Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Drug addiction”
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Zaika, Vitalii, i Roman Sharavara. "THE INFLUENCE OF DISHARMONOUS CHILD-PARENT RELATIONSHIPS ON THE EMERGENCE OF ADDICTIVE TENDENCIES IN ADOLESCENT AGE AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM". Scientific Bulletin of Uzhhorod University. Series: «Pedagogy. Social Work», nr 1(52) (1.06.2023): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2524-0609.2023.52.50-54.
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The article highlights the current issue of peculiarities of emergence of addictive tendencies in adolescence based on child-parent relations in the family. On the basis of psychodiagnostic methods, it was found that various forms of inadequate upbringing in the family (high demandingness of parents, high strictness of parents, high control in relation to the child, emotional distance of parents, denial of the child by parents, lack of cooperation between parents and child, disagreement between the child and by parents, parental inconsistency, parental authority) lead to a predisposition to certain types of addictions, which differ between high school and college students. These types of addictions include: alcohol addiction, Internet and computer addiction, love addiction, drug addiction, game addiction, nicotine addiction, food addiction, intersex addiction, workaholism, television addiction, religious addiction, addiction to a healthy life, drug addiction dependence. Among all types of addictions, according to the results of the study, school students are more prone to the following addictions: smoking (80%), gaming addiction (80%), food addiction (80%) and love addiction (76%). At the average level, they show a tendency to: addiction to alcohol, addiction to intersex relationships, drug addiction, addiction to the computer (Internet, social networks), addiction to a healthy lifestyle). Adolescent college students have among the prevailing tendencies towards addictions: addiction to the computer (Internet, social networks) (88%), addiction to intersex relationships (88%), addiction to a healthy lifestyle (80%). At the average level, students show tendencies towards the following addictions: alcohol addiction, gaming addiction, smoking addiction, food addiction, love addiction, drug addiction. Both schoolchildren and college students have a low level of addiction to the following types: religious addiction, television addiction, work addiction.
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Alexander, Bruce K. "The Empirical and Theoretical Bases for an Adaptive Model of Addiction". Journal of Drug Issues 20, nr 1 (styczeń 1990): 37–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269002000103.
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There is substantial scientific support for an adaptive model of addiction. Research reviewed in this article supports the adaptive model's assertions that failure of psychosocial integration precedes addiction; that addiction serves a number of adaptive functions; that addictive behavior is not “out of control”; that drug use generally fits the predictions of coping theory; that addictions are often transitory; that the “lessor evil” assumption of the adaptive model is compatible with current theory; that addictions are often interchangeable; and that the term “adaptive” is defined precisely in the adaptive model. The extensive support for an adaptive model of addiction, in conjunction with the wealth of recent evidence against a disease model of addiction, suggests that a major reformulation of theory about drugs and addiction is underway in the scholarly community.
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Griffiths, Mark. "The biopsychosocial approach to addiction". Psyke & Logos 26, nr 1 (31.07.2005): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/pl.v26i1.8200.
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For many people the concept of addiction involves taking of drugs. Therefore it is perhaps unsurprising that most official definitions concentrate on drug ingestion. Despite such definitions, there is now a growing movement that views a number of behaviours as potentially addictive including many behaviours which do not involve the ingestion of a drug such as gambling, sex, exercise, videogame playing and Internet use. This paper argues that all addictions consist of a number of distinct common components (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict and relapse) and that there are many other types of commonality on a psychological, biological, sociological, and cultural level. The paper argues that addictions are a part of a biopsychosocial process and evidence is growing that excessive behaviours of all types do seem to have many commonalities. This may reflect a common etiology of addictive behaviour and suggests that addiction may be a syndrome. It is argued that an eclectic approach to the studying of addictive behaviour appears to be the most pragmatic way forward in the field.
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Daniguelo, Antonio. "Preliminary Analysis of the Effectiveness of Handing Criminal Acts by Children Under the Age". Journal La Sociale 2, nr 3 (23.08.2021): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journal-la-sociale.v2i3.387.
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The issue of drug addiction and illegal trafficking continues to plague nations across the globe. Between 153 and 300 million individuals, or 3.4 to 6.6 percent of the world's drug abusers aged 15 to 64 years, having used drugs at least once a year, with almost 12% (15.5 to 38.6 million people) of users being heavy addicts. Initially created for medicinal reasons (therapy), opioids became a political target for those seeking profit by introducing harmful addictive chemicals. Addition of hazardous addictive drugs may precipitate a person's hallucinations and addictions, wreaking havoc on the neurological system and organs of the body and ultimately resulting in death. The risks of drug addiction have prompted many nations to implement laws aimed at protecting citizens and prohibiting drug trafficking. This restriction eventually spawned illegal commerce and the growth of global marketplaces
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Sun, Jingchun, Liang-Chin Huang, Hua Xu i Zhongming Zhao. "Network-Assisted Prediction of Potential Drugs for Addiction". BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/258784.
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Drug addiction is a chronic and complex brain disease, adding much burden on the community. Though numerous efforts have been made to identify the effective treatment, it is necessary to find more novel therapeutics for this complex disease. As network pharmacology has become a promising approach for drug repurposing, we proposed to apply the approach to drug addiction, which might provide new clues for the development of effective addiction treatment drugs. We first extracted 44 addictive drugs from the NIDA and their targets from DrugBank. Then, we constructed two networks: an addictive drug-target network and an expanded addictive drug-target network by adding other drugs that have at least one common target with these addictive drugs. By performing network analyses, we found that those addictive drugs with similar actions tended to cluster together. Additionally, we predicted 94 nonaddictive drugs with potential pharmacological functions to the addictive drugs. By examining the PubMed data, 51 drugs significantly cooccurred with addictive keywords than expected. Thus, the network analyses provide a list of candidate drugs for further investigation of their potential in addiction treatment or risk.
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Heyman, Gene M. "Resolving the contradictions of addiction". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19, nr 4 (grudzień 1996): 561–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00042990.
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AbstractResearch findings on addiction are contradictory. According to biographical records and widely used diagnostic manuals, addicts use drugs compulsively, meaning that drug use is out of control and independent of its aversive consequences. This account is supported by studies that show significant heritabilities for alcoholism and other addictions and by laboratory experiments in which repeated administration of addictive drugs caused changes in neural substrates associated with reward. Epidemiological and experimental data, however, show that the consequences of drug consumption can significantly modify drug intake in addicts. The disease model can account for the compulsive features of addiction, but not occasions in which price and punishment reduced drug consumption in addicts. Conversely, learning models of addiction can account for the influence of price and punishment, but not compulsive drug taking. The occasion for this target article is that recent developments in behavioral choice theory resolve the apparent contradictions in the addiction literature. The basic argument includes the following four statements: First, repeated consumption of an addictive drug decreases its future value and the future value of competing activities. Second, the frequency of an activity is a function of its relative (not absolute) value. This implies that an activity that reduces the values of competing behaviors can increase in frequency even if its own value also declines. Third, a recent experiment (Heyman & Tanz 1995) shows that the effective reinforcement contingencies are relative to a frame of reference, and this frame of reference can change so as to favor optimal or suboptimal choice. Fourth, if the frame of reference is local, reinforcement contingencies will favor excessive drug use, but if the frame of reference is global, the reinforcement contingencies will favor controlled drug use. The transition from a global to a local frame of reference explains relapse and other compulsive features of addiction.
