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Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Drug Targeting / Artykuły w czasopismach

Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Drug Targeting”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 27 lipca 2024

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1

Agrawal, Surendra, Vaishali Londhe i Ram Gaud. "Niosomes: Layered Delivery System For Drug Targeting". International Journal of Scientific Research 3, nr 1 (1.06.2012): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/jan2014/143.

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2

M, Vidhya. "Bioavailability – Challenges and Advances in Drug Targeting". Bioequivalence & Bioavailability International Journal 7, nr 1 (4.01.2023): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/beba-16000186.

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It has been a very challenging task in drug development to handle bioavailability of drug molecules during targeting. Foremost challenges include the time span involved apart from various complexities, wrong methods or failure in outcome, increasing manual and financial requirements to be managed in the drug discovery process. Among this bioavailability is one of the biggest challenges handled to successfully identify druggability in a molecule. Various methods of administration and targeting has been used including co-crystallization, micro emulsion, micellar solubilization and other traditionally which has also expanded to other methods as morphous solid dispersion, liposomes, and complexions. To enable precision in availability of drug molecule at the targeted site. There has been an increase in bioavailability of potential drugs. This review comprehensively determines challenges and methods used in drug targeting based on their bioavailability.

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3

Torchilin, Vladimir P. "Drug targeting". European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 11 (październik 2000): S81—S91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-0987(00)00166-4.

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4

Vinson, V. K. "Drug Targeting". Science Signaling 6, nr 283 (9.07.2013): ec158-ec158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2004484.

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5

. "‘Drug targeting’". Medisch-Farmaceutische Mededelingen 41, nr 9 (wrzesień 2003): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03058268.

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6

Hampton, Tracy. "Drug Targeting". JAMA 299, nr 9 (5.03.2008): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.299.9.1008-a.

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7

Edman, Peter. "Drug Targeting". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 75, nr 7 (lipiec 1986): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600750733.

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8

Rohde, D. "„Multi-targeting drugs“ und „multi-drug targeting“ beim metastasierten Nierenzellkarzinom". Der Urologe 45, nr 3 (marzec 2006): 356–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00120-006-1011-0.

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9

Salvati, Anna, i Klaas Poelstra. "Drug Targeting and Nanomedicine: Lessons Learned from Liver Targeting and Opportunities for Drug Innovation". Pharmaceutics 14, nr 1 (17.01.2022): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14010217.

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Drug targeting and nanomedicine are different strategies for improving the delivery of drugs to their target. Several antibodies, immuno-drug conjugates and nanomedicines are already approved and used in clinics, demonstrating the potential of such approaches, including the recent examples of the DNA- and RNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 infections. Nevertheless, targeting remains a major challenge in drug delivery and different aspects of how these objects are processed at organism and cell level still remain unclear, hampering the further development of efficient targeted drugs. In this review, we compare properties and advantages of smaller targeted drug constructs on the one hand, and larger nanomedicines carrying higher drug payload on the other hand. With examples from ongoing research in our Department and experiences from drug delivery to liver fibrosis, we illustrate opportunities in drug targeting and nanomedicine and current challenges that the field needs to address in order to further improve their success.

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10

Kinget, Renaat, Willbrord Kalala, Liesbeth Vervoort i Guy van den Mooter. "Colonic Drug Targeting". Journal of Drug Targeting 6, nr 2 (styczeń 1998): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10611869808997888.

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11

SOMBERG, JOHN. "Genetic Drug Targeting". American Journal of Therapeutics 13, nr 4 (lipiec 2006): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00045391-200607000-00001.

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12

Dorans, Kirsten. "Targeting drug delivery". Lab Animal 39, nr 6 (czerwiec 2010): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban0610-160a.

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13

Bagshawe, K. D. "Cancer drug targeting". Clinical Radiology 36, nr 6 (styczeń 1985): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(85)80230-0.

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14

Fahr, A. "Drug Targeting Technology". European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 53, nr 3 (maj 2002): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0939-6411(02)00004-8.

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15

Simon, C. "Magnetisches Drug-Targeting". HNO 53, nr 7 (lipiec 2005): 600–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00106-005-1278-2.

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16

Wtorek, Karol, Angelika Długosz i Anna Janecka. "Drug resistance in topoisomerase-targeting therapy". Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 72 (21.12.2018): 1073–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8131.

