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1
Nimkar, Swateja. "Characteristics of Marijuana Users Compared to Multiple Drug Users". TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/255.
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This study examines drug use behavior in a self-described sample of users. Comparisons are made between subjects whose only illicit drug use is marijuana and those who use both marijuana and other drugs. Data are from the DRUGNET study (1996, 1998, 1999), a multi-panel study conducted over the internet from 1996 - 1998. This sample was predominately white, male, young, and college educated. The majority of respondents were employed with incomes in the $50,000 - $60,000 (USD) range. A subset of respondents to the DRUGNET survey was selected for this analysis. Respondents had to be at least 18 years of age, a US citizen and report marijuana drug use (n = 283). The major finding from this study is that there were no significant differences between the two groups on any variable measured other than gender, household income and the age of onset of marijuana use. Women are more likely to report using marijuana alone while males are more likely to report using marijuana and other drugs. The individuals having low and middle class household income were more likely to report the use of marijuana and other drugs compared to the upper middles class income groups who were more likely to report the use of marijuana alone. After Bonferroni's adjustment was done, it was observed that the mean age of onset for the group who used marijuana alone was greater in comparison to the group who used marijuana along with other drugs. While this study is the first one to make this comparison and may have implications for drug education, policy, and treatment. The result obtained from this study may be an artifact of the study design and/or sample.
2
Cheung, Yee-tak. "Suicidal behaviours among illicit drug users". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B39556992.
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3
張懿德 i Yee-tak Cheung. "Suicidal behaviours among illicit drug users". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39556992.
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4
Fullam, Michelle. "Drug users’ experiences of a residential rehabilitation program in Western Australia: A thematic analysis of drug users lived experiences". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2361.
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In the last decade, there has been a marked increase in the awareness of drug use and drug-related crime in Australia. As a result, the demand for drug treatment services has increased and 14 recognised government-funded services are now available in Western Australia (WA). The goal of these services is to reduce drug use through full-time intensive programs that are usually residential. This type of drug treatment has been shown to be effective in reducing drug use and promoting pro-social lives post-treatment. However, little is known of the experiences of participants in this type of treatment in WA. As such, this study examined the lived experiences of individuals engaged in a Christian residential rehabilitation program in WA.
Semi-structured interviews were utilised to examine 14 participants’ perceptions of their behaviours, links between drug use and criminal behaviour, motivations for treatment and life after rehabilitation. A thematic analysis of the data revealed that drug users have extensive insight into their lived experiences, including an awareness of normalised behaviours that catalysed their subsequent drug use and criminal behaviours. Themes that emerged from the findings include: the lived experience of dysfunction; embodying dysfunction and escaping dysfunction. Additionally, the participants demonstrated strong support for treatment provided by residential rehabilitation, commenting that that recovery from extensive drug use is a lengthy process involving more than simple abstinence from drugs. This research provides support for residential treatment of drug users who previously committed crime, supporting assertions that drug use must be treated to address criminality.
5
Rachlis, Beth Stephanie. "The impact of migration on drug and HIV-related risk behaviours among injection drug users : evidence from the Vancouver injection drug users study". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32126.
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Background: Migration is one social factor responsible for the spread of HIV/AIDS.
The objectives of this project were to describe migration patterns, including rates of and
types of migration, among participants in the Vancouver Injection Drug Users Study
(VIDUS); to identify factors associated with migration; and to determine the impact of
migrating out of Greater Vancouver (GV) on drug use practices and HIV-related risk
behaviours among this population.
Methods: VIDUS is an open prospective cohort of injection drug users (IDU). At
baseline and semi-annually, participants complete an interviewer-administered
questionnaire which elicits socio-demographic data, information regarding injection
and non-injection drug use, sexual risk behaviours and enrollment into addiction
treatment. A l l participants were residents of GV at the time of recruitment. Correlates of
migration, defined as living outside GV during follow-up, were first identified for all
participants with at least one follow-up between June 1999 - May 2005. In a separate
analysis, risk behaviours were compared before and after a move had occurred for all
eligible participants with more than one follow-up between May 1996 - November 2005.
Results: A total of 1603 IDU were recruited between May 1996 and November 2005.
1245 participants had at least one follow-up between June 1999 and May 2005. The
proportion of I DU living outside of GV during follow-up ranged between 2.5% and
11.8% and a total of 149 locations where participants migrated to were cited, with the
majority (53.7%) being within British Columbia. Migrating was negatively associated
with various factors including frequent crack and heroin use, sex trade involvement,
and current methadone use. Of 1122 participants with more than one follow-up visit
between May 1996 and November 2005,192 (17%) reported migrating out of GV while
930 (83%) participants did not report such a move and movers were significantly
younger. A significant decrease in frequent heroin and frequent cocaine injection
occurred only in movers. The proportion of participants living in unstable housing
decreased significantly among movers while no change occurred among non-movers.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that participants who migrated were less at-risk for
HIV infection, given lower levels of reported risk-taking. Furthermore, it appears that
risk-taking among IDU declines following periods of migration out of GV. These
findings have practical implications for the types of services that are available for IDU
living in communities outside of the urban areas.Medicine, Faculty of
Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of
Graduate
6
Berman, Anne H. "Enhancing Health Among Drug Users in Prison". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Centre for Health Equity Studies [Nationellt nätverkscentrum för forskning om ojämlikhet i hälsa] : Almqvist & Wiksell International [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-65.
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7
Adams, Chantal. "The narrative accounts of recovering drug users". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9999.
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This study aims to provide pertinent information regarding the widespread use of methamphetamine occurring in South Africa. This study explores how individuals who were addicted to crystal methamphetamine (CM) create meaning of their experiences of addiction and recovery.
8
Coomber, Ross. "Perceptions of illicit drugs and drug users : myth-understandings and policy consequences". Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1999. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/8648/.