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Zimny, Eva. "Monoamine Neurotransmitters and Drug Addiction". Science Insights 42, nr 3 (29.03.2023): 837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/si.23.re216.
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Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing brain disease. Various addictive drugs act on the reward circuit and eventually cause changes in the release of neurotransmitters, resulting in a rewarding effect. Among them, the monoamine neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine and dopamine play an essential role in drug addiction. The role and mechanism of monoamine neurotransmitters in drug addiction are reviewed and discussed.
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Collins, Allan C. "The Nature of Addictive Diseases". Journal of Pharmacy Practice 4, nr 6 (grudzień 1991): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009100400602.
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Drug addiction and addictions to foods, sex, gambling, exercise, and many other things are widespread in modern societies. Addiction or dependence are terms used to describe persistent psychoactive drug use, but these terms also can be applied to other forms of repetitive behaviors. Many of these repetitive behaviors are regulated by specific regions of the brain that are influenced by drugs. Consequently, drug addiction may involve effects on systems that are involved in regulating forms of addiction that are necessary for the maintenance of life. Addictions also seem to be regulated by genetic factors. Because drug addiction may influence the activities of systems that evolved to regulate behaviors necessary to survive (ie, eating and drinking) and because individuals may differ in addict-ability for a given drug caused by genetic reasons, addiction should be considered as a disease and therapy should be developed with this concept in mind.
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Fariña, Francisca, Juan Romero, Manuel Isorna i Ramón Arce. "Profiling and Prevalence of Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders and Behavioural Addictions in Incarcerated Traffic Offenders". Sustainability 15, nr 12 (19.06.2023): 9771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129771.
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A field study was designed to determine if traffic offenders were characterised by substance-related and addictive disorders and behavioural addictions, and to examine their prevalence in this population. A total of 268 regular drivers (weekly or daily use) participated in the study; 132 incarcerated traffic offenders and 136 drivers with no criminal background. Subsamples were matched in age, sex, and time elapsed since their driving test. Participants responded to a measure of impulse control and addictions. The results revealed a more-than-problematic effect regarding drug addiction, alcohol consumption, and compulsive purchasing in the population of traffic offenders. In contrast, a trivial effect (insignificant) was observed in addiction to gambling, internet, videogames, eating, and sex. Comparatively, traffic offenders reported higher addiction to drugs, alcohol, gambling, compulsive purchasing, and sex, but less addiction to internet than controls. As for caseness analysis, a significant prevalence of caseness (>0.05) was observed in traffic offenders in connection to drugs, alcohol, internet, compulsive purchasing, and eating addictions. Moreover, addiction comorbidity or multi-comorbidity was found to be common (=0.50). The implications of the results for interventions with traffic offenders are discussed.
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Moreno-Flórez, Daniel. "The Preponderance of Psychic Elements in Drug Addiction". Psychoanalytic Review 107, nr 5 (październik 2020): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/prev.2020.107.5.473.
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The clinical perspective used to understand a patient with an addiction affects the course of treatment and the possibilities for recovery. Positivist and pharmacological models have become popular in the treatment of addictions. These models claim that addiction is primarily a pharmacological occurrence and privilege the biochemical effects of specific substances over the intrapsychic conflict of the patient in order to justify the phenomenology of addiction. Although psychoanalytic approaches have been previously used to treat addictive patients, they have frequently been considered unsuitable and inadequate for such cases. The author's purpose is to use the scope that psychoanalytic comprehension provides to examine the subject who is addicted in relation to his or her maturational development; considering the roles played by pleasure, ego defects, and defensive behavior, derived from case vignettes, in order to illustrate the role of intrapsychic life in the maintaining of an addiction.
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Kammoun, M. F., A. Anastasiu, T. Dumoulin i J. L. Garrigou. "Hypnosis and Addictions: A Two Cases Report". European Psychiatry 24, S1 (styczeń 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71286-6.
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The addiction's problems are more and more frequent at the psychaitric's consultation. Alcoholism and drug-addiction are the two types of addictions most frequently found.The bases of addiction's therapy are the weaning of the product, and the consolidation of weaning or the avoidance of the relapses.the results remain however very heterogeneous and sometimes disappointing. the usual therapies seem little adapted to the dynamics of addictive pathology, and the rechuttes are increasingly frequent, in the same way the risk of replacement of a symptom by another is not excluded.Can hypnosis help certain people to release their addictions? Hypnosis allows the subject the reinvestment its senses, as well as a modification of its relationship with the outside world. the patient can thus, to fall under a dynamics of change permattant to him to start a process of opening and exceeded the stage or it was solidified and locked up with the toxic product.Few work were carried out in the field of the assumption of responsibility patients suffering from drug-addiction and addictions under hypnosis.The objectives of this work is to study, through the illustration of two clinical cases of our daily practice, the place of hypnosis to help patients suffering from addcitives pathologies.
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Ucha, Marcos, David Roura-Martínez, Emilio Ambrosio i Alejandro Higuera-Matas. "The role of the mTOR pathway in models of drug-induced reward and the behavioural constituents of addiction". Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, nr 11 (27.08.2020): 1176–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120944159.
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Background: Exposure to drugs of abuse induces neuroadaptations in critical nodes of the so-called reward systems that are thought to mediate the transition from controlled drug use to the compulsive drug-seeking that characterizes addictive disorders. These neural adaptations are likely to require protein synthesis, which is regulated, among others, by the mechanistic target of the rapamycin kinase (mTOR) signalling cascade. Methods: We have performed a narrative review of the literature available in PubMed about the involvement of the mTOR pathway in drug-reward and addiction-related phenomena. Aims: The aim of this study was to review the underlying architecture of this complex intracellular network and to discuss the alterations of its components that are evident after exposure to drugs of abuse. The aim was also to delineate the effects that manipulations of the mTOR network have on models of drug reward and on paradigms that recapitulate some of the psychological components of addiction. Results: There is evidence for the involvement of the mTOR pathway in the acute and rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, especially psychostimulants. However, the data regarding opiates are scarce. There is a need to use sophisticated animal models of addiction to ascertain the real role of the mTOR pathway in this pathology and not just in drug-mediated reward. The involvement of this pathway in behavioural addictions and impulsivity should also be studied in detail in the future. Conclusions: Although there is a plethora of data about the modulation of mTOR by drugs of abuse, the involvement of this signalling pathway in addictive disorders requires further research.
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Corner, Tessa, Emily Arden-Close i John McAlaney. "Wellbeing in Addiction Recovery: Does It Differ across Addictions?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, nr 14 (16.07.2023): 6375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20146375.
