Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Dualism of agent”

In any social analysis, one can attribute observed behavioural outcomes to actions and inactions of people (agents) or to the presence or absence of certain structures or systems. The dualism of agent and structure is resolved through the concept of duality as proposed by Anthony Giddens in his structuration theory (ST). Though ST has been applied in other disciplines, it is either less known or applied in psychology. This paper sought to examine ST as a framework for understanding the interdependent relationship between structure and agents in the light of offering explanatory framework in social science research or policy formulation. It concluded with an integrated model comprising elements of both Bandura’s social-cognitive theory and Giddens’ ST.

Sebagai makhluk sosial, manusia saling berinteraksi dengan gugus pengetahuan dan pengalaman berbeda satu sama lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis etnosentrisme dalam novel Tenggelamnya Kapal Van der Wijck karya Hamka dengan perspektif Strukturasi Giddens. Strukturasi menolak pandangan dualisme dengan menekankan dualitas agen dan struktur. Setiap agen bertindak berdasarkan skemata atau struktur dalam ruang dan waktu tertentu. Selanjutnya, aktivitas sosial para agen tersebut memengaruhi struktur itu kembali. Dalam konteks sastra, agen merujuk pada penulis dan tokoh-tokoh yang ada di dalam karya sastra. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa gejala etnosentrisme melalui tindakan para tokoh dalam novel merupakan manifestasi struktur penulis. Novel Tenggelamnya Kapal Van der Wijck merupakan sarana komunikasi Hamka selaku agen yang dimotivasi oleh keinginan akan perbaikan dan perubahan terhadap struktur budaya Minangkabau. Karya ini juga mampu mengubah sistem sosial yang membentuk struktur etnosentrisme Hamka.Kata Kunci: Strukturasi; Agen; Struktur; Anthony Giddens; Tenggelamnya Kapal Van der Wijck As social beings, humans interact using a distinct set of knowledge and experiences. This research aims to analyze ethnocentrism in the novel Tenggelamnya Kapal Van der Wijck by Hamka through the perspective of Giddens’ structuration. The theory of structuration rejects the notion of dualism by highlighting the duality of agent and structure. Every agent acts on a schemata or structure in a certain space and time. Furthermore, the agents' social activities conversely affect the structure. In literary context, agents refer to both writer and characters in literary work. The result of this study indicates that the phenomenon of ethnocentrism showed through the actions of the characters in the novel isthe manifestation of the author's structure. The novel Tenggelamnya Kapal Van der Wijck is a media of communication for Hamka as an agent motivated by his desire for improvements and changes in the structure of Minangkabau culture. This work is also able to change social system that actually constructs Hamka ethnocentrism structure.Keywords: Structuration; Agent; Structure; Anthony Giddens; Tenggelamnya Kapal Van der Wijck.

The dualism of tax consultant's role as the agent of taxpayers and governments becomes a phenomenon in this research. Therefore, this research aims to understand the meaning of the dualism role of tax consultants in the taxation system. This study uses a qualitative approach to interpretive methods. The interpretive method assumes that reality does not stand alone but is constructed by the research subject. The method of data collection is done by interviewing two taxpayers and three tax consultants. The data analysis focused on the sentences and phrases that directly allude the researched phenomenon. The result of the research tells that there is an effort to balance the dualism of the role so that tax consultants can still protect the taxpayer’s interests, while ensuring that their services do not harm the nation. The balance of the dualism of the role is reflected into four meanings, namely: taxpayer advisors, mediators of taxpayer and government conflicts, aligning taxpayer and government relations and controlling taxpayer compliance

AbstractObjects are inert, passive, devoid of will, and as such bear no intrinsic value or moral worth. This claim is supported by the argument that to be considered a moral agent one must have a conscious will and be sufficiently free to act in accordance with that will. Since material objects, it is assumed, have no active will nor freedom, they should not be considered moral agents nor bearers of intrinsic ethical vale. Thus, the apparent “moral neutrality” of objects rests upon a kind of subject/object or mind/body dualism. The aim of this paper is to explore two paths by which western thought can escape this dualism, re-valuate the alleged “moral neutrality” of material objects, and initiate a sort of “object oriented ethics,” albeit with surprising results. To do so, this paper explores the work of Arthur Schopenhauer and Baruch Spinoza to interrogate both the claim that material objects have no will and that freedom is the necessary condition for ethical responsibility. This paper concludes by arguing that not only should objects been seen as bearers of their own ethical value, a determinate judgement can be made regarding that value through a basic understanding of the laws of physics.

My essay incorporates Irigaray's notion of the sensible transcendental, a dynamic attempt to reconstitute the body/mind dualism which founds Western thought, into a reading of the practice of European concert dance. I contend that Irigaray's efforts toward articulating a language of the body as active agent have much to offer (feminist) analyses of dance practice, and develop this claim through a reading which reflects philosophically on the changing nature of my own dance activity.

This essay responds to Yuen Foong Khong's (2002) spirited defence of his Analogies at War: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam Decisions of 1965 (Khong, 1992). The author had earlier criticized Khong's overemphasis of agency over structure in his accounting of the 1965 US troop deployment decisions (Duffy, 2001). This essay points to several deficiencies in Khong's defence. Chief among them are (a) the inconsistency between Khong's conception of structure and his professed constructivism, and (b) the false dualism between agency and structure open which Khong's defence rests.

Abstract There has been a resurgence of interest in panpsychism in contemporary philosophy of mind. According to its supporters, panpsychism offers an attractive solution to the mind–body problem, avoiding the deep difficulties associated with the more conventional options of dualism and materialism. There has been little focus, however, on whether panpsychism can help with philosophical problems pertaining to free will. In this paper I will argue (a) that it is coherent and consistent with observation to postulate a kind of libertarian agent causation at the micro-level, and (b) that if one if believes in libertarian agent causation at the macro-level, there are significant advantages in also postulating its existence at the micro-level.

The modern “digitalized” person is predominantly an object of information, to a lesser extent a subject and an agent of information. The digitalization of the individual manifests itself in the expansion of all sorts of rating systems through which the employer controls the employee and social media monitors people’s daily lives. The phenomenon of “digitalized man” brings us back to the idea of dualism: the man of the modern information society is objectively bifurcated into a biopsychic organism, on the one hand, and his “digital replica”, on the other. Niklas Luhmann proved by his way of life the possibility of a paradoxical synthesis between the idea of mechanistic (bureaucratic) functionality and the idea of spontaneous, intuitive insight inherent only in a living person.