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This submission to the University of Greenwich for a Ph.D. by published works is composed of ten peer-reviewed articles, five book chapters, and one journal editorial. The earliest publication is dated from 1992 while the two most recent articles have been formally accepted for publication and are to be published in the near future. The pieces, to aid coherence, are not arranged in strict chronological order but rather in an order best able to demonstrate coherence and theme. The central theme running through these published works relates to the ways that drugs, drug users, and the activities which surround them are often subject to exaggeration, distortion and untruths and that drug control policy, rather than being rationally based is often the result of fear, prejudice and unreason. The core of the submission, eight papers researching the dangerous adulteration of illicit drugs, reflects these issues strongly. An area almost untouched by social science prior to this research these papers represent an attempt to pull together a range of evidence to inform more fully about drug adulteration practices. A wide range of methods, including a relatively innovative approach to researching hard to reach groups via the Internet and World Wide Web were employed. Almost all of the findings are at odds with what is commonly and professionally (drugs field) assumed to happen as regards the adulteration/dilution of illicit drugs. The other contributions all reflect similar concerns but are focussed on other drug related areas. Each piece is preceded by a short contextualising introduction. The appendices include a complimentary unpublished paper on drug adulteration, the preface to one of two books to which I was sole editor, some shorter contributions to drug field publications which, whilst widely read are less academic in their tone and approach, and two publications which represent the culmination of earlier joint research on drug policy.
9
Singer, Nicole. "Reducing sexual risk behaviours of injecting drug users attending drug-related services". Thesis, University of East London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359991.
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10
McAlpine, Amy. "Experiences of adult siblings of illicit drug users". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/606.
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The sibling relationship is unique in that it is relatively egalitarian, ascribed, and can be the longest-lasting across the lifespan. Siblings can act as supports for one another during major life events, both in childhood and adulthood. Siblings can also be a source of significant stress. The literature on family coping indicates that there are significant impacts to family members’ well-being from dealing with stress and strain that result from a family member’s drug use problem. However, researchers have not investigated the impacts on adult siblings despite the importance and uniqueness of sibling relationships. The broad aim of this research was to develop a theory of the adult sibling relationship when one sibling’s drug use impacts significantly on the quality of the relationship. Phenomenological interviews with 25 adults with a sibling with an illicit drug use problem were analysed using grounded theory. A provisional model and theory was developed from the first phase of data analysis which was then consolidated in the second phase. Two case studies were drawn from the pool of participants to illustrate how the model and theory developed here could be applied to assist a forensic evaluator in child protection and family court matters. Several themes related to stress and distress, coping, and support were identified. Adults were more likely to use social support rather than access professional services. Adults were found to experience distress comparable to parents or partners. However, they were likely to feel distress both from direct impacts from their sibling and from witnessing the impact on parents and other family members. Adults who characterised their sibling relationship as warm and close since childhood experienced a cycle of engagement and support of the user followed by detachment and bounded relationships. These adults were particularly influenced to engage in support due to a high sense of obligation to care for their siblings and also experienced difficulty disengaging from their sibling. Adults whose sibling relationships were characterised by high conflict (rivalry) or indifference since childhood felt less obliged to engage in support for their sibling and maintained clear boundaries. Adult siblings reported a belief that siblings have more freedom to detach from a user sibling than parents have freedom to detach from a user child, especially if more vulnerable family members required protection from the user. Forensic evaluators can use the theory as a guiding framework when a sibling is a litigant or witness in child-protection or Family Court matters. The findings also inform clinical practice in terms of the psychological needs of this population, such as issues with adjustment, grief and loss, stress, general coping, and the impact of protracted and disruptive life experiences as a result of having a sibling with an illicit drug use problem.
11
Bartu, Anne E. "A grounded study of the experience of detoxification from psychoactive drugs". Curtin University of Technology, School of Nursing, 1998. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=12124.
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The main objective of this thesis was to develop a substantive theory that explained the phenomenon of detoxification from psychoactive drugs such as alcohol, tranquillisers, opioids, and amphetamines in a medical treatment unit for licit and illicit drug users. The other objectives were to (a) determine if the differences reported in earlier studies between licit and illicit drug users in terms of socio-demographic and drug use variables remain extant, and (b) assess the extent of minor psychiatric morbidity among the participants. Both grounded theory and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis were used in the study.The findings of the quantitative component of the study indicated that there were significant differences between licit and illicit drug users in regard to age, drug use characteristics, and completing the treatment program. That is, illicit drug users were younger than licit drug users, more likely to be poly drug users, and drop out of the program. The prevalence of minor psychiatric morbidity among the participants was 93.6%, and was largely independent of socio-demographic and drug use variables. The high prevalence of minor psychiatric morbidity suggests that the majority of participants warranted further follow-up support in the community after they left the treatment unit. The uptake of referrals for follow-up support, however, was 55.9%.The basic or core social psychological problem identified by the constant comparative method of grounded theory was found to have two parts, both of which were interpreted as forms of disequilibrium. The first part of disequilibrium, which was a precursor to treatment, was conceptualised as Hitting the Wall. The events associated with the symbolic "wall" interrupted the participants' drug focussed lifestyles and induced them to enter treatment. These events and problems were not resolved whilst in ++treatment, they lingered with the participants while they were in the unit, and remained to be addressed when they left. Whilst undergoing detoxification the participants encountered the second part of disequilibrium which was categorised as Incompatibility. The problem of Incompatibility was related to the heterogeneity of the participants and the structure of the treatment program that in many cases was unable to accommodate individual differences and needs.The core or basic social psychological process was conceptualised as Seeking Balance through Hanging In. The participants engaged in this process to deal with the disequilibrium of the precursor problem of Hitting the Wall and the problem of Incompatibility encountered in the unit. Seeking Balance through Hanging In was found to have four phases. The phases were Making the Break, Submitting to Cleansing, Fitting In, and Moving On. The process was linear in that the phases were sequential, and failure to complete a phase meant dropping out of the detoxification program. The experience of detoxification was modified by several contextual conditions. These were the physical enviroment, the participants' expectations of withdrawal symptoms, and the workload of the staff.The substantive theory, Seeking Balance through Hanging In, integrated all emergent categories, and explained the experience of the phenomenon of withdrawal from psychoactive drugs in a particular context. Recommendations for further research include testing the described phases and relationships of the substantive theory in similar environments, exploring the importance of the modifying conditions on client outcomes, and undertaking follow-up studies to determine the outcomes of those who completed the program as compared to the outcomes of those who dropped out. In addition, further studies are recommended to assess the transientness of the level ++
of minor psychiatric morbidity detected among the participants in this study.The findings of this study make an important contribution to understanding the experience of detoxification from the perspective of the participants. The substantive theory has implications for clinical practice, professional education, management, and further research.
