-orientation dimensions of interpersonal integration orientation and intrapersonal differentiation orientation. Moreover,there was a positive correlation between having strong characteristics of schema
domains and high depression, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking, but low positive affect. On the other hand, low level of related individuation self-construal
was related to having high characteristics of schema domains. In addition to this,having high level of separated-patterning was positively correlated with having
high characteristics of schema domains. In addition, self-construal of relatedindividuation
was found to be related to high positive affect and correlated with low levels of depression, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking. Finally, separated-patterning was found to be related to low level of positive affect, while it
was found to be correlated with high level of depression, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking. Findings, future directions, and clinical implications were
discussed in the discussion section.
12
au, dcockram@netspace net, and David McEwan Cockram. "Role and treatment of early maladaptive schemas in Vietnam veterans with PTSD." Murdoch University, 2009. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20090924.134704.
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The first study examined the role of perceived adverse parenting and early maladaptive schemas in the development of PTSD in Australian and New Zealand Vietnam war-veterans (N = 220). Veterans diagnosed with PTSD scored higher on the Young Schema Questionnaire and had higher scores on the Measure of Parental Style (MOPS) than veterans not diagnosed with PTSD. Only three childhood negative events were associated with PTSD: witnessing domestic violence; mother unemployed; and living with a stepfather. These variables may relate to research on negative family environment being associated with PTSD, whereas schemas may relate to parenting. The finding of strong relationships between negative life events data and adverse parenting endorses the MOPS as a valid instrument.
Admission to hospital in Vietnam was the only war variable related to PTSD. Schemas mediated the negative parenting - PTSD link, and the Vietnam War experience - PTSD link. The results suggest that early maladaptive schemas have an important role in the development or maintenance of PTSD in Vietnam veterans.
The second study measured at baseline, termination and three months the early maladaptive schemas, PTSD, anxiety, depression, and relationships of war-veterans (n = 54) participating in a PTSD group treatment program that included schema-focused therapy. Scores on the PTSD Check List, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and 17 schemas decreased significantly after treatment. The Abbreviated Dyadic Adjustment Scale and the Assessment of Quality of Life scores indicated that the veterans current relationships improved. Partners of veterans also experienced enhanced relationships. All gains were maintained at three-month follow-up. The five schema domains were associated with an improvement in PTSD symptoms, with gains on the impaired autonomy domain being associated with 26.3% of the changes in PTSD. Change scores for the schema treatment were compared to a similar earlier manualised CBT program. Pre-treatment measures were similar in both groups. Nevertheless, PTSD and anxiety improved significantly more for the schema-focused therapy group. Although the second study was not a randomised control comparison, both studies support the feasibility of schema-focused therapy to assist veterans with PTSD.
13
Hawke, Lisa. "Early maladaptive schemas as a cognitive vulnerability factor for bipolar spectrum disorders." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28817/28817.pdf.
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Cockram, David. "Role and treatment of early maladaptive schemas in Vietnam veterans with PTSD /." Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2009. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20090924.134704.
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Scolio, Jay. "Early Maladaptive Schemas Underlying the Relation between Childhood Maltreatment and Adult Depression." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1448027064.
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Dale, Rosanna. "The role of parental bonding and early maladaptive schemas in suicidal behaviour." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24508.
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60 participants completed the study following their presentation at Accident & Emergency with suicidal behaviour, and routine Liaison Psychiatry psychosocial assessment. A semi-structured interview was conducted, in which participants completed measures of parental bonding (Parental Bonding Instrument); schemas (Young Schema Questionnaire); suicidal intent (Pierce Suicide Intent Scale); risk of repeating suicidal behaviour (Risk of Repetition Scale); anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory); and depression (Beck Depression Inventory). In the first phase of the study, measures of parental bonding, schemas, anxiety and depression were compared between this suicidal behaviour group and a primary care mental health group and a non-clinical group, collected in a previous study. The second phase of the study utilised a within-group design and examined relationships on all measures within the suicidal behaviour group. Initial analysis of variance exploration indicated that the three groups significantly differed on measures of anxiety, depression, parental care/control and schemas. Post-hoc analysis demonstrated that there were no significant differences, however, between the suicidal behaviour group and primary care mental health group on measures of parental bonding. Within the suicidal behaviour group, significant associations were indicated between parental care and risk of repetition; parental control and risk of repetition; and schemas and risk of repetition. Suicidal intent was not found to be associated with any of the variables. Schemas were found to mediate the relationship between parental bonding (care and control) and risk of repetition. Further, the schema of Social Alienation was found to mediate the above relationship between parental bonding (care and control) and risk of repetition. The schema of Defectiveness/Shame was found to mediate the relationship between parental control and risk of repetition. The findings support a 3-stage model for suicidal behaviour.
17
Unal, Beyza. "Early Maladaptive Schemas And Well-being:importance Of Parenting Styles And Other Psychological Resources." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614661/index.pdf.
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The purpose of the present study was to examine the differences in demographic variables (i.e., gender, age, mother&rsquo<br>s and father&rsquo<br>s education level, monthly income, and residence status) on the measures of the study (i.e., parenting styles, schema domains, personality dimensions, coping styles, perceived social support, and well-being) of the study. Secondly, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between these measures and to determine the associated factors of schema domains, personality dimensions, other psychological resources namely coping strategies and perceived social support, and lastly, psychological symptoms and life satisfaction. For these purposes, data was collected from 309 university students aging between 18-33 years old, from different cities in Turkey. The results revealed that schemas were closely related to perceived negative parenting<br>and besides their significant effects, it was found out that personality dimensions, coping strategies, and perceived social support had important role on psychological symptoms and life satisfaction. Especially having higher levels of neuroticism, insufficient usage of coping strategies, and lower levels of perceived social support, besides perceiving high levels of negative parenting, and having stronger schema structure in Disconnection/Rejection domain were associated with higher levels of psychological symptoms and lower levels of life satisfaction. These results indicated that psychological resources (i.e., personality, coping strategies, and perceived social support) have additional effects on well-being. Finally, implications of these results and limitations of the study were discussed in line with the literature and suggestions for future studies were mentioned.
18
Rittenmyer, George John. "The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and job burnout among public school teachers." Scholarly Commons, 1997. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2755.
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Early Maladaptive Schemas, as defined by Young (1990), are relatively permanent psychological constructs which influence human information processing. They consist of self-perceptions, attitudes and beliefs which are primarily the result of early childhood experiences. These schemas produce faulty thinking about an individual's self and environment, producing cognitive distortions. They are also the source of dysfunctional behavior as well as a wide range of mental conditions including depression, phobias and anxiety. Burnout is a significant problem among today's teachers which adversely effects the operation of schools (Maslach & Jackson, 1986). It is the result of teachers having to solve complicated problems, on a day-to-day basis, in their classrooms. Solutions to these problems are not always easily reached. This leads to frustration among teachers, culminating in cynical attitudes toward work, hostility toward students, absenteeism and job-leaving. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and teacher burnout. The Schema Questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) were administered to fifty teachers employed by the Los Banos Unified School District, a middle-sized, suburban school district in central California. Subjects were asked to complete both self-report scales and given reimbursement for doing so. Forty-seven sets of questionnaires were collected. It was found that two of the higher order factors on the Schema Questionnaire, Overconnection (OVRC) and Exaggerated Standards (EXST), correlated strongly with the Emotional Exhaustion (EE) scale of the MBI. Weaker, but still significant, correlations were found between OVRC and the other two MBI factors, Depersonalization (DP) and Personal Accomplishment (PA). These relationships were all in the expected directions. Additionally, correlational data analyses suggested differences in gender, age and years of teaching on some of the Schema Questionnaire and MBI factors. Subsequent statistical analysis of mean differences indicated women scored significantly higher on OVRC and EE than did men. Analysis of mean differences, however, did not substantiate significant differences in scores on the Schema Questionnaire factors and the three MBI factors according to age and years of teaching experience.
19
Shashoua, Marguerite Y. "Early maladaptive schemas associated with non-suicidal self-injury and childhood emotional abuse." Thesis, Fordham University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10186345.