ABSTRACT:Some business ethicists view agency theory as a cautionary tale—a proof that it is impossible to carry out successful economic interactions in the absence of ethical behaviour. The cautionary-tale view presents a nuanced normative characterisation of agency, but itsunilateralfocus betrays a limited understanding of the structure of social interaction. This article moves beyond unilateralism by presenting a descriptive and normative argument for abilateralcautionary-tale view. Specifically, we discuss hat swaps and role dualism in asymmetric-information principal-agent relationships and argue that the norm of reciprocity can function as a moral solution to agency risks in adverse-selection and moral-hazard problems. Our bilateral cautionary-tale formulation extends the normative boundaries of agency theory, while leaving the fundamental economic assumptions of agency theory intact.

Abstract— State-Owned Enterprises that act as an agent of development and business entity for the country are the concrete forms to reach the welfare state goal. Persero, as the example of state-owned enterprises will surely experience advantages and disadvantages due to the dynamic condition of the business world. With the various regulations that regulate state-owned enterprises itself, created a disharmony form of liability to the directors about the business loss. This research aims to identify do the loss of the state-owned enterprises would classified as state financial losses in the perspective of doctrine business judgment rule. This research using statute approach and conceptual approach shows that there is a dualism view about the position of separated-state wealth in the scope of state finances resulting in different interpretations of the meaning of state financial losses by the law enforcers. This dualism view caused a disharmony form of liability that asked to the Directors of Persero when that occur losses because according to the Section 2 and Section 3 Law Number 20 of 2001 jo Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning Eradication of Corruption, the directors would probably asked the liability for the alleged of corruption because causing state financial losses, on the other side according to the Section 97 verse 5 Law number 40 of 2007 concerning Company there is an exception to the directors so they would not be able to be charges. Furthermore, losses that happened in the state-owned enterprises can not only occur as a result of abuse of power but are result of business risks so the directors can be protected by the doctrine of business judgment rule from criminal charge. Keywords: persero state-owned enterprises, state financial losses, business risks, business judgment rule Abstrak—BUMN sebagai pelaku perekonomian nasional yang memiliki peran ganda yakni sebagai agent of development sekaligus sebagai business entity, merupakan salah satu bentuk konkret perpanjangan tangan negara dalam mewujudkan cita-cita bangsa dan negara yakni memajukan kesejahteraan umum. Layaknya sebuah perusahaan, BUMN Persero sebagai salah satu bentuk BUMN pasti akan mengalami keuntungan maupun kerugian akibat dinamisnya dunia bisnis. Menjadi sebuah problematika ketika kerugian yang dialami oleh BUMN Persero tersebut dihadapkan dengan berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku bagi BUMN, baik dalam ranah hukum publik maupun dalam ranah hukum privat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah apakah kerugian yang dialami oleh BUMN dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai kerugian keuangan negara dalam perspektif doktrin business judgment rule. Melalui penelitian yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode statute approach dan conceptual approach ditemukan bahwa adanya dualisme pandangan kedudukan kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan dalam lingkup keuangan negara sehingga menimbulkan perbedaan penafsiran makna kerugian keuangan negara oleh aparat penegak hukum. Dualisme pandangan ini berdampak pada ketidakharmonisan bentuk pertanggungjawaban yang dimintakan kepada Direksi BUMN Persero ketika terjadi kerugian pada tubuh BUMN sebab berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 2 dan/atau Pasal 3 Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 jo Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi, Direksi BUMN Persero dapat dimintakan pertanggungjawaban secara pidana atas dugaan tindak pidana korupsi karena menyebabkan kerugian keuangan negara namun berdasarkan Pasal 97 ayat (5) Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas terdapat pengecualian agar Direksi BUMN tidak dimintakan pertanggungjawaban secara pribadi. Lebih jauh, kerugian pada BUMN tidak hanya dapat terjadi akibat dari adanya penyalahgunaan wewenang melainkan akibat dari adanya risiko bisnis sehingga doktrin business judgment rule dapat diterapkan untuk memberikan perlindungan bagi direksi dari tuntutan pidana.. Kata kunci : badan usaha milik negara, kerugian keuangan negara, risiko bisnis, business judgment rule

This thesis examines theoretical and popular ways of knowing the prostitute and the client. Its purpose is to intervene in contemporary ways of knowing and articulate a more consistent feminist stance on prostitution. Currently, the prostitute is known predominantly through the discourse of psychology whilst the client is known through the discourse of sexology. She is deviant and he is normal. She is a victim and he is an agent. The issue of inconsistency in the feminist stance on prostitution is related to the recognition that these dualisms figure in the way in which all knowledge of the client and the prostitute is organised. Within feminist theory the prostitute is known through the dualism of victim and agent whilst the client is known through the sex/gender distinction. The former perpetuates certain ways of knowing the prostitute that cannot embrace the complexity and ambivalence of prostitution for women. If she is a victim she is only passive and exploited. If she is an agent she is both active and free. Utilising the latter allows the client to escape scrutiny. This thesis will argue that this is for two reasons. Firstly, because feminists have tended to support the idea of the prostitute as agent within the victim/agent dichotomy. Within such a way of knowing, any critique of the client became a critique of the livelihood of the prostitute, and is best avoided. Secondly, because feminists tend to work within the sex/gender distinction and its associated dualisms of mind and body, nature and culture. As such, they tend to perpetuate, rather than challenge, the sexological relationship between the sexual and the social. In both analyses, the sexual urge is ultimately natural, albeit modified by society. Analyses that argue for the social constitution of sexuality (rather than simply its social construction) still perpetuate the sex/gender distinction by claiming the validity of the mind/body dualism for their analyse. This thesis will argue that these dualisms structure an impossible choice for feminists and help to position them within the divisive prostitution debate. In a political climate that perpetuates only two ways of knowing prostitution, to critique prostitution is to be anti-sex, moralising, prudish and conservative. In contrast, to support prostitution is hailed as pro-sex, pro-women and pro-choice. Within this dichotomising of the political issue, feminists gain either conservative or libertarian allies. Within such a political climate, a consistent feminist position is lost. In order to counter this political and theoretical inconsistency, this thesis argues for a connection between the dualisms through the organisation of modern liberal democracies. To know the prostitute through the victim/agent dichotomy and the client through the sex/gender distinction (and associated dualisms of mind and body, nature and culture) is also to call upon the public/private split as their organising feature. The public/private split gives meaning to the dualisms of victim and agent, sex and gender, mind and body, through its role in the perpetuation of associations between victim, body, sex, private and women, and between agent, gender, mind, public and men. This thesis will argue that these dualisms are not useful for explaining the ambivalent and contradictory status of prostitution as both work and sex, public and private, rational and irrational, embodied and disembodied, sexual and social. However, not only does prostitution challenge the explanatory value of these dualisms, but the experience of prostitution for the prostitute and the client both subverts and inverts these dualisms. The usual configuration of the dualisms public/private, worker/consumer, male/female, mind/body, rationality/irrationality, are public, worker, male, mind, rationality, in contrast to private, consumer, female, body, irrationality. The prostitute is positioned in and through modern liberal democracies as embodied, but claims the status of worker through her experience of disembodiment. The client is positioned in and through modern liberal democracies as disembodied, and continues this proprietorial relationship with his body during the prostitution contract. She becomes the embodied worker and he becomes the disembodied sex partner. This further demonstrates the inability of a dualistic conception of prostitution to take into account the ambivalent and contradictory status of the prostitute and the client. Whilst this thesis will suggest that such an ambivalent status is to be found in all relations between men and women in modern liberal democracies, it will also propose the political implications of this theoretical reconfiguration for the feminist position on prostitution.