12
Bartu, Anne. "A grounded study of the experience of detoxification from psychoactive drugs". Thesis, Curtin University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1748.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The main objective of this thesis was to develop a substantive theory that explained the phenomenon of detoxification from psychoactive drugs such as alcohol, tranquillisers, opioids, and amphetamines in a medical treatment unit for licit and illicit drug users. The other objectives were to (a) determine if the differences reported in earlier studies between licit and illicit drug users in terms of socio-demographic and drug use variables remain extant, and (b) assess the extent of minor psychiatric morbidity among the participants. Both grounded theory and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis were used in the study.The findings of the quantitative component of the study indicated that there were significant differences between licit and illicit drug users in regard to age, drug use characteristics, and completing the treatment program. That is, illicit drug users were younger than licit drug users, more likely to be poly drug users, and drop out of the program. The prevalence of minor psychiatric morbidity among the participants was 93.6%, and was largely independent of socio-demographic and drug use variables. The high prevalence of minor psychiatric morbidity suggests that the majority of participants warranted further follow-up support in the community after they left the treatment unit. The uptake of referrals for follow-up support, however, was 55.9%.The basic or core social psychological problem identified by the constant comparative method of grounded theory was found to have two parts, both of which were interpreted as forms of disequilibrium. The first part of disequilibrium, which was a precursor to treatment, was conceptualised as Hitting the Wall. The events associated with the symbolic "wall" interrupted the participants' drug focussed lifestyles and induced them to enter treatment. These events and problems were not resolved whilst in treatment, they lingered with the participants while they were in the unit, and remained to be addressed when they left. Whilst undergoing detoxification the participants encountered the second part of disequilibrium which was categorised as Incompatibility. The problem of Incompatibility was related to the heterogeneity of the participants and the structure of the treatment program that in many cases was unable to accommodate individual differences and needs.The core or basic social psychological process was conceptualised as Seeking Balance through Hanging In. The participants engaged in this process to deal with the disequilibrium of the precursor problem of Hitting the Wall and the problem of Incompatibility encountered in the unit. Seeking Balance through Hanging In was found to have four phases. The phases were Making the Break, Submitting to Cleansing, Fitting In, and Moving On. The process was linear in that the phases were sequential, and failure to complete a phase meant dropping out of the detoxification program. The experience of detoxification was modified by several contextual conditions. These were the physical enviroment, the participants' expectations of withdrawal symptoms, and the workload of the staff.The substantive theory, Seeking Balance through Hanging In, integrated all emergent categories, and explained the experience of the phenomenon of withdrawal from psychoactive drugs in a particular context. Recommendations for further research include testing the described phases and relationships of the substantive theory in similar environments, exploring the importance of the modifying conditions on client outcomes, and undertaking follow-up studies to determine the outcomes of those who completed the program as compared to the outcomes of those who dropped out. In addition, further studies are recommended to assess the transientness of the level of minor psychiatric morbidity detected among the participants in this study.The findings of this study make an important contribution to understanding the experience of detoxification from the perspective of the participants. The substantive theory has implications for clinical practice, professional education, management, and further research.
13
Peng, Lin. "The Effects of Life Values Among Non-Psychedelic Drug Users and Psychedelic Drug Users: A Comparison Study on Life Values". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1634.
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The intent of this study was to compare life value differences using the Life Values Inventory. Differences among non-psychedelic users and psychedelic users were examined. Participants, ranging from age 18 to 48 from the University of Central Florida (UCF), a large state university, were recruited on a voluntarily basis. This was primarily done through online message board, the Sona System, and classroom announcements. The study was presented through the Sona System provided by UCF. In addition, all participants were students of the university. Results indicated significant differences among three out of 14 life values measured. The three life values that were shown to be significantly different among the non-psychedelic users and psychedelic users were: 1) concern for others, 2) loyalty to family or group, and 3) responsibility. In addition, the life value of spirituality was only found to be marginally significant.B.S.
Bachelors
Psychology
Sciences
14
Grebely, Jason Steven. "Hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30888.
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Injection drug users (IDUs) represent the core of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic, but little
is known about the natural history and treatment of HCV in IDUs. This thesis characterizes
spontaneous clearance of HCV, investigates HCV re-infection following clearance and evaluates
novel models for improving uptake and treatment responses among IDUs.
To better understand characteristics associated with HCV clearance in IDUs, data from a
community-based cohort study were linked with longitudinal laboratory databases to compare
individuals with HCV clearance to those with HCV persistence to evaluate factors associated
with clearance of HCV infection. Aboriginal ethnicity and female gender were associated with
increased rates of HCV clearance, while HIV co-infection and illicit drug use were associated
with increased HCV persistence.
To further investigate the impact of illicit drug use on HCV persistence, we compared the rate of
re-infection in individuals with HCV clearance to the rate of infection observed in previously
uninfected individuals to evaluate whether previous clearance of HCV infection is protective
against re-infection. Those with viral clearance were about 4 times less likely to become re-infected
than those infected for the first time, suggesting that individuals with HCV clearance
have a lower risk of acquiring HCV than individuals who have never been infected, despite
ongoing exposure to HCV.
Lastly, we sought to evaluate novel models for improving uptake of and response rates to the
treatment of HCV among current and former IDUs. First, we demonstrated that within a
prospective, multidisciplinary, directly observed therapy program for the treatment of HCV
infection of IDUs, overall response rates parallel results from large, randomized controlled trials,
despite ongoing illicit drug use during treatment. Second, we demonstrated a high uptake of and
response to therapy among IDUs infected with HCV attending a weekly support group. Taken
together, these data demonstrate that IDUs can be safely and successfully treated for HCV
infection within a multidisciplinary program integrating HCV, addiction and primary care. Given the considerable burden of HCV infection in IDUs, this data contributes significantly to
the field by providing a greater understanding of the natural history and treatment of HCV in this
setting.Medicine, Faculty of
Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of
Graduate
15
Horne, Julie C. "A psychographic segmentation analysis of prescription drug users". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ27510.pdf.
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16
Rødner, Sznitman Sharon. "Socially Integrated Drug Users : Between Deviance and Normality". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs (SoRAD), Stockholm University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6871.
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17
Tossonian, Haroutioun Krikor. "Treatment of HIV infection in injection drug users". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11885.
