Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Eagles”
Kliknij ten link, aby zobaczyć inne rodzaje publikacji na ten temat: Eagles.
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Sprawdź 50 najlepszych rozpraw doktorskich naukowych na temat „Eagles”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Przeglądaj rozprawy doktorskie z różnych dziedzin i twórz odpowiednie bibliografie.
1
Sabine, Neil B. "Aspects of bald eagle winter behavior in Rush Valley Utah: A Telemetry study". BYU ScholarsArchive, 1987. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7863.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The diurnal behavior and nocturnal roosting patterns of 28 bald eagles outfitted with tail-mounted radios were investigated in Rush Valley, Utah between January and March 1982-1984. Casting analysis and feeding observations indicated the principal food source was jackrabbit carrion. Jackrabbit availability declined from 1982 to 1984 and eagles responded by; 1) roosting closer to feeding sites, 2) shifting from canyon to valley roosts, 3) arriving later at and departing earlier from roosts, 4) decreasing diurnal activity, and 5) decreasing residence time. Foraging efficiency appeared to be maximized by experienced eagles using familiar feeding areas and by naive birds monitoring their activity. There appeared to be a slight (8.6%) energetic advantage to roosting at valley sites because of their proximity to feeding areas. This saving was presumably dissipated under adverse weather conditions when eagles selected the sheltered microclimate of canyon slopes. Twelve eagles were tracked during spring migration and all followed northward routes.
2
Swanson, Cindy S. "Economics of non-game management : bald eagles on the Skagit River Bald Eagle Natural Area, Washington /". The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487842372894759.
Pełny tekst źródła
3
Parry, Steven James. "The booted eagles : perspectives in evolutionary biology". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289873.
Pełny tekst źródła
4
Wagner, Allison B. "Four Eagles Lake Management Plan: A Practicum Report". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1398896623.
Pełny tekst źródła
5
Smith, Timothy John. "The effect of human activities on the distribution and abundance of the Jordan Lake - Falls Lake bald eagles". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45186.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
I studied the effect of human activities on bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephahus) distribution and abundance at Jordan Lake and Falls Lake, North Carolina in 1986 and 1981. Eagles used most of the area available on Jordan Lake, but 63% of the use occurred in the northern 25% of the lake. Eagle use at Falls Lake was restricted to a few areas in the northern section of the lake. Jordan Lake had 1.2 times as many eagle observations as did Falls Lake. Data from radio-tagged eagles and timing of population fluctuations suggest that eagle populations at Jordan and Falls Lakes were principally migrating eagles from southern states. The peak in eagle numbers in May 1981 may have represented a migratory wave, whereas the decrease in June and July may have been the result of some eagles continuing northward. Eagles returning south from the Chesapeake Bay and other northern areas may account for the slight increase observed in August. Two eagle roosts were located and monitored throughout the study at Jordan Lake. Human activities at both lakes peaked during summer months. Boating was the predominant activity during summer. Sixty-three intentional disturbances by motor boats produced a mean eagle flush distance of 131.2 m. Only 8% of the eagles flushed when the approaching boat was > 250 m from shore. Loglinear analysis revealed that human use of the shoreline and eagle use of the shoreline were related. Shoreline segments (250 m) used by humans were used less frequently by eagles than would be expected under a model of complete independence. I saw more eagles and fewer humans on weekdays than on weekends during boat surveys of selected Jordan Lake sections, suggesting that human use in certain sections on weekends displaced eagles. The lake section north of the Farrington Bridge showed the largest difference between eagle numbers on weekdays versus weekends. I developed a regression model that predicted the threshold density of disturbance Within this section to be 0.5 boats/km². On most days during the summer, this threshold level of boating traffic is surpassed in lake sections south of the Farrington Bridge. Primary management objectives should be to reduce human activities within high-eagle use areas, specifically the northern end of Jordan Lake, and to promote the bald eagle as a recreational benefit rather than a management problem.Master of Science
6
Clark, Kennedy H. "Shoreline Habitat Selection by Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in a Non-Breeding Eagle Concentration-Area on the James River, Virginia". W&M ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625732.
Pełny tekst źródła
7
Chester, Dennis Nathan. "Bald eagle habitat use on B. Everett Jordan Lake and Falls Lake, North Carolina". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43385.
Pełny tekst źródła
8
Losee, Michele J. "Habitat Characteristics and Nesting Ecology of Golden Eagles in Arizona". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1563035697672681.
Pełny tekst źródła
9
Kingdon, Lorraine B. "When the Bald Eagles Cried in Arizona, Wade Eakle Listened". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/295498.
Pełny tekst źródła
10
Gillies, James A. "Soaring flight in the steppe eagle (Aquila nipalensis)". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.572648.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Avian flight cannot fail to impress; from the huge migratory distances covered by albatrosses to the dexterity shown by a feeding hummingbird, the performance of birds in flight is remarkable. Until now research into free flight (i.e. not in a wind tunnel or other artificial environment) has been limited to observations from the ground. Here I use a collection of novel techniques, based on the use of onboard instrumentation carried by the bird, to explore if and how this performance might be underpinned by their flexible flight configuration. In the Introduction (chapter 1) to the thesis I investigate previous work into the stability and control of birds in flight. In chapter 2 I investigate a selection of manoeuvres seen commonly in flight, and describe the ways in which they exploit the flexible configuration of the eagle. Then (chapter 3), using an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) containing an integrated camera and Pilot-tube I measure the forces acting on the body of the bird in flight, the airspeed of the bird, and using custom-written software, I extract the configuration of the tail from the video. Using the measured configuration of the tail I estimate the lift generated by the tail according to a series of simple aerodynamic models. These are good predictors of the variation in the normal load factor acting on the bird. This suggests that the tail of the eagle is used primarily in soaring flight to balance the bird along the pitch axis. In chapter 4 I further investigate the configuration of the tail, I find that the spread and angle of attack of the tail covary, but that the twist of the tail is adjusted independently. In chapter 5 I explore one manoeuvre, the wing tuck, in more detail. With reference to a 'mean wing tuck' of the key variables I suggest that it is a response to a drop in wing loading, which suggests that it may be a response to atmospheric turbulence. I then investigate the frequency of wing tucking and our principal finding is that it is increased on days when the wind speed is greater, further suggesting that it is a response to atmospheric turbulence. Finally in the Discussion (chapter 6) I summarise the thesis. I also consider future avenues for research into the control and stability of avian flight and discuss some of the limitations of the methods used in this thesis.
11
Laing, Dawn Kelly. "Dispersal and migratory behaviour of osprey and bald eagles in Labrador". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84049.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This study employed satellite telemetry to document dispersal and migratory behaviour of nine juvenile Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and two adult and five hatch-year Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) from central Labrador between 15 Aug 2002--31 Dec 2003. Autumn average departure dates were 20 October 2002 and 13 November 2003 for the eagles and 13 October for both 2002/2003 Osprey, siblings migrating independently. Juvenile Osprey travelled at an average rate of 200 km/d during fall migration; one adult travelled at a rate of 188 km/d enroute to the Dominican Republic. Eagles travelled an average distance of 1200 km over 40 days at a rate of 81 km/d, wintering as far south as Virginia. Eagles departed wintering areas by 25 March 2003, travelling at an average rate of 76 km/d using similar waterways, river valleys and corridors as taken in the fall. Eagles and Osprey were not documented travelling overnight or crossing large bodies of water.
12
Eakle, Wade Laney 1959. "SONAGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL BREEDING BALD EAGLES (HALIAEETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS) IN ARIZONA". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276369.
Pełny tekst źródła
13
Kimball, Scott Allen. "Behavioral interactions of breeding bald eagles (Haliaeetus luecocephalus) at Lake Cascade, Idaho". [Boise, Idaho] : Boise State University, 2009. http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/td/40/.