This thesis examines theoretical and popular ways of knowing the prostitute and the client. Its purpose is to intervene in contemporary ways of knowing and articulate a more consistent feminist stance on prostitution. Currently, the prostitute is known predominantly through the discourse of psychology whilst the client is known through the discourse of sexology. She is deviant and he is normal. She is a victim and he is an agent. The issue of inconsistency in the feminist stance on prostitution is related to the recognition that these dualisms figure in the way in which all knowledge of the client and the prostitute is organised. Within feminist theory the prostitute is known through the dualism of victim and agent whilst the client is known through the sex/gender distinction. The former perpetuates certain ways of knowing the prostitute that cannot embrace the complexity and ambivalence of prostitution for women. If she is a victim she is only passive and exploited. If she is an agent she is both active and free. Utilising the latter allows the client to escape scrutiny. This thesis will argue that this is for two reasons. Firstly, because feminists have tended to support the idea of the prostitute as agent within the victim/agent dichotomy. Within such a way of knowing, any critique of the client became a critique of the livelihood of the prostitute, and is best avoided. Secondly, because feminists tend to work within the sex/gender distinction and its associated dualisms of mind and body, nature and culture. As such, they tend to perpetuate, rather than challenge, the sexological relationship between the sexual and the social. In both analyses, the sexual urge is ultimately natural, albeit modified by society. Analyses that argue for the social constitution of sexuality (rather than simply its social construction) still perpetuate the sex/gender distinction by claiming the validity of the mind/body dualism for their analyse. This thesis will argue that these dualisms structure an impossible choice for feminists and help to position them within the divisive prostitution debate. In a political climate that perpetuates only two ways of knowing prostitution, to critique prostitution is to be anti-sex, moralising, prudish and conservative. In contrast, to support prostitution is hailed as pro-sex, pro-women and pro-choice. Within this dichotomising of the political issue, feminists gain either conservative or libertarian allies. Within such a political climate, a consistent feminist position is lost. In order to counter this political and theoretical inconsistency, this thesis argues for a connection between the dualisms through the organisation of modern liberal democracies. To know the prostitute through the victim/agent dichotomy and the client through the sex/gender distinction (and associated dualisms of mind and body, nature and culture) is also to call upon the public/private split as their organising feature. The public/private split gives meaning to the dualisms of victim and agent, sex and gender, mind and body, through its role in the perpetuation of associations between victim, body, sex, private and women, and between agent, gender, mind, public and men. This thesis will argue that these dualisms are not useful for explaining the ambivalent and contradictory status of prostitution as both work and sex, public and private, rational and irrational, embodied and disembodied, sexual and social. However, not only does prostitution challenge the explanatory value of these dualisms, but the experience of prostitution for the prostitute and the client both subverts and inverts these dualisms. The usual configuration of the dualisms public/private, worker/consumer, male/female, mind/body, rationality/irrationality, are public, worker, male, mind, rationality, in contrast to private, consumer, female, body, irrationality. The prostitute is positioned in and through modern liberal democracies as embodied, but claims the status of worker through her experience of disembodiment. The client is positioned in and through modern liberal democracies as disembodied, and continues this proprietorial relationship with his body during the prostitution contract. She becomes the embodied worker and he becomes the disembodied sex partner. This further demonstrates the inability of a dualistic conception of prostitution to take into account the ambivalent and contradictory status of the prostitute and the client. Whilst this thesis will suggest that such an ambivalent status is to be found in all relations between men and women in modern liberal democracies, it will also propose the political implications of this theoretical reconfiguration for the feminist position on prostitution.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Cultural and Historical Studies
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Ce travail rapporte la synthèse et l'évaluation biologique des molécules hybrides de type isocombrétastatine A-4/belinostat. L'évaluation biologique de cette nouvelle série nous a permis d'identifier deux molécules inhibitrices de la polymérisation de la tubuline ainsi que de la HDAC8 possédant une puissante activité anti-proliférative dans la gamme du nanomolaire. De plus, nous démontrons que le système de catalyseur PtO2/PTSA-MeOH/H2O est très efficace pour convertir les alcynes internes et terminaux en cétones et qu’il est compatible avec une grande variété de groupes fonctionnels
In this work, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of isocombretastatin A-4/belinostat hybrid molecules. The biological evaluation of these new series has identified two molecules with potent anti-proliferative activity in the nanomolar range, which exhibit inhibitory activity on tubulin assembly and HDAC8. Second, we demonstrate that the PtO2/PTSA-MeOH/H2O catalyst system is very efficient in converting internal and terminal alkynes to ketones and that it is compatible with a wide variety of functional groups