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<p> Although the association between child maltreatment and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been demonstrated in the literature, additional examination is needed to investigate cognitive processes that contribute to the development of NSSI. Four early maladaptive schemas (Emotional Deprivation, Mistrust/Abuse, Social Isolation/Alienation, and Insufficient Self-Control) have been found to be related to NSSI history (Castille et al., 2007) and have also been investigated as cognitive processes associated with the development of NSSI. The aim of the current study was to test if Emotional Deprivation, Mistrust/Abuse, Social Isolation/Alienation, and Insufficient Self-Control early maladaptive schemas (EMS) statistically predict NSSI in the context of childhood emotional abuse (CEA) and also to test whether the each of the four relevant EMS mediated the association between CEA and NSSI in a community adult sample. Participants were 516 U.S. adults recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk, aged 18 and 74. Emotional Deprivation, Mistrust/Abuse, Social Isolation/Alienation, and Insufficient Self-Control EMS and CEA severity differed significantly by NSSI history status. Although Emotional Deprivation, Mistrust/Abuse EMS did not statically predict NSSI frequency, Social Isolation/Alienation and Insufficient Self-Control EMS were found to be associated with NSSI history and frequency. As CEA was not associated with NSSI frequency, models investigating Emotional Deprivation, Mistrust/Abuse, Social Isolation/Alienation, and Insufficient Self-Control EMS as mediators of the association between CEA and NSSI frequency were not testable. However, CEA was found to statistically predict NSSI history, and Social Isolation/Alienation and Insufficient Self-Control EMS were identified as mediators of this relationship, although Emotional Deprivation and Mistrust/Abuse EMS were not. These findings can guide treatment providers by identifying relevant EMS, and informing how the related cognitive distortions may be organized, and how cognitive restructuring can be used to target the EMS and related cognitions to decrease triggers and maintenance of NSSI behaviors, especially in the context of CEA.</p>
20
Kalaki, Elli. "Effects of parenting experiences and early maladaptive schemas on adjustment to atopic dermatitis." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2014. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/686/.
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Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a psychosomatic chronic skin condition. Onset of the condition usually occurs in early life. Some people however, do develop it much later. Even though studies have demonstrated high levels of psychological disturbance and maladjustment among most people with AD, some others still do not, suggesting that a certain level of variability exists in the way people adjust to their skin condition. The goal of the present study was to identify the factors that determine adjustment to AD and account for this variability. Existing studies on this topic have considered factors such as: age of onset of the condition, demographic characteristics, disease severity and visibility, cognitive representations of illness and condition appraisals. Most of these studies however are limited in the explanations that they offer. Drawing upon the schema theory model of personality development and psychopathology, the present study proposes that adjustment to AD is mediated by personality-level structures (self-schemas) that have their origins in early experiences. Design: A cross-sectional design was employed with three groups: a) patients with an early onset of atopic dermatitis (n = 130), b) patients with a late onset (n = 76) and c) people with no chronic medical condition (n = 74). Method: All groups completed the Young Parenting Inventory- Revised, and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3. The two atopic dermatitis groups also completed the Adjustment to Chronic Skin Disease Questionnaire. Results suggest that: a) people with an early and a late onset of atopic dermatitis were presented with a certain schematic profile that differentiated them from participants in the control groups; b) a certain pattern of early parenting experiences was linked to the development of this schematic profile and c) this schematic profile predicted high levels of dysfunctional coping and difficulties in adjustment. Findings have a clear relevance to the practice of Counselling Psychology. Limitations of the study and clinical implications are discussed.
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Gok, Ali Can. "Associated Factors Of Psychological Well-being: Early Maladaptive Schemas, Schema Coping Processes, And Parenting Styles." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614645/index.pdf.
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The present study aimed (1) to examine possible influence of demographic variables of age, gender, familial monthly income, relationship status, mother&rsquo<br>s education, father&rsquo<br>s education on Parenting Styles, Schema Domains, Schema Coping Styles, and Psychopathology/Life Satisfaction<br>(2) to examine associated factors of Schema Domains, Schema Coping Styles, Psychopathology/Life Satisfaction<br>(3) to examine the mediator role of Schema Domains in the relationship between Parenting Styles and Psychopathology/Life Satisfaction<br>(4) to examine the mediator role of Schema Coping Styles in the relationship between Schema Domains and Psychopathology/Life Satisfaction. In order to fulfill these aims 404 people between the ages 18-42 participated in the study. According to results, negative parenting practices from both sources (i.e., mother, father) were found to be associated with stronger levels of schema domains. Furthermore, Impaired Limits/Exaggerated Standards and Impaired Autonomy/Other Directedness schema domains were found to be associated with Compensation schema coping style<br>while Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Limits/Exaggerated Standards schema domains were found related to Avoidance schema coping style. After that, mother&rsquo<br>s parenting style, schema domains of Disconnection/Rejection, and Impaired Autonomy/Other Directedness were found to be significantly associated with depressive symptomatology. In addition, psychopathological symptoms were found to be associated with both parenting styles, schema domains of Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Limits/Exaggerated Standards, and schema coping style of Avoidance. What is more, both parenting styles, schema domain of Disconnection/Rejection, were negatively<br>and compensation schema coping style was positively associated with satisfaction with life. As for the mediational analyses, schema domains mediated the relationship between parenting styles and psychopathology/life satisfaction<br>furthermore, schema coping styles mediated the relationship between schema domains and psychopathology/life satisfaction.
22
Theiler, Stephen Samuel, and stheiler@swin edu au. "The efficacy of early childhood memories as indicators of current maladaptive schemas and psychological health." Swinburne University of Technology. School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20050805.162326.
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This thesis investigates theoretical propositions of Beck (1996), Epstein (1987), and Young (1999) that suggest maladaptive schemas operating as deep unconscious cognitions are intrinsically linked to the psychological health and wellbeing of the individual. To date, research on psychological health has mainly used self-report measures that focus on conscious processes. The primary aim of this thesis was to explore particular maladaptive schemas that purportedly operate unconsciously and to examine their relationship with self-reported psychological dysfunction. Bruhn�s (1990a) Cognitive Perceptual Theory of early childhood memories was employed as a vehicle to access schemas deemed outside of conscious awareness. These unconscious schemas were investigated in conjunction with current self-reported maladaptive schemas in Study 1 and psychological symptoms in Study 2.
The participants in Study 1 comprised 249 undergraduate first year psychology students. There were 198 women and 50 men with a mean age of 22 years who were asked to write down four early childhood memories. The first two memories were spontaneous in order to reveal the most pressing underlying schemas. The next two early memories requested were relating to mother and to father, to gain schema information about relationship dynamics. The participants then filled out the short-form of Young�s (1998) Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S). Independent raters coded the memories for Young�s (1994) Early Maladaptive Schemas, and Last and Bruhn�s (1992) Object Relations categories of �Perceptions of Others�, �Perceptions of the Self�, �Perception of Environment�, and �Degree of Interpersonal Contact�, and �Individual Distinctiveness�. Polyserial correlations indicated that there were significant relationships between maladaptive schemas represented in early memories and self-reported maladaptive schemas. However, the lack of maladaptive schemas in memories being linked to the same maladaptive schemas that were being self-reported, suggested that the schemas represented in memories were tapping into a different source of information than conscious self-reports. A Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) was performed with the sample divided into three groups (low, medium and high YSQ-S scorers). The results showed that maladaptive schemas identified in early memories that corresponded to Young�s (1990) �Disconnection and Rejection� domain and, Last and Bruhn�s (1992) Object Relations theme of �Perceiving the Environment as Unsafe�, were significant predictors of people in the group with high levels of self-reported maladaptive schemas. These variables also differentiated people in the high group from those in the low group at a greater rate than chance (33 percent). Fifty�six percent of people were correctly allocated to the high group on the basis of representations of these particular schemas in their memories. When only the low and high groups were analysed, using individual schemas rather than domains, �Mistrust/Abuse�, �Social Isolation�, �Emotional Deprivation� and �Subjugation� schemas in the first analysis and �Perceptions of the Environment as Unsafe� in the second analysis were found to be significant predictors. These predictors correctly classified 70 percent of cross-validated cases in the high groups in both analyses.
For Study 2, the participants comprised 278 undergraduate first year psychology students. There were 65 men and 206 women with a mean age of 22 years who provided accounts of four early childhood memories as in Study 1. They also completed the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis, 1993). As with Study 1, the accounts of the completed early childhood memories were coded by independent raters who examined the memories for Young�s (1994) Maladaptive Schemas and Last and Bruhn�s (1992) Object Relations categories. Additionally, following each memory, the participants rated their memories using Hermans and Hermans-Jansen�s (1995) list of Affect Terms.
The sample was divided into three groups on the basis of the General Severity Index [GSI] scores (low, medium and high scorers) that were derived from the BSI (Derogatis, 1993). A Discriminant Function Analysis showed that maladaptive schemas identified in the memories that corresponded to Young�s (1990) �Disconnection and Rejection� domain were significant predictors of people in the group with high levels of self-reported psychological symptoms (Derogatis, 1993). Fifty percent of people (which is greater than the chance rate of 33 percent) were correctly predicted as belonging to the high group on the basis of representations of schemas from this domain.