Pełny tekst źródła
14
Quamen, Frank R. "Distribution and productivity of bald eagles and ospreys in Wisconsin (1974-1999) /". Link to Abstracts, 2004. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/abstracts/2004/Quamen.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródła
15
Mersmann, Timothy James. "Foraging ecology of bald eagles on the northern Chesapeake Bay with an examination of techniques used in the study of bald eagle food habits". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46051.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
We monitored distribution and abundance of food resources and determined food habits of nonbreeding bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) on the northern Chesapeake Bay, as a preliminary step toward examining food-base effects on bald eagle distribution and abundance. To correctly interpret our food habits results, we first examined biases of 2 commonly-used food habits techniques, pellet analysis and food remains collection, through feeding trials with 2 captive bald eagles. Eagles were fed a variety of food items found on the northern Bay. Egested pellet contents and frequency of remains were compared with actual diet. We also examined efficacy of direct observation by observing eagles in high-use foraging areas. We found pellet analysis accurately indicated the species of birds and mammals eaten, but overrepresented medium-sized mammals and underrepresented large carrion in percent occurrence results. Fish were poorly represented in pellets. Eagles rarely produced pellets after eating fish, suggesting that pellet egestion rate, defined as the number of pellets produced per eagle per night, can serve as an index to relative use of birds and mammals. Food remains collection was highly biased toward birds, medium~sized mammals, and large, bony fish. Direct observation was labor intensive and required close proximity of the observer for unbiased identification of food items. Observation may be the only means of documenting eagles' use of small, soft-bodied fish.
We used direct observation, pellet analysis, and pellet formation rates to determine bald eagle food habits from December 1986 through April 1988. We monitored fish abundance by gill netting and waterfowl abundance by aerial surveys over this same period. Fish and waterfowl abundance varied reciprocally; waterfowl numbers peaked in winter and fish numbers peaked in spring and late summer. Bald eagles responded to differences in food abundance with diet shifts. Canada geese (Branta canadensis), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) carrion were primary foods from November through February. Cold-stressed gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) were captured frequently by eagles below a hydroelectric dam on the Susquehanna River in November and December, and also were taken frequently throughout the study area during a winter when ice cover was extensive. Shad were not commonly available during a milder winter. From April through September, bald eagles fed on a variety of fish species, primarily gizzard shad, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus), white perch (Morone americana), American eel (Anguilla rosfrata), and yellow perch (Perca flavescens). The 4 most commonly consumed fish species also were the most commonly gill netted species. At least 25% of all fish taken were scavenged. Live fish were most abundant at the water's surface in shallow water. Bald eagles' use of live fish reflected this availability; water depth at live fish capture sites was less than at sites where fish of dead or unknown status were taken. Eagles foraged most intensively within 1 hour of sunrise. A second smaller peak in foraging activity was observed in early afternoon.
Master of Science
16
Dominguez, Laura. "Reproductive success and environmental contaminants among bald eagles in Placentia and Bonavista Bays, Newfoundland /". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0004/MQ42369.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródła
17
Crasilşcic, Veaceslav. "STUDY OF REQUIREMENTS FOR POST-CONSTRUCTION AUTOMATED BIRD MITIGATION SYSTEMS FROM STAKEHOLDER’S PERSPECTIVE". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-300805.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The expansion of wind power comes with additional risks for bird populations, one of which is the collision with wind turbine components, mainly the rotating blades. In order to mitigate this risk, few systems on the market propose solutions with modules that deter the birds from the wind turbine or trigger the temporary shutdown of the turbines.The thesis seeks to obtain a common view from different stakeholders in order to create a list of requirements that the bird protection systems must have so as to be accepted by all the parties involved in the wind industry in Sweden. In order to meet this objective, interviews were conducted with interested stakeholders. Consequently, the interviews were summarized and common points were extracted to create a list of requirements and additional suggestions.Firstly, a comprehensive literature review was done that has pointed out issues like impacts of wind farms on bird species, especially raptors, causes of bird mortality, environmental legislation in European Union and Sweden, and current solutions on mitigating the risk of collisions with wind turbines onshore. Additionally, the author looked up into the most efficient ways to engage the stakeholders in constructive discussions and develop an easy framework for presenting the requirements.The primary data was collected through interviews with stakeholders representing 12 organizations. In the next steps, the data was analyzed by summarizing each interview and identifying the common and differentiating points in respondents’ views and suggestions over automated bird mitigation systems. The identified points laid the basis for a list of requirements considered important for safe and efficient bird mitigation systems in Sweden. Among others, stakeholders identified that the most crucial issues regarding bird mitigation systems are the response time to shutdown of the turbine, distance from the birds’ species living areas, need of species identification in bad weather conditions and night time and overall financial feasibility of such technologies.
18
Elgtberg, Charlotte, Granlund Hanna Opara i Wigh Isabelle Haglund. "Måste ju kunna ta en smäll : En kvalitativ textanalys av tv-serien Eagles". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78651.
Pełny tekst źródła
19
Muller, Rebecca. "How does urbanisation affect the breeding performance of African Crowned Eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus)?" Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30892.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Birds face many challenges from the process of urbanisation. Those species that are able to occupy urban areas offer opportunities to understand processes of acclimatisation to urban life and may help in the development of urban spaces for the benefit of wildlife. In many bird species, individuals that occupy territories in more urban areas show lower productivity and lower body condition of nestlings, which is thought to be mediated by food availability. Most of the studies exploring this issue were done on passerines and carried out in the global north, with very few studies exploring this topic on non-passerines, and even fewer in Africa. Studies addressing urban productivity in apex predators with slow life histories that are often of conservation concern are largely missing. Here, we explore the breeding performance of the African Crowned Eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) across an urbanisation gradient in KwaZuluNatal, South Africa. Specifically, we explored the hypothesis that living in an urban environment allows this species, which is typically a biennial breeder, to breed annually more often (i.e. increased breeding rate), and whether this might increase the productivity of this species. We also explore whether there may be any hidden costs of such a breeding strategy by examining the condition of chicks for pairs which had successfully bred in the previous year. We found that Crowned Eagles breeding in more urban areas attempted to breed more often (i.e., higher breeding rate), but that these birds also suffered from lower breeding success. These two contrasting responses counteracted each other and meant that overall productivity (number of young produced per occupied territory) was not influenced by urbanisation. Breeding annually did not appear to have a negative cost on the chick condition, as offspring in the year following a successful breeding attempt did not have lowered body condition. This species appears to be well adjusted to breeding in an urban environment. Crowned Eagles are currently considered vulnerable in South Africa, and ensuring that an urban population of this species is able to persist can help secure the conservation status of this charismatic species.
20
Tinkler, Dorothy E. "Ecology of bald eagles during the postfleding [sic] period at rural and suburban nest sites in southwest Florida". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1546.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 91 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 34-37).
21
Glavey, Christopher. "Helping Eagles Fly: A Living Theory Approach to Student and Young adult Leadership Development". Thesis, University of South Wales, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491219.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This thesis offers an explanatory account of my living theory of educational leadership in fostering and sustaining student and young adult leadership processes in educational and community settings. Grounded in my research to address my concern for the marginalisation and voicelessness of young people in schools and within their local communities, I explain how I have developed educational processes to help them to develop their leadership abilities and provided them with opportunities to express these abilities in contributing to a good social order in educational and community settings.
22
Rennie, Connor. "Andrew Miller and his Eagles - American Citizens, British Subjects and Rights in the ImpressmentControversy". Thesis, University of Canterbury. History, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8625.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In 1812 impressment was left as the implied cause for the outbreak of war between Britain
and the United States of America. Scholars have focused on how impressment was involved
in diplomacy. There remains, however, a lack of investigation into the justification of
impressment. This dissertation explores the impressment of Americans by the Royal Navy
and the resulting fallout. The research will focus on one group in particular: naturalised
American citizens. The aim is to show that the conflict over impressment stemmed from
Britain and America possessing different conceptualisations of citizenship and rights. The
dissertation examines the history of impressment in Britain and the doctrine of indefeasible
allegiance together with American arguments against the doctrine. This research is based on
the correspondence of politicians, treatises, laws and secondary scholarship. Using these
sources a narrative of diplomacy and rights will be constructed. Upon the examination of the
evidence it becomes clear that American claims about the unjustness of the impressment of
naturalised American citizens are wrong. While there was a dispute if naturalisation could
occur, the fact is that the American government loudly disputed the British right to reclaim a
large number of naturalised sailors when by the laws of America these sailors were not
naturalised.