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Limited research has been conducted on the experiences of individuals in long-term recovery from addiction, and addictions are usually studied in isolation. However, no theories of addiction differentiate between addictions or assume that individuals will experience only one addiction. This study aimed to compare affect between individuals with addictions to drugs and alcohol and to explore how QoL changes in long-term recovery from addiction. Individuals in recovery from addiction (n = 115; 52.2% male) were recruited via snowball sampling on social media signposted by an addiction rehabilitation charity. Participants completed questionnaires about QoL (WHOQOL-Bref) and positive and negative affect (PANAS-X). The main primary addictions were drugs (76.5%) and alcohol (21.7%), with 69.7% reporting multiple addictions including food, sex, internet, and gambling. Affect and coping strategies did not differ by addiction. QoL appeared to improve with time in recovery. The high percentage of multiple addictions and greater similarities than differences between individuals with drug and alcohol addictions suggest that addictions should not be studied in isolation when studying psychological health during long-term recovery.
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Hoes, MJAJM. "Alcoholism and drug addictions". European Psychiatry 12, nr 2 (1997): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)89649-6.
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SummaryIn this symposium the nature, epidemiology and extent of psychiatric disorders comorbid with addictions, especially alcoholism, was exposed. Internationally reknown authors from several European countries highlight the diversity and complexity of this problem in particular for depression, anxiety and suicide. The conclusion is that every psychiatrist should be well acquainted with addiction disorders and that no addiction center be allowed to refuse treatment to patients with a psychiatric comorbid disorder. Comorbidity of schizophrenia with addictions should be a future focus of research. Multicultural Europe is an exciting area for further research of the comorbidity problems.
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Peele, Stanton. "The Pleasure Principle in Addiction". Journal of Drug Issues 15, nr 2 (kwiecień 1985): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268501500203.
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Both lay people and addiction theorists often explain drug abuse and addiction in terms of the pleasure the addict derives from a drug. This “pleasure principle” model does not succeed in explaining either the initiation or continuation of drug abuse or other compulsive, self-destructive behavior. Examinations of the rewards addicts report from addiction to drugs and to other involvements point instead toward a desire to modify experience by making it less burdensome or painful. Implications for how addicts become able eventually to dismiss addictive rewards are discussed.
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Davidson, Majid, Niloufar Rashidi, Md Kamal Hossain, Ali Raza, Kulmira Nurgali i Vasso Apostolopoulos. "Tryptophan and Substance Abuse: Mechanisms and Impact". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, nr 3 (1.02.2023): 2737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032737.
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Addiction, the continuous misuse of addictive material, causes long-term dysfunction in the neurological system. It substantially affects the control strength of reward, memory, and motivation. Addictive substances (alcohol, marijuana, caffeine, heroin, methamphetamine (METH), and nicotine) are highly active central nervous stimulants. Addiction leads to severe health issues, including cardiovascular diseases, serious infections, and pulmonary/dental diseases. Drug dependence may result in unfavorable cognitive impairments that can continue during abstinence and negatively influence recovery performance. Although addiction is a critical global health challenge with numerous consequences and complications, currently, there are no efficient options for treating drug addiction, particularly METH. Currently, novel treatment approaches such as psychological contingency management, cognitive behavioral therapy, and motivational enhancement strategies are of great interest. Herein, we evaluate the devastating impacts of different addictive substances/drugs on users′ mental health and the role of tryptophan in alleviating unfavorable side effects. The tryptophan metabolites in the mammalian brain and their potential to treat compulsive abuse of addictive substances are investigated by assessing the functional effects of addictive substances on tryptophan. Future perspectives on developing promising modalities to treat addiction and the role of tryptophan and its metabolites to alleviate drug dependency are discussed.
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Sultan, Naveed, Shabana Noureen i Anam Saher. "Prevalence of Co-Occurring Physical and Mental Health Problems in People with Drug Addiction in Pakistan". Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology 4, nr 3 (30.09.2023): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52053/jpap.v4i3.176.
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Drug addiction is a relapsing, chronic disorder in which drug abusing and compulsive drug-seeking behaviors are prevalent. The objective of the research was to explore the prevalence of different types of drug addictions along with co-occurring physical and mental health problems. Since 2021, a team of Happy Life Psychological Services (HLPS), Pakistan has dealt with 6000 triages and 156 admissions. The sample of the study was 156 participants with drug addiction collected from February 2021 to January 2023. The outcome of the study reflected that male have higher number of drug addiction (78.8%) compared to females and the most common age of drug addiction is middle adults (67.9%). In people with drug addiction, the highly used drug was tobacco (23.41%), the most common mental health problem was anxiety disorders (28.62%), the most common medical comorbidity was Hepatitis B & C (50%), and they had higher level of suicidal thoughts (49.32%). The study recommends nationwide concerted actions to decline the illicit demands of drugs. Mass media, law enforcement, medical practitioners, local communities, NGOs, international agencies, and affected families are the possible stakeholders that should be included to make up strategies to manage the issue of drug addiction in Pakistan.
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Uchio, Masami. "Is Addiction being Memorized?" Science Insights 42, nr 3 (29.03.2023): 833–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15354/si.23.ps032.
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Addiction study has switched to the realm of modern neuroscience, with the most recent and cutting-edge studies focusing on the behaviors that contribute to addiction. Addiction memory is a series of specific plastic changes at the synaptic level caused by long-term drug stimulation through gene transcription and expression. Based on clinical observations, addictive memory is viewed as a dysregulation of independent acquisition associated with the integration of choice lines in the “feedback loop” and “comparative system” of the hippocampus during neural information processing. Two meanings of the addition memory as (i) memory unrelated to the loss of drug control and (ii) drug-specific memory of the addicted drugs.
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Yan, Y., i E. Gutkevich. "Differences in addictive beliefs in people with psychostimulant addiction and in opioid addicts". European Psychiatry 65, S1 (czerwiec 2022): S818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2117.
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Introduction Today, a number of researchers consider the problem of addictive behavior as one of the most global problems for Kazakhstan and Russia. Some scientists consider CBT to be the most effective way to work with addictions. In our country there are no scientific works devoted to the study of addictive beliefs, so we decided to conduct such a study Objectives The Objective of the study was to identify the characteristic addictive beliefs of drug addicts with different type of addiction: opioids and synthetic cathinones (designer drugs called “salts”, “bath salts”) Methods Questionnaire of addictive beliefs by A, Beck, questionnaire of beliefs about cravings by A. Beck and F. Wright, clinical interview. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used for data processing Results People with opioid addiction are more likely to believe that their lives will become more depressive if they stop using drugs (p= 0.0347); that drug use is the only way to cope with pain in their life (p= 0.0347) and that they cannot cope with anxiety without drugs (p=0.009). Respondents who use synthetic psychostimulants endorse to believe that addiction is not a problrm for them (p= 0.0358). Conclusions Having categorized these beliefs in accordance with A. Beck’s classification, we came to the conclusion that “relief-oriented beliefs” are more typical for people who use opiates. The motive for use is often the desire to alleviate a negative emotional or physical state. For people using psychostimulants “salt”, “anticipatory beliefs” are more characteristic - the desire to experience euphoria and pleasant experiences Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Pustovaya, A., Y. Yan i E. Gutkevich. "Features of addictive beliefs with different types of addictions". European Psychiatry 65, S1 (czerwiec 2022): S813—S814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2105.