In another DFA analysis that used individual schemas instead of domains, �Abandonment� and �Insufficient Self-Control�, together with �Perceiving the Environment to be safe� and �Negative Affect�, were found to be significant predictors that correctly allocated 58 percent of people into the high GSI group. Further analysis using only the low and high groups resulted in 83 percent of people in the high group being correctly identified on the basis of representations of �Abandonment�, �Insufficient Self-Control� and �Perceiving the Environment to be safe�. These results endorse the relevance of the relationships among an underlying sense of abandonment and insufficient self-control with high levels of psychological symptoms of distress.
Taken together, the findings from both studies support the theoretical proposition that schemas residing outside of conscious awareness can have a pervasive link with psychological health and wellbeing. A particularly important discovery was that a relatively small number of schemas centered around perceptions of �Disconnection and Rejection� from others, that were operating unconsciously, were significantly linked to people in both studies who reported a wide range of psychological difficulties. It was concluded that investigating object relations, affect, and Young�s (1990) maladaptive schemas in early memories, is an efficient and possibly essential method of gaining information that may otherwise not be obtained from self-report measures exclusively. Consequently, in therapy, maladaptive schemas associated with disconnection and rejection represented in clients� early childhood memories can be viewed as very important unconscious schemas to examine. This is especially necessary given that these schemas may not be consciously accessed or easily articulated by clients, and yet seem to be intrinsically linked to a range of conscious psychological difficulties.
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Stalmeisters, Dzintra. "An investigation into the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome." Thesis, University of Derby, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/312811.
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The aim of the research was to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas, as described by Young, Klosko and Weishaar (2003), and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Despite the recognition of characteristics associated with these schemas in people with ME/CFS by clinicians, a review of the literature suggests that systematic research into this relationship has not previously been conducted. This thesis progresses knowledge in this area by providing a schema-level understanding of ME/CFS and offering insights into the behavioural process involved in the progression from schema to illness. The research employed mixed methods enabling a consideration of the relationship from different perspectives, and is grounded in a critical realist perspective. The quantitative study involved 40 people with ME/CFS and 40 people from a non- clinical population who completed Young's Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3), a questionnaire designed to elicit 18 early maladaptive schemas. The schemas Unrelenting Standards and Self-Sacrifice were the most prevalent in both groups. Unrelenting Standards was endorsed by 47.5% of the ME/CFS group and by 25% of the non-clinical group at a level of' clinical caseness', whilst the percentage of people that endorsed the Self-Sacrifice schema was similar in each group; 27.5% of the ME/CFS group endorsed this schema and 25% of the non-clinical group. There were significant correlations between the schemas Unrelenting Standards and Self- Sacrifice; age and the schema Social Isolation; qualifications and the schema Self- Sacrifice also current employment and the schema Unrelenting Standards. The qualitative study, which involved 13 people with ME/CFS, adopted a Grounded Theory approach influenced mainly by the works of Glaser, (1978, 1998, 2011) and Charmaz (1995, 2007). The core category generated from the data was termed 'obscuring', and conceptualised the manner in which early maladaptive schemas and the coping style 'surrender to the schema' obscured the needs of individuals with throughout the therapeutic process. The number of early maladaptive schemas reduced once depression had been treated, whilst the schemas Unrelenting Standards and Self-sacrifice remained at a level of 'clinical caseness' at the end of therapy, although their scores on Young et al. 's Schema Questionnaire (YSQ S-3) had decreased. The qualitative study and case study gave an insight into the complexity of early maladaptive schemas in relation to the illness, giving real life meaning to the quantitative findings and together the three studies increased the credibility of the theory that emerged from the qualitative analysis. Taken together the studies have implications for the Cognitive Behavioural model of ME/CFS (Surawy et al. 1995). It is proposed that early maladaptive schemas have relevance for the model at the predisposing and perpetuating levels; that the theoretical codes 'compelling', 'curtailing' and 'compassionating', derived from the grounded theory analysis, are evident at these levels; and that the model might benefit from the inclusion of the terms 'unhelpful emotional responses' and 'psychological rewards'. The research not only supports clinical observations, but also contributes to cognitive and behavioural theory and therapeutic interventions for ME/CFS, helping to deepen understanding of the role that early maladaptive schemas have in this disabling and unpredictable illness. Recommendations are made for clinical practice and future research.
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Rawlinson, E. D. "The relationship between adult attachment, early maladaptive schemas and alcohol use in a student population." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2018. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3020869/.
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Previous research has identified a relationship between early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and substance dependence, but there is a dearth of research investigating EMS and alcohol use in non-clinical populations, despite alcohol being the most commonly misused substance in the UK population. The aim of this study was to explore if EMS mediate the relationship between adult insecure romantic attachment (attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) and alcohol use in a student population. A cross-sectional study of 128 student participants were recruited through the University of Liverpool intranet and by poster advertisement. Participants completed self-report measures comprising of: Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ), Drinking Motive Questionnaire-Revised Short Form (DMQ-R SF), Experiences in Close Relationships –Revised (ECR-R) and Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form, Third Version (YSQ-S3). Bias-corrected bootstrapping indicated that the EMS domain ‘impaired limits’ mediated the relationship between adult insecure romantic attachment (both attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) and alcohol use. Furthermore ‘impaired limits’ and drinking to cope with depression and anxiety were serial mediators in the relationship between attachment avoidance and alcohol use, but not for attachment anxiety and alcohol use. This research highlights the relationship between EMS and avoidant coping strategies (attachment avoidance and drinking to cope) on drinking behaviour.
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French, Christine Louise. "The mediating role of avoidance coping upon the relationship between early maladaptive schemas, anxiety and depression." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3308.
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Gaffey, Kathryn J. "Child Maltreatment Experiences and Romantic Relationship Functioning: The Role of Emotion Dysregulation and Early Maladaptive Schemas." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1258586258.
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Aka, Basak Turkuler. "The Effect Of Cinematherapy On Perfectionism And Related Schemas." Master's thesis, METU, 2001. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608603/index.pdf.
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This study aimed to reveal the effect of cinematherapy on perfectionism and related Early Maladaptive Schemas and investigates the contribution of participants&rsquo<br>identification with the film and recall of the film on this process. 34 university students from Psychology Department at Middle East Technical University participated in the study. The participants completed a demographic information form, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, three Early Maladaptive Schema (Emotional Inhibition, Unrelenting Standards-Hypercriticalness, Approval Seeking-Recognition Seeking) items from Young Schema Questionnaire, Film Ö<br>zdeSleSme Ö<br>lç<br>egi (an identification scale developed for this study), and Film Recall Test (specific for the selected film) at pre-, post-, and a 10 days follow-up. There were two groups in this study, the first group only watched the selected film and completed assessment devices. The second group watched the selected film and then got a briefing about perfectionism. ANOVAs were conducted to assess differences on perfectionism and related schemas at different time intervals and between groups. According to results, watching the selected film had an effect on participant&rsquo<br>s perfectionism. Moreover, cinematherapy had no effect on perfectionism related schemas when they were analyzed together. However, it was found that watching the selected film had a temporary effect on Emotional Inhibition schema. A regression analysis was conducted to investigate the association between identification, recall of the film and perfectionism. According to regression analysis, identification with the film and recall of the film had no association with the participants&rsquo<br>perfectionism. The findings, and their implications with suggestions for future research and practice, were discussed in the light of relevant literature.
28
Saritas, Dilek. "The Effects Of Maternal Acceptance-rejection On Psychological Distress Of Adolescents: The Mediator Roles Of Early Maladaptive Schemas." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608127/index.pdf.
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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationships between perceived maternal rejection and psychological distress of adolescents. In addition to that, mediator roles of early maladaptive schemas in this relationship were explored. A total of 356 second-grade high school students (198 females and 158 males) were participated in the study. Participants ranged in age from 15 to 18 (M = 16.17, SD= 0.53). Data was collected by a questionnaire packet consisting Demographic data form, Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ), Parental Acceptance and Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) , trait part of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T), trait part of State-Trait Anger Inventory (ANG-T) Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Preceding the main analyses, factor analysis for YSQ was performed. It yielded three higher-order factors for YSQ as Impaired Limits- Exaggerated Standards, Disconnection-Rejection, and Impaired Autonomy-Other Directedness. Following factor analysis, ANOVAs were employed to assess differences between adolescents perceiving high acceptance and high rejection in terms of psychological distress measures (i.e., anger, positive affect, negative affect, and anxiety). It was found that adolescents perceiving high rejection were more likely to experience anger, negative affect, and anxiety than those perceiving high acceptance. In order to test whether Impaired Limits-Exaggerated Standards, Disconnection-Rejection, and Impaired Autonomy-Other Directedness mediate the relationship between perceptions of maternal rejection and adolescents&rsquo<br>anger, positive affect, negative affect, and anxiety respectively, separate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted as suggested by Baron and Kenny (1986). Mediation analyses revealed in general that both maternal rejection and schema domains had main effects on psychological distress measures. However, none of the schema domains did mediate the relationship between maternal rejection and psychological distress measures except for the disconnection-rejection schema domain. The result revealed that disconnection-rejection schema domain mediated the relationship between maternal rejection and anger. These findings were discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Future research topics were suggested and therapeutic implications of the study were discussed.