23
Duquette, Daniel. "Eagles Flying Together: An Examination of Boston College, Its Basketball Team, and Social Identity". Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1954.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis advisor: Marilyn MatelskiEvery college basketball team competes at the highest level, and has goals both on and off the court. But how often do those goals align themselves with the university that the team is affiliated with? This thesis examines the relationship that the Boston College men’s basketball team has with the University through the lens of social identity. Through library research, participant observation, and one-on-one interviews with individuals around the team and the university, a pattern of the relationship emerged. By focusing on doing things the Boston College way, recruiting a “BC type of kid,” keeping sports in its place, and by creating relationships with different publics outside of the team, the men’s basketball team strives to align itself with the university’s social identity. This thesis will map out what this unique interaction entails and attempt to provide a comprehensive look of the social identity of the men’s basketball team and how it relates to the social identity of Boston College
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Communication Honors Program
Discipline: Communication
24
Gill, Christopher Ellis. "Environmental contaminants, food availability, and reproduction of bald eagles, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ37537.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródła
25
Murray, Wendi Field. ""The gods above have come" : a contemporary analysis of the eagle as a cultural resource in the northern Plains". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/578840.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In response to the recent delisting of the bald eagle as an endangered species, the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, the University of Arizona, and the National Park Service undertook this collaborative study to identify continuities and discontinuities in eagle knowledge and acquisition and use of eagle parts by members of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation (MHA), and to document cultural resources associated with eagles in three North Dakota national parks. Interviews with tribal consultants who possess eagle rights were integrated with ethnographic, archaeological, and archival data. This research finds that although there have been major changes in how MHA people acquire eagles for personal and religious use since the early 20`" century, beliefs and practices associated with eagle demonstrate cultural continuity. There remains a strict adherence to
protocols regarding the handling of eagles and the possession and transfer of eagle knowledge, and there is a persistent belief in the eagle's ability to animate people, objects, and places. The eagle feather remains an indicator of social status, spiritual power, and identity, and eagle parts continue to be crucial elements in the performance of major religious ceremonies. Several site types associated with eagles and eagle trapping were identified, and all three parks either contain eagle resources, or are associated with parts of the eagle landscape. While trapping pits and trapping lodges are no longer used for taking eagles, they retain
significance as sources of supernatural power and spiritual knowledge. These sites are spiritually active, and are important places for conducting fasts, seeking visions, and making religious offerings. Tribal consultants believe that the power imbued in these sites is attributed to their past role in the establishment and perpetuation of relationships between their ancestors and the spiritual world during annual trapping expeditions. Both site types are culturally significant in their familial and clan associations, their reflection of traditional land uses unique to the Missouri River environs, and their role in the transformative religious experiences of ancestors. There is a desire within the tribal community to preserve eagle trapping pit sites and, even more so, trapping lodge sites. In order to maintain the sites' spiritual integrity, consultants prefer that they not be accessible to the general public.
26
Gjershaug, Jan Ove. "Taxonomy and conservation status of hawk-eagles (Genus Nisaetus) in south-east Asia". Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-413.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Morphological, vocal and molecular data have been used to reevaluate the taxonomy of some Asian Nisaetus taxa. This name is used instead of Spizaetus because the latter genus is polyphyletic with clades in Asia, South America and Africa. The Changeable Hawk-eagle complex (N. cirrhatus cirrhatus, N. c. limnaeetus, N. c. floris, N. lanceolatus and N. philippensis) has been studied. We propose that Nisaetus floris (Flores Hawk-eagle) should be treated as a distinct species, whereas the taxonomic status of Nisaetus c. cirrhatus and N. c. limnaeetus is still uncertain. We also propose that the Philippine Hawk-eagle should be split into two species Nisaetus philippensis and N. pinskeri. In the Mountain Hawk-eagle Nisaetus nipalensis complex, we propose that Nisaetus kelaarti (Legge’s Hawk-eagle) should be treated as a distinct species. The conservation status of Nisaetus floris, Nisaetus kelaarti and Nisaetus bartelsi has been evaluated from population density estimates, which are based on territory size. N. floris and N. bartelsi qualify for the category “Endangered” on the IUCN Red List, whereas N. kelaarti qualifies as “Near Threatened”. The changes in taxonomy of Nisaetus floris and N. kelaarti meet the qualification for being included in the Red List.Vi har brukt morfologiske, vokale og molekylære data for å revurdere taksonomien til noen taksa i den asiatiske haukørnslekten Nisaetus. Dette navnet er brukt i stedet for Spizaetus da denne er polyfyletisk med en gruppe i Asia, en i Sør-Amerika og en art i Afrika. Changeable Hawk-eagle - komplekset (N. cirrhatus cirrhatus, N. c. limnaeetus, N. c. floris, N. lanceolatus og N. philippensis) er studert, og vi har foreslått at Nisaetus floris (Flores Hawk-eagle) skal regnes som en egen art, mens den taksonomiske status til Nisaetus c. cirrhatus og N. c. limnaeetus fremdeles er usikker. Vi har også foreslått at Philippine Hawk-eagle skal splittes i to arter, Nisaetus philippensis og N. pinskeri. I Mountain Hawk-eagle Nisaetus nipalensis komplekset foreslår vi at Nisaetus kelaarti (Legge’s Hawk-eagle) regnes som en egen art. Vi har vurdert bevaringsstatusen til Nisaetus floris, Nisaetus bartelsi og Nisaetus kelaarti ut fra populasjonstetthetsestimat som er basert på territoriestørrelse. De to førstnevnte artene kvalifiserer til ”direkte truet” på Rødlista, mens kelaarti kvalifiserer til kategorien ”nær truet”. Endringen av taksonomisk status for Nisaetus floris og Nisaetus kelaarti har vært en forutsetning for å inkludere disse artene på Rødlista.
Paper I: © Cambridge University Press and BirdLife International
27
Causer, Timothy James. ""Only a place fit for angels and eagles" : the Norfolk Island penal settlement, 1825-1855". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.673842.
Pełny tekst źródła
28
Shultz, Susanne Marie. "Of monkeys and eagles : predator-prey interactions in the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288247.
Pełny tekst źródła
29
Schalk, Ashley C. "The Sketcher: Reverend John Eagles, His Poetical Shelter from the World and the 1812 Collection". Digital Commons @ Butler University, 2015. http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/grtheses/410.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
...Since identifying Eagles as at least one of the artists of the 1812 Collection, I have discovered that his specific tour of the Lakes, the route he followed and the scenery conveyed in his images, deviated from the conventional tours in that Eagles was in search of what he regarded as a poetical landscape rather than a traditionally picturesque one. In other words, Eagles sought to capture more than an aesthetically pleasing scene as a picturesque image would, he endeavored to capture the soul of the scene and the 1812 Collection is evidence that Eagles practiced the artistic principles he so often espoused. As such, the 1812 Collection offers further implications for Eagles's body of work, his aesthetic, and his strong criticisms of the changes he witnessed in landscape art during his lifetime. In this essay, I therefore propose demonstrate not only how the 1812 Collection is in critical conversation with the picturesque tradition, but also how Eagles's sketches, like his writings and criticisms, expressed his own guiding aesthetic on discovering the poetry of nature instead of a strictly picturesque aesthetic. In doing so, I hope to restore Eagles's reputation as an artist and art critic as well as reveal the historical importance of the recently rediscovered 1812 Collection.