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Introduction Today, a number of researchers consider the problem of addictive behavior as one of the most global problems for Kazakhstan and Russia. Some scientists consider CBT to be the most effective way to work with addictions. In our country there are no scientific works devoted to the study of addictive beliefs, so we decided to conduct such a study. Objectives The Objective of the study was to identify the characteristic addictive beliefs of drug addicts with different type of addiction: opioids and synthetic cathinones (designer drugs called “salts”, “bath salts”). Methods Questionnaire of addictive beliefs by A, Beck, questionnaire of beliefs about cravings by A. Beck and F. Wright, clinical interview. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used for data processing. Results People with opioid addiction are more likely to believe that their lives will become more depressive if they stop using drugs (p= 0.0347); that drug use is the only way to cope with pain in their life (p= 0.0347) and that they cannot cope with anxiety without drugs (p=0.009). Respondents who use synthetic psychostimulants endorse to believe that addiction is not a problrm for them (p= 0.0358). Conclusions Having categorized these beliefs in accordance with A. Beck’s classification, we came to the conclusion that “relief-oriented beliefs” are more typical for people who use opiates. The motive for use is often the desire to alleviate a negative emotional or physical state. For people using psychostimulants “salt”, “anticipatory beliefs” are more characteristic - the desire to experience euphoria and pleasant experiences. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Sustkova-Fiserova, Magdalena, Chrysostomos Charalambous, Anna Khryakova, Alina Certilina, Marek Lapka i Romana Šlamberová. "The Role of Ghrelin/GHS-R1A Signaling in Nonalcohol Drug Addictions". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 2 (11.01.2022): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020761.
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Drug addiction causes constant serious health, social, and economic burden within the human society. The current drug dependence pharmacotherapies, particularly relapse prevention, remain limited, unsatisfactory, unreliable for opioids and tobacco, and even symptomatic for stimulants and cannabinoids, thus, new more effective treatment strategies are researched. The antagonism of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type A (GHS-R1A) has been recently proposed as a novel alcohol addiction treatment strategy, and it has been intensively studied in experimental models of other addictive drugs, such as nicotine, stimulants, opioids and cannabinoids. The role of ghrelin signaling in these drugs effects has also been investigated. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of preclinical and clinical studies focused on ghrelin’s/GHS-R1A possible involvement in these nonalcohol addictive drugs reinforcing effects and addiction. Although the investigation is still in its early stage, majority of the existing reviewed experimental results from rodents with the addition of few human studies, that searched correlations between the genetic variations of the ghrelin signaling or the ghrelin blood content with the addictive drugs effects, have indicated the importance of the ghrelin’s/GHS-R1As involvement in the nonalcohol abused drugs pro-addictive effects. Further research is necessary to elucidate the exact involved mechanisms and to verify the future potential utilization and safety of the GHS-R1A antagonism use for these drug addiction therapies, particularly for reducing the risk of relapse.
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Bocharova, Inna Anatolevna, Vadim Agadzhanov i Vadim Sagalaev. "Drug addiction. Drugs and their effects on man". Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Serija 11. Estestvennye nauki, nr 2 (1.12.2013): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu11.2013.2.3.
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Bartsalkina, V. V., O. O. Moiseev, E. V. Tretyak i E. V. Hromysheva. "Rehabilitation Potential of Socio-psychological Support for Families with Alcohol or Drug Addiction Problems". Психологическая наука и образование 27, nr 6 (2022): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/pse.2022270611.
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<p>The rehabilitation potential of socio-psychological maintenance for families with problems of chemical addictions is proposed here to be considered as a resource for overcoming real addictions. The relevance of this study is due to actual need for developing a basic approach – the strong scientific evidence-based substantiation of the organization of psychological assistance to concrete family with problems of alcohol and/or drug addiction ones. The simultaneous existence of such problem of addictive behavior and personality deformation under global influence of psychoactive substances use, together with the phenomenon of co-dependent behavior, was shown here. As a result, the entire family system suffers, and patterns of negative behavior are formed among all other family members. The need for namely comprehensive consideration of this family problem is confirmed. As the author's experience, the effectiveness of maintenance-working with families with alcohol addiction in the ANO “Center for Social and Psychological Support of People with Alcohol, Drug and Other Types of Addiction "Goal (Moscow) is considered here.</p>
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Shazzad, Md Nahiduzzamane, Syed Jamil Abdal, Muhammad Shoaib Momen Majumder, Jahangir ul Alam Sohel, Syed Mohammad Monowar Ali i Shamim Ahmed. "Drug Addiction in Bangladesh and its Effect". Medicine Today 25, nr 2 (10.02.2014): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v25i2.17927.
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Drug addiction and drug abuse, chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. Addiction is more often now defined by the continuing, compulsive nature of the drug use despite physical and/or psychological harm to the user and society and includes both licit and illicit drugs, and the term "substance abuse" is now frequently used because of the broad range of substances (including alcohol and inhalants) that can fit the addictive profile. Psychological dependence is the subjective feeling that the user needs the drug to maintain a feeling of well-being; physical dependence is characterized by tolerance (the need for increasingly larger doses in order to achieve the initial effect) and withdrawal symptoms when the user is abstinent. There are a lot of effects of drug addiction to the economy, society, and family. Drug addiction affects individual's physical and mental health. Drug addicts are burden for a family and society. It is a great challenge for all nations of the world to prevent drug addiction. This article reviews the effects of drug addiction in details. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v25i2.17927 Medicine Today 2013 Vol.25(2): 84-89
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Krupelnytska, Liudmyla, i Anton Zagumenov. "TENDENCY TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS AND ITS LINK WITH LIFE-PURPOSE ORIENTATIONS AND PERSONAL TRAITS". PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL 7, nr 6 (30.06.2021): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/1.2021.7.6.7.
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The online study involved 48 people. The study was conducted using three methods: Method for diagnostics on tendency to 13 types of addiction (G. Lozova, 2007); Five-factor personality questionnaire (adaptation by A. Khromov, 2000); Purpose-in-Life Test (adaptation by D. Leontiev, 2000). The offer to participate in the study was distributed on the Internet using the Telegram-messenger. Among the subjects were 32 women and 16 men aged 15 to 30 years. 89.7% of respondents are persons aged 19 to 21 years. It was found that 10.4% of respondents have a high level, 68.7% of respondents have average level and 20.8% of respondents have low level of general tendency to addictive behaviors. Tendencies to Alcohol Addiction, Love Addiction, Food Addiction, Work Addiction, Computer Addiction, Addiction on Healthy Lifestyle occur in more than half of the subjects. Manifestations of tendency to certain types of addictive behavior differ in the male and female parts of the sample. According to the high rates of Tendencies to Love, Food, and Work Addictions, the proportion of men is almost one third higher than the proportion of women. According to the high rates of Tendency to Computer Addiction, the proportion of men is five times higher than the corresponding proportion of women. According to the Alcohol Addiction scale, the percentage of men with an average rate is significantly higher than the corresponding percentage of women, while the percentage of women with a high rate on this scale is almost three times higher than the percentage of men (18.8 and 6.3, respectively). On the scales Game Addiction, Drug Addiction, Smoking Addiction, General Addiction there are significantly more men with both medium and high rates. The Tendency to Religious Addiction, Drug Addiction and Addiction on Healthy Lifestyle is mostly "female". The Tendency to TV Addiction is not expressed in either the male or female parts of the sample. It was found that people with a low level of meaningful in life have Tendencies to Love Addiction and Computer Addiction. Their level of General Tendency to Addictive Behavior is higher. People with a higher rate of meaningful in life differ from people with a low rate in such personal qualities as dominance, search for impressions, extroversion, persistence, responsibility, curiosity, artistry, sensitivity, expressiveness. A low rate of meaningful in life is associated with emotional instability, anxiety, depression, self-criticism, tension. It is established that the Tendency to Computer Addiction and the General Tendency to Addiction are inversely related to the goals, process, performance of life, locus of control-I, locus of control-life and meaningful in life; the Tendency to Computer Addiction is inversely related to persistence, and the General Tendency to Addiction is inversely related to dominance and responsibility. The factor structure of Tendency to Addictive Behavior contains the following components: Meaning as a Protective Factor; Chemical Addictions, Self-Control, Health as Super-Value, Eating Your Emotional Instability, Intersexual Addiction vs Alcohol Addiction and Symbiotic Love.