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Drug resistance is a well-known phenomenon that occurs when initially responsive to chemotherapy cancer cells become tolerant and elude further effectiveness of anticancer drugs. Based on their mechanism of action, anticancer drugs can be divided into cytotoxic-based agents and target-based agents. An important role among the therapeutics of the second group is played by drugs targeting topoisomerases, nuclear enzymes critical to DNA function and cell survival. These enzymes are cellular targets of several groups of anticancer agents which generate DNA damage in rapidly proliferating cancer cells. Drugs targeting topoisomerase I are mostly analogs of camtothecin, a natural compound isolated from the bark of a tree growing in China. Drugs targeting topoisomerase II are divided into poisons, such as anthracycline antibiotics, whose action is based on intercalation between DNA bases, and catalytic inhibitors that block topoisomerase II at different stages of the catalytic cycle. Unfortunately, chemotherapy is often limited by the induction of drug resistance. Identifying mechanisms that promote drug resistance is critical for the improvement of patient prognosis. Cancer drug resistance is a complex phenomenon that may be influenced by many factors. Here we discuss various mechanisms by which cancer cells can develop resistance to topoisomerase-directed drugs, which include enhanced drug efflux, mutations in topoisomerase genes, hypophosphorylation of topoisomerase II catalytic domain, activation of NF-κB transcription factor and drug inactivation. All these events may lead to the ineffective induction of cancer cell death. Attempts at circumventing drug resistance through the inhibition of cellular efflux pumps, use of silencing RNAs or inhibition of some important mechanisms, which can allow cancer cells to survive therapy, are also presented.

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17

Tomlinson, E. "New fields for drug and antigen targeting. Targeting of protein drugs". Analytical Proceedings 25, nr 12 (1988): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ap9882500393.

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18

Weidner, John. "Drug delivery and drug targeting: Drug targeting using thermally responsive polymers and local hyperthermia". Drug Discovery Today 6, nr 23 (grudzień 2001): 1239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(01)02039-6.

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19

Chen, Xing, Jing Dong, Shuyun Ma, Yanqing Han, Zemin Zhu, Zhicheng Luo, Hua Li, Yu Gao i Youlong Zhou. "Targeting Agents Used in Specific Bone-Targeting Drug Delivery Systems: A Review". Science of Advanced Materials 14, nr 4 (1.04.2022): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2022.4270.

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Bone-targeting agent–based specific drug delivery has attracted increasing attention in current research involving bone-related diseases because of its ability to effectively reduce the administered dose of drugs and subsequent systemic toxicity. Bone-targeting agents determine the targeting characteristics of the drug delivery system and are the key components of the system. In this review, we summarize the most commonly used bone-targeting agents for bone drug delivery, including bisphosphonates, tetracyclines, peptides, and aptamers. We discuss the mechanisms by which these moieties bind to the bone matrix and specific bone cells and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various targeting agents, such as the inflexible drug release time of small molecules and the poor biological stability of peptide agents. Furthermore, we introduce current specific bone-targeting drug delivery systems that utilize bone-targeting agents to provide a reference for the prospect and development of these delivery systems.

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20

Warlé-van Herwaarden, Margaretha F., Cees Kramers, Miriam C. Sturkenboom, Patricia M. L. A. van den Bemt i Peter A. G. M. De Smet. "Targeting Outpatient Drug Safety". Drug Safety 35, nr 3 (marzec 2012): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11596000-000000000-00000.

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21

Takakura, Yoshinobu, Kazuo Maruyama i Masayuki Yokoyama. "Passive targeting of drug." Drug Delivery System 14, nr 6 (1999): 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2745/dds.14.425.

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22

Ruozi, Barbara, Giovanni Tosi, Flavio Forni i Maria Angela Vandelli. "Nanotechonology for Drug Targeting". Advances in Science and Technology 76 (październik 2010): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.76.177.

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Nanoparticles (Np) and liposomes (L) were engineered obtaining selective drug delivery systems able to cross BBB and to treat cancer diseases, respectively. The first goal was achieved conjugating a specific epta-glucopeptide (g7) to polymeric nanoparticles (Np). The data related the nociceptive activity showed the ability of g7-Np to cross the BBB and to release loperamide in the brain. To reach the second goal we have recently proposed the immunoliposomes (ILp) for tumor-targeted delivery of gene material (particularly SiRNAs), which are selected in vitro for the specific antineoplastic activity against herpesvirus-associated B-cell lymphomas, particularly HHV8+ Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL). In the preliminary study we have prepared and characterized the ILp direct to PEL cells (BCBL-1 cell line). The cellular trafficking of the encapsulated model FITC-ODN obtained by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy was evaluated by the ability of the new carriers to selectively interact with cells. The data were compared with the different behaviour of these liposomes respect to the un-targeted cationic and pegylated liposomes.