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The treatment of HIV infection in injection drug users (IDUs) is limited by multiple barriers which could be addressed by using strategies based on directly observed therapy (DOT) or similar programs. This thesis evaluates a systematic approach of treatment within the context of an established methadone-based DOT program. First, we compared treatment responses with DOT relative to self-administered therapy (SAT) within a longitudinal cohort study. Higher rates of virologic suppression and retention on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were achieved with regimens taken as DOT over a period of 2 years. We also compared rates of emergence of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) with DOT relative to SAT. Although DOT did not prevent the emergence of DRMs, it did not lead to higher levels of resistance. We estimated the prevalence of primary drug resistance in our antiretroviral naive IDU cohort and found it to be relatively low (4.7%) but polymorphisms in the reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease genes were very common. Mutations at RT codon 135 (frequent in our cohort) were found to have no impact on treatment responses to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based therapy. However, in patients experiencing virologic breakthrough and harboring such mutations, there was more evolution of single and less evolution of multiple NNRTI mutations. We measured the incidence of hepatotoxicity in IDUs receiving nevirapine-based HAART and compared it to that measured in non-IDUs. Hepatotoxicity was observed in 15% of participants in both IDUs and non-IDUs during the first year of therapy. Hepatitis C virus co-infection, being naive to HAART and abnormal baseline alanine aminotransferase levels were associated with higher risk of hepatotoxicity. Finally, we evaluated methadone dose adjustments and treatment responses after initiating HAART. Our results demonstrated that with nevirapine and efavirenz, moderate increases in methadone dosage were required to maintain the therapeutic benefit of opiate substitution therapy, compared to no change required in patients receiving regimens containing lopinavir or atazanavir. Taken together, our data demonstrate that programmatic interventions including DOT are effective in managing HIV-infected IDUs with few if any drawbacks in terms of drug resistance, drug toxicity or interactions with other therapeutic interventions.
18
Gilchrist, Gail Primrose. "Psychiatric morbidity among female drug users in Glasgow". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413376.
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19
Xia, Yi Wei. "Estimating size of illicit drug users in Macau". Thesis, University of Macau, 2015. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3335266.
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20
Neild, Jill. "Drug users : community, social exclusion and gendered experiences". Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2006. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/21914/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Those who use heroin and other Class A drugs have been labelled by successive governments since the 1980s as the `enemy within'. Problem drug users, it is claimed, threaten the social cohesion of local communities and put the lives of honest citizens at risk. Anti-drug campaigns have rallied the nation to wage a `war' against drugs, but some commentators have argued that this is actually a war against drug users. British drug policy, it is argued, acts to legitimise and reinforce discrimination, stigmatisation, marginalisation and the social exclusion of Class A drug users, particularly female drug users. This research sought to investigate the social exclusion of heroin users within a high crime area of North East Lancashire. To achieve this aim a survey was undertaken in the area, which in addition to asking the non drug-using residents how they dealt with living in a high crime area, sought to understand their opinions of and behaviour towards those residents believed to be using heroin. The findings of the survey indicated many residents felt their quality of life had seriously been affected by the high amount of crime committed within the area and the majority of these residents claimed the drug-using residents were responsible for this crime. Responses given during the completion of the survey strongly suggested that most non drug-using residents had strong feelings of animosity towards those residents believed to be using Class A drugs and this was confirmed by the negative responses the non drug-using residents gave when discussing the drug-using residents. An understanding of the social existence of those using illicit substances was also sought and this was gained through an ethnographic study of male and female heroin users resident within the area. The findings of the ethnographic research were that drug use was a gendered activity and while both male and female heroin users suffered from discrimination, marginalisation and social exclusion, female heroin users were more `demonised' than male heroin users. This study concludes by making recommendations for changes in policy which, in addition to addressing the deprivation experienced in high crime areas, could also address the discrimination and stigmatisation drug users, especially female drug users, experience. These may also afford drug users the opportunity to overcome social exclusion and return from the margins of society.
21
Foster, Clive H. "Drug users in a theraputic cul-de-sac". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20511.
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22
Unell, Ira. "Problem drug users and drug workers : their beliefs in the origins and treatment of problem drug use". Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6843.
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23
Lior, Lee Yael. "High-risk behaviours and HIV status among injection drug users and sexual partners of injection drug users in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/MQ54466.pdf.
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24
Album, Victoria Jane Henriette. "The partial world of coerced treatment : drug users' perspectives on the drug interventions programme". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547990.
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25
Baelen, Luk Van. "Interaction mechanisms within social networks of amphetamine users". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272456.
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26
Pelude, Linda. "Networks among injection drug users: Random or scale-free?" Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27903.
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The primary goal of this research was to identify whether the structure of the network of individuals who inject drugs and share drug injection equipment in Winnipeg, Canada may be scale-free. Recently, sexual networks have been found to be scale-free in a wide range of populations which has important implications in terms of the spread of disease. Epidemic thresholds do not exist in a scale-free network and as a result even weakly infectious viruses can spread easily through a network of contacts. By analogy, identifying the structure of contacts formed by individuals in other infectious disease networks may also help to define transmission dynamics which can be used to develop more effective interventions.
In a series of three papers the scientific literature from a variety of disciplines including physics, epidemiology, mathematical, biological and computer sciences relating to scale free networks is reviewed and integrated; methods used to identify scale-free networks are tested and compared among individuals who inject drugs in Winnipeg, Canada using data from two network studies (a pilot study and a main study); and potential new interventions that could be implemented to help reduce the transmission of HIV and HCV among individuals who inject drugs by the existing needle exchange program are recommended based on the results.
Keywords: Scale-free networks, injection drug use, epidemiology, network analysis
27
Cui, Shan. "test of social bond theory among Chinese drug users". Thesis, University of Macau, 2016. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3534582.
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28
Tompkins, Charlotte Nyala Elizabeth. "Male injecting drug users and the impact of imprisonment". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13593/.