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Amiri, Mohammad, Ahmad Khosravi, Reza Chaman, Zakieh Sadeghi, Elham Sadeghi i Mehdi Raei. "Addiction Potential and its Correlates Among Medical Students". Open Public Health Journal 14, nr 1 (17.03.2021): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502114010032.
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Background:Drug dependency can be seen in all occupations, educational levels, and socioeconomic classes, and it is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine the addiction potential status and its correlates among medical students.Methods:In 2019, a total of 500 students were selected randomly from Shahroud University of Medical Sciences and asked to complete Addiction Potential Scale and Attitude to Addiction Questionnaires. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Chi-square, t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression model at the significant level of 0.05.Results:The mean score of addiction potential was 32.7±17.2. In the majority of the students (62.8%), the addiction potential status was low. Most of the students (66.8%) had used no tobacco or addictive substance. There was a significant relationship between addiction potentialwithgender, marital status, student's current place of residence, student's economic status, student's economic activity, along with education and semester (P≤0.05). In the regression model, 6 predictor factors of the knowledge and awareness of drugs, tendency to use drugs, field of study, history of drug use, alcohol and smoking history had significant relationships with potential addiction (P≤0.05).Conclusion:Given the relationship between potential addiction score and drug use tendency and noting that more than one-third of students had moderate and high drug addiction, more attention to this issue and interventional measures can be effective in reducing the tendency to drug abuse, and control of drug abuse.
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Peele, Stanton. "A Moral Vision of Addiction: How People's Values Determine Whether They Become and Remain Addicts". Journal of Drug Issues 17, nr 2 (kwiecień 1987): 187–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268701700205.
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Contemporary theories of addiction of all stripes rule out faulty values as a cause of addiction. Yet evidence from cross-cultural, ethnic, and social-class research, laboratory study of addictive behavior, and natural history and field investigations of addiction indicate the importance of value orientations in the development and expression of addictive behaviors, including drug and alcohol addiction, smoking, and compulsive eating. Furthermore, the rejection of moral considerations in addiction deprives us of our most powerful weapons against addiction and contributes to our current addiction binge. The disease myth of addiction in particular attacks the assumption of essential moral responsibility for people's drug use and related behavior, an assumption that we instead ought to be encouraging.
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Szymonik, Julia, Justyna Woźniak, Sebastian Szopa, Karol Womperski i Jagoda Elias. "Mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) for addiction control – review". Journal of Education, Health and Sport 55 (30.01.2024): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2024.55.012.
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Abstract
Introduction: Addiction is a complex phenomenon whose development may be related to many factors. Its treatment often includes behavioral therapy, social support, and in the case of substance addictions, may also include drug therapy. A key element of therapy is understanding the causes and mechanisms of addiction and developing the ability to cope with temptations and difficulties. In this particular context the utilization of mindfulness practices demonstrates promising potential in aiding the management of addiction.
Purpose: Provide an overview of the current understanding regarding the efficacy of mindfulness training in addiction therapies.
Description of the state of knowledge: The importance of employing mindfulness techniques in addressing addiction is steadily rising. Consistent practice of mindfulness offers advantages in addressing addictive behaviors by aiding individuals in comprehending and regulating impulses as well as managing intense cravings. Mindfulness facilitates an enhancement in self-awareness and recognition of personal reactions, proving especially beneficial in the process of recovery from addiction.
Summary: Research shows that mindfulness training may be a promising intervention in addiction control because it increases self-control and promotes emotion regulation. However, further research is needed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of mindfulness for addiction control.
Keywords: mindfulness; addiction; addictive behavior; dependence; substance use disorder.
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Bozarth, Michael A. "New perspectives on cocaine addiction: recent findings from animal research". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 67, nr 9 (1.09.1989): 1158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y89-185.
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Research with laboratory animals has provided several insights into the nature of cocaine abuse and addiction. First, the nature of drug addiction has been reevaluated and the emphasis has shifted from physical dependence to compulsive drug-taking behavior. Second, animal studies suggest that cocaine is at least as addictive as heroin and possibly even more addictive. Third, cocaine is potentially more dangerous than heroin as evidenced by the higher fatality rate seen in laboratory animals given unlimited access to these drugs. Fourth, the neural basis of cocaine reinforcement has been identified and involves an enhancement of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the ventral tegmental dopamine system. Other addictive drugs (e.g., opiates) may also derive at least part of their reinforcing impact by pharmacologically activating this reward system. Fifth, although the biological consequences of repeated cocaine self-administration on central nervous system functioning are poorly understood, preliminary findings suggest that intravenous cocaine self-administration may decrease neural functioning in this brain reward system. This has important clinical implications because diminished functioning of an important brain reward system may significantly contribute to relapse into cocaine addiction. These and other findings from experimentation with laboratory animals suggest new considerations for the etiology and treatment of drug addiction.Key words: addiction, cocaine, dopamine, reward, withdrawal syndrome.
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Li, Du, i Xiaorui Ma. "Effects and Withdrawal of Drug Addiction". Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 8 (7.02.2023): 1454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4502.
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Drug addiction is very common among people. Thousands of people are now suffering from cocaine addiction. Nicotine addiction may be one of the most common in the world, but many people underestimate the health hazards of nicotine. This report, presents nicotine in four parts: harms and addiction; research; conclusions, and further implications. Because nicotine is not like most banned drugs on the market-nicotine cannot be absorbed directly, people must be exposed to nicotine through a certain medium. The most common and intuitive way is through smoking, secondhand smoke, and e-cigarettes. However, most people don’t start smoking because of nicotine addiction, so the authors of this paper conducted experiments on why people start smoking late. Through self-made questionnaires and online experimental surveys, the results showed people were exposed to smoking because of environmental factors, social factors, psychological factors, and so on. People were exposed to nicotine for too long due to their addiction to cigarettes, which evolved into an addiction to nicotine. In the later stage, due to the addictive nature of nicotine, people no longer smoke because of the original addiction to smoking, but because they want to meet the needs of nicotine.
