Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Drought

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Drought”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 30 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Drought"

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Jedd, Theresa, Deborah Bathke, Duane Gill, Bimal Paul, Nicole Wall, Tonya Bernadt, Jacob Petr, Anthony Mucia i Milan Wall. "Tracking Drought Perspectives: A Rural Case Study of Transformations Following an Invisible Hazard". Weather, Climate, and Society 10, nr 4 (15.08.2018): 653–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-17-0067.1.

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Abstract Rural towns are especially susceptible to the effects of drought because their economies are dependent on natural resources. However, they are also resilient in many ways to natural hazards because they are rich in civic engagement and social capital. Because of the diverse nature of drought’s impacts, understanding its complex dynamics and its effects requires a multidisciplinary approach. To study these dynamics, this research combines appreciative inquiry, the Community Capitals Framework, and a range of climatological monitoring data to assess the 2012–14 Great Plains drought’s effect on McCook, Nebraska. Community coping measures, such as water-use reduction and public health programs, were designed to address the immediate effects of heat and scant rainfall during the initial summer and the subsequent years. Residents generally reported the community was better prepared than in previous droughts, including the persistent multiyear early-2000s drought. However, the results highlight wide variation in community perspectives about the drought’s severity and impacts, as well as divergent experiences and coping responses. Despite these factors, we find evidence of the transformative potential of moving from drought coping to drought mitigation. We attribute the city’s resilience to the ability to draw upon prior experience with droughts, having a formal municipal plan, and strong human and social capital to coordinate individual knowledge and expertise across agencies. We suggest that droughts have served a catalytic function, prompting the community to transform land-use practices, water conservation planning, and built infrastructure in lasting ways.
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Santos, João F., Lidija Tadic, Maria Manuela Portela, Luis Angel Espinosa i Tamara Brleković. "Drought Characterization in Croatia Using E-OBS Gridded Data". Water 15, nr 21 (31.10.2023): 3806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15213806.

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Droughts are among the major natural hazards that are spreading to many parts of the world, with huge multi-dimensional impacts. An extensive analysis of drought phenomenon is presented for continental Croatia based on a meteorological E-OBS gridded dataset (0.25° × 0.25°), within the period of 1950–2022. The drought events were characterized by the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), applied to different time-scales (6 and 12 months), in order to describe the subannual and annual variability of drought. The spatiotemporal patterns of drought are obtained through principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering (KMC) applied to the SPEI field. An areal drought evolution analysis and the changes in the frequency of occurrence of the periods under drought conditions were achieved using a kernel occurrence rate estimator (KORE). The modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) test, coupled with the Sen’s slope estimator test, are applied to the SPEI series in order to quantify the drought trends throughout the country. According to the history drought events and considering the different morphoclimatic characteristics of the study area, the results showed that Croatia could be divided into three different and spatially well-defined regions with specific temporal and spatial characteristics of droughts (central northern, eastern and southern regions). A manifest increase is shown in the percentage of area affected by drought, as well as in the yearly drought occurrences rates, in both central northern and eastern regions, and an evident decrease is shown in the southern region for both 6- and 12-month SPEI time-scales. In the observation of the drought’s temporal characteristics, it was found that downward trends expressing increasing drought severities were strongly significant in northern and eastern regions, while a few significant upward trends were seen in the southern region. From this study, it is possible to obtain a broader view of the historical behaviour of droughts in Croatia, with the results providing useful support for drought risk assessment and decision-making processes.
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Makuya, Vuwani, Weldemichael Tesfuhuney, Mokhele E. Moeletsi i Zaid Bello. "Assessing the Impact of Agricultural Drought on Yield over Maize Growing Areas, Free State Province, South Africa, Using the SPIand SPEI". Sustainability 16, nr 11 (31.05.2024): 4703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16114703.