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à des sujets différents en mathématiques financières, tous liés aux imperfections de marché et à la technique fondamentale de la maximisation d'utilité. Elle comporte trois parties. Dans la première, qui se base sur deux papiers, nous considérons le problème d'investissement optimal sur un marché financier avec coûts de transaction proportionnels. On commence par étudier le problème d'investissement dans le cas où la fonction d'utilité est multivariée (ce qui s'adapte particulièrement bien aux marchés des devises) et l'agent a une dotation initiale aléatoire, qui peut s'interpréter comme une option ou un autre contrat dérivé. Après avoir analysé les propriétés du problème et de son dual, nous utilisons ces résultats pour examiner, dans ce contexte, certains aspects d'une technique de pricing devenue populaire dans le cadre des marchés incomplets, l'évaluation par indifférence d'utilité. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous étudions le problème d'existence d'un ensemble de prix (appelés "prix fictifs" ou "shadow prices") qui offrirait la même utilité maximale à l'agent si le marché n'avait pas de frictions. Ces résultats sont utiles pour clarifier le lien entre la théorie classique des marchés sans frictions et la littérature en croissance rapide sur les coûts de transaction. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous considérons le problème d'évaluation de produits dérivés par indifférence d'utilité dans des marchés incomplets, où la source d'incomplétude provient du fait que certains actifs ne peuvent pas être échangés sur le marché, ce qui est le cas par exemple dans le cadre des modèles structurels pour le prix de l'électricité. Sous certaines hypothèses, nous dérivons une caractérisation en terme d'équations différentielles stochastiques rétrogrades (EDSR) pour le prix, et nous nous concentrons ensuite sur les options européennes en établissant en particulier l'existence d'une stratégie de couverture optimale, même lorsque le payoff présente des discontinuités et est éventuellement non borné. Dans la dernière partie, nous analysons un simple problème de principal-agent à horizon fini, où le principal est essentiellement interprété comme un régulateur et l'agent comme une entreprise qui produit certaines émissions polluantes. Nous traitons séparément les problèmes du principal et de l'agent et nous utilisons la théorie des EDSR pour fournir des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes d'optimalité. Nous effectuons également des analyses de sensibilité et nous montrons des résultats numériques dans le but de fournir une meilleure compréhension du comportement des agents.

Simple games are a fundamental class of cooperative games. They have a huge relevance in several areas of computer science, social sciences and discrete applied mathematics. The algorithmic and computational complexity aspects of simple games have been gaining notoriety in the recent years. In this thesis we review different computational problems related to properties, parameters, and solution concepts of simple games. We consider different forms of representation of simple games, regular games and weighted games, and we analyze the computational complexity required to transform a game from one representation to another. We also analyze the complexity of several open problems under different forms of representation. In this scenario, we prove that the problem of deciding whether a simple game in minimal winning form is decisive (a problem that is associated to the duality problem of hypergraphs and monotone Boolean functions) can be solved in quasi-polynomial time, and that this problem can be polynomially reduced to the same problem but restricted to regular games in shift-minimal winning form. We also prove that the problem of deciding wheter a regular game is strong in shift-minimal winning form is coNP-complete. Further, for the width, one of the parameters of simple games, we prove that for simple games in minimal winning form it can be computed in polynomial time. Regardless of the form of representation, we also analyze counting and enumeration problems for several subfamilies of these games. We also introduce influence games, which are a new approach to study simple games based on a model of spread of influence in a social network, where influence spreads according to the linear threshold model. We show that influence games capture the whole class of simple games. Moreover, we study for influence games the complexity of the problems related to parameters, properties and solution concepts considered for simple games. We consider extremal cases with respect to demand of influence, and we show that, for these subfamilies, several problems become polynomial. We finish with some applications inspired on influence games. The first set of results concerns to the definition of collective choice models. For mediation systems, several of the problems of properties mentioned above are polynomial-time solvable. For influence systems, we prove that computing the satisfaction (a measure equivalent to the Rae index and similar to the Banzhaf value) is hard unless we consider some restrictions in the model. For OLFM systems, a generalization of OLF systems (van den Brink et al. 2011, 2012) we provide an axiomatization of satisfaction. The second set of results concerns to social network analysis. We define new centrality measures of social networks that we compare on real networks with some classical centrality measures.
Los juegos simples son una clase fundamental de juegos cooperativos, que tiene una enorme relevancia en diversas áreas de ciencias de la computación, ciencias sociales y matemáticas discretas aplicadas. En los últimos años, los distintos aspectos algorítmicos y de complejidad computacional de los juegos simples ha ido ganando notoriedad. En esta tesis revisamos los distintos problemas computacionales relacionados con propiedades, parámetros y conceptos de solución de juegos simples. Primero consideramos distintas formas de representación de juegos simples, juegos regulares y juegos de mayoría ponderada, y estudiamos la complejidad computacional requerida para transformar un juego desde una representación a otra. También analizamos la complejidad de varios problemas abiertos bajo diferentes formas de representación. En este sentido, demostramos que el problema de decidir si un juego simple en forma ganadora minimal es decisivo (un problema asociado al problema de dualidad de hipergrafos y funciones booleanas monótonas) puede resolverse en tiempo cuasi-polinomial, y que este problema puede reducirse polinomialmente al mismo problema pero restringido a juegos regulares en forma ganadora shift-minimal. También demostramos que el problema de decidir si un juego regular en forma ganadora shift-minimal es fuerte (strong) es coNP-completo. Adicionalmente, para juegos simples en forma ganadora minimal demostramos que el parámetro de anchura (width) puede computarse en tiempo polinomial. Independientemente de la forma de representación, también estudiamos problemas de enumeración y conteo para varias subfamilias de juegos simples. Luego introducimos los juegos de influencia, un nuevo enfoque para estudiar juegos simples basado en un modelo de dispersión de influencia en redes sociales, donde la influencia se dispersa de acuerdo con el modelo de umbral lineal (linear threshold model). Demostramos que los juegos de influencia abarcan la totalidad de la clase de los juegos simples. Para estos juegos también estudiamos la complejidad de los problemas relacionados con parámetros, propiedades y conceptos de solución considerados para los juegos simples. Además consideramos casos extremos con respecto a la demanda de influencia, y probamos que para ciertas subfamilias, varios de estos problemas se vuelven polinomiales. Finalmente estudiamos algunas aplicaciones inspiradas en los juegos de influencia. El primer conjunto de estos resultados tiene que ver con la definición de modelos de decisión colectiva. Para sistemas de mediación, varios de los problemas de propiedades mencionados anteriormente son polinomialmente resolubles. Para los sistemas de influencia, demostramos que computar la satisfacción (una medida equivalente al índice de Rae y similar al valor de Banzhaf) es difícil a menos que consideremos algunas restricciones en el modelo. Para los sistemas OLFM, una generalización de los sistemas OLF (van den Brink et al. 2011, 2012) proporcionamos una axiomatización para la medida de satisfacción. El segundo conjunto de resultados se refiere al análisis de redes sociales, y en particular con la definición de nuevas medidas de centralidad de redes sociales, que comparamos en redes reales con otras medidas de centralidad clásicas