30
Van, Eeden Rowen. "Understanding the decline of Martial Eagles Polemaetus bellicosus in the Kruger National Park, South Africa". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25522.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Protected areas have been identified as one of the most effective strategies for reducing biodiversity loss in a world where the negative effects of global change are increasing. However for species which migrate or which range beyond the borders of protected areas, these protected areas may only offer partial protection against the threats in the surrounding landscape. Understanding the role and limitations that protected areas can play in conserving threatened species can contribute to better conservation measures for species that may otherwise not benefit from more conventional conservation approaches. The Martial Eagle is a low-density apex predator currently declining across its African range. Changes in reporting rates from bird atlas surveys suggest declines of up to 60 % over the last 20 years (1987-1982 vs. 2007-2013) across South Africa. Worryingly, large protected areas were not immune to these declines. For instance reporting rates in Kruger National Park (KNP; ca. 20,000 km²), an area often considered a stronghold for Martial Eagles, recorded a 54 % decline in reporting rates. It is not clear what the major drivers of declines have been in South Africa, nor what is contributing to the declines in these large protected areas. In this thesis I study the ecology of Martial Eagles in KNP to improve our understanding of the threats they face and how these threats at various stages in their life cycle may be driving declines within protected areas where one would expect that the species should be well conserved. I hypothesised that the main driver of declines in protected areas is that juvenile Martial Eagles disperse beyond the borders of protected areas where they are at increased risk of unnatural mortality, thus leading to recruitment failure back into even the largest protected areas. To test this hypothesis, I fitted GPS tags to 9 juvenile eagles to understand their dispersal behaviour, an aspect of their life cycle for which no previous information existed, and to explore their survival rates. During a lengthy post fledging dependency phase (7 - 9 months) birds began making exploration trips that reached up to ca. 150 km from the nest site and beyond the borders of KNP. After dispersal onset, birds ranged widely up to 390 km from their nests covering areas that averaged ca. 6,500 km²; protected areas covered only 55 % of this area. In contrast to my hypothesis survival rates did not appear particularly low; from monitoring successfully dispersed juveniles over 36 months in total, only one immature bird was confirmed to have died presumably due to natural causes. To understand adult habitat preference and ranging behaviour, which can inform habitat requirements for the species conservation, I fitted GPS tags to eight adult birds. Models of their habitat preference indicated that the species preferred to utilise areas within their home ranges that were in areas with greater tree cover, with areas of dense bush rather than open bush or grassland, amongst other important features. These results were important to identify potential threats, such as the loss of trees in Savannah's, which is currently occurring due to elephant damage and fire influences. The species held large territories (ca. 108 km²) constraining the maximum number of pairs that the Park is able to support (max. 185 possible pairs), however models of distribution suggest the available habitat in KNP likely supports ca. 60 - 70 breeding pairs. Two adult individuals never held territories and another two abandoned their territories during the course of the study. These individuals ranged widely (ca. 44,000 km²) suggesting a floater population exists in the region. The death of three of these four floater individuals (two persecutions and an electrocution) indicates that adults are particularly at risk of mortality during these wide-ranging movements beyond protected area boundaries. Two natural mortalities of territorial birds within the park were also recorded. Overall therefore, despite our relatively small sample size, adult birds do appear to have worryingly low survival rates. Because my sample size of both adults and juveniles/immatures was relatively small (adults = 8, juveniles = 9), their movements may not be fully representative of the entire population. Therefore, I additionally modelled the distribution of Martial Eagles using independent sightings data to describe suitable areas for the species both within the KNP and adjacent areas (within ca. 400 km of the park). Identifying these areas provides conservation managers with more information to ensure adequate conservation measures are in place for this species in these areas. At least 29 % of KNP was predicted to be suitable for Martial Eagles, while neighbouring regions in Mozambique and Swaziland were also predicted to be highly suitable for the species. Given the adult mortalities and general scarcity of Martial Eagles in Mozambique the area may act as a population sink for KNP birds. Lastly, I compared current reproductive parameters to those reported in a considerable number of other studies on the species both within KNP and elsewhere. Productivity recorded during this study was lower than any previously recorded estimate. Using a population model, I show that current productivity within KNP is sufficiently low to have been solely responsible for the known levels of decline there, without the need to invoke any other contributory factors. A high hatching failure rate was mostly responsible for the low productivity. However, it is important to note that at least two of the three years of data collection occurred during low (drought) rainfall years, which may have constrained breeding, and thus may not be reflective of productivity levels more generally over the recent longer term. My research helps identify the most likely drivers of population declines in KNP, suggesting that elevated adult mortality and lower productivity may be the key factors. Drivers of low productivity require further investigation, however it is likely that changes in habitat quality or climate may be impacting on the species within KNP. The study also highlighted the difficulty of conserving wideranging and threatened species in protected areas, which may be prone to high mortality in the surrounding landscape. This research is therefore applicable to a number of species that range widely from KNP e.g. vultures, or migratory eagles. The research indicates that protected areas alone are unlikely to conserve these species and that additional conservation measures, such as education programmes, or trans boundary policy should be put in place to realise successful conservation for these species.
31
Viverette, Catherine B. "INFLUENCE OF HISTORIC LANDSCAPES AND CONTEMPORARY SPECIES MANAGEMENT ON CHESAPEAKE BAY BALD EAGLES AND OSPREY". VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4197.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Influence of historic landscapes and contemporary species management on Chesapeake Bay Bald Eagles and Osprey
Catherine B. Viverette
Co-distributed species with well documented demographic histories can provide good models for testing alternative hypotheses about the impact of evolutionary history, contemporary landscapes, and species management on current distribution and population structure. The Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) have been extensively studied, managed and monitored across their North American breeding range, particularly in the Chesapeake Bay. We used a combination of ecological niche modelling, diet reconstruction, and population genetic modeling to understand the role of historic events--both shallow and deep time--on contemporary species distribution. The first objective of this study was to develop contemporary and paleo-distributional models for North American Bald Eagles and Osprey in order to explore the geographic histories of the two species, including the identity of possible Pleistocene refugia. Potential distribution during past (e.g. Last Glacial Maximum, LGM) and possible future climate scenarios were developed with species occurrence records for Osprey (n = 3034) and Bald Eagles (n = 8859) combined with 19 bioclimatic variables representing current conditions using the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt). Paleoclimatic models predict multiple putative refugia that may explain differences in migratory behavior between the two currently co-distributed species, as well as geographically defined sub-populations within each species. We conducted bulk stable isotope analysis of feathers collected from museum specimens and contemporary nests to investigate the influence of historic declines in critical prey species on distribution of Bald Eagles (n = 41 ) and Osprey (n = 45) in the Chesapeake Bay over the past 140 y. Stable Isotope Analysis in R (SIAR) was used to estimate the relative contribution of potential prey items in order to test the hypothesis that migration of estuarine-dependent and anadromous clupeid fishes represents an historically important seasonal subsidy in the form of marine-derived organic matter (MDOM). SIAR results demonstrate that MDOM contributed approximately 50% of the carbon and nutrients to Bald Eagle and Osprey occupying the upper estuary historically but declined to less than 5% of contemporary diets. Declines in anadromous prey in the diet correspond with historic spatial shifts in distribution and population growth of avian predators over the same period. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that conservation efforts, specifically translocation or “hacking” programs, rather than biogeographical history, best explains the current pattern of genetic variation exhibited by Osprey across their North American breeding range. We genotyped 11 microsatellite loci and a 513 base pair sequence of the cyt b region from 433 Osprey samples in order to investigate current population substructure, the genetic consequences of historic demographic bottlenecks, and the influence of hacking programs on contemporary gene flow. We calculated genetic differentiation (Dest) and Isolation-By-Distance (IBD) among regional populations and spatially cohesive genetic clusters identified using the program STRUCTURE. Our results indicate that although Osprey nesting in North America are subdivided into multiple cohesive genetic clusters, genetic differentiation among groups is low and unrelated to geographic variation. The findings of this study are discussed in light of past and present management practices and broader issues salient to species management and conservation of genetic diversity and adaptive response to future environmental change.