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Maize (Zea mays L.) is an essential crop in South Africa serving as a staple food; however, agricultural drought threatens its production, resulting in lower yields. This study aimed to assess the impact of agricultural drought on maize yield in the major areas (Bethlehem, Bloemfontein, and Bothaville) that produce maize in the Free State Province from 1990 to 2020. The study used the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to examine drought occurrences and severity during the maize growing season (October–March). The Standardized Yield Residuals Series (SYRS), Crop Drought Resilient Factor (CDRF), Spearman’s Rank Correlation (rs), and yield loss rate were employed to emphasize agricultural drought impact on maize yield. The results based on the SPI and SPEI show that drought frequently occurred in Bethlehem, followed by Bloemfontein and Bothaville. Drought severity indicated that moderate droughts were prevalent in Bethlehem, while severe droughts were in all areas (Bethlehem, Bloemfontein, and Bothaville) and extreme droughts in Bloemfontein. The agricultural drought’s impact on maize varied across growth seasons and areas. Notably, the lowest SYRS value of −2.38 (1991/92) was observed in Bethlehem. An extremely strong significant correlation (rsSPEI-6 vs SYRS = 0.83, p = 1.07 × 10−8) was observed between the SPEI and SYRS in Bloemfontein during the October–November–December–January–February–March (ONDJFM) season. The CDRF indicated that maize yield was severely non-resilient (CDRF < 0.8) to drought in Bethlehem (CDRF = 0.27) and Bloemfontein (CDRF = 0.33) and resilient (CDRF = 1.16) in Bothaville. The highest maize yield loss of −88.62% was observed in Bethlehem due to extreme agricultural drought. The results suggest that, historically, agricultural drought was a threat to maize production in the studied areas, particularly in Bethlehem and Bloemfontein. This underscores the implementation of sustainable agricultural practices, such as drought-resistant varieties in these areas, to mitigate the impacts of climate change, especially drought, and ensure food security. This is a step toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger).
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Van Loon, A. F., i H. A. J. Van Lanen. "A process-based typology of hydrological drought". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, nr 7 (6.07.2012): 1915–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1915-2012.

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Abstract. Hydrological drought events have very different causes and effects. Classifying these events into distinct types can be useful for both science and management. We propose a hydrological drought typology that is based on governing drought propagation processes derived from catchment-scale drought analysis. In this typology six hydrological drought types are distinguished, i.e. (i) classical rainfall deficit drought, (ii) rain-to-snow-season drought, (iii) wet-to-dry-season drought, (iv) cold snow season drought, (v) warm snow season drought, and (vi) composite drought. The processes underlying these drought types are the result of the interplay of temperature and precipitation at catchment scale in different seasons. As a test case, about 125 groundwater droughts and 210 discharge droughts in five contrasting headwater catchments in Europe have been classified. The most common drought type in all catchments was the classical rainfall deficit drought (almost 50% of all events), but in the selected catchments these were mostly minor events. If only the five most severe drought events of each catchment are considered, a shift towards more rain-to-snow-season droughts, warm snow season droughts, and composite droughts was found. The occurrence of hydrological drought types is determined by climate and catchment characteristics. The drought typology is transferable to other catchments, including outside Europe, because it is generic and based upon processes that occur around the world. A general framework is proposed to identify drought type occurrence in relation to climate and catchment characteristics.
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Van Loon, A. F., i H. A. J. Van Lanen. "A process-based typology of hydrological drought". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, nr 6 (22.12.2011): 11413–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-11413-2011.

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Abstract. Hydrological drought events have very different causes and effects. Classifying these events into distinct types can be useful for both science and management. We propose a classification of hydrological drought types that is based on the governing drought propagation processes. In this classification six hydrological drought types are distinguished, i.e. (i) classical rainfall deficit drought, (ii) rain-to-snow-season drought, (iii) wet-to-dry-season drought, (iv) cold snow season drought, (v) warm snow season drought, and (vi) composite drought. The processes underlying these drought types are a result of the interplay of temperature and precipitation at catchment scale in different seasons. As a test case, about 125 groundwater droughts and about 210 discharge droughts in five contrasting headwater catchments in Europe have been classified. The most common drought type in all catchments is the classical rainfall deficit drought (almost 50% of all events), but in the selected catchments these are mostly minor events. If only the five most severe drought events of each catchment are considered, a shift towards more rain-to-snow-season droughts, warm snow season droughts, and composite droughts is found. The occurrence of hydrological drought types is determined by climate and catchment characteristics. The typology is transferable to other catchments, incl. outside Europe, because it is generic and based upon processes that occur around the world. A general framework is proposed to identify drought type occurrence in relation to climate and catchment characteristics.
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Cai, Xiuhua, Wenqian Zhang, Xiaoyi Fang, Qiang Zhang, Cunjie Zhang, Dong Chen, Chen Cheng, Wenjie Fan i Ying Yu. "Identification of Regional Drought Processes in North China Using MCI Analysis". Land 10, nr 12 (15.12.2021): 1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10121390.