En 2002, Marek Musiela et Thaleia Zariphopoulo ont introduit la notion de {\em forward utility}, c'est à dire une utilité dynamique, progressive, cohérente avec un marché financier donné. On peut voir ce processus comme un champ aléatoire $U(t,x)$ adapté à l'information disponible, qui a chaque instant est une utilité standard (donc en particulier à la date $0$, compatible avec une famille de stratégies données $(X^{\pi})$ au sens où pour tout $t,h>0$, $ \mathbb{E}(U(t+h,X^{\pi}_{t+h})|\mathcal{F}_t)\leq U(t,X^{\pi}_t)$ et il existe un portefeuille optimal $X^*$ pour lequel l'inégalité est une égalité.\\ Les auteurs ont fait plusieurs articles sur ce sujet, montrant en particulier comment les utilités classiques, puissance, exponentielle, etc doivent être modifiées pour être des utilités dynamique progressives. Une attention limitée a été portée à l'univers d'investissement. \noindent Dans mon travail de thèse, je considère un cadre beaucoup plus général. En effet, le marché est incomplet dans le sens où un investisseur est contraint, à chaque date $t\ge 0$, de choisir ces stratégies admissibles dans des cones convexes fermés, adaptés $\K_t (X_t)$ dépendent du niveau de sa richesse $X_t$. Je considère par la suite que les champs aléatoires $U(t,x)$ évoluent selon la dynamique \begin{equation}\label{eq:champ} dU(t,x)=\beta(t,x)+\Gamma(t,x) dW_t,~U(0,.)=u(.) (\text{donnée}) \end{equation} Comme dans l'optimisation classique, (dite rétrograde puisqu'on reconstruit l'information à partir de la fin), %je montre que le terme %$\beta(t,x)$ contient, contient nécéssairement, un terme de type hamiltonien classique %modifié par la présence de la dérivée de la volatilité %$\Gamma(t,x)$ de l'utilité progressive. Et par conséquent toute utilité progressive qui % satisfait les hypothèses de régularités du lemme d'Itô-Ventzell % satisfait je me propose d'étudier les équations de type Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman que satisfait une utilités progressive $u(t,x)$. Pour mener cette étude, j'utilise une formule d'Itô généralisée apellée la formule de Ventzell-Friedlin, qui permet d'établir la décomposition de type Itô de la composée d'un champ aléatoire avec un processus d'Itô. Je montre alors que le terme $\beta(t,x)$ contient, nécéssairement, un terme de type hamiltonien classique modifié par la présence de la dérivée de la volatilité $\Gamma(t,x)$ de l'utilité progressive. Et par conséquent toute utilité progressive qui satisfait les hypothèses de régularités du lemme d'Itô-Ventzell satisfont l' équation différentielle stochastique suivante \begin{equation}\label{EDPSU} dU(t,x)=\Big\{-xU'_{x}\, r_t dt+ \frac{1}{2U''_{xx}(t,x)}\|\prod_{\K_t(x)\sigma_t}\big(U'_{x}(t,x) \eta_t+\Gamma'_x(t,x)\big) \|^2\Big\}(t,x)\,dt\>+\Gamma(t,x)\,dW_t. \end{equation} avec comme portefeuille optimal $X^*$ le processus associé à la stratégie $\pi^*$ donnée par \begin{equation} x\pi^*(t,x)\sigma_t=- \frac{1}{U''_{xx}(t,x)}\|\prod_{\K_t(x)\sigma_t}\big(U'_{x}(t,x) \eta_t+\Gamma'_x(t,x)\big)(t,x) \end{equation} \noindent où $r$ est le taux court, $\eta$ la prime de marché, $\sigma$ la matrice de variance covariance des actifs et $ \prod_{\K_t(x)\sigma_t}$ désigne l'opérateur de projection sur le cône $\K_t(x)\sigma_t$. \\ Ce point de vue permet de vérifier que le champ aléatoire, s'il existe est compatible avec l'univers d'investissement. Cependant, la question de la convexité et de la monotonie est complexe a priori, car il n'existe pas de théorèmes de comparaison pour les équations progressives (qui sont {\em forward}), contrairement au cas des équations rétrogrades. La question de l'interprétation et du rôle de la volatilité s'avère alors être centrale dans cette étude. Contrairement au cadre général que je considère ici, M.Musiela et T.Zariphopoulo, puis C.Rogers et al se sont restreint au cas où la volatilité de l'utilité est identiquement nulle. Le processus progressif $u(t,x)$ est alors une fonction déterministe satisfaisant une EDP non linéaire, que les auteurs ont transformé en solution harmonique espace temps de l'équation de la chaleur. \\ Mon choix a été d'étudire la question de la volatilité par des techniques de changement de numéraire; ainsi, je montre la stabilité de la notion d'utilité progressive par changement de numéraire. L'avantage considérable de cette technique, comparée à la méthode classique, % Comme dans le cas % classique, le problème est compliqué par le fait que l'espace des % contraites n'est pas invariant par changement de numéraire. est le fait qu'elle permet de se ramener toujours à un marché "martingale" ($r=0$ et $\eta=0$), ce qui simplifie considérablement les équations et les