32
Wierda, Michael Ray. "Using bald eagles to track spatial and temporal trends of contaminants in Michigan's aquatic systems". Connect to this title online, 2009. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1252949676/.
Pełny tekst źródła
33
Goulet, Raphaël. "Aspects of the ecology of urban-nesting Bald Eagles («Haliaeetus leucocephalus») in South-coastal British Columbia". Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86762.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In the past decade, Bald Eagle populations throughout North America have increased considerably and, despite their previous known avoidance of humans, eagles have begun invading cities in large numbers. The overall aim of this study was to document the ecology of urban Bald Eagle populations living in south-coastal British Columbia. We conducted a comparative study of the nest-site characteristics, productivity, and feeding habits of over 150 breeding pairs of rural, suburban and urban eagles. Tall mature trees are especially important for urban eagles and suburban areas have greater concentrations of nests. Nesting success and productivity for this population are some of the highest figures in North America. Human land-use and proximity to habitat edge are strongly linked to productivity and crows, gulls and pigeons are the most popular prey items for urban eagles. This study is expected to have implications for future management strategies of Bald Eagles in human-altered landscapes.Dans les dernières décennies, les populations de pygargue à tête blanche ont considérablement augmenté partout en Amérique du Nord, et étonnement dans les milieux urbains. L'objectif de cette étude est de documenter l'écologie des populations urbaines de pygargues dans le sud-ouest de la Colombie-Britannique. Nous avons comparé les caractéristiques des sites de nidification, la productivité et les habitudes alimentaires de 150 paires d'individus vivant en milieux ruraux, sous-urbains et urbains. Les grands arbres sont spécialement important pour les aigles urbains, les banlieues démontrent de plus grandes concentrations de nids, la productivité de cette population est l'une des plus élevées de la distribution et est fortement liée à l'occupation humaine et la proximité des zones de transition d'habitat. Les corneilles, goélands et pigeons sont les proies les plus prisées par les aigles urbains. Cette étude risque d'influencer la gestion des pygargues dans les environnements partagés avec les humains.
34
Malan, G. "Reproductive success and nesting periodicity of a pair of African Crowned Eagles breeding in KwaZulu-Natal". Ostrich, 2005. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001000.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The African Crowned Eagle, Stephanoaetus coronatus, is a
large raptor with a particularly long breeding cycle, even
considering its size (Newton 1979). The incubation period is
49–51 days, the nestling period is 104–115 days and the
length of the post-fledging period is contentious and varies
considerably within its distribution in Africa (Steyn 1982). In
some regions where the bird breeds biennially, this period is
up to 350 days (Brown and Amadon 1989, Shultz 2002),
whereas in other regions the post-fledging period is shorter
as pairs bred annually, even for nine years in succession
(Vernon 1984). The reason for this discrepancy has been
ascribed to environmental quality and seasonal variability,
and differences in the main prey base, densities and mortalities
between populations (Newton 1979, Jarvis et al. 1980,
Steyn 1982, Vernon 1984, Boshoff et al. 1994, Shultz
2002). Furthermore, it is unclear if the fledglings disperse
from the nesting area of their own free will or are evicted by
the parents (Brown 1966, Oatley 1970).
35
Turrin, Courtney L. "Rise of a Floater Class: Behavioral Adjustments by Breeding Bald Eagles in a Population Approaching Saturation". W&M ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626760.
Pełny tekst źródła
36
Dietz, Joseph Matthew. "Eagles Overhead: The History of US Air Force Airborne Forward Air Controllers, from the Muese-Argonne to Mosul". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707268/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Eagles Overhead provides a critical history of US Air Force Forward Air Controllers and examines their role, status, and performance in the Air Force's history. It begins by examining the US's initial adoption of air power, and American participation in aerial combat during World War I and traces the FACs' contributions to every US Air Force air campaign from the Marne in 1918 to Mosul in 2017. However, since 2001 FACs' contributions have been sporadic. Eagles Overhead asks why, despite the critical importance of FACs, have they not been heavily used on US battlefields since 2001? It examines the Air Force FAC's theoretical, doctrinal, institutional, and historical frameworks in the first nine chapters to assess if the nature of air warfare has changed so significantly that the concept and utility of the FAC has been left behind. Or, has the FAC been neglected since 2001 because the Air Force dislikes the capability as it clouds the service's doctrinal preferences? From these examinations, Eagles Overhead draws conclusions about the potential future of Air Force FACs.
37
Berndt, Jessie. "Martial eagles and the national power grid in South Africa: the implications of pylon-nesting for conservation management". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15583.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Includes bibliographical referencesMany large, sparsely distributed raptors are threatened by a host of anthropogenic factors, while a minority may actually benefit from some aspects of development and environmental change. Clarity on the size and trajectory of such populations is essential for effective conservation management, but can be difficult to achieve. One solution is to use multivariate habitat association models to derive critical estimates of distribution and abundance. The South African population of Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus is currently estimated at < 800 adult birds , with the bulk of the known population believed to be residing in the larger protected areas. However, Martial Eagles also build nests on pylons that support high voltage transmission lines running through the largely treeless, semiarid landscapes of the Karoo. The main aim of this study was to develop a better understanding of the environmental factors that influence Martial Eagle territory densities and locations along South African transmission lines, and thereby estimate the size of this population and its relative importance to the national conservation status of this globally threatened species. I used habitat association models to d escribe Martial Eagle territory density in relation to eight environmental covariates. Models were first fitted to eagle territory data for the central Karoo regions, collected and pooled over the period 2002 - 2006, and then applied to predict the number of pairs present on each of three adjacent sections of unsurveyed line (northern, southern and eastern lines) . Once these model predictions were verified by a series of aerial and ground surveys, I fitted the models to all the known Martial Eagle territory records for the transmission network and extrapolated from these back to the rest of the network using the fitted relationships. Ultimately, the models predicted 52 additional Martial Eagle territories on the remaining transmission network with a confidence interval ranging from 38 to 67 (based on models that explained up to 39 % of the total variance in terms of only two explanatory terms – rainfall and the proportion of cultivated land). I then examined the role of territoriality and social structure in the eagle population in determining the location and dispersion of pylon nests. To do this I used the location of active nests from the original central Karoo data and a similar number of randomly selected points. I then asked whether I could predict the nest locations from each of the eight environmental covariates and distance to its nearest conspecific active nest or its nearest nest of any other large eagle species. Using a logistic generalised linear model with regression splines for distance to nearest other nest, I found that Martial Eagles strongly avoid proximity to conspecific nests (mean distance to conspecific nest = 28.2 km, range 2.5 - 167.1 km, n = 306). This result shows that minimum spacing should be considered in predicting the distribution of eagles on unsurveyed transmission lines. Lastly, I further investigated the geographical extent of pylon nesting in South African Martial Eagles, with particular focus on variation in the frequency of this behaviour in relation to biome - scale variation in the availability of trees as natural nest sites. To do this, I related Martial Eagle reporting rates generated by citizen - science bird atlas data to the density of transmission lines and biome types across South Africa. While these analyses yielded some suggestive results, such as significant positive and negative relationships between reporting rates and line density in the Desert (P = 0.02) versus the Savanna (P < 0.001) biomes respectively, data sparseness in arid areas and a generally low detection probability limited the conclusiveness of these results. The refined habitat association models developed in this study predict that the South African transmission grid supports 130 - 159 breeding pairs of Martial Eagle. This figure has never been estimated or calculated before, and suggests that 36 % of the national breeding population could reside largely in the commercial ranchland and nest on man - made structures. This result, which is at odds with the generally held belief that the Martial Eagle is increasingly confined to large protected areas, has significant implications for the thinking around the conservation management of this globally threatened species.
38
Washington, Versalle Freddrick. "Eagles on their buttons: the Fifth Regiment of Infantry, United States colored troops in The American Civil War". The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243615438.