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To reflect concerns associated with the over representation of drug users in prison, policy regarding the control and treatment of drug users in prison in England and Wales has developed significantly over recent years, particularly since increased prison drug risk taking, such as injecting has been identified. Yet, there is little up to date, in-depth research considering what happens to injecting behaviour in prison. This study therefore used qualitative research to explore the impact of imprisonment on men’s injecting drug use and provide a current perspective on how and why the prison environment influenced their drug using behaviour, considering how this differed to their community behaviours. Thirty men with a history of injecting drug use and imprisonment were sampled from community services in an English city. They were interviewed in-depth about their drug use before, during and after release from prison. A grounded theory approach underpinned the study and informed the analysis. Prison was identified as a time when participants found relief from hectic and intense drug using community lifestyles as they exercised more choice and control over their drug use. Yet time in prison was not necessarily drug free as participants took illicit drugs to prison with them to use. This advanced preparation and the reasons for it are new findings, enabled through the exploratory research approach. Men’s illicit drug using behaviours in prison differed to their pre prison practices as different drugs were used, in different ways to injecting and at reduced levels to before imprisonment. The misuse of buprenorphine medication by snorting in prison was also identified as a new trend, taking over from heroin. To categorise the different types of men’s prison drug using behaviours and to help explain the nature these when compared to before prison, the study developed and presents models of illicit drug use and routes of drug administration.
29
Spivack, Stephanie. "The Care of Hospitalized Intravenous Drug Users in 2019". Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/553776.
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Urban BioethicsM.A.
People who inject drugs, particularly opioids, are a growing population, especially in North Philadelphia. This population is at high risk for medical complications that require hospitalization. While hospitalized, this population poses unique challenges to the healthcare system, including high costs and readmission rates, as well as stress and burnout among providers and staff. These patients are at high risk of discharges against medical advice because of complicated social factors as well as inadequate recognition of pain and withdrawal. As the opioid epidemic evolves, previous strategies for managing these patients, which traditionally relied on referral to psychiatry or social work in addition to symptomatic treatment, need to be re-evaluated. Ethically, the decision-making capacity of these patients is frequently called into question, and there is a difficult-to-strike balance between respecting their autonomy and acting with beneficence to provide the best care. There are also public health concerns that come into play. Better acknowledgment of the issues that this population faces, and better management of pain and withdrawal, may improve their outcomes, as well as reduce provider stress and burnout.
Temple University--Theses
30
McPhee, Iain. "The intentionally unseen : exploring the illicit drug use of non-treatment seeking drug users in Scotland". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/9921.
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There is a perception that drug use is a serious and growing problem to be solved by medicine, social work and drug enforcement agencies. This thesis takes a critical standpoint again such populist views and interprets drug use as one of any number of normal activities that people engage. This qualitative research utilising a bricoleur ethnographic methodology focuses on the drug taking of non-treatment seeking illegal drug users. The data reveals that they manage several social identities and the potential stigma of being discovered as an illicit user of illegal drugs utilising several strategies to remain intentionally unseen. The thesis explores how and in what way socially competent drug users differ from visible treatment seeking drug users. In order to develop this understanding, several gatekeepers were identified and within their social networks the participants were recruited into this research. The participants (n=24) were recruited from a wide range of age groups (21-52) and geographical locations within Scotland. One to one interviews, a focus group, and several pair bonded partners were interviewed together providing rich sources of data. Interviews were transcribed and analysed thematically from a social constructionist perspective. The findings illuminate the ways in which the intentionally unseen identify and manage risks from drugs, drugs policy and the potential shame and stigma were their hidden social worlds revealed. The practical implications of the results of this thesis are explored and recommendations for future research are discussed.
31
Constantinou, N. "Changes in inhibitory control and drug salience in response to stress : differences between opiate users, ex-users and non-users". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444583/.
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Rationale: Whilst relapse to drug taking, even after a substantial period of abstinence, is common, laboratory-based research documenting precursors to relapse in humans is limited.;Objectives: The purpose of this literature review is to evaluate evidence from both animal and human studies on the effect of acute stressors on drug craving and relapse.;Method: Attempts at conceptualizing the definition of stress have been unsuccessful (Chrousos & Gold, 1992). For the purposes of this review, stress was broadly defined in line with Piazza & Le Moal (1998) as coerced exposure to environmental conditions or events that would normally be considered aversive enough to motivate avoidance. This review considered both physical and psychological stressors and is limited to opiate (specifically heroin and morphine) and psychostimulant drugs (e.g. cocaine, amphetamine) in animals, and alcohol, opiates, nicotine, and cocaine in humans.;Conclusions: Results from animal studies of acute stress and relapse are inconsistent. Human studies, despite providing more consistent findings, have a range of methodological limitations. A greater understanding of how stress precipitates relapse is likely to have a significant impact on the way clinical interventions are offered to substance misusing individuals.
32
Boys, Annabel Frances. "Young substance users : modelling consumption patterns, problems and expectations". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/young-substance-users--modelling-consumption-patterns-problems-and-expectations(350a7ff3-f70f-4d4a-9acb-814c5ded88d5).html.
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Payne, Jennifer A. M. "Women drug users in North Cumbria : what are the influences upon their problem drug use?" Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443413.
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34
Davidson, Peter J. "Space, place, and young injecting drug users in San Francisco". Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3378486.
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35
Brogly, Susan. "Behaviour change and HIV infection in Montreal injection drug users". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0015/MQ55040.pdf.
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Empelen, Pepijn van. "AIDS prevention among Dutch drug users an intervention mapping approach /". [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 2001. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5986.
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37
Barrieshee, Ahmed. "Hepatitis c virus infection / re-infection in illicit drug users". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/15249.
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Introduction: Over 300,000 Canadians have chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, over half being current or former Injection drug users (IDUs). The possibility of re-infection is often cited as a reason for not initiating treatment in this group of patients, although recent observational data suggest that the rate of re-infection may be reduced following spontaneous or treatment-induced virologic clearance, such data are often retrospective and incomplete.
Methods: In a prospective study to evaluate the incidence of HCV viremia, we indentified a cohort of IDUs at risk of new infection, who were receiving care at the Pender Community Health Centre on Vancouver’s Downtown East Side. Potential subjects were identified as either: never been infected with HCV (non-infected arm), spontaneously cleared the virus (spontaneous arm), or achieved a sustained virologic response after treatment (SVR arm). A questionnaire to identify demographics, health status, risk behavior and drug use was administered at baseline and every 6 months, along with blood tests to identify their HCV status.
Results: 518 subjects were screened, 245 (47%) were excluded because of being viremic and 69 (13 %) met the criteria for inclusion in the study: 18 in the non-infected, 29 in the spontaneous and 22 in the SVR arm respectively. There were no significant differences among the 3 groups with respect to age, ethnicity, source of income, unstable housing, and being on opioid maintenance program. Over follow-up, 20% of the non-infected group became viremic, as compared to 0% of the other two groups (p=0.04). Injecting drugs in the past 30 days (p=0.004), sharing non-injection equipments (p=0.015), heroin, amphetamines, and combined drugs use was significantly higher in the non-infected compared to SVR arm (p=0.02, 0.04 and 0.02 respectively). There were no significant differences in drug use and risk behavior between non-infected and spontaneous arms.