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Thimm, Jens C. "A study of the associations between early maladaptive schemas, developmental task resolution, and personality traits in a psychiatric outpatient sample." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Psykologisk institutt, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-14502.
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Uppal, Kiranjeet Kaur. "The importance of parental socialization and Early Maladaptive Schemas in the development and maintenance of psychological symptoms in young adults." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2006. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3015.
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Explores the relationship between recollections of parenting, Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS), and symptoms of depression and anxiety in a sample of undergraduate students attending California State University, San Bernardino (N = 232). A correlational-regression approach was adopted to test the hypothesis. Parental socialization was measured with three different subscales. Psychological adjustment was measured by the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Early Maladaptive Schema was measured with the Schema Questionnaire-Short Form. Partial mediation of EMS was found with maternal connection and psychological control, but not with paternal socialization. Findings lend support to the schema model and suggest that clinical work with adults suffering from depression and/or anxiety may need to identify and re-structure EMS that develop from "toxic parenting."
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Wilson, Jennifer. "Attachment style and symptoms of psychopathology in children in care : an investigation of the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4201/.
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The first part of this thesis is written in the form of a literature review and aims to review the empirical literature that underpins Jeff Young’s conceptual theory of early maladaptive schema development. Links are made between schema development and forms of childhood adversity, retrospective parenting experiences and attachment style. The review highlights a gap between Young’s widely accepted conceptual theory of EMS and the empirical evidence base. However, the apparent relevance of EMS to a wide range of psychopathologies and forms of childhood adversity provides a rationale to continue future research in this area. Theoretical, Clinical and research implications are discussed. The second, more substantive part of the thesis explores whether EMS have a mediating role in the association between attachment style and psychopathology in children in care. 42 children in care (aged 13 to 21) completed measures of attachment style, schemas and psychopathology. Total schema severity mediated the relationship between avoidant attachment style and psychopathology. Conclusions: Findings support the relevance of EMS to understanding the link between attachment style and psychopathology in children in care. Practitioner points: • Schema theory may provide a useful contribution to understanding the mental health needs of children in care. • Replication in a larger sample group is required.
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Halford, Karen. "The impact of attachment style and early maladaptive schemas on the development of post traumatic stress disorder symptoms after childbirth." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490730.
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Irkorucu, Ayse. "An Investigation Of Attitude Towards Help Seeking Of Middle East Technical University Students With Respect To Attachment Style And Early Maladaptive Schemas." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614471/index.pdf.
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The aim of the study is to investigate the relation between attachment style, early maladaptive schemas and attitude towards help seeking. Participants of this study were composed from 572 university students (264 female, 308 male). Participants were selected by convenient sampling method. The data was obtained by using the scale of Attitudes toward Seeking Psychological Help - Shortened (Tü<br>rkü<br>m, 2001), Relationship Questionnaire (Bartholomew &<br>Horowitz, 1991), Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (Young &<br>Brown,2006) and a demographic information form.
One-way analysis of variance used to analyze the data. The findings of the study indicated students with secure attachment style was found to have more positive attitude towards psychological help seeking than preoccupied, dismissive
and fearful attachment styles. As for early maladaptive schemas, the students who have Social Isolation/Alienation schema, Emotional Inhibition schema, Entitlement / Grandiosity schema and Defectiveness / Shame schema show more positive help seeking attitude than students who don&rsquo<br>t have. In addition, female students were found to have more positive help seeking attitude than male students.
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Holt, Samantha Lindsey. "Childhood Maltreatment as a Predictor of Subsequent Interpersonal Problems in Young Adult Relationships: The Mediating Role of Maladaptive Schemas." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1383309250.
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Magalhães, Mariana Coelho de Almeida. "Histórias de vida: os laços afetivos no mundo que criamos." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/3331.
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Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Psicologia, especialização em Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde<br>A presente dissertação debruçou-se essencialmente sobre duas temáticas – vinculação (capítulo 1) e esquemas iniciais desadaptativos (capítulo 2) – que postulam que as relações e experiências que estabelecemos e temos precocemente na nossa vida irão ser o ponto central explicativo da forma como nos relacionamos e construímos o mundo em adultos. A adaptação e o equilíbrio partem da funcionalidade de ambos os constructos, no entanto, este trabalho centrou-se na disfuncionalidade, tanto ao nível das relações afetivas, como ao nível da construção de significados da realidade. Relações de vinculação inseguras e a presença de esquemas iniciais desadaptativos reúnem as condições básicas e essenciais para o desenvolvimento de condições psicopatológicas (capítulo 3). O estudo realizado (parte II) caracterizou-se como estudo qualitativo-interpretativo utilizando como método o estudo de caso. Foram estudados três casos que se encontravam em acompanhamento psicoterapêutico na Clínica Pedagógica de Psicologia, da Universidade Fernando Pessoa, no decorrer do estágio curricular (2010/2011). Após consultas iniciais de avaliação rapidamente nos apercebemos que havia pontos em comum entre as três pacientes: frágeis relações familiares resultando numa falta de apoio emocional; dependência dos outros conduzindo a uma carência de autonomia e a presença de padrões rígidos e inflexíveis de comportamento. Desta forma, aliamos o trabalho psicoterapêutico ao trabalho de investigação, resultado que foi compilado neste trabalho. Como dispositivos de avaliação recorremos à Prova Projetiva Rorschach (Rorschach, 1921), à Escala de Vinculação do Adulto (Canavarro,1995) e ao Questionário de Esquemas de Young (versão reduzida) (Cazassa,2007). De forma a realizar a recolha de dados, procedemos à anamnese, diário de bordo e observação clínica. Relativamente às conclusões a que chegamos parece haver uma estreita relação entre vinculação e esquemas iniciais desadaptativos, desde a forma como se formam, até ao como se manifestam e destruturam. A psicopatologia presente, naturalmente conceptualizada como multideterminada, torna-se irrelevante perante um cenário de visões deturpadas da realidade, de desejo e anseio de aceitação social e de, essencialmente, a busca incessante de uma base segura, de um conforto. This thesis deals, essentially, with two main subjects/themes: attachment (Chapter 1) and early maladaptive schemas (Chapter 2) – which postulate that, relations and experiences we establish and get early in our life, will be the central explanation of the way we relate with the others and we build the world as adults. Our adaptation and balance are based on the functionality of both concepts, however, this work focus on the dysfunctionality either to the level of affective relations or the building of meanings of reality. Unsafe relations of attachment and the existence of early maladaptive schemas gather the basic setting, essential for the development of psychopathological conditions (Chapter 3). The study (part II) is characterized as interpretative qualitative study using, as a method, the case study. The three cases chosen had been followed by psychological assessment in “Clinica Pedagógica de Psicologia da Universidade Fernando Pessoa” during the curricular training (2010/2011). After initial assessment visits, we realized there were common points among the three patients: fragile family relations, what takes to a lack of emotional support; dependence on the others, what leads to lack of autonomy and also, the existence of rigid and inflexible patterns of behaviour. So we joined the psychotherapeutic work to the research work, whose result was put together in this work. As assessment devices we turn to the projective test Rorschach (Rorschach, 1921), to the Scale of Adult Attachment (Canavarro, 1995), and to the Young Schema Questionnaire (reduced version) (Cazassa, 2007). To perform data collection, we proceeded to interview, to the logbook and clinical observation. We could conclude there is a close relationship between attachment and early maladaptive schemas, since the way they appear till the moment they show themselves and degenerate. This psychopathology, seen as a consequence of other assumptions, becomes irrelevant against a backdrop of distorted visions of reality, desire and longing for social acceptance and, essentially, by the restless pursuit of a secure base and some comfort.
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Louis, John Philip. "Clinical psychology : development of measures for schema therapy." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/27350.