calculs. La dérivée de la volatilité apparaît alors comme une prime de risque instantanée que le marché introduit, et qui dépend du niveau de la richesse de l'investisseur. Ce point de vue nouveau permet de répondre à la question de l'interprétation de la volatilité de l'utilité. Dans la suite, j'étudie le problème dual et je montre que la transformée de {\em Fenchel} $\tU$ de la fonction concave $U(t,x)$ est un champ markovien lui aussi satisfaisant la dynamique \begin{eqnarray}\label{EDPSDuale'} d\tilde{U}(t,y)=\left[\frac{1}{2\tU_{yy}''}(\|\tilde{\Gamma}'\|^2-\|\prod_{\K_t(-\tU_y'(t,y))\sigma_t}(\tilde{\Gamma}^{'}_y-y\eta_t)\|^2) +y\tU_{y}' r_t\right](t,y)dt +\tilde{\Gamma}(t,y)dW_t,~~\tilde{\Gamma}(t,y)=\Gamma(t,\tU_y'(t,y)). \end{eqnarray} À partir de ce résultat je montre que le problème dual admet une unique solution $Y^*$ dans la volatilté $\nu^*$ est donnée par \begin{equation} y\nu^*(t,y)= -\frac{1}{\tU_{yy}''}\Big(\tilde{\Gamma}'+y\eta_t-\prod_{\K_t(-\tU_y')\sigma_t}(\tilde{\Gamma}^{'}_y-y\eta_t)\Big)(t,y). \end{equation} \noindent Ce ci permettra d'établir les identités clé suivantes: \begin{eqnarray} &Y^*(t,(U_x')^{-1}(0,x))=U'_x(t,X^*(t,x)) \label{A}\\ &(\Gamma'_x+U'_x\eta)(t,x)=(xU''(t,x)\pi^*(t,x)\sigma_t+\nu^*(U_x'(t,x))\label{B}. \end{eqnarray} % Remarquons que le terme $(\Gamma'_x+U'_x\eta)$ se décompose de manière unique sous forme % de sa projection sur le cone $\K\sigma$, qui est la stratégie optimale, et la projection sur le cone dual $\K^* \sigma$, % qui est la volatilité du processus optimal dual. Mais notre but est deux termes projétés su comme la projection % Á partir de la première identité nous savons que $U'_x(t,X^*(t,x))$ n'est autre que le processus optimal dual %Á ce stade rapellons que le but de cette étude est de carracteriser les utilités progressives. La question par la suite est la suivante: peut-on caractériser l'utilité $U(t,x)$ pour tout $x>0$ à partir de la première identité? Ceci peut paraître trop demander car nous cherchons à caractériser le champ $U$ connaissant seulement son comportement le long de l'unique trajectoire optimale $X^*$. Cependant, la réponse à cette question s'avère être positive et assez simple. En effet, notons par $\Y(t,x):=Y^*(t,(U_x')^{-1}(0,x))$, et supposons que le flot stochastique $X^*$ soit inversible, $\X$ désigne son inverse. Alors, en inversant dans (\ref{A}), je déduis que $U_x'(t,x)=\Y(t,\X(t,x))$. En intégrant par rapport à $x$, j'obtiens que $U(t,x)=\int_0^x\Y(t,\X(t,z))dz$, ce qui prouve le théorème suivant: \begin{theo} Sous des hypothèses de régularités et d'inversion du flot $X^*$, les processus $U$ définis par $U(t,x)=\int_0^x\Y(t,\X(t,z))dz$ sont des utilités progressives solutions de l'EDP stochastique (\ref{EDPSU}). \end{theo} % %\noindent Inversement, je montre le théorème d'EDP stochastique suivant: \begin{theo} Soit $U$ un champ aléatoire solutions de l'EDP stochastique (\ref{EDPSU}). En utilisant la décompostion (\ref{B}), si les EDS suivantes \begin{eqnarray*} & dX^*_t(x)=X^*_t(x)(r_tdt+\pi^*(t,X^*_t(x))\sigma_t(dW_t+\eta_tdt)),X^*_0(x)=x ~\\ & dY^*_t(y)=Y^*_t(y)(-r_tdt+\nu^*(t,Y^*_t(y))dW_t),~Y^*_0(y)=y \end{eqnarray*} admettent des solutions fortes unique et monotonnes, alors, en notant par $ \Y(t,x):=Y^*(t,(U_x')^{-1}(0,x))$ et par $\X$ le flot inverse de $X$, on obtient que $U(t,x)= \int_0^x\Y(t,\X(t,z))dz$. Si de plus $X^*$ et $Y^*$ sont croissants, $U$ est concave. \end{theo} \noindent %Dans ce travail, je considère toujours un marché incomplet, Dans une seconde partie de ce travail, je me place dans un cadre beaucoup plus général dans le sens où les actifs sont supposés être cadlag locallement bornés, et par conséquent la filtration n'est plus une filtration brownienne. Je remplace les contraintes de type cône convexe par des contraintes plus générales de type ensemble convexe. Le but de cette partie est de caractériser toutes les utilités progressives avec le minimum d'hypothèses, notamment avec moins d'hypothèses de régularités sur les champs aléatoires $U$. Je ne suppose plus que $U$ est deux fois différentiable et par conséquent je ne peut plus appliquer le lemme d'Itô-Ventzell. L'approche est alors différente: je commence par établir des conditions d'optimalité sur le processus de richesses optimale ainsi que le processus optimal dual, et ce en utilisant des méthodes d'analyse. En utilisant ces résultats je démontre, par des éléments d'analyse, la convexité ainsi que les conditions d'optimalités que toutes les utilités progressives générant une richesse croissante est de la forme $\int_0^x\Y(t,\X(t,z))dz$ avec $\Y$ : $\Y X$ est une surmartingale pour toute richesse $X$ et une martingale si $X=X^*$.