Conclusion: We have demonstrated in a prospective cohort with systematic follow-up that HCV infection is more likely to occur in those who have never been previously infected, and that this susceptibility to infection cannot be completely explained by an increase in risk behavior, at least as compared to individuals who have cleared their viremia spontaneously.
38
Hay, Gordon. "Modelling the spread of HIV/AIDS amongst injecting drug users". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1999. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21443.
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The sharing of injecting equipment by injecting drug users (IDUs) is one of the primary causes of the spread of HIV in Scotland. Mathematical models of disease spread can explore the transmission dynamics and can assist in evaluating control strategies such as needle exchanges. A simple deterministic model is examined and local and global stability results are presented. A deterministic model in which infected IDUs are considered separately from uninfected IDUs is created. The infectivity of a needle is then examined. It is first assumed that the infectivity of a needle depends on the amount of infectious material within it, then models in which this infectivity varies over time from injection are explored. Models in which the initial infectiousness of a needle depend on the length of time the person who infected it had been infected with HIV are also presented. A stochastic model is developed and explored in a threefold manner; analytically, numerically and using Monte-Carlo simulation methods. In particular, the probability that the disease dies out is examined. Although these simple models use only a small number of parameters, little is known about the values that these parameters may take. Seroprevalence and behavioural data from Glasgow are used to inform these models, and also to provide an estimate for the probability than an IDU becomes infected after injecting with an infected needle. The effect that the variability in the parameter values may have on the spread of the disease is examined by performing both an uncertainty analysis and a sensitivity analysis. These show that the two behavioural parameters that can be altered by control strategies have a greater influence on the spread of the disease than some other parameters.
39
Werb, Dan. "Injection career trajectories among illicit drug users in Vancouver, Canada". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45344.
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Background: Though vast resources have been allocated toward the prevention of illicit drug use, the prevalence of injection drug use remains high globally. This thesis therefore sought to identify factors that influence the natural history of injection drug use by: systematically reviewing the epidemiologic literature on the prevention of injecting initiation; identifying the role of drug-related and personality-based risk factors in increasing the risk of injecting initiation; and evaluating the role of harm reduction interventions in potentially modifying the likelihood of injecting cessation among injection drug users (IDU).
Methods: Street-involved youth and IDU participating in ongoing prospective observational cohorts in Vancouver, Canada, completed semi-annual interviewer-administered questionnaires. Longitudinal epidemiologic methods were applied to assess the association between selected drug-related, personality-based (e.g., sensation seeking level), and structural factors on the outcomes of interest, while controlling for a variety of potential sociodemographic and behavioural confounders.
Results: The systematic review found that a limited set of interventions to prevent injecting has been scientifically evaluated and implemented. A longitudinal analysis of injecting initiation found that non-injection crystal methamphetamine use was significantly associated with injecting initiation among street-involved youth. The adaptation of a sensation seeking scale for use in a related longitudinal analysis found that higher sensation seeking was associated with injecting and risk factors for injection initiation. Finally, in a longitudinal analysis conducted over a span of 15 years, rates of injecting cessation among a cohort of IDU increased significantly despite a substantial expansion in needle and syringe program (NSP) implementation.
Conclusions: This thesis identified gaps in current responses to preventing injection drug use. A set of drug-related and personality-based factors associated with increased risk of injecting initiation among street-involved youth was also identified, including non-injection crystal methamphetamine use and higher sensation seeking. Further, an increase in the rate of injecting cessation among IDU occurred during a period of substantial expansion of NSP sites in Vancouver. These results suggest that resources should be allocated towards the development of interventions to prevent injection initiation, and that harm reduction interventions should be considered complementary to broader efforts to reduce both injection drug use and related harms.
40
Alderson, Maryanne. "Procedural Justice and Police Encounters with Homeless Injecting Drug Users". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10262703.
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The recent decline in police legitimacy (Gallup Poll, 2015) has increased the need for procedural justice. Law enforcement agencies that employ procedural justice can restore legitimacy, build trust, and enhance citizen satisfaction. Using secondary data collected from 99 homeless injecting drug users in Skid Row, Los Angeles, this study shows that despite the legal outcome of a police encounter (i.e., arrest, citation), when officers utilize procedural justice (e.g., act fairly, treat the individual with respect, and refrain from using unnecessary force, yelling or using inappropriate language), citizen satisfaction with the encounter is positive. This study provides compelling evidence for the need for procedurally just practices to re-establish the diminishing legitimacy of and trust in law enforcement agencies.
41
Pickering, P. M. "The psychosocial characteristics of long-term tranquilliser users". Thesis, University of Exeter, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374941.
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Mallowan, Nicola. "The implications of drug treatment practitioner favourable bias towards illicit drug users, on client treatment outcomes". Thesis, Bucks New University, 2013. http://bucks.collections.crest.ac.uk/9593/.
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This thesis is based around eight inter-related studies examining drug treatment practitioners’ (DTP) actual and perceived favourability towards illicit drugs and illicit drug users (IDU), and the impact it may have on clients’ drug treatment outcomes. Furthermore, the extent to which individual differences moderate levels of favourability are explored. It is impossible to study aspects of treatment success, without recognising the importance of the dyadic therapeutic alliance (TA) between DTP and IDU client. Consequently, this thesis draws upon the theory of symbolic interactionism (SI), which purports that social interactions shape, modify and develop the self, by aligning ones identity with the interpretations and performances with others. Thus, the TA can potentially be a fundamental aspect of recovery success. SI pertains to the notion that a blend of both quantitative and qualitative research brings strength to theoretical development, and provides an understanding of the connection between meanings and behaviour. Thus a mixed-method technique was employed to quantitatively develop and validate an ‘attitudes towards illicit drugs and drug users scale’ (ATIDDUS), so as to explore the association between actual and perceived favourability (in a number of different population samples), on clients’ drug treatment outcomes. Then, to qualitatively evaluate aspects of treatment that were considered to influence recovery success. The findings support the view that there is an association between TA rapport and clients’ treatment outcomes; particularly that DTPs do exhibit favourable bias towards IDUs, and that perception of DTP favourability was potentially associated to certain treatment outcomes (i.e. employment and no longer requiring aftercare). Further, aspects of the TA, such as continuity, trust and support were considered by current clients as aiding their treatment outcomes. The clinical implications of this research are, (1) on the recruitment of new DTPs; as individual differences in the general public were found to influence levels of favourability (e.g. personal/direct, and vicarious/non-direct experience with illicit drugs and IDUs improved favourability), (2) on the training and education of DTPs; DTPs were found to exhibit higher levels of favourability (when compared to the general public), yet it was significantly underestimated by clients. Thus indicating a requirement to address and enhance the disparity between actual and perceived favourability, so that clients can be positively influenced by DTPs’ favourable bias.