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Schema therapy is a leading contemporary approach to treating mental illness. The therapy integrally uses self-report measures of negative schemas (“long lasting patterns of emotions, cognitions and memories”), and the negative parenting patterns that are linked to the development of these schemas. However, the negative parenting measures are insufficient, and there are no corresponding measures of positive schemas or positive parenting patterns. Study 1 focused on the development of a measure for positive schemas, the Young Positive Schema Questionnaire (YPSQ). Study 2 focused on the development of a measure for positive parenting patterns, the Positive Parenting Schema Inventory (PPSI). Finally, Study 3 empirically showed that the subscales of the Young Parenting Inventory (YPI) were not robust, and it provided a revised alternative (YPI-R2). For all three studies combined, community samples (n = 204 to 628) were collected from five countries in Asia (India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines) as well as the United States. The factor structure of the three instruments (the YPSQ, PPSI and YPI-R2) was stable in both Eastern and Western samples (in multigroup confirmatory factor analysis). All three scales showed prediction of mental health over and above what was possible with previous measures (incremental validity). The scales were not simply proxies for previously measured constructs (divergent validity). These scales also demonstrated significant associations with other established measures of parenting (construct validity). They also showed associations with negative schemas, well-being and ill-being (convergent validity). This thesis provides the tools needed to include a focus on positive as well as negative schemas and parenting patterns in both research and clinical practice. It also shows the benefits of so doing.
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Seixas, Carlos Eduardo. "ASSOCIAÇÃO DE ESQUEMAS INICIAIS DESADAPTATIVOS EM TRANSTORNOS DO EIXO I." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10336.
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The present study aimed to assess whether there is an association of Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) in acute Axis I disorders in a mixed clinical population of 21 women and 10 men, aged between 18 and 57 years. For this purpose, two evaluation instruments were used: the Young Schema Questionnaire - Short version (YSQ-S3) and the MINI diagnostic interview Plus Version 5.0.0. For this method, cross-sectional descriptive study with a quantitative approach was performed. The sample allowed us to evaluate the association of EMS with the diagnostic category of anxiety, mood, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and comorbid panic disorder with agoraphobia and GAD. After collecting data, the data were subjected to statistical analyzes, performed by Fisher's exact test procedures. The results were the significance p 043 Subjugation of the EID for the group of anxiety disorders and a significance p 048 second schematic Domain - Autonomy and impaired performance for comorbid panic disorder with agoraphobia and GAD, compared to other diagnostic found in studies of anxiety. No associations of EMS for bipolarity GAD and mood disorders were found. The current literature indicates that the Schema Theory has been applied most often to personality disorders, however the stability of Early Maladaptive Schemas combine as a vulnerability factor for mood disorders and anxiety. Therefore, Schema Therapy has shown relevance for acute disorders, especially among the more chronic cases of mood and anxiety disorders, which have high levels of EMS. Research is needed to strengthen this assertion and better identify cases that may benefit most.<br>O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal averiguar a existência de associação de Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos (EIDs) em transtornos agudos de Eixo I numa amostra clínica mista de 21 mulheres e 10 homens, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e 57 anos. Foram utilizados dois instrumentos de avaliação: o Questionário de Esquemas de Young - versão breve (YSQ-S3) e a entrevista diagnóstica M.I.N.I. Plus Version 5.0.0. Para tal, foi realizado como método um estudo transversal, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra possibilitou avaliar associação de EIDs com a categoria diagnóstica de ansiedade, de humor, de bipolaridade, de transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG) e da comorbidade de transtorno de pânico com agorafobia e TAG. Após a coleta, os dados foram submetidos a procedimentos estatísticos e análises realizadas através do Teste Exato de Fisher. Os resultados encontrados foram uma significância p 0,043 do EID de Subjugação para o grupo de transtornos de ansiedade e uma significância p 0,048 do segundo Domínio esquemático Autonomia e desempenho prejudicados para a comorbidade de pânico com agorafobia e TAG, em comparação aos outros diagnósticos de ansiedade encontrados nos estudos. Não foram encontradas significâncias de EIDs para bipolaridade, TAG e em transtornos de humor. A literatura atual aponta que a Teoria do Esquema tem sido aplicada mais frequentemente a perturbações da personalidade, entretanto a estabilidade dos Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos combinam como um fator de vulnerabilidade para transtornos de humor e ansiedade. Assim sendo, a Terapia do Esquema vem apresentando relevância para os transtornos agudos, especialmente entre os casos mais crônicos de humor e ansiedade, que apresentam níveis elevados de EIDs. Pesquisas ainda são necessárias para reforçar tal afirmação e identificar melhor os casos que podem se beneficiar mais.
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Engel, Sarah Louise. "Self-compassion in Adult Survivors of Child Maltreatment: A Moderated-Mediation Analysis." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1624293044541376.
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Pereira, Cátia Filipa dos Santos. "(Re)encontros com o passado: Memórias autobiográficas na depressão e ansiedade generalizada e sua associação com vinculação e esquemas precoces desadaptativos." Master's thesis, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/2765.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Clínica apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário<br>A área das memórias autobiográficas, associadas a casos clínicos, é bastante recente na
literatura científica, sendo quase inexistente em Portugal. A sua associação a escalas clínicas
também se mostra pouco explorada. O objectivo desta investigação foi estudar as
características das memórias autobiográficas e as suas associações e relações com as escalas
clínicas utilizadas.
A amostra foi constituída por 30 utentes do Serviço de Psiquiatria de um hospital (18
com perturbação depressiva e 12 com perturbação de ansiedade generalizada) que
preencheram o Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos, o Inventário de Depressão de
Beck, a Escala de Vinculação do Adulto, o Questionário de Esquemas de Young e o
Inventário de Ansiedade Estado e Traço, e realizaram a Tarefa de Memórias
Autobiográficas.
Observou-se que as memórias autobiográficas no grupo clínico com perturbação
depressiva são mais negativas do que no grupo clínico com perturbação de ansiedade
generalizada. No entanto, não se verificam diferenças entre os dois grupos clínicos quanto à
especificidade das memórias autobiográficas.
Existe uma congruência entre a valência emocional do estímulo e a valência
emocional das memórias autobiográficas. Relativamente à vinculação verificou-se a
existência de correlações intragrupais, sem diferenças inter-grupos. Quanto aos esquemas
precoces desadaptativo, não existem diferenças entre os grupos.<br>ABSTRACT: The autobiographical memories area, associated with clinical cases, is fairly recent in
scientific literature, being almost nonexistent in Portugal. Its association with clinical scales
also seems underexplored. The aim of this research was to study the autobiographical
memories characteristics and their associations and relationships with the used clinical scales.
The sample consisted in 30 Psychiatry Service of a hospital subjects ( 18 with
depressive disorder and 12 with generalized anxiety disorder) who filled up a
Psychopathological Symptoms Inventory , the Beck Depression Inventory , the Adult
Bonding Scale, the Young Schema questionnaire and the State and Trait Anxiety inventory,
they performed the Autobiographical Memories task .
It was observed that the autobiographical memories in the clinical group with
depressive disorder are more negative than in the clinical group with generalized anxiety
disorder . However, there where no differences between the two clinical groups regarding the
Autobiographic memories specificity.
There is a congruence between the emotional valence of the stimulus and the
autobiographical memories emotional valence. Regarding linking , it was verified the
existence of intragroup correlations, with no differences between groups. As for early
maladaptive schemes, there are no differences between groups.
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Santos, Ana Sofia Santos. "Esquemas cognitivos, vivências académicas, satisfação com a vida em estudantes universitários." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/26586.
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O presente estudo exploratório procurou caracterizar uma amostra de estudantes primei-ranistas quanto aos esquemas maladaptativos precoces, vivências académicas e satisfa-ção com a vida, em termos globais e em função de caraterísticas sociodemográficas e clínicas; e compreender o contributo das vivências académicas e dos domínios de es-quemas para a satisfação com a vida. Participaram 358 estudantes, com idades entre os 18 e os 23 anos. Aplicaram-se os instrumentos YSQ-S3, QVA-r e SWLS para recolher os dados. Os resultados indicaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos esque-mas maladaptativos precoces, nas vivências académicas e na satisfação com a vida rela-tivamente ao género, opção de curso, satisfação com o curso, frequência de deslocação a casa, relação amorosa, estatuto do estudante, sustentabilidade financeira e problemas psiquiátricos. As dimensões vocacional, pessoal e institucional das vivências académi-cas, e o domínio de esquemas distanciamento/rejeição tiveram um contributo significa-tivo, positivo e negativo, respetivamente, para a satisfação com a vida dos estudantes; Cognitive Schemas, Academic Experiences, and Life Satisfaction in College Students
Abstract:
The present exploratory study aimed to characterize a sample of first year college students regarding early maladaptive schemas, academic experiences and life satisfaction, globally and in relation to sociodemographic and clinical features; and to understand the contribution of academic experiences and schema domains to life satisfaction. Participated a final sample of 358 students, aged between 18 and 23. The instruments applied were YSQ-S3, QVA-r and SWLS. The results indicated statistically significant differences in early maladaptive schemas, academic experiences and life satisfaction concerning gender, degree choice, degree satisfaction, frequency of home visits, love relationship, student status, financial sustainability and psychiatric problems. The vocational, personal and institutional dimensions of academic experiences, and the disconnection/rejection schema domain made a significant positive and negative contribution, respectively, to college students’ life satisfaction.