Water was a source of wealth which facilitated, fostered or brutally halted economic development in the Ancien Regime. Lack of hygiene meant that water was used less for drinking than other drinks, but as a raw material, source of energy, cooling, rinsing and cleansing agent, water was unequalled. It played a role in public and private relaxation and in health. Water also proved to be an ideal, safe and cheap means of transporting goods and ideas. Urban historians have long pointed to the enormous comparative advantage enjoyed by towns and regions whose favourable maritime or riverine location gave them access to cheap water-borne transport. But water just as often posed a threat to economic development and prosperity, whether due to its absence or its specific composition or level of pollution or to uncontrollable abundance. This duality is still present today in our modern, globalised society. While huge quantities of fresh, potable water are wasted in the West, free or cheap access to fresh and abundant water supplies remains a major challenge for millions of individuals on the planet. Major floods in different parts of the world regularly cause economic damage and endless human suffering. With a Settimana devoted to the management of the water supply, excluding related topics as water consumption, water transport and the use of water in agriculture and industry, the Istituto Datini is seeking to draw attention.

This book uses concepts from optimization theory to develop an integrated analytic framework for treating consumer, producer, and market equilibrium analyses as special cases of a generic optimization problem. The same framework applies to both stochastic and non-stochastic decision settings, so that the latter is recognized as an (important) special case of the former. The analytic techniques are borrowed from convex analysis and variational analysis. Special emphasis is given to generalized notions of differentiability, conjugacy theory, and Fenchel's Duality Theorem. The book shows how virtually identical conjugate analyses form the basis for modeling economic behavior in each of the areas studied. The basic analytic concepts are borrowed from convex analysis. Special emphasis is given to generalized notions of differentiability, conjugacy theory, and Fenchel's Duality Theorem. It is demonstrated how virtually identical conjugate analyses form the basis for modelling economic behaviour in each of the areas studied.

We approach the problem of the extended mind from a radically non-dualist perspective. The separation between mind and matter is an artifact of the mechanistic worldview, which leaves no room for mental phenomena such as agency, intentionality, or experience. We propose to replace it by an action ontology, which conceives mind and matter as aspects of the same network of processes. By adopting the intentional stance, we interpret the catalysts of elementary reactions as agents exhibiting desires, intentions, and sensations. Autopoietic networks of reactions constitute more complex super-agents, which exhibit memory, deliberation and sense-making. In the case of social networks, individual agents coordinate their actions via the propagation of challenges. The distributed cognition that emerges cannot be situated in any individual brain. This non-dualist, holistic view extends and operationalizes process metaphysics and Eastern philosophies. It is supported by both mindfulness experiences and mathematical models of action, self-organization, and cognition.

Racial Immanence is about how and why artists use the body in contemporary Chicanx cultural production. The book explores disease, disability, abjection, and sense experience in Chicanx visual, verbal, and performing arts from the late 1980s to the early 1990s in order to ask whether it is possible to think of race as something other than a human quality. This attention to the body is a way to push back against two distinct modes of identity politics: first, the desire for art to perform or embody an idealized abstraction of oppositional ethnicity; and second, the neoliberal commodification of identity in the service of better managing difference and dissent. While these two modes seem mutually exclusive, the resistance the artists in Racial Immanence exert toward both suggests a core similarity. By contrast, the cultural objects examined in the book assert human bodies as processes, as agents of change in the world rather than as objects to be known and managed. Within Chicanx cultural production the author locates an articulation of bodily philosophies that challenge the subject/object dualism leading to a global politics of dominance and submission. Instead, she argues, Chicanx cultural production fosters networks of connection that deepen human attachment to the material world, a phenomenon the author terms “racial immanence” that creates the possibility of progressive social change.

This book provides a fresh, comprehensive view of the musical life and its cultural context in Santiago, Chile, from its foundation in 1541 to the end of the colonial period, roughly in 1810. Combining the study of archival documents, secondary sources, and music scores, it deals with different aspects of musical life in the cathedral (Chapter 1), convents and monasteries (Chapter 2), private houses (Chapter 3), and public spaces (Chapter 4), considering, as well, the life and function of musicians as crucial agents in the music field (Chapter 5). Despite its focus on a particular city of Latin America, it raises this issue from a broad perspective that explores its links with other urban centers (especially Lima), within the globalizing framework of the colonial system. The idea of music as a “sweet penance,” belonging to a nun harpist in a convent of Santiago at the end of the eighteenth century, gives rise to the consideration of duality as an essential trait of the period and its music.

Heterodox work in Global Political Economy (GPE) finds its motive force in challenging the ontological atomism of International Political Economy (IPE) orthodoxy. Various strains of heterodoxy that have grown out of dependency theory and World-Systems Theory (WST), for example, emphasize the social whole: Individual parts are given form and meaning within social relations of domination produced by a history of violence and colonial conquest. An atomistic approach, they stress, seems designed to ignore this history of violence and relations of domination by making bargaining among independent units the key to explaining the current state of international institutions. For IPE, it is precisely this atomistic approach, largely inspired by the ostensible success of neoclassical economics, which justifies its claims to scientific rigor. International relations can be modeled as a market-like space, in which individual actors, with given preferences and endowments, bargain over the character of international institutional arrangements. Heterodox scholars’ treatment of social processes as indivisible wholes places them beyond the pale of acceptable scientific practice. Heterodoxy appears, then, as the constitutive outside of IPE orthodoxy.Heterodox GPE perhaps reached its zenith in the 1980s. Just as heterodox work was being cast out from the temple of International Relations (IR), heterodox scholars, building on earlier work, produced magisterial studies that continue to merit our attention. We focus on three texts: K. N. Chaudhuri’s Asia Before Europe (1990), Eric Wolf’s Europe and the People Without History (1982), and L. S. Stavrianos’s Global Rift (1981). We select these texts for their temporal and geographical sweep and their intellectual acuity. While Chaudhuri limits his scope to the Indian Ocean over a millennium, Wolf and Stavrianos attempt an anthropology and a history, respectively, of European expansion, colonialism, and the rise of capitalism in the modern era. Though the authors combine different elements of material, political, and social life, all three illustrate the power of seeing the “social process” as an “indivisible whole,” as Schumpeter discusses in the epigram below. “Economic facts,” the region, or time period they extract for detailed scrutiny are never disconnected from the “great stream” or process of social relations. More specifically, Chaudhuri’s work shows notably that we cannot take for granted the distinct units that comprise a social whole, as does the IPE orthodoxy. Rather, such units must be carefully assembled by the scholar from historical evidence, just as the institutions, practices, and material infrastructure that comprise the unit were and are constructed by people over the longue durée. Wolf starts with a world of interaction, but shows that European expansion and the rise and spread of capitalism intensified cultural encounters, encompassing them all within a global division of labor that conditioned the developmental prospects of each in relation to the others. Stavrianos carries out a systematic and relational history of the First and Third Worlds, in which both appear as structural positions conditioned by a capitalist political economy. By way of conclusion, we suggest that these three works collectively inspire an effort to overcome the reification and dualism of agents and structures that inform IR theory and arrive instead at “flow.”