43
Dhar, Sohini. "Religiosity, Spirituality and Attendance at Religious Services among Recreational Drug Users: A Sub-Analysis of the Drugnet Survey". TopSCHOLAR®, 2010. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/181.
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This study is a sub-analysis ofthe previously collected cross-sectional DRUGNET survey data. The sample included 1,178 current users of illicit drugs and 389 former users. This study was delimited to U.S. citizens, aged 18 years and older, who completed the DRUGNET survey (n =1,567). DRUGNET was a descriptive online survey of self - reported attitudes and behaviors among a group of adult, self - identified drug users (i.e., not drug abusers). The purpose of the sub-analysis was to explore the importance of religion, spirituality, and religious service attendance in the context of an otherwise normal healthy adult life. Moreover, it also looked into potential patterns of association between aspects of religiosity/spirituality and illicit drug use. The study explored if there was a relationship between the strength of a respondent's spiritual or religious beliefs and the patterns of their recreational drug use. A canonical correlation analysis was conducted using self-rated spirituality, self-rated religiosity, and attendance at services as variables on the left (entered in MANOVA as dependent variables) and self-reported use of six groups of drugs as variables on the right (entered in MANOV A as covariates). One significant function was found, which showed that attending religious services and importance of religion were negatively associated with the use of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and hallucinogens. That is, people who reported a higher level of religiosity and who attended religious services were less likely to use these psychoactive drugs.
44
Jinadu, Comfort Ablavi. "Recovery from drug dependence : experiences of service users in a Christian faith-based agency". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7920.
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Research in the field of drug dependence and recovery emphasises the need for more understanding of the concept of recovery from dependent drug use. This study explored the ways in which dependent drug users recover from drug dependency in a Christian faith-based agency in Lagos, Nigeria. The strategy employed was a qualitative research design using a case study approach. Instruments for data collection were qualitative interviews and observation methods; agency records were also accessed for background information purposes. Three stages of the recovery process were explored: motivation for recovery, disengagement from drugs and maintenance of recovery. In each of these stages, psychological, socio-environmental and spiritual elements were identified as significant factors in the recovery process. The offer of treatment from a Christian faith-based agency seemed to be the most important factor in motivating informants to engage in treatment in the first place. At the disengagement stage, psychological and socio-environmental issues came to the fore, with a personal commitment to change and support from significant others including peers becoming important. Spiritual factors played a significant part at this time, however, including teaching and Bible reviews and prayers. Maintenance of recovery was found to be facilitated by psychological strategies such as positive self-talk and avoidance of triggers of drug dependency; by socio-environmental factors including supportive relationships; and by spiritual elements, which centred on the adoption of a Christian lifestyle. The findings conclude that although recovery from drug dependence is achieved through various routes, the most significant factor for the informants in this study was the spiritual intervention received.
45
Brogly, Susan. "Towards more effective public health programming for injection drug users : development, evaluation and application of the injection drug user quality of life scale". Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82835.
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Background. Little attention has been given to the assessment of quality of life (QOL) in injection drug users (IDUs). Some studies have suggested that existing measures are inadequate for use in IDUs.Objectives. The objectives were: (1) to develop and evaluate a QOL measure for IDUs, the Injection Drug User Quality of Life Scale (IDUQOL), (2) to describe the QOL of cocaine and heroin IDUs and identify its constituents and correlates, and (3) to describe the relation between the QOL of cocaine and heroin IDUs and the use of public health programs.
Methods. The psychometric properties of the IDUQOL were assessed in 61 IDUs, 85% of whom were re-interviewed within 4-weeks. The Flanagan Quality of Life Scale was used to assess the criterion validity of the IDUQOL. The IDUQOL was subsequently applied in a study of 260 Montreal IDUs to identify their most important life areas. Associations between QOL and the use of public health programs and other correlates were assessed using multiple linear regression.
Results. The IDUQOL had good psychometric properties: the test-retest reliability was within accepted standards (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.71) and the concurrent criterion validity between the IDUQOL and the Flanagan was moderate (Pearson coefficient = 0.57). In the study of 260 Montreal IDUs, housing was the most frequently selected life area of cocaine IDUs. Heroin IDUs most frequently selected money and feeling good about yourself. Both cocaine and heroin IDUs were generally dissatisfied with how these life areas fared. QOL was significantly better for HIV positive IDUs and IDUs who used meal programs, and was worse for IDUs who attended shelters and emergency departments. No strong relations were found with needle exchange program use, methadone or other drug treatment.
Conclusion. The IDUQOL appeared to be a conceptually clear and culturally relevant QOL instrument with good psychometric properties. Programs that address the life conditions of IDUs might be needed foremost to other initiatives. Understanding the constituents and correlates of the QOL of IDUs is important to the development of more effective programs to curb disease transmission, and improve the well-being of IDUs.
46
Steensma, Colin. "Predictors of cessation of injection drug use in a cohort of young, street-based injecting drug users". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19415.