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Almeida, Pedro Miguel Agria de. "Memórias autobiográficas voluntárias e involuntárias e a sua associação com a vinculação, depressão e esquemas precoces desadaptativos." Master's thesis, ISPA - Instituto Universitário das Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/2272.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Clínica<br>A área das memórias autobiográficas involuntárias é bastante recente na literatura científica, sendo quase inexistente em Portugal. Também se observa a existência de poucos artigos que associem esta temática a escalas clínicas. O objectivo desta investigação foi estudar as características das memórias autobiográficas involuntárias e voluntárias e as suas correlações com as escalas clínicas utilizadas.
A amostra foi constituída por 42 estudantes universitários de psicologia (26 do género feminino e 16 do género masculino) que preencheram o Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos, o Inventário de Depressão de Beck, a Escala de Vinculação do Adulto, o Questionário de Esquemas de Young e o Inventário de Ansiedade Estado e Traço, e realizaram a Tarefa de Memórias Autobiográficas. Destes participantes, 23 entregaram ainda um diário associado ao registo das memórias autobiográficas involuntárias.
Observou-se que as memórias autobiográficas involuntárias (MAI) são mais específicas que as memórias autobiográficas voluntárias (MAV). Há uma congruência entre a valência emocional do estímulo e a valência das MAV evocadas. Nas MAI, registou-se uma congruência entre o humor no momento da evocação e a valência da memória, que posteriormente foi congruente com o impacto emocional que a memória teve no humor. Este efeito parece ser importante na manutenção do humor negativo em situações de psicopatologia, uma vez que valores elevados na maioria das escalas clínicas se associaram a um humor mais negativo, a uma valência emocional mais negativa e mais memórias negativas ou menos positivas e a uma maior percentagem de memórias que tiveram um impacto negativo no humor. ------ ABSTRACT ------- The scientific study of involuntary autobiographical memories is very recent, especially in Portugal. There are also few investigations regarding their association with clinical scales. The objective of this investigation was to study the characteristics of voluntary and involuntary autobiographical memories and their correlations with the clinical scales used.
A total of 42 psychology university students (26 female and 16 male) completed the Brief Symptom Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Adult Attachment Scale, Young’s Schema Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Autobiographical Memory Task. Of these participants, 23 also completed an involuntary autobiographical memory diary.
Involuntary autobiographical memories (IAM) are more specific than voluntary autobiographical memories (VAM). We observed an association between the emotional valence of the stimulus and the emotional valence of the evoked VAM. There was also an association between mood valence at the time of retrieval and the emotional valence of the IAM retrieved. The emotional valence of the IAM retrieved was then associated with the emotional impact the IAM had on mood. This mood and emotional valence congruence seems to be important in the maintenance of a negative mood in psychopathology. In fact, high scores on most clinical scales were correlated with a more negative mood, more negative or less positive memories, memories that were overall more negative and a higher percentage of memories with a negative impact on mood.
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Paim, Kelly Cardoso. "Experiências na família de origem, esquemas iniciais desadaptativos e violência conjugal." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2014. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3295.
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Previous issue date: 2014-01-31<br>Nenhuma<br>O relacionamento violento entre casais vem sendo entendido como um problema de saúde pública mundial e, ao longo dos últimos anos, muitos estudos se dedicam a compreender o fenômeno. Entretanto, não há unanimidade sobre as variáveis relacionadas a um padrão conjugal violento, revelando ainda uma carência de estudos explicativos que ajudem na elaboração de intervenções mais efetivas. Partindo-se do pressuposto de que a dinâmica conjugal violenta é um fenômeno complexo e interacional, a presente dissertação objetiva identificar variáveis que expliquem o desenvolvimento e a manutenção da dinâmica violenta entre casais, especialmente os Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos propostos por Jeffrey Young na Terapia do Esquema. O documento da dissertação está composto por dois artigos. No primeiro, é exposto um perfil discriminante entre sujeitos com histórico de violência física contra o parceiro íntimo na relação atual e os sujeitos sem histórico. No segundo, foi investigado o poder das experiências na família de origem e dos Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos como preditores da violência física cometida e sofrida na relação conjugal entre homens e mulheres. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo com 362 participantes, utilizando-se como instrumentos: Young Schema Quetionnaire (YSQ-S3), Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) e o Family Background Questionnaire (FBQ). Os resultados revelaram que os Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos, em especial do primeiro domínio esquemático, são variáveis fundamentais para a compreensão da violência física conjugal. Com isso, acredita-se que os resultados auxiliem na compreensão sobre a dinâmica das relações violentas, contribuindo para a elaboração de programas de prevenção e intervenção. Sugere-se que os tratamentos terapêuticos para casais em situação de violência devam estar baseados em intervenções que possam ir além dos comportamentos violentos, mas que considerem também os Esquemas Inicias Desadaptativos primários.<br>The violent relationship between couples has been understood as a public health problem worldwide and, over the past few years, many studies are devoted to understanding the phenomenon. However, there is no unanimity about the variables that explain the marital violence, also revealing a lack of explanatory studies that help in the development of more effective interventions. Starting from the assumption that marital violence dynamics is a complex and interactional phenomenon, this dissertation aims to identify variables that explain the development and maintenance of violent dynamic between couples, especially the Early Maladaptive Schemas proposed by Jeffrey Young in Schema Therapy. The document is composed of two articles. In the first one, is exposed discriminant profile among subjects with a history of physical violence against intimate partners and subjects without historic. On the second, we investigate the power of experiences in the family of origin and Initial Maladaptive Schemas as predictors of physical violence in the marital relationship between men and women. The results showed that Early Maladaptive Schemas, especially the first schematic domain, are fundamental variables for understanding the intimate physical violence. Thus, we believe that the results help in understanding the dynamics of violent relationships, contributing to the development of intervention and prevention programs. It is suggested that therapeutic treatments for couples in a violent situation should be based on interventions that go beyond the violent behaviors, but also consider the Early Maladaptive Schemas.
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Ribeiro, Sandra Cristina Monteiro. "A centralidade dos eventos traumáticos em ex-combatentes de guerra." Master's thesis, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/2783.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Clínica, apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário<br>Estudos recentes sugerem que a memória de eventos traumáticos tem um impacto
significativo na organização dos eventos de vida. Posto isto, investigámos a centralidade dos eventos traumáticos em ex-combatentes de guerra e procurámos analisar a influência dos
esquemas precoces na vivência desses eventos. A amostra é constituída por 36 excombatentes
de guerra com idades entre os 60 e 82 anos. Administrou-se uma bateria de instrumentos clínicos, questionário sócio-demográfico, inventário de depressão de Beck (BDII),
posttraumatic stress disorder (PCL-M), questionário de esquemas e a centrality of events scale (CES). À exceção da CES, todos os instrumentos estão adaptados e validados para a
população Portuguesa. Aplicámos a versão Portuguesa dos instrumentos e adaptamos a CES. Os resultados indicam esquemas precoces desadaptativos são preditores da integração central do evento de guerra na memória autobiográfica, destacando-se o esquema “medo de perder o controlo”. Os esquemas desadaptativos são preditores de depressão e stress pós-traumático, havendo comorbilidade de sintomas na amostra. Assim, a CES têm impacto na história de vida, identidade e expectativas futuras mas devido ao efeito dos esquemas do self.<br>ABSTRACT: Recent studies suggest that memory for traumatic events have a significant impact on the organization of life events. That said, we investigated the centrality of traumatic events on ex war combatants and tried to analyze the influence of the schemes in the early experiences of these events. The sample consists of 36 former war combatants, aged between 60 and 82 years. Were administered a battery of clinical instruments, socio-demographic questionnaire,
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), posttraumatic stress disorder (PCL-M) questionnaire
schemes and centrality of events scale (CES). Except for the CES, all instruments are adapted
and validated for the Portuguese population. The results indicate early maladaptive schemas
are predictors of central integration event of war in autobiographical memory, highlighting the
scheme "fear of losing control”. The maladaptive schemas are predictors of depression and
PTSD, with symptoms of comorbidity in the sample. Thus, the CES have an impact on life
history, identity and future expectations but due to the effect of the schemes of the self.