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23

SAITO, Isao. "DNA-Targeting Drug Design". Journal of Pesticide Science 25, nr 3 (2000): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.25.270.

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24

Burns, Robert, i Glenn Rifkin. "Companies Targeting Drug Delivery". Nature Biotechnology 8, nr 6 (czerwiec 1990): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0690-513.

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25

Crunkhorn, Sarah. "Targeting drug-resistant melanoma". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 14, nr 2 (30.01.2015): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd4551.

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26

Dove, Alan. "Drug targeting looks inward". Nature Biotechnology 17, nr 4 (kwiecień 1999): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/7850.

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27

Illum, Lisbeth. "Drug delivery and targeting". International Journal of Pharmaceutics 241, nr 2 (lipiec 2002): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00260-0.

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28

Schwendeman, Steven P. "Drug Delivery and Targeting". Journal of Controlled Release 88, nr 1 (luty 2003): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-3659(02)00421-2.

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29

Gümbel, Hermann O. C., i Frank H. Koch. "Drug targeting bei Zytomegalievirusretinitis". Der Ophthalmologe 95, nr 1 (3.02.1998): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003470050237.

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30

Basu, Mukul Kumar. "Liposomes in Drug Targeting". Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews 12, nr 1 (grudzień 1994): 383–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02648725.1994.10647917.

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31

Florence, A. T., i G. W. Halbert. "Drug delivery and targeting". Physics in Technology 16, nr 4 (lipiec 1985): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0305-4624/16/4/303.

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32

May, Jonathan P., i Shyh-Dar Li. "Hyperthermia-induced drug targeting". Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 10, nr 4 (7.01.2013): 511–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425247.2013.758631.

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33

Kreuter, Jörg. "Drug targeting with nanoparticles". European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 19, nr 3 (wrzesień 1994): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03188928.

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34

Vicidomini, Caterina, i Giovanni N. Roviello. "Protein-Targeting Drug Discovery". Biomolecules 13, nr 11 (29.10.2023): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13111591.

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Protein-driven biological processes play a fundamental role in biomedicine because they are related to pathologies of enormous social impact, such as cancer, neuropathies, and viral diseases, including the one at the origin of the recent COVID-19 pandemic [...]

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35

Maqbool, Faheem, Amman Abid i Ishtiaq Ahmed. "Drug Discovery Processes to Drug Targeting Mechanisms". International Journal of Pharmacology 13, nr 7 (15.09.2017): 773–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2017.773.784.

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36

Prokai, Laszlo, i Katalin Prokai-Tatrai. "Metabolism-based drug design and drug targeting". Pharmaceutical Science & Technology Today 2, nr 11 (listopad 1999): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1461-5347(99)00208-4.

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37

Pardridge, William M. "Brain Drug Development and Brain Drug Targeting". Pharmaceutical Research 24, nr 9 (13.07.2007): 1729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-007-9387-0.

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38

Bisht, S., i H. Bajaj. "COLON TARGETING APPROACHES: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE". INDIAN DRUGS 49, nr 03 (28.03.2012): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.49.03.p0005.

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The colon specific drug delivery system is gaining importance not only for local drug delivery of drugs but also for the systemic delivery of protein & peptide drugs. Colon was considered as black-box as most of the drugs are absorbed from upper part of the GI tract. Colon targeting was aimed mainly because of less enzymatic activity and longer transit time. It also has drawbacks like less water content and presence of fecal content. To achieve successful colon targeted drug delivery, a drug needs to be protected from degradation, release and absorption in the upper portion of the GI tract and then to be ensured controlled release in the proximal colon. The various approaches that can be exploited to target the release of drug to the colon including formulation approaches through pH sensitive system are microbial triggered systems i.e., prodrugs and polysaccharide based system, timed release system, osmotically controlled drug system, pressure dependent release system, programmed pulsatile release system and others.

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39

Couvreur, Patrick. "Targeting of drugs and innovations in drug administration". Biology of the Cell 91, nr 3 (czerwiec 1999): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0248-4900(99)90091-6.

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40

Dasgupta, Ankur. "Nanotechnology based Drug Delivery for Brain Targeting". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, nr 1 (31.01.2024): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.57931.