Pełny tekst źródła
39
Washington, Versalle F. "Eagles on their buttons : the Fifth Regiment of Infantry, United States Colored Troops in the American Civil War /". Connect to resource, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1243615438.
Pełny tekst źródła
40
Shephard, Jill, i n/a. "A Multi-Scale Approach to Defining Historical and Contemporary Factors Responsible for the Current Distribution of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster (Gmelin, 1788) in Australia". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20041012.142221.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster is widespread in Australia, but has been the subject of conservation concern due to suggested localised declines and extinctions. Regionalised monitoring programmes have addressed some aspects of local concern, however a broader approach is needed to gain an understanding of large-scale processes affecting long-term persistence at scales equivalent to the species Australian range. Ultimately, the ability to predict change in population size over time accurately depends on the scale of analysis. By necessity, ecological studies using direct sampling techniques are often made across spatial scales smaller than a species geographic range and across relatively short time frames. This seems counter-intuitive considering that long-term species persistence is often dependent on large-scale processes. The principal aim of this thesis was to identify historical and contemporary forces responsible for the current pattern of population structure in H. leucogaster. This required a multi-scale approach, and the resulting research uses genetic, distributional and morphometric data. Haliaeetus leucogaster is a large territorial raptor that historically has been associated with coastal regions, lakes and perennial river systems. It has an extensive worldwide distribution from the western coast of India throughout the Indomalaysian region, Papua New Guinea and Australia. By virtue of the species' large-scale distribution, in Australia it is fairly cosmopolitan in its use of habitat and prey types. Haliaeetus leucogaster is monomorphic for adult plumage colouration, but in body size displays reversed sexual dimorphism with female birds significantly larger. A discriminant function based on 10 morphometric characters was 100% effective in discriminating between 19 males and 18 females that had been sexed using molecular genetic methods. Re-classification using a jackknife procedure correctly identified 92% of individuals. The discriminant function should be a viable alternative to genetic sexing or laparoscopy for a large proportion of individuals within the Australo-Papuan range of this species; and can also be used to identify a small proportion of "ambiguous" individuals for which reliable sexing will require those other techniques. I used mitochondrial (mtDNA) control region sequence data to investigate the current distribution of genetic variation in this species at the continental level and within and between specified regional units. I was specifically interested in identifying breaks in genetic connectivity between the west and east of the continent and between Tasmania and the Australian mainland. Overall, genetic diversity was low and there was no significant level of genetic subdivision between regions. The observed genetic distribution suggests that the population expanded from a bottleneck approximately 160 000 years ago during the late Pleistocene, and spread throughout the continent through a contiguous range expansion. There is insufficient evidence to suggest division of the population into different units for conservation management purposes based on the theoretical definition of the 'evolutionary significant unit'. It is clear from the analysis that there are signatures of both historical and contemporary processes affecting the current distribution. Given the suggestion that population expansion has been relatively recent, additional sampling and confirmation of the perceived pattern of population structure using a nuclear marker is recommended to validate conservation monitoring and management at a continental scale. To determine the existence of perceived population declines across ecological time scales, I analysed the Australian Bird Atlas Data to identify the extent and pattern of change in range and density of the species between three Atlas Periods (1901-1976, 1977-1981 and 1998-2001) using a new standardised frequency measure, the Occupancy Index (OI) for 1° blocks (approx. 100km2) across the continent. At the continental scale, there was no significant difference in the spatial extent of occupancy between Atlas Periods. However, there were considerable changes in frequency and range extent between defined regions, and there were distinct differences in the pattern of change in OI between coastal and inland blocks over time. Coastal blocks showed much more change than inland blocks, with a clear increase in the use of coastal blocks, accompanied by a decrease in inland blocks, during the 1977-1981 Atlas Period, relative to both other Atlas Periods. The over-riding factor associated with distributional shifts and frequency changes was apparently climatic fluctuation (the 1977-1981 period showing the influence of El Nino associated drought). The impression of abundance was strongly dependent on both the temporal and spatial scale of analysis. To test for correspondence between geographic variation in morphology and geographic variation in mtDNA I analysed morphometric data from 95 individuals from Australia and Papua New Guinea. First, the degree of morphometric variation between specified regions was determined. This was then compared with the pattern of genetic differentiation. There was a strong latitudinal cline in body dimensions. However, there was no relationship between morphometric variation and patterns of genetic variation at least for mtDNA. Females showed a pattern of isolation by distance based on morphometric characters whereas males did not. Three hypotheses to explain the pattern of morphometric variation were considered: phenotypic plasticity, natural selection and secondary contact between previously isolated populations. I conclude that the pattern of morphometric variation is best explained by the suggestion that there is sufficient local recruitment for natural selection to maintain the observed pattern of morphometric variation. This implies that gene flow may not be as widespread as the mtDNA analysis suggested. In this instance either the relatively recent colonisation history of the species or the inability of the mtDNA marker to detect high mutation rates among traits responsible for maintaining morphometric variation may be overestimating the levels of mixing among regions. As might be expected given the physical scale over which this study was conducted, the pattern of genetic, morphometric and physical distribution varied dependent on the scale of analysis. Regional patterns of genetic variation, trends in occupancy and density and morphometric variation did not reflect continental patterns, reinforcing the contention that extrapolation of data from local or regional levels is often inappropriate. The combined indirect methodologies applied in this study circumvent the restrictions imposed by direct ecological sampling, because they allow survey across large geographic and temporal scales effectively covering the entire Australian range of H. leucogaster. They also allow exploration of the evolutionary factors underpinning the species' current distribution.