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Santana, Rodrigo Gomes. "Estudo das relações entre a atitude de perdoar ofensas interpessoais e os esquemas iniciais desadaptativos." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2011. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/17140.
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This research was designed to examine the relationship between the willingness to forgive in specific situations and intensity of Early Maladaptive Schemas in a nonclinical sample of adults. Forty-one people participated in the survey, with an average age of 27.8 years. Were used three instruments: the Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EFI), the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale and the Young Schema Questionnaire (short version). After application of the measures, statistical procedures were applied. In terms of results related to EFI, the same way in other studies that used this scale, were found positive correlations of the subscales of behavior, cognition and affection among themselves and with the total score of EFI, as well as with the 1-Item Forgiveness Scale an independent measure to evaluate how much the individual has forgiven the offender, in a complete mode. The results also showed that the EFI total score and the 1-Item Forgiveness Scale correlated positively, while the social desirability scale didn t show significant correlations with any of the two measures. Concerning the intensity of the offense, there was a negative correlation of this variable with measures of forgiveness, indicating that the degree of forgiveness was less the greater the perceived intensity of injury. With respect to the intensity of forgiveness, the average degree of forgiveness of the participants was 266 points a score that ranges from 60 (low degree of forgiveness) to 360 (high degree of forgiveness) and over half of the sample (61%, n = 25) reported levels of forgiveness higher than average. In terms of degrees of forgiveness measured by subscales of the EFI, the results showed that sample expressed more intensely the cognitive forgiveness (M = 96.8). The degree of affective forgiveness (M = 81.3) remained significantly lower than the degree of behavioral forgiveness (M = 88.2) and cognitive forgiveness, indicating that it was harder to participants offer the emotional forgiveness. Finally, considering the main objective of this research, the results showed negative correlations between the measure of forgiveness used as a criterion variable (1-Item Forgiveness Scale) and four of the five domains of schemes proposed by Young, to wit: disconnection and rejection (ρ = -0.534, p <0.05), impaired autonomy and performance (ρ = -0.440, p < 0.05), other-directedness (ρ = -0.371, p < 0.05) and finally, the impaired limits domain (ρ = -0.472, p < 0.01). Thus, the probability of the participants forgive their offenders has decreased as a function of the magnitude of the participant's domains and their schemes. The results observed in this study expands the current knowledge about the process of forgiveness, as well as about its interface with the cognitive structures called schemas, which have an important role in the organization of the personality, from the therapeutic point of view in cognitive approaches.<br>Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal analisar a relação entre a disposição para perdoar em situações específicas e a intensidade dos Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos (EIDs) em uma amostra não clínica de indivíduos adultos. Participaram da pesquisa 41 pessoas, com idade média de 27,8 anos. Foram utilizados três instrumentos de avaliação: a Escala de Atitudes para o Perdão (EFI), a Escala de Desejabilidade Social de Crowne-Marlowe e o Questionário de Esquemas Young (versão breve). Após a coleta, os dados foram submetidos a procedimentos estatísticos descritivos e correlacionais. Em se tratando dos resultados referentes à EFI, assim como em outros estudos que utilizaram a mesma escala, foram verificadas correlações positivas das subescalas de comportamento, julgamento e afeto, entre si, e com o escore total da EFI, assim como com a escala independente Item do Perdão uma escala independente que mede o quanto o indivíduo perdoou o ofensor de forma completa. Os resultados mostraram também que o escore total da EFI e do Item do Perdão correlacionaram-se positivamente, enquanto que a escala de desejabilidade social não apresentou correlações significantes com nenhuma das duas medidas. Com relação à medida de intensidade da ofensa, observou-se uma correlação negativa desta variável com as medidas de perdão, indicando que o grau de perdão foi tanto menor quanto maior a intensidade percebida da mágoa. Com respeito à intensidade do perdão, o grau médio do perdão dos participantes foi de 266 pontos num escore que varia de 60 (baixo grau de perdão) a 360 (alto grau de perdão) sendo que mais da metade da amostra (61%, n = 25) reportou graus de perdão superiores à média. Em se tratando dos graus de perdão medidos pelas subescalas da EFI, os resultados mostraram que a amostra expressou o perdão mais intensamente pela via cognitiva. O grau de perdão afetivo (M = 81,3) permaneceu significativamente menor que o grau de perdão comportamental (M = 88,2) e cognitivo (M = 96,8), indicando que foi mais difícil para os participantes perdoar afetivamente. Finalmente, considerando o objetivo principal desta pesquisa, os resultados mostraram correlações negativas entre a medida de perdão utilizada como variável critério (Item do Perdão) e quatro dos cinco domínios de esquemas propostos por Young, a saber: desconexão e rejeição (ρ = -0,534; p < 0,05), autonomia e desempenho prejudicados (ρ = -0,440; p < 0,05), orientação para o outro (ρ = -0,371; p < 0,05) e por fim, o domínio de limites prejudicados (ρ = -0,472; p < 0,01). Assim, a probabilidade de que os participantes perdoassem de forma completa seus ofensores foi menor à medida que apresentassem maior intensidade nestes domínios e seus esquemas. Os resultados verificados nesta pesquisa ampliam o conhecimento atual que se tem em relação ao processo de perdão em si, bem como a respeito de sua interface com as estruturas cognitivas denominadas esquemas, que têm um importante papel na organização da personalidade, do ponto de vista terapêutico nas abordagens cognitivas.<br>Mestre em Psicologia Aplicada
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Carrasco, Ruiz de Castilla Malena Raquel. "Dependencia emocional y esquemas maladaptativos tempranos en estudiantes de un instituto superior." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655282.
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El objetivo de la investigación es determinar la relación entre la dependencia emocional (DE) y los esquemas maladaptativos tempranos, en jóvenes estudiantes de un instituto público de Lima Metropolitana. Se utilizó un muestreo intencional. La muestra está conformada por 176 jóvenes de ambos sexos, con edades que oscilan entre los 17 a 29 años. Como medida de evaluación se empleó la Escala Breve de Dependencia Emocional (EBDE), construida en Perú por Ventura (2018) y el Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form (YSQ- SF), adaptada en Colombia por Londoño et al. (2012). Se obtuvo como resultado que los esquemas y la DE presentan una correlación positiva; encontrándose que el esquema de abandono presenta una relación grande con la DE y con dos de sus dimensiones (necesidad de afecto y miedo al abandono), mientras que los esquemas de aislamiento social e inhibición emocional presentan una relación baja. El objetivo específico es comparar las respuestas obtenidas en la EBDE según sexo, y se encuentra que las diferencias no tienen significancia práctica, sin embargo, los varones puntúan más alto en miedo al abandono y baja autonomía. Las implicancias de los resultados se analizan en discusión.<br>The objective of the investigation is to determine the relation between the emotional dependence and the early maladaptive schema, in young students at a public institute in Lima. An intentional sampling was used. The sample consisted of 176 students male and female between 17 and 29 years old. In order to assess the research variables, the Escala Breve de Dependencia Emocional (EBDE) made in Lima-Peru by Ventura (2018) was used for Emotional Dependence; and the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-L2) adapted in Colombia by Londoño et al. (2012) was used for early maldaptative schema. Results show that schema and emotional dependence present a positive correlation; finding that the abandonment scheme have a big relation with emotional dependence and with two of its dimensions, while schema of social isolation and emotional inhibition presents a low relation. The specific objective is comparing the responses obtained in the EBDE according gender, the result shows that there is no practical significance between the differences, however, men score higher in fear of abandonment and low autonomy. The implications of the results are analyzed in discussion.<br>Tesis
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Tandetnik, Caroline. "Plainte subjective de mémoire : déterminants psychologiques, recherche d'aide médicale et efficacité d'une prise en charge psychoéducative." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB171/document.