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Objectives: To identify the factors associated with cessation of injecting drug use in young street-based injecting drug users. Methods: Subjects were originally recruited from various street-based outreach programs and had to have reported injecting drugs within the prior 6 months at baseline or during follow-up, as well as having completed at least 2 follow-up questionnaires. Follow-up occurred from January 1995 to September 2000. Cessation of injecting drug use was defined as having reported no injection at 2 consecutive follow-up questionnaires, averaging at least one year in total. Incidence rates of cessation were calculated and stratified by duration of injection. Adjusted hazard ratios were calculated in order to identify independent predictors of cessation. Results: A total of 305 subjects met the inclusion criteria. Of those, 119 (39%) ceased injecting for approximately one year or more. The incidence of cessation was 32.6/100 person-years, but consistently declined as duration of time spent injecting increased. Independent predictors of IDU cessation were: having at least one parent born outside of Canada (HR=1.4; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.1-1.7); injecting on a less than monthly or less than weekly basis on average within the last month (HR=6.6; 95% CI: 3.1-14.1 and HR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.1-5.5, respectively); injecting an average of two or fewer different types of drug within the last six months (HR=1.8; 95% CI: 0.9-3.5); and having been employed within the last six months (HR=1.7; 95% CI: 1.1-2.7). Independent predictors of not stopping injecting drugs were: homelessness within the last six months (HR=0.6; 95% CI: 0.4-1.0); and having attended a needle exchange program within the last six months (HR=0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.8). Conclusion: Cessation of injecting drug use among youth is considerably higher in the first years of injecting. Young IDUs with non-Canadian family backgrounds, as well as those who inject less frequently, inject fewer different types of drugs, and have a more stable lifestyle tend to be more likely to stop injecting drugs for a period of one year.
47
Ho, Wing-yin Cecilia, i 何穎賢. "Governing injecting drug users in the context of risk environment under neo-liberal drug policy in Macao". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/209482.
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This thesis analyses the construction of the risk environment with the emergence of a harm reduction policy in Macao, which, I propose acts as a regulatory regime to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic among injecting drug users (IDUs). On the one hand, the policy has endeavoured to address the various levels of the risk environment on the IDUs; on the other hand, it is also portrayed as a bio-political project situated in the history of drug control and public health surveillance in Macao. With harm reduction imperatives such as the methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and needle and syringe programme (NSP), addict citizens are refashioned and made up to be a particular form of drug using subject – health conscious citizens who rationally and calculatingly perform in the use of drugs in a controlled manner in order to minimise drug-related harm to themselves as well as the general society. With the conferral of neoliberal subjectivity, they are offered political benefits in symbolic and material resources, such as recognition, trust and legitimate status, to obtain welfare. However, the tradeoffs are their freedom and mobility in being constrained by the methadone treatment, which is metaphorically represented as “liquid handcuffs”.
The study utilises ethnographic research methods, such as video-recording, photo-taking, field observations and in-depth interviews, as its data sources. The data analysis is informed by a thematic approach, especially discourse and content analyses. Inspired by risk governmentality, IDUs are not passively subjugated to the surveillance of the treatment regime. Contrarily, they actively display modest amounts of agency, which they assert themselves by developing various streetwise risk strategies to handle overdosing. A code of ethics with regards to moral economy and responsibility are cultivated in the drug user community under the impacts of harm reduction (expert) discourses. In the face of entrenched double stigma around drug addiction and HIV/AIDS which shape their risk environment and spoiled identity as junkies, the drug users in this study endeavour to innovate strategies of resistance with the use of harm reduction measures to properly manage their spoiled identity and reclaim their citizenship. This gives them more freedom, autonomy and pleasure in their life experiences through the negotiation process that is embedded in the risk environment.
The theoretical implications of this study include: the integration of risk governmentality with risk environment, and an assessment of harm reduction imperatives, including their effect as a newer form of governance on IDUs, which might conceal the material constraints that they face. In short, harm reduction requires a critical focus on the benevolence of biopolitical projects, such as the MMT and NSP, which, while not intentional, might legitimise the repressive measures directed at drug users – who ultimately are not willing to trade their freedom to take part in ―healthy self-care‖ projects under a neoliberal drug policy.published_or_final_version
Sociology
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
48
Mason, Mark. "The illegal drug use behaviour and social circumstances of older adult class A drug users in Britain". Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2014. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/45b93269-7db4-457f-84fc-16e8fb85e9de/1.
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Substance use problems are seen as the domain of younger age groups. However, recent trends in drug use and the demand for drug treatment show an increasing prevalence among older adults. Over the next twenty years it is anticipated that the number of older substance users will increase. It is therefore becoming more important to understand the compound challenges faced by older adults who use class A drugs. The research questions for this study are: What are the illegal drug use behaviours and social circumstances of adult class A drug users over 50 in England? and How and why do they use class A drugs? To answer these questions a constructivist grounded theory methodology was adopted. Semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 30 (24 men and six women) participants, over 50 years old, living in England. All participants had used a class A drug in the last month. The results showed a heterogeneity of social circumstances among the sample. For the majority of the participants their drug use was highly dynamic - frequently managed in line with their circumstances. These participants also adapted their drug use in line with their awareness of their changing physical vulnerability. For others however, their drug use was fixed and linear. All participants’ drug use is described by the major category ‘managing lifestyle’. Participants were using drugs to change the way they felt - described by the major category ‘altering feelings’. The data also suggested an apparent interaction between how and why these participants were using drugs. A model of drug use in older adults was developed from the fourteen major categories - underpinned by the core category ‘achieving balance’. It describes a process of ongoing balancing, influenced and informed by the participants’ experiences of the past and expectations of the future.
49
Moses, Alexandra Constance. "Injection drug users in Toronto, gender differences and HIV risk taking". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0015/MQ53353.pdf.
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Latham, Jr G. Eric. "From Within the Abyss: Drug Users in Areas of Rural Poverty". TopSCHOLAR®, 2014. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1323.
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This research was completed to deal with many unanswered questions regarding drug use, specifically drug use in areas of rural poverty. Look at any "Faces of Meth" billboard or listen to any corporate-news program and one might assume there is a drug epidemic in rural areas. Without research, this allows the viewer to assume that poverty is the fault of the drug user who happens to live in rural places. This study sought to take a qualitative and ethnographic methodology to "embed" the researcher in this setting to see for himself whether these views were valid or invalid. The questions of functional drug use were at the forefront of the study, as was the possible relationship between drug use and rural poverty. This study transformed into a serious analysis of a network of drug users in the town of Mulch Valley. While standard sociological (and policy issues) concerns are dealt with, this thesis moves beyond such concerns. Theoretical concerns are brought into questions as new concepts, such as: cultural narrative of addiction, master sociality, slave sociality, and Derridity." "Crushing. Cheating. Changing. Am I deaf or dead? Is this constricting construction or just streets with rusty signs of something violent coming?" (Manson, 2012)