41
Shephard, Jill. "A Multi-Scale Approach to Defining Historical and Contemporary Factors Responsible for the Current Distribution of the White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster (Gmelin, 1788) in Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367440.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster is widespread in Australia, but has been the subject of conservation concern due to suggested localised declines and extinctions. Regionalised monitoring programmes have addressed some aspects of local concern, however a broader approach is needed to gain an understanding of large-scale processes affecting long-term persistence at scales equivalent to the species Australian range. Ultimately, the ability to predict change in population size over time accurately depends on the scale of analysis. By necessity, ecological studies using direct sampling techniques are often made across spatial scales smaller than a species geographic range and across relatively short time frames. This seems counter-intuitive considering that long-term species persistence is often dependent on large-scale processes. The principal aim of this thesis was to identify historical and contemporary forces responsible for the current pattern of population structure in H. leucogaster. This required a multi-scale approach, and the resulting research uses genetic, distributional and morphometric data. Haliaeetus leucogaster is a large territorial raptor that historically has been associated with coastal regions, lakes and perennial river systems. It has an extensive worldwide distribution from the western coast of India throughout the Indomalaysian region, Papua New Guinea and Australia. By virtue of the species' large-scale distribution, in Australia it is fairly cosmopolitan in its use of habitat and prey types. Haliaeetus leucogaster is monomorphic for adult plumage colouration, but in body size displays reversed sexual dimorphism with female birds significantly larger. A discriminant function based on 10 morphometric characters was 100% effective in discriminating between 19 males and 18 females that had been sexed using molecular genetic methods. Re-classification using a jackknife procedure correctly identified 92% of individuals. The discriminant function should be a viable alternative to genetic sexing or laparoscopy for a large proportion of individuals within the Australo-Papuan range of this species; and can also be used to identify a small proportion of "ambiguous" individuals for which reliable sexing will require those other techniques. I used mitochondrial (mtDNA) control region sequence data to investigate the current distribution of genetic variation in this species at the continental level and within and between specified regional units. I was specifically interested in identifying breaks in genetic connectivity between the west and east of the continent and between Tasmania and the Australian mainland. Overall, genetic diversity was low and there was no significant level of genetic subdivision between regions. The observed genetic distribution suggests that the population expanded from a bottleneck approximately 160 000 years ago during the late Pleistocene, and spread throughout the continent through a contiguous range expansion. There is insufficient evidence to suggest division of the population into different units for conservation management purposes based on the theoretical definition of the 'evolutionary significant unit'. It is clear from the analysis that there are signatures of both historical and contemporary processes affecting the current distribution. Given the suggestion that population expansion has been relatively recent, additional sampling and confirmation of the perceived pattern of population structure using a nuclear marker is recommended to validate conservation monitoring and management at a continental scale. To determine the existence of perceived population declines across ecological time scales, I analysed the Australian Bird Atlas Data to identify the extent and pattern of change in range and density of the species between three Atlas Periods (1901-1976, 1977-1981 and 1998-2001) using a new standardised frequency measure, the Occupancy Index (OI) for 1° blocks (approx. 100km2) across the continent. At the continental scale, there was no significant difference in the spatial extent of occupancy between Atlas Periods. However, there were considerable changes in frequency and range extent between defined regions, and there were distinct differences in the pattern of change in OI between coastal and inland blocks over time. Coastal blocks showed much more change than inland blocks, with a clear increase in the use of coastal blocks, accompanied by a decrease in inland blocks, during the 1977-1981 Atlas Period, relative to both other Atlas Periods. The over-riding factor associated with distributional shifts and frequency changes was apparently climatic fluctuation (the 1977-1981 period showing the influence of El Nino associated drought). The impression of abundance was strongly dependent on both the temporal and spatial scale of analysis. To test for correspondence between geographic variation in morphology and geographic variation in mtDNA I analysed morphometric data from 95 individuals from Australia and Papua New Guinea. First, the degree of morphometric variation between specified regions was determined. This was then compared with the pattern of genetic differentiation. There was a strong latitudinal cline in body dimensions. However, there was no relationship between morphometric variation and patterns of genetic variation at least for mtDNA. Females showed a pattern of isolation by distance based on morphometric characters whereas males did not. Three hypotheses to explain the pattern of morphometric variation were considered: phenotypic plasticity, natural selection and secondary contact between previously isolated populations. I conclude that the pattern of morphometric variation is best explained by the suggestion that there is sufficient local recruitment for natural selection to maintain the observed pattern of morphometric variation. This implies that gene flow may not be as widespread as the mtDNA analysis suggested. In this instance either the relatively recent colonisation history of the species or the inability of the mtDNA marker to detect high mutation rates among traits responsible for maintaining morphometric variation may be overestimating the levels of mixing among regions. As might be expected given the physical scale over which this study was conducted, the pattern of genetic, morphometric and physical distribution varied dependent on the scale of analysis. Regional patterns of genetic variation, trends in occupancy and density and morphometric variation did not reflect continental patterns, reinforcing the contention that extrapolation of data from local or regional levels is often inappropriate. The combined indirect methodologies applied in this study circumvent the restrictions imposed by direct ecological sampling, because they allow survey across large geographic and temporal scales effectively covering the entire Australian range of H. leucogaster. They also allow exploration of the evolutionary factors underpinning the species' current distribution.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
Full Text
42
Malan, G., E. Strydom, S. Schulz i G. Avery. "Diet of nesting African Crowned Eagles Stephanoaetus coronatus in emerging and forest–savanna habitats in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa". Taylor &Francis, 2016. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1002006.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the species composition of prey caught in the forest, savanna and
emerging habitats in which African Crowned Eagles Stephanoaetus coronatus breed in KwaZulu-Natal province,
South Africa. At the 17 nest sites, the remains of 195 prey individuals were collected. The five dominant prey
species caught were Rock Hyrax Procavia capensis, Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus pygerythrus, Blue Duiker
Philantomba monticola, Greater Canerat Thryonomys swinderianus and Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus. All of
these species respond positively to urban expansion. Only eagles that nested inside protected areas were recorded
preying on domestic animals. In terms of biomass, Bushbuck was one of the dominant taxa, and the remains of an
estimated 28.8 kg Bushbuck ram was found under a nest. The surprisingly high proportion of Rock Hyraxes and low
proportion of Vervet Monkeys caught in emerging habitat may indicate that African Crowned Eagles nesting in this
habitat are adapting to a more specialised feeding strategy compared with those nesting in habitats that are more
natural. Future studies should investigate how and why prey proliferates in emerging habitats and examine the
association between land uses and the diet of African Crowned Eagles.
43
Young, James L. Jr. "Eagles, ravens, and other birds of prey: a history of USAF Suppression of Enemy Air Defense doctrine, 1973-1991". Diss., Kansas State University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38623.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of History
Donald J. Mrozek
During the Cold War, the United States’ foreign policy relied heavily on its ability to project military power. More often than not, the central component of force projection rested on the United States military’s effectiveness in employing air power both by establishing air superiority and through accurate delivery of ordnance. As the primary service tasked with conducting aerial warfare, the United States Air Force (USAF) was expected to maintain this capability either to achieve deterrence or, when necessary, to military action. In January 1973, the USAF seemed incapable of performing the latter task due to the North Vietnamese Integrated Air Defense System’s (NV-IAD’s) effectiveness in Operation Rolling Thunder and its successor, Operation Linebacker. Eighteen years later, Air Force aircraft spearheaded the Coalition’s air attack on the Iraqi Integrated Air Defense System (I-IADS) in January 1991. Considered by many to be the most effective air defense system outside the Soviet Union’s, the I-IADS was expected to exact heavy casualties from the allied forces. Instead, in less than twenty days, the USAF’s dominance was so complete that politicians, analysts and military historians quickly proclaimed a “Revolution in Military Affairs” (RMA). The majority of the current historiography credits advances in precision-guided munitions (PGMs), airframes, and computer technology as the impetus for the RMA. Others have claimed that the USAF’s training methodology and construction of advanced training sites such as the Red Flag complex at Nellis Air Force Base were the primary drivers for the Air Force’s success. While acknowledging the role all of these factors played, this dissertation also demonstrates the key role played by the development of Suppression of Enemy Air Defense (SEAD) doctrine from January 1973 through August 1991. In the aftermath of the American war in Vietnam, the Air Force considered defense suppression a tactical task that was secondary to the primary mission of putting ordnance on target. At the end of Desert Storm, proponents of the Air Force’s SEAD doctrine had convincing evidence that an enemy IADS was not just an ancillary weapons array, but functioned a critical national system just like manufacturing, government, or the people’s will. The process by which this viewpoint changed had effects on the development of the United States Air Force’s Cold War conventional capability in general, and the development of training methods, electronic warfare platforms, and modern airframes specifically.
44
Perrin, Charles C. "Lithuanians in the Shadow of Three Eagles: Vincas Kudirka, Martynas Jankus, Jonas Šliūpas and the Making of Modern Lithuania". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/history_diss/35.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The Lithuanian national movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was an international phenomenon involving Lithuanian communities in three countries: Russia, Germany and the United States. To capture the international dimension of the Lithuanian national movement this study offers biographies of three activists in the movement, each of whom spent a significant amount of time living in one of the three “parts” of the Lithuanian nation: Vincas Kudirka, Martynas Jankus and Jonas Šliūpas. The biographies focus on the following questions. To what extent did each of the three activists assimilate into a “foreign” (i.e., non-Lithuanian) culture and was this a voluntary process? How did they free themselves from foreign cultural dominance? How did they understand nationality in general and Lithuanian nationality in particular? What goals did they incorporate into their nationalist agendas? What causes of anti-Semitism and philosemitism can be identified by analyzing their discourse about Jews? The conclusion puts the answers to some of these questions into comparative perspective. This study uses published and archival sources in seven languages from libraries and archives in seven countries—some of which have never been used before. It is the first to use the unpublished typescript of Jonas Šliūpas’ 1942 autobiography, which, until recently, was unavailable to researchers.