This chapter uses the Penrhyn estate in Wales as a case study to examine the land agent’s sense of dualism and impartiality, of having responsibility for representing and intermediating between two factions – rich and poor. In this respect, the chapter reinforces one of the central themes highlighted across the case studies featured within this collection; that of the challenges land agents had to face. Though landlords and tenants usually had a strong mutual interest in sustaining good relations, maintaining a balance between their priorities could be fraught with difficulties. On top of this complex role specification, Penrhyn and its environs was emerging as a primary theatre for the playing out of a fierce confrontation about the nature and future of Welsh society.

This chapter critiques the view, expressed in the 1996 Barlow Declaration and elsewhere, that the digital realm—“cyberspace”—is a disembodied space for pure thought. This chapter shows that the view that speech online is disconnected from the material realm echoes the same idea in traditional free speech theory, which has long considered speech to be something nonmaterial. Given the agent-driven nature of online communications, the materiality of internet technology, and the very real, often physical, effects of online speech on users and audiences, the chapter argues that the view that the digital realm has its own ontological status, distinct from that of the material world, is unsupportable. The chapter concludes that it is incorrect to hold that online communications are, in their causal capacity, more akin to thought than to non-speech conduct, just as it is incorrect to hold that offline communications are, in their causal capacity, more akin to thought than to non-speech conduct.

Descartes's ontological dualism of mind and body made it difficult for him to describe the phenomenology of embodiment, the way we experience our own body. Contemporary theories of the mind–brain relation are predominantly physicalist, rather than dualist, in their ontology. But the duality of objective and subjective conceptions still presents a challenge for the sciences of the mind. Persons understood as such, partly from the first-person perspective—persons conceived as subjects and agents, with their experiences, thoughts, plans and actions—will not be visible in a purely objective, scientific story of the physical world.

Cartesian philosophy presupposes the legitimacy of body-mind dualism, subject-object dualism, the principle of "clear and distinct ideas," and the human individual as an "autonomous agent." In contrast, the philosophical projects of James, Merleau-Ponty, and Nishida are all characterized by a critical stance taken toward these Cartesian presuppositions. That is, first, the "body" is established as the ground for our pre-reflexive yet active communion with the world. Second, the intertwining inseparability of "object-knowledge" and "self-knowledge" in our being in the world is acknowledged. Third, the phenomenon of "horizon" is thematized as an indispensable moment in the constitution of "experience." Finally, the "self" is understood as being embedded in and supported by the "field of experience." With this in mind, we can appreciate Whitehead's comparison of James' "Does Consciousness Exist?" with Descartes' Discourse on Method as the "inauguration of a new stage of philosophy." In this context the significance of Nishida's notion of "the world as the self's body" can be productively discussed.

This chapter introduces and reviews the concept of distributed knowledge management within the Healthcare environment and between Healthcare and other partner organisations. As management should not be mistaken for control, distributed should not be identified with multicentered. Trade-offs between managerial centralism and social contextuality should be allowed. Although the core issues in knowledge management are not technological, tools that can support the central versus social dualism of knowledge management are critical to the effective and appropriate use of generated knowledge. Information tools can significantly affect the user experience and local social wiliness to participation and enhance the managerial trends that make use of knowledge networks and shared logistics. They include service-oriented architectures (SOA), artificial intelligence networks (AIN), multiple agent systems (MAS) and the contextual tools of Web 2.0. All of those tools feed their functionality on the semantic detail, the granularity and the trust levels enjoyed by their information sources.

Tanabe Hajime (1885-1962), another pole of the so-called Kyoto-School of Philosophy of modern Japan, attempts to construct a dialectical, triadic logic of genus, species and individual as a creative synthesis between Eastern and Western philosophy. Although the formal pattern of his method is influenced by the Hegelian dialectic, the way of his thinking is rather prevailed by Kantian dualism. This makes a sharp contrast to his mentor Nishida Kitaro, whose logic of Topos or Place qua Absolute Nothingness is criticized as all-embracing and static in character by him. The difference between them might be parallel to that of Greek and Latin theology concerning the Trinity. Tanabe never presupposes any preexistent entity as the primordial One in the eternal dimension, but rather maintains the individuality as the free subjective agent in the field of history. The dichotomy between the universal and the individual is overcome in and through the mediation of the third term— the species — as the negatively self-realized, specific form of the genus. The species, however, turns out to be the self-estrangement, when it loses the perpetually negative mediation of the free subjective activity of the individual.

Mathematical tools necessary to the argument are presented and discussed. The focus is on concepts borrowed from the convex analysis and variational analysis literatures. The chapter starts by introducing the notions of a correspondence, upper hemi-continuity, and lower hemi-continuity. Superdifferential and subdifferential correspondences for real-valued functions are then introduced, and their essential properties and their role in characterizing global optima are surveyed. Convex sets are introduced and related to functional concavity (convexity). The relationship between functional concavity (convexity), superdifferentiability (subdifferentiability), and the existence of (one-sided) directional derivatives is examined. The theory of convex conjugates and essential conjugate duality results are discussed. Topics treated include Berge's Maximum Theorem, cyclical monotonicity of superdifferential (subdifferential) correspondences, concave (convex) conjugates and biconjugates, Fenchel's Inequality, the Fenchel-Rockafellar Conjugate Duality Theorem, support functions, superlinear functions, sublinear functions, the theory of infimal convolutions and supremal convolutions, and Fenchel's Duality Theorem.

Optimal execution is a sequential decision-making problem for cost-saving in algorithmic trading. Studies have found that reinforcement learning (RL) can help decide the order-splitting sizes. However, a problem remains unsolved: how to place limit orders at appropriate limit prices? The key challenge lies in the ``continuous-discrete duality'' of the action space. On the one hand, the continuous action space using percentage changes in prices is preferred for generalization. On the other hand, the trader eventually needs to choose limit prices discretely due to the existence of the tick size, which requires specialization for every single stock with different characteristics (e.g., the liquidity and the price range). So we need continuous control for generalization and discrete control for specialization. To this end, we propose a hybrid RL method to combine the advantages of both of them. We first use a continuous control agent to scope an action subset, then deploy a fine-grained agent to choose a specific limit price. Extensive experiments show that our method has higher sample efficiency and better training stability than existing RL algorithms and significantly outperforms previous learning-based methods for order execution.