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Abstract: Nanotechnology is an excellent and evolving technology that can be used in the field of healthcare, engineering, environmental science, etc. There is a protective barrier around the brain called the blood brain barrier (BBB) which prevents the entry of larger molecules inside the brain, maintaining brain homeostasis and this poses as a problem because the drugs implemented during any CNS disorder cannot reach the brain. Nanoparticles are solid particles that range from 1-100nm in diameter and are used as a carrier for drug delivery. Nanoparticles are used because of their various characteristics like biocompatibility, prolonged blood circulation, bioavailability and non-toxicity. The functional characteristics and its size are both suitable for acting as a drug delivery carrier for carrying therapeutic agents to the brain. Nanotechnology is expected to reduce the invasive procedures for delivering therapeutic agents to CNS. Nanoparticles are effective as well as safer for acting as a drug delivery carrier targeting the brain. Some devices like implanted catheters are still needed for effective drug delivery to CNS. Nanoparticles deliver drugs at cellular levels through non-fluidic channels. Nanoparticles can avoid phagocytosis by the reticuloendothelial system thereby increasing the concentration of drugs. Polymeric nanoparticles are used and are widely in development to effectively deliver drugs across BBB. Polymeric nanoparticles have also shown effectiveness in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and brain cancer. Polymeric nanoparticles provide enhanced drug delivery to the brain, with reduced oxidative stress, inflammation and plaque load through the improved delivery of curcumin for treating Alzheimer’s disease and doxorubicin into the human glioma cells, results in the cytotoxic effect on cancer cells damaging the cancer cells. The use of nanoparticles in the field of healthcare has proved to be very effective, especially in the field of drug delivery.

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41

Hangargekar, Sachin Raosaheb, Pradeepkumar Mohanty i Ashish Jain. "Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Brain Targeting". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, nr 6-s (15.12.2019): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i6-s.3783.

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Brain is considered to be highly impermeable barrier, possessing different obstacles like presence of enzymes, presence of tight junctions that limit the entry for most of the drugs. The presence of these obstacles, possess a challenge for administration of the drugs. The conventional means of drug delivery in form of emulsions, fail to overcome these obstacles, and hence there is a need for newer drug delivery approach, that will cross these barriers of the brain. So, these nanoparticles can be an alternative to other conventional systems. They offer several advantages such as improved bioavailability and solubility that are composed of macromolecular materials like lipids and polymers possess low cytotoxicity, high drug loading capability, and good scalability these are the most effective colloidal carriers that have the ability to incorporate drugs into nanocarriers and used as drug targeting to specific area. Thus, this article will emphasise on properties of Blood Brain Barrier, strategies to overcome the blood–brain barrier, literature regarding the use of SLNs in various neurological disease states, production methods of SLN and its evaluation. Hence, these solid lipid formulations can be a new form and one of the promising approach for drug delivery system in future, that have remarkable possibility to cross the BBB. Keywords: Solid lipid nanoparticles, Nanocarriers, Blood–brain barrier

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42

Gacem, Hocine, Hadjer Nour El Imane Beriala, Asma Hamzi, Rachida Derghal i Amel Ahmane. "Drug-drug interactions: prospective study targeting department of cardiology". Batna Journal of Medical Sciences (BJMS) 1, nr 1 (1.07.2014): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.48087/bjmsoa.2014.1102.

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Background: Drug-drug interactions are a major cause and a source of iatrogenic events. It has been estimated that 42% of adverse drug reactions are preventable and occur mainly at the stage of prescription (49%) of which 17% are caused by drug-drug interactions. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of drug-drug interactions in the cardiology department, describe and analyze them according to associated factors. Method: A prospective observational study during 5 months from February to June 2013, at the medical cardiology department of Batna, was conducted on patients aged over 16 years who were admitted at least during 24 hours and received at least two drugs. Demographic and pharmacological data were collected using a validated and tested questionnaire. The prescriptions were analyzed searching for possible drug-drug interactions, using an automatized system of detection (THERIAQUE®). Descriptive statistics are generated and a univariate study is used to determine the associated factors. Results and Discussion: A total of 313 patients were included in the study, with a predominance of ischemic cardiopathy (43.8%, n: 137). 1115 interactions were identified in 285 patients. The prevalence of drug-drug interactions was estimated at 90.7% where drug classes most commonly involved belong to the cardiovascular system (63%) and the blood and blood-forming organs (32.4%). The most commonly concerned drugs were nitrates/inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme- angiotensin II receptor antagonist (14.0%) and heparin/inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme- angiotensin II receptor antagonists (12.1%). Drug classes most commonly involved belong to the cardiovascular system (63%) and that of the blood and blood-forming organs (32.4%). 50.2% of patients expressed adverse drug reactions whose most observed were: hypotension (36.3%) and bleeding (17.2%). Age, number of comorbidities, number of medications are factors for drug-drug interactions. Obtained prevalence is significantly high relative to that reported by literature (14-58 %). This difference is due to the fact that some studies were conducted in a single department while others in all departments of the hospital which may have high-level recruitment at low risk and therefore lower prevalence than those emerged in one department.