45
Nordlöf, Ulrika. "Levels of organohalogen compounds in White-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) in relation to reproduction impairment in the Bothnian Sea". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad miljövetenskap (ITM), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-74634.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The white-tailed sea eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) is in the top of the marine food chain and its existence in Sweden has been threatened several times. The species succeeded to recover from the deep decline in the 1970s when the exposure to persistent organic pollutants influenced the reproduction negatively. The species is today spread over the country but is still seen as a near threatened species. Even though a recovery has occurred there is still some reproduction problems seen in the region of the south Bothnian Sea. The work presented in this thesis has focused on expanding the knowledge of bromine and chlorine containing compounds in the white-tailed sea eagles and to correlate the levels found with the reproduction impairment in the region of south Bothnian Sea. Eggs and blood from nestlings collected from different subpopulations, from the Arctic (Lapland) in the north to the Baltic Proper in the south of Sweden, have been studied for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF), non-ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), brominated flame retardants, methoxylated- (MeO-), and hydroxylated- (OH)-polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Some of the investigated compounds have been compared with levels found in a unique white-tailed sea eagle egg collected in the Baltic Proper in 1941. The pattern and levels of PCDD and PCDF in 1941 were similar and in the same range as found today around the same area. Furthermore, the human activity has raised the PCB levels in the white-tailed sea eagles with over 120 times over the last 60 years but these levels are still much lower than in the 1970s. In conclusion none of the investigated compounds in this thesis could be correlated to the reduced reproduction seen in the south Bothnian Sea but the levels of PCDD, PCDF, non-ortho-PCB and OH-PBDE are high in the populations inhabiting the Baltic Sea and are in the same range as found to cause different biological responses in other avian species worldwide.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.
46
Markham, Ann Catherine. "The Influence of Salinity on Diet Composition, Provisioning Patterns, and Nestling Growth in Bald Eagles in the Lower Chesapeake Bay". W&M ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626453.
Pełny tekst źródła
47
Kralovec, Mary L. "Movements and home range size of bald eagles from Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska: with an analysis of satellite telemetry". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43433.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
During 1991-1993, I studied movements of 23 adult and 7, 8-10 week old nestling bald eagles captured in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska. I estimated locations by homing and satellite telemetry. During the breeding season, the distances adult eagles moved from successful, unsuccessful, and mixed-success nests were not significantly different (£ = 0.148). Regardless of nest success, the proportion of adult eagle locations within 750 m of their nest were not significantly different during the breeding season (£ = 0.152) and between the breeding and non-breeding seasons (£ = 0.075). On average, bald eagles were perched 91 % of the time; and perching was the most frequently observed activity (£ < 0.001). Adult eagles perched more often in conifers than cottonwoods, snags, or intertidal debris (£ < 0.001). Perch types selected (£ = 0.473), as well as eagle activity (£ = 0.126) were not significantly different during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. Fifty-eight percent of radio-ma~ked adult eagles used 3 watersheds in Glacier Bay from August through January 1991-1993. Six adult (26%) and 6 (86%) fledgling eagles moved out of Glacier Bay during the non-breeding season. Four adult eagles (17%) traveled to the Chilkat Bald Eagle Preserve in late November and December (mean distance from nest to preserve = 74 km) and 57% of the fledgling eagles were on the Chilkat River in October, where they remained for 2-12 weeks. After leaving the Chilkat River, all fledgling eagles traveled in a southeasterly direction; one male fledgling traveled 435 km in 28 days to Prince Rupert, British Columbia.
Master of Science
48
Lindberg, Marlene. "”Det är ett omklädningsrum, Felicia. Det är för fan det enda de snackar om” : En genusstudie av hur femininitet respektive maskulinitet gestaltas i tv-serien Eagles och dess värdegrundsdidaktiska potential för svenskämnet i gymnasieskolan". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-72711.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
As the media consumption among adolescents is increasing, it is crucial to study the depiction of gender norms on screen since they are strongly affecting the identity development of the young viewer. Therefore, this essay studies the depiction of femininity and masculinity in SVT’s 2019 web-based TV series Eagles from a gender perspective and discusses its didactic potential for working with common values in the subject of Swedish for upper secondary school. The study shows that the depiction of femininity in the TV series is breaking several gender norms, but meanwhile the heterosexual matrix is constantly present. The depiction of masculinity is more gender stereotypical and includes several features from traditional masculinity, but also some related to toxic masculinity. Eagles is, however, showing a progressive view on gender since some characters are developing over the season and therefore suggesting that change of gender norms is possible. Eagles shows great potential in working with common values since it does not only depict contemporary gender related topics such as locker room talk and toxic masculinity implicitly, but also explicitly discusses questions concerning body activism, the law of sexual consent and a changed view on female sexuality. The series could therefore work normatively for the students in its norm-breaking depiction of femininity and masculinity, but also be used as a scenario-based ground for discussing common values in its more stereotypical depiction of gender.I takt med ungas ökande mediekonsumtion är det avgörande att studera gestaltningen av könsnormer på filmduken eftersom dessa starkt påverkar den unge åskådaren i hens identitetsutveckling. Denna uppsats studerar därför porträtteringen av femininitet respektive maskulinitet i SVT:s webbaserade ungdomsserie Eagles från 2019 ur ett genusteoretiskt perspektiv samt diskuterar dess värdegrundsdidaktiska potential för svenskämnet i gymnasieskolan. Undersökningen visar att gestaltningen av femininitet i tv-serien är normbrytande i stor utsträckning och ifrågasätter många av de traditionellt kvinnliga attributen inom film och litteratur, samtidigt som den heteronormativa matrisen är ständigt närvarande. Gestaltningen av maskulinitet är mer könsstereotyp och uppvisar flertalet traditionellt maskulina drag samt ett antal som kan kopplas till toxisk maskulinitet – men serien påvisar även en progressiv syn på kön eftersom karaktärer utvecklas under seriens gång, vilket visar att förändring av könsnormer är möjlig. Eagles värdegrundsdidaktiska potential är god eftersom den inte endast implicit gestaltar samtidsaktuella genusfrågor såsom locker room talk och toxisk maskulinitet, utan också explicit lyfter och diskuterar frågor rörande kroppaktivism, samtyckeslag och en förändrad syn på kvinnlig sexualitet. Serien kan således verka normerande för eleverna i dess mer normbrytande gestaltning av femininitet och maskulinitet, men också nyttjas som ett scenariobaserat utgångläge för värdegrundsdiskussioner i dess mer stereotypa porträttering av kön.
49
Jeon, Eun-Hee. "American image /". Online version of thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11236.
Pełny tekst źródła
50
Hopkins, Dylan J. "Nest-Site Selection of Golden Eagles and Ferruginous Hawks and Diet Composition of Sensitive Raptor Species Using Metabarcoding Analysis in the Uinta Basin and Ashley National Forest, UT, USA". DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7584.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Development and climate change in the sagebrush habitats are causing population declines of North American hawks and eagles. For these species, understanding the landscape features that are preferred for nesting and the prey they consume in sagebrush habitats are important in developing conservation plans. Specifically, we know little of the preferred nest-sites and diet of Ferruginous Hawks (Buteo regalis) and Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) many locales. In our study, we determined the landscape characteristics associated with nest sites for these two raptor species in the Uintah Basin, UT to predict where nests may occur in our study area. We found that slope, elevation, distance to nearest oil and gas wells, geology, and facing south were the most important variables in characterizing Golden Eagle nest-sites. Elevation, slope, vegetation type, and distance to nearest oil and gas wells were the most important variables in characterizing Ferruginous Hawk nest-sites. In addition, we looked at the diets of Golden Eagles, Ferruginous Hawks, and Northern Goshawks in the Uinta Basin, UT using a genetic analysis method novel to raptors. We found species consistent with previous diet studies and detected prey items not previously reported, including the Western Whiptail (Aspidocelis tigris), Domestic Cow (Bos Taurus), Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa), and Rock Bass (Amboplites rupestris) within Ferruginous Hawk samples. Results from our study can provide managers with tools to better survey for nest-sites and to provide an alternative method of diet analysis to provide insight into prey species important to these raptors.