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Griffiths, Mark D. "Non-addictive psychoactive drug use: Implications for behavioral addiction". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34, nr 6 (10.11.2011): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11000720.
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AbstractThe newly proposed framework for non-addictive psychoactive substances postulated by Müller & Schumann (M&S) provides an interesting and plausible explanation for non-addictive drug use. However, with specific reference to the relevant behavioral addiction literature, this commentary argues that the model may unexpectedly hold utility not only for non-addictive use of drugs, but also for non-addictive use of other potentially addictive behaviors.
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Camí, Jordi, i Magí Farré. "Drug Addiction". New England Journal of Medicine 349, nr 10 (4.09.2003): 975–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra023160.
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Gabiani, A. A. "Drug Addiction". Soviet Review 29, nr 2 (lipiec 1988): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rss1061-1428290270.
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Helweg, H. "DRUG ADDICTION". Acta Medica Scandinavica 142, S266 (24.04.2009): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1952.tb13401.x.
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Koob, George. "Drug Addiction". Neurobiology of Disease 7, nr 5 (październik 2000): 543–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nbdi.2000.0351.
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Müller, Christian P., i Gunter Schumann. "Drugs as instruments: A new framework for non-addictive psychoactive drug use". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34, nr 6 (10.11.2011): 293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11000057.
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AbstractMost people who are regular consumers of psychoactive drugs are not drug addicts, nor will they ever become addicts. In neurobiological theories, non-addictive drug consumption is acknowledged only as a “necessary” prerequisite for addiction, but not as a stable and widespread behavior in its own right. This target article proposes a new neurobiological framework theory for non-addictive psychoactive drug consumption, introducing the concept of “drug instrumentalization.” Psychoactive drugs are consumed for their effects on mental states. Humans are able to learn that mental states can be changed on purpose by drugs, in order to facilitate other, non-drug-related behaviors. We discuss specific “instrumentalization goals” and outline neurobiological mechanisms of how major classes of psychoactive drugs change mental states and serve non-drug-related behaviors. We argue that drug instrumentalization behavior may provide a functional adaptation to modern environments based on a historical selection for learning mechanisms that allow the dynamic modification of consummatory behavior. It is assumed that in order to effectively instrumentalize psychoactive drugs, the establishment of and retrieval from a drug memory is required. Here, we propose a new classification of different drug memory subtypes and discuss how they interact during drug instrumentalization learning and retrieval. Understanding the everyday utility and the learning mechanisms of non-addictive psychotropic drug use may help to prevent abuse and the transition to drug addiction in the future.
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Kumar, Praveen, Manish Rajak i Jai Kumar Singh. "A REVIEW ON TOBACCO ADDICTION AND ITS MANAGEMENT: AN AYURVEDIC APPROACH". International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 12, nr 5 (15.10.2021): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.1205148.
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Addiction is a very common habitual psychological or physiological disorder in this modern era. It is a condition of dependence on any substances or drugs. It harms human beings along with its social consequence. Sudden withdrawal of addicted drugs produces different types of psychosomatic disorders. Addiction is not only about drug addiction or alcohol addiction or substance addiction. In the Ayurvedic view, overuse of any aspect and every aspect is considered an addiction. Addictions influence the physical, emotional and psychological behaviour of an individual with a wrong effect. Tobacco and alcohol are the most widely consumed psychotropic drugs which are used worldwide. The common use of both increases the risk of noncommunicable diseases to many folds. Ayurvedic texts have described different types of De-addiction treatment which can be applied in this context along with replacement therapy with medicines described in the Madatyaya chapter of Charaka Samhita Chikitsa sthana. The main aim of this review article is to compile and evaluate the concept of tobacco addiction and its management. All the descriptions of addiction mentioned in different Ayurvedic texts were critically analyzed and discussed to check their relation.
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Annisa Nadaa Shabrina, M. Afdal i Siti Monalisa. "Comparison Of K-Means, K-Medoids, and Fuzzy C-Means Algorithms for Clustering Drug User’s Addiction Levels". Jurnal Sistem Cerdas 6, nr 2 (7.08.2023): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37396/jsc.v6i2.313.
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Narcotics, psychotropics, and addictive substances are drugs that can activate brain systems, affect dopamine levels, and cause addiction. In Indonesia, there is a law requiring drug addicts to receive treatment and care. To properly treat a drug addict, it is first necessary to determine the level of addiction. Data mining methods such as clustering can be used to assess a user's level of drug addiction. This study uses the clustering algorithms Fuzzy C-means, K-Medoids, and K-means. The performance of the three clustering algorithms will then be evaluated based on the average similarity of clusters. Data such as how many types of drugs that used, the length of time they were used, the psychiatric status, and the physical condition status, are used. Clustering was accomplished using the data mining software RStudio. The clustering algorithms were then evaluated with the Davies Bouldin Index (DBI). The K-Medoids algorithm was found to have the best average similarity value of cluster for determining drug users' addiction levels based on the results of the analysis.
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Esmail, Mustafa Elsaied, Majed Diaa Mosly, Abdulaziz Abdullah Alghamdi, Alalaa Hussain Hakami, Ahmed Ali Majrashi, Safwan Shaker Abdulrahim, Areej Mohammed Alnashry i in. "Substance abuse, drug addiction and the role of primary health care amid the COVID-19 pandemic". International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, nr 12 (24.11.2021): 6175. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214623.
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The definition of substance abuse is the use of certain types of drugs such as alcohol, cannabis, hash, cocaine and others that have serious side effects and clinical complications. There is a significant difference between substance abuse and the term addiction. The significant difference between substance abuse and addiction is that drug addiction or substance addiction is classified as a chronic disease controlling the physical and mental ability of the individual to unpleasant force to use specific drugs such as cocaine or else. The literature has a positive correlation between the COVID-19 pandemic and illegal drug abuse in substance abuse or addiction. COVID-19 caused emotional emptiness for many people around the world, in addition to anxiety and depression. The particular group of people started addicting to specific drugs to induce temporary happiness due to the unpleasant events they had from the pandemic. This article aimed to review the challenges of substance abuse and drug abuse in the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of public health in addition to primary care facilities against this phenomenon. To our knowledge, this is the first review providing a complex review about this issue since the beginning of COVID-19.
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Qureshi, N. A., Y. S. Al Ghamdy i T. A. Al Habeeb. "Drug addiction: a general review of new concepts and future challenges". Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 6, nr 4 (15.08.2000): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2000.6.4.723.
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Relevant papers published in peer reviewed journals in the past 2 decades were identified and screened to abstract pertinent information. Substance dependence/addiction, involving both a common brain reward mechanism and longer-lasting molecular and cellular changes, is a preventable chronic, relapsing brain disease and as such a public health problem. Physical and psychological dependence, characterized by withdrawal syndrome, are now given less weight compared with compulsive behaviour and uncontrolled use of drugs in the comprehension of addiction. The challenging components of drug addictions, including counteradaptation, sensitization, abstinence, craving and relapse need further neurobiological and non-neurobiological exploration and understanding, which may be possible through the use of advanced imaging and genetic techniques and animal models of drug addiction together with relevant human studies
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Siegel, Shepard. "Drug Tolerance, Drug Addiction, and Drug Anticipation". Current Directions in Psychological Science 14, nr 6 (grudzień 2005): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00384.x.
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Environmental cues associated with drugs often elicit withdrawal symptoms and relapse to drug use. Such cues also modulate drug tolerance. The contribution of drug-associated stimuli to withdrawal and tolerance is emphasized in a Pavlovian-conditioning analysis of drug administration. Conditional responses occur in the presence of cues that have been associated with the drug in the past, such as the setting in which the drug was taken. These conditional responses mediate the expression of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. Recently, it has become apparent that internal predrug cues, as well as environmental cues, elicit pharmacological conditional responses that contribute to tolerance and withdrawal. Such internal cues include cognitive or proprioceptive cues incidental to self-administration, drug-onset cues that are experienced shortly after administration, and emotional cues. According to the conditioning analysis, addiction treatment should incorporate learning principles to extinguish the association between stimuli (environmental and internal) present at the time of drug administration and the effects of the addictive drug.
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Wirogioto, Ali Johardi. "Cigarette Addiction as The Gateway to Drug Addiction". International Journal of Social Service and Research 2, nr 7 (27.07.2022): 652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v2i7.136.
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Smoking is not a cultural heritage of the Indonesian nation. Smoking is a habit that begins in adolescence. WHO data confirms that adolescents have a high tendency to smoke. Initially, smokers were under the age of 18, around 7.2 percent in 2013 and increased to 9.1 percent in 2018. Teenage students are more likely to smoke than adults. It is believed that 1 in 4 drug addicts started as addicted to cigarettes. In contrast, 90 percent of them started being addicted to drugs when they were 18. Because the brain is still developing until the age of 25, if, at that time, the brain was familiar with nicotine, cigarettes would be a gateway to addiction to other compounds, especially alcohol and illegal drugs. This qualitative descriptive study aims to determine what causes cigarette addicts to become drug addicts. The study results show that many factors cause a common thread between cigarette addicts and drug addicts, starting with the desire to try, pressure from peer groups or peer groups, being trapped and eventually falling into drug abuse. The low price during the massive promotion of cigarettes by sponsoring various school activities is considered a supporting factor.
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Prud'homme, Mélissa, Romulus Cata i Didier Jutras-Aswad. "Cannabidiol as an Intervention for Addictive Behaviors: A Systematic Review of the Evidence". Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 9 (styczeń 2015): SART.S25081. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/sart.s25081.
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Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by the compulsive desire to use drugs and a loss of control over consumption. Cannabidiol (CBD), the second most abundant component of cannabis, is thought to modulate various neuronal circuits involved in drug addiction. The goal of this systematic review is to summarize the available preclinical and clinical data on the impact of CBD on addictive behaviors. MEDLINE and PubMed were searched for English and French language articles published before 2015. In all, 14 studies were found, 9 of which were conducted on animals and the remaining 5 on humans. A limited number of preclinical studies suggest that CBD may have therapeutic properties on opioid, cocaine, and psychostimulant addiction, and some preliminary data suggest that it may be beneficial in cannabis and tobacco addiction in humans. Further studies are clearly necessary to fully evaluate the potential of CBD as an intervention for addictive disorders.
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Kohlmeier, Kristi A. "Off the Beaten Path: Drug Addiction and the Pontine Laterodorsal Tegmentum". ISRN Neuroscience 2013 (23.06.2013): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/604847.
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Drug addiction is a multileveled behavior controlled by interactions among many diverse neuronal groups involving several neurotransmitter systems. The involvement of brainstem-sourced, cholinergic neurotransmission in the development of addiction and in the persistent physiological processes that drive this maladaptive behavior has not been widely investigated. The major cholinergic input to neurons in the midbrain which are instrumental in assessment of reward and assignment of salience to stimuli, including drugs of abuse, sources from acetylcholine- (ACh-) containing pontine neurons of the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT). Excitatory LDT input, likely cholinergic, is critical in allowing behaviorally relevant neuronal firing patterns within midbrain reward circuitry. Via this control, the LDT is positioned to be importantly involved in development of compulsive, addictive patterns of behavior. The goal of this review is to present the anatomical, physiological, and behavioral evidence suggesting a role of the LDT in the neurobiology underlying addiction to drugs of abuse. Although focus is directed on the evidence supporting a vital participation of the cholinergic neurons of the LDT, data indicating a contribution of noncholinergic LDT neurons to processes underlying addiction are also reviewed. While sparse, available information of actions of drugs of abuse on LDT cells and the output of these neurons as well as their influence on addiction-related behavior are also presented. Taken together, data from studies presented in this review strongly support the position that the LDT is a major player in the neurobiology of drug addiction. Accordingly, the LDT may serve as a future treatment target for efficacious pharmaceutical combat of drug addiction.
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Bechara, Antoine, Kent C. Berridge, Warren K. Bickel, Jose A. Morón, Sidney B. Williams i Jeffrey S. Stein. "A Neurobehavioral Approach to Addiction: Implications for the Opioid Epidemic and the Psychology of Addiction". Psychological Science in the Public Interest 20, nr 2 (październik 2019): 96–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1529100619860513.
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Two major questions about addictive behaviors need to be explained by any worthwhile neurobiological theory. First, why do people seek drugs in the first place? Second, why do some people who use drugs seem to eventually become unable to resist drug temptation and so become “addicted”? We will review the theories of addiction that address negative-reinforcement views of drug use (i.e., taking opioids to alleviate distress or withdrawal), positive-reinforcement views (i.e., taking drugs for euphoria), habit views (i.e., growth of automatic drug-use routines), incentive-sensitization views (i.e., growth of excessive “wanting” to take drugs as a result of dopamine-related sensitization), and cognitive-dysfunction views (i.e., impaired prefrontal top-down control), including those involving competing neurobehavioral decision systems (CNDS), and the role of the insula in modulating addictive drug craving. In the special case of opioids, particular attention is paid to whether their analgesic effects overlap with their reinforcing effects and whether the perceived low risk of taking legal medicinal opioids, which are often prescribed by a health professional, could play a role in the decision to use. Specifically, we will address the issue of predisposition or vulnerability to becoming addicted to drugs (i.e., the question of why some people who experiment with drugs develop an addiction, while others do not). Finally, we review attempts to develop novel therapeutic strategies and policy ideas that could help prevent opioid and other substance abuse.
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Rezaeifar, Alireza, i Fatemeh Dahmardeh. "The Effect of OPRM1 rs648893 Gene Polymorphism on Opioid Addiction in an Iranian population in Zabol: A Case-Control Study". International Journal of Basic Science in Medicine 4, nr 4 (31.12.2019): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijbsm.2019.04.