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43

Eyer, L., i K. Hruska. "Antiviral agents targeting the influenza virus: a review and publication analysis". Veterinární Medicína 58, No. 3 (26.04.2013): 113–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6746-vetmed.

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Influenza is a serious infectious disease, which is life-threatening especially in children, seniors and immunocompromised patients. In addition to vaccination, the development of new anti-influenza agents represents a crucial defence strategy to combat seasonal and pandemic influenza strains. At present most attention is paid to the development of inhibitors of influenza neuraminidase, which has been established as a key drug target for the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza infections. However, the emergence of drug-resistant influenza variants highlights the need of continuously innovative strategies for the development of new drugs with improved antiviral effects, higher safety and increased tolerability. In this review article, an analysis of publications describing anti-influenza agents indexed in the Web of Science<sup>®</sup> database has been carried out. The most important publications are presented in tables and are characterised by several key words, abstracts and references. The presented publications have been sorted according to five basic criteria: (i) review articles, (ii) design, synthesis and evaluation of new anti-influenza drugs, (iii) major classes of anti-influenza drugs, (iv) combination therapy of influenza infections and (v) influenza drug resistance. The design of this review article allows us to offer a complex overview of known antiviral agents targeting influenza viruses, facilitates easy and rapid orientation in numerous publications written on this subject, and aids the gathering of required data.    

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44

Kosugi, Takatsugu, i Masahito Ohue. "Quantitative Estimate Index for Early-Stage Screening of Compounds Targeting Protein-Protein Interactions". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, nr 20 (10.10.2021): 10925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222010925.

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Drug-likeness quantification is useful for screening drug candidates. Quantitative estimates of drug-likeness (QED) are commonly used to assess quantitative drug efficacy but are not suitable for screening compounds targeting protein-protein interactions (PPIs), which have recently gained attention. Therefore, we developed a quantitative estimate index for compounds targeting PPIs (QEPPI), specifically for early-stage screening of PPI-targeting compounds. QEPPI is an extension of the QED method for PPI-targeting drugs that models physicochemical properties based on the information available for drugs/compounds, specifically those reported to act on PPIs. FDA-approved drugs and compounds in iPPI-DB, which comprise PPI inhibitors and stabilizers, were evaluated using QEPPI. The results showed that QEPPI is more suitable than QED for early screening of PPI-targeting compounds. QEPPI was also considered an extended concept of the “Rule-of-Four” (RO4), a PPI inhibitor index. We evaluated the discriminatory performance of QEPPI and RO4 for datasets of PPI-target compounds and FDA-approved drugs using F-score and other indices. The F-scores of RO4 and QEPPI were 0.451 and 0.501, respectively. QEPPI showed better performance and enabled quantification of drug-likeness for early-stage PPI drug discovery. Hence, it can be used as an initial filter to efficiently screen PPI-targeting compounds.

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45

Fattorini, Lanfranco, Giovanni Piccaro, Alessandro Mustazzolu i Federico Giannoni. "TARGETING DORMANT BACILLI TO FIGHT TUBERCULOSIS". Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 5, nr 1 (19.11.2013): e2013072. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2013.072.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which kills about 2 million people annually. Furthermore, 2 billion people worldwide are latently infected with this organism, with 10% of them reactivating to active TB due to re-growth of nonreplicating (dormant) Mtb residing in their tissues. Because of the huge reservoir of latent TB it is important to find novel drugs/drug combinations killing dormant bacilli (microaerophiles, anaerobes and drug-tolerant persisters) surviving for decades in a wide spectrum of granulomatous lesions in the lungs of TB patients. Antibiotic treatment of drug-susceptible TB requires administration of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol for 2 months, followed by isoniazid and rifampin for 4 months. To avoid reactivation of dormant Mtb to active pulmonary TB, up to 9 months of treatment with isoniazid is required. Therefore, a strategy to eliminate dormant bacilli needs to be developed to shorten therapy of active and latent TB and reduce the reservoir of people with latent TB. Finding drugs with high rate of penetration into the caseous granulomas and understanding the biology of dormant bacilli and in particular of persister cells, phenotypically resistant to antibiotics, will be essential to eradicate Mtb from humans. In recent years unprecedented efforts have been done in TB drug discovery, aimed at identifying novel drugs and drug combinations killing both actively replicating and nonreplicating Mtb in vitro, in animal models and in clinical trials in humans.

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