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Comprehensive identification of drought events is of great significance for monitoring and evaluating drought processes. Based on the date of daily precipitation, temperature and drought-affected area of 403 meteorological stations in North China from 1960 to 2019, the Comprehensive Drought Process Intensity Index (CDPII) has been developed by using the Meteorological-drought Composite Index (MCI) and regional drought process identification method, as well as the EIDR theory method. The regional drought processes in the past 60 years in North China, including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi and Middle Inner Mongolia, were analyzed and identified. The result shows that the distribution characteristic of droughts with different intensities is as follows: The number of days of all annual-average mild droughts, moderate droughts and severe droughts was highest in Tianjin and that of extreme droughts was highest in Shanxi. The number of days of mild droughts was highest in May and lowest in January. The number of days of moderate droughts was highest in June. The number of days with mild and moderate drought showed an overall increasing trend, while the number of days with severe drought and above showed an overall decreasing trend (through a 95% significance test). The number of drought days was the highest in the 1990s. The annual frequency of drought is between 66.7% and 86.7%; the drought frequency in Hebei is the highest at 86.7%, followed by Beijing at 80%. There were 75 regional drought processes in North China from 1960 to 2019, and the correlation coefficient between process intensity and the drought-affected area was 0.55, which passed the 99% significance test. The comprehensive intensity of drought process from 27 April to 1 September 1972 was the strongest. From 18 May to 31 October 1965, the drought lasted 167 days. The overall drought intensity had a slight weakening trend in the past 60 years. A total of 75 regional drought processes occurred in North China, and the process intensity showed a trend of wavy decline with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.079 (95% significance test). Overall, the regional drought process identification method and strength assessment result tally with the drought disaster, which can better identify the regional drought process. Furthermore, including the last days, the average intensity, average scope comprehensive strength, there are many angles to monitor and evaluate the drought and drought process. These provide a reference for drought control and decision-making.
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MacAllister, Sarah, Maurizio Mencuccini, Ulf Sommer, Jasper Engel, Andrew Hudson, Yann Salmon i Kyle G. Dexter. "Drought-induced mortality in Scots pine: opening the metabolic black box". Tree Physiology 39, nr 8 (21.06.2019): 1358–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz049.

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Abstract Forests are sensitive to droughts, which increase the mortality rate of tree species. Various processes have been proposed to underlie drought-induced tree mortality, including hydraulic failure, carbon starvation and increased susceptibility to natural enemies. To give insights into these processes, we assessed the metabolic effects of a mortality-inducing drought on seedlings of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots Pine), a widespread and important Eurasian species. We found divergence over time in the foliar metabolic composition of droughted vs well-watered seedlings, with the former showing increased abundance of aromatic amino acids and decreases in secondary metabolism associated with defence. We observed no significant differences amongst provenances in these effects: seedlings from drought-prone areas showed the same foliar metabolic changes under drought as seedlings from moist environments, although morphological effects of drought varied by provenance. Overall, our results demonstrate how severe drought prior to death may target particular primary and secondary metabolic pathways, weakening defences against natural enemies and contributing to the risk of drought-induced mortality in P. sylvestris.
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Wang, Wei, Yunzhong Shen, Fengwei Wang i Weiwei Li. "Two Severe Prolonged Hydrological Droughts Analysis over Mainland Australia Using GRACE Satellite Data". Remote Sensing 13, nr 8 (8.04.2021): 1432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081432.

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In recent years, many droughts have happened over mainland Australia, especially the two severe prolonged droughts, from 2006 to 2009 and 2018 to 2020, resulting in serious water scarcity. Therefore, using the Total Storage Deficit Index (TSDI) from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), we analyzed the two severe prolonged droughts from the perspective of the affected area, spatial evolution, frequency, severity and drought driving factors. The results show that the affected area of Drought 2006–2009 ranged from 57% to 95%, and that of Drought 2018–2020 ranged from 45% to 95%. Drought 2006–2009 took its rise in southeastern Australia and gradually spread to the central part. Drought 2018–2020 originated in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory and northern New South Wales, and gradually expanded to Western Australia and the whole New South Wales respectively. During Drought 2006–2009, Victoria suffered drought all months, including 59% mild drought and 41% moderate drought, North Territory had the highest drought severity of 44.26 and Victoria ranked the second high with the severity of 35.51 (cm months). For Drought 2018–2020, Northern Territory was also dominated by drought all months, including 92% mild drought and 8% moderate drought, the drought severities were in North Territory and Western Australia with 52.19 and 31.44 (cm months), respectively. Finally, the correlation coefficients between the two droughts and Indo-Pacific climate variability including El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) are computed. By comparing the correlation coefficients of Drought 2018–2020 with Drought 2006–2009, we find that the impact of the El Niño on the hydrological drought becomes weaker while IOD is stronger, and the role of Southern Oscillation on droughts is diverse with the quite different spatial patterns. The results from Fourier analysis confirm that the two hydrological droughts are all related to Indo-Pacific climate variability but with slightly different