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Introduction: Opioid addiction (OA) is a neurologically life-threatening challenge associated with socioeconomic and health concerns for individuals and society. The addictive drugs trigger neuromodulators and neurotransmitters through the opioid receptors and corresponding endogenous peptide ligands. In addition, drug addiction is reportedly related to the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) encoding gene and its variants. According to the role of the rs648893 polymorphism of the OPRM1 gene in numerous disorders, it has been suggested as a candidate associated with drug addiction. The present case-control study was conducted to evaluate the role of OPRM1 rs648893 polymorphism in the OA risk. Methods: To this end, the rs648893 polymorphism was genotyped by tetra amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction among 160 Iranian subjects consisting of 105 OA cases and 155 controls. Results: According to our findings, there was no significant association between OA and the OPRM1 rs648893 gene polymorphism. Moreover, a marginally insignificant difference was found between OA cases and controls in accordance with the allelic frequencies (P=0.05) Conclusion: In general, our results reported no association between OPRM1 rs648893 gene polymorphism and OA although further research among various ethnicities with larger sample sizes is needed to draw a definite conclusion on the association of rs648893 polymorphism and other OPRM1 intronic variants with opioid and other addictions.
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Dube, Neelam, Ramya Ashwin i Venkata Satyanarayana Nanduri. "Successful application of Yoga Prana Vidya therapy and energy healing techniques in de-addiction: An analysis of case series". International Journal of Integrative Medical Sciences 9, nr 2 (15.08.2022): 1016–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijims.2022.101.
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Introduction: Human beings are afflicted by various harmful addictions of substance and non-substance cravings. Several behavioural therapies and medications are normally available for de-addiction and rehabilitation. Yoga Prana Vidya (YPV) is an integrated and holistic system that consists of no-touch no-drug energy healing protocols and simple to practice. This paper presents cases of various addictions successfully overcome using YPV System Protocols. Method: This paper uses case study method going through case papers and feedback reports from subjects who had successfully overcome addictions using Yoga Prana Vidya system of protocols. Results: An Indian sample of 30 documented cases shows that Yoga Prana Vidya healers applied YPV protocols for de-addiction of these cases successfully, and the 7 subjects who could be followed up confirmed that they successfully sustained the change. An in-depth case study of a subject in Australia healed by a YPV healer in Australia shows that the subject cured completely of alcohol addiction after 2 weeks of YPV healing. Further to it, this subject learnt YPV Level 1 healing and became a healer to continue healing himself and others as well. Conclusion: YPV system is integrated and holistic, without touch or use of drugs. Decades of experience with YPV practice shows that many types of physical, mental and emotional illnesses have been cured successfully. YPV is easy to learn and simple to practice by all. Further research may be conducted on a larger sample of varied conditions of addiction to gain broader insights into this phenomenon. KEY WORDS: Addiction, Substance Use Disorder (SUD), Addictive behaviours, Yoga Prana Vidya System ®, YPV ®
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Miller, Norman S., i James A. Cocores. "Nicotine Dependence: Diagnosis, Chemistry, and Pharmacologic Treatments". Pediatrics In Review 14, nr 7 (1.07.1993): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.14.7.275.
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Columbus brought tobacco to the Old World, and in the following centuries, tobacco smoking spread throughout the world, despite vigorous opposition. The tobacco plant was named Nicotiana tabacum after Jean Nicot, who promoted his belief that the plant had medicinal value. Nicotine, the basic addicting drug contained in cigarettes, may be the deadliest drug known to humans in terms of overall morbidity and mortality. The morbidity and mortality from nicotine addiction is greater than that from World Wars I and II, the Vietnam War, AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and heroin and cocaine addiction combined. Tobacco use is linked to more than 390 000 deaths per year in the United States alone. The powerful lobbying forces of the tobacco industry have managed to keep supplies of nicotine available to the public despite efforts from medical and legal bodies to reduce advertising and educate the public about the adverse consequences of nicotine use. The addictive potential of cigarettes and the extent to which nicotine is the active ingredient in generating and sustaining addiction has been debated. The reasons for the resistance to considering whether nicotine is addictive have origins in attitudes toward addiction. Free will and personal choice have prevailed as explanations for why a 20-cigarette per day smoker will receive more then 70 000 boluses of nicotine per year despite the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with this drug.
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Antonovych, M. "Features of personal identity of drug addicts". Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 41, nr 5 (30.11.2020): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2020.5.9.
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The problem of personal identity in the modern world is becoming increasingly important due to the increasing number of statuses and roles of the individual, which in recent decades have completely changed and are no longer fixed. One of the potential risks of personal identity disorders is drug addiction, which is one of the most acute problems of our time, the problem of which has reached catastrophic proportions. The peculiarities of the personal identity of persons addicted to psychoactive substances are now increasingly in the focus of researchers. The use of psychoactive substances forms an addictive identity, because of which a person relates himself only to his own role-playing, often illusory characteristics, losing a deep understanding of his own “Self”. Violation of the formation of identity, in turn, acts as a factor in the development of addictive behaviour. The article presents the results of a study of personal identity in people with drug addiction (opium addiction). The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the concept of ego-identity E. Erickson and J. Marcia's concept of the statuses of his identity. We used techniques to diagnose personal identity "Who am I?" M. Kuna, T. McPartland in the modification of T.V. Rumyantseva and the method "Diagnosis of interpersonal relationships" (T. Leary). The study sample consisted of 102 male patients with drug addiction (opium addiction) aged 18-26 years, and 54 healthy males aged 18-27 years without signs of somatic, mental pathology and drug addiction. Research and analysis of personal identification characteristics of drug addicts shows that personal identity is characterized by internal consistency, blurring and inconsistency of the image of "Self", formed due to superficial and weak differentiation awareness of one's own "Self"; personal identity is characterized by blurring and unformed boundaries of one's own "Self", namely the adhesion of aspects of "Self" - Real and "Self" - ideal, which determines the deformation of personal identity and value-motivational sphere of the drug addict; characterized by polymorphic structure of "Self", the difficulty of self-identification and the inability to distinguish "ideal" aspects of personality from the real, which contributes to the formation of diffuse status of personal identity, supporting the process of negative transformation into addictive identity and characterized by awareness of drug addiction.
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Njeru, Margaret. "The Neuroscience, Neurobiology of Alcohol and Drug Addiction: A Discussion". International Journal of Psychology 8, nr 4 (4.12.2023): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijp.2222.
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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the neuroscience and neurobiology of alcohol and drug addiction. The study of neuroscience and neurobiology of alcohol and drug addiction will help to understand the relationship between addiction and brain functioning.
Methodology: The study utilized a systematic review of literature to study alcohol and drug addiction by identifying parts of the human brain responsible for addiction, stages of addiction, elements of addiction, and effects of different drugs on the brain. The main theories of addiction guiding the research were the Incentive-Sensitization theory and the Disease Theory.
Findings: The outcome from the paper showed addiction is a chronic illness that contributes to significant impairments in social function, health, and in lack of control over drug use. The three stages of addiction are intoxication/ binge, withdrawal, and anticipation. Also, it was found out basal ganglia, extended amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex are the main parts of the brain responsible for drug addiction.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The outcome from the paper has contributed towards advancing the knowledge of drug addiction by establishing evidence-based approaches for identifying the neurobiology and neuroscience of drug addiction. Findings can be utilized in developing policies and frameworks that guide the use of drugs, especially prescription drugs like opioids. Moreover, findings help in advancing the practice in medicine by recommending new pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments to prevent and control addiction.