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Contexte : La plainte subjective de mémoire correspond à la perception de difficultés de mémoire par le sujet, alors que les performances mnésiques objectives, évaluées par un bilan neuropsychologique, sont normales. Notre recherche visait premièrement à identifier les déterminants psychologiques de la plainte subjective de mémoire et deuxièmement, à évaluer les effets d'un programme psychoéducatif dédié à cette plainte, le programme PrévMém. Méthodologie : Les participants, qui tous se plaignaient de leur mémoire, ont été recrutés soit par les neurologues d'un service spécialisé dans la mémoire, soit par le biais d'une complémentaire santé. Un bilan neuropsychologique permettait de confirmer l'absence de troubles objectifs de mémoire. Des évaluations psychologiques (plainte de mémoire, métamémoire, dépression, anxiété, schémas précoces inadaptés de Young) par auto-questionnaires informatisés ont eu lieu avant le programme (n=144), à la fin du programme (n= 104) puis un an après la fin de celui-ci (n=34). Un bilan neuropsychologique était à nouveau réalisé un an après la fin du programme. Le programme PrévMém consistait en 5 séances de deux heures en groupe, à raison d'une séance par semaine animées par différents professionnels de santé. Résultats : A l'entrée du programme, les facteurs les plus prédictifs de la plainte de mémoire étaient les schémas de Young, en particulier celui de dépendance / incompétence. De plus, les personnes qui ont été recrutées par le biais d'une consultation dans un service hospitalier spécialisé, se distinguaient des autres par un niveau plus élevé de plainte de mémoire et de symptomatologie anxio-dépressive. Le programme PrévMém a permis de diminuer significativement le niveau de plainte de mémoire, le perfectionnisme mnésique et les inquiétudes envers la maladie d'Alzheimer. Conclusion : Notre étude a confirmé l'influence des facteurs psychologiques sur la plainte de mémoire et a mis en lumière la valeur prédictive du schéma cognitif dépendance / incompétence. Elle a également montré l'intérêt d'une prise en charge psychoéducative. Les résultats suggèrent d'introduire, dans de futures interventions psychothérapeutiques, un travail cognitif ciblé sur ce schéma de dépendance / incompétence<br>Background: Subjective memory complaint refers to self-experienced memory difficulties while having normal performances on standardized neuropsychological tests. Our study aimed firstly to identify the psychological predictors of subjective memory complaint and secondly to assess the effects of a psychoeducational program dedicated to this complaint, the PrévMém program. Methods: The participants, who all voiced a memory complaint, were recruited either by neurologists from a memory clinic, or through a health insurance plan. A neuropsychological assessment was performed to confirm the absence of memory impairment. The participants were administered computerized self-report psychological assessments (memory complaint, metacognition, depression, anxiety, Young early maladaptive schemas) before the program (n = 144), at the end of the program (n = 104), and finally one year later (n = 34). Another neuropsychological assessment was also performed one year after the end of the program. The PrévMém program consisted of 5 weekly 120-minute sessions, in a group setting, led by different health professionals. Results: At the time of entrance into the program, the best determinants of subjective memory complaint were the Young early maladaptive schemas, more specifically that measuring dependence /incompetence. In addition, participants who were recruited through the memory clinic differed from the others in that they showed a higher level of memory complaint and a higher level of anxiety and depression. The PrévMém program significantly reduced the memory complaint, memory "perfectionism" and concerns towards Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion: Our study confirmed the influence of psychological factors on memory complaints and highlighted the predictive value of the dependence / incompetence cognitive schema. It also underscores the value of a psychoeducational intervention. Our results suggest that it may be worthwhile to introduce cognitive restructuring that targets the schema of dependence/incompetence in future psychotherapeutic interventions
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Gomes, Dora Filipa Gonçalves. "Early maladaptive schemas and addictive behaviors." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/28599.
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Background: The previous research has revealed that early maladaptive
schemas (EMPs) play an important role and may have a predictive effect on
substance consumption.
Objectives: This pioneering research aimed at evaluating the existing
relationships between EMPs and addictive behaviors besides verifying which of
the 18 EMPs is the best predictor in substance consumption.
Methods: For the present study, subjects were voluntarily recruited from the
Commission for the Dissuasion of Drug Addiction (CDT) of Aveiro (n = 39).
They were supposd to be aged ≥ 18 years and be users of drugs.
Results: The results showed that seven schemes, belonging to the first four
domains ("Disconnection and Rejection", "Impaired autonomy and
performance", "Other directedness" and "Impaired limits"), were significantly
related to the consumption variables. Of these seven that correlated, five
schemes ("Defectiveness", "Vulnerability", "Enmeshment", "Subjugation", and
"Self-sacrifice") revealed a predictive effect on addictive behaviors.
Conclusion: The results demonstrate that EMPs are correlated and can have a
predictive effect on addictive behaviors. It is envisioned that these results may
be useful in a clinical context. However, additional studies are needed to better
understand these issues.<br>Contextualização: Pesquisas anteriores demonstraram que os esquemas maladaptativos
precoces (EMPs) desempenham um papel importante, podendo
ter um efeito preditor, no consumo de substâncias.
Objetivos: Esta investigação pioneira, teve como objetivo avaliar as relações
existentes entre os EMPs e os comportamentos aditivos, frequência e
quantidade, e concomitantemente, verificar qual dos 18 EMPs é o melhor
preditor no consumo de substâncias.
Métodos: Para a presente investigação foram recrutados, de forma voluntária,
sujeitos atendidos na Comissão para a Dissuasão da Toxicodependência
(CDT) de Aveiro (n = 39), sendo que estes tinham de ter idades ≥ 18 anos e
ser consumidores de drogas.
Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram que setes esquemas, sendo estes
pertencentes aos quatro primeiros domínios (“Distanciamento e Rejeição”,
“Autonomia e Desempenho Deteriorados”, “Influência dos Outros” e “Limites
Deteriorados”), se relacionaram de forma significativa com as variáveis de
consumo. Destes sete que se correlacionaram, cinco (“Defeito/Vergonha”,
“Vulnerabilidade ao mal e à doença”, “Emaranhamento/Eu subdesenvolvido”,
“Subjugação” e “Autossacrifício”) revelaram um efeito preditor nos
comportamentos aditivos.
Conclusão: Estes resultados demonstram que os EMPs se relacionam e que
podem ter um efeito preditor nos comportamentos aditivos. Pretende-se que
estes resultados possam ser úteis em contexto clínico. No entanto, são
necessários estudos adicionais para melhor compreender estas questões.<br>Mestrado em Psicologia da Saúde e Reabilitação Neuropsicológica
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Chen, Hsu-Hui, and 陳旭輝. "The relationship among Early Maladaptive Schemas, Stress and Depression Tendency." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60146563375682238292.
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碩士<br>中原大學<br>心理學研究所<br>104<br>Background and Purpose: Depression is a common mental disorder, it brings great distress not only for the individual, but also an impact on the whole community. Cognitive theory provides us a theoretical framework to understand depressive symptoms. Literature review indicated the relations between stress and depression. The early maladaptive schemas can predict individual depressive symptoms influenced by life stress events. However, the mechanism of this effect is unclear. The current study aimed to examine the relationship among early maladaptive schema, stress and depression tendency.
Method: A group of 172 college students were selected. They were administered the Young Schema Questionnaire, Life Stress Scale and Beck Depression Inventory-II. The data analysis was based on structural equational modeling.
Result: (1) There were significantly positive correlations among early maladaptive schema, stress and depression tendency. (2) Early maladaptive schema was an intervening variable between stress and depression tendency.
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Costello, Darryn. "Early maladaptive schemas : the relationship with anxiety patterns, and perceived parental rearing behaviours." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9219.
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Since 2008 the prevalence rate of anxiety disorders has increased to 15,8%, thus putting them as the most prevalent class of psychiatric disorders in South Africa. This research firstly aimed to examine the relationship between Young’s Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) and four patterns of anxiety. The dimensions of anxiety included test anxiety, social anxiety, generalized anxiety and trait anxiety. Secondly, it aimed to examine the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and perceived parental rearing styles, as these are believed to influence an individual’s susceptibility to developing the early maladaptive schemas. The interest of the study centered on the student population of the University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (UKZN-PMB) as these dimensions were correctly thought to be prevalent in a student sample. The research utilised three questionnaires: firstly, a multidimensional anxiety scale; Young’s Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S) and the Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran (EMBU-s): (My Memories of My Upbringing).
The results of this study established that test anxiety correlated well with the EMS of achievement, that social anxiety correlated well with EMS of self-evaluation, and generalized anxiety was found to correlate with specific EMS that could be the direct focus of excessive worry for university students. Finally, trait anxiety was found to be all encompassing and pervasive with it having the most significant and highest correlations with more EMS. The results regarding the perceived parental rearing behaviours found that the higher the levels of perceived parental rejection and overprotection, and lower levels of emotional warmth, the more inclined an individual is to develop an EMS. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the role that maladaptive cognitive schemas play in developing anxiety as well as the role that perceived parental rearing behaviours play in an individual developing an early maladaptive schema.<br>Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.
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Liu, Mei Chen, and 劉美辰. "Early Maladaptive Schemas and Interpersonal Schema in Female with Binge Eating Behavior Tendencies." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89251697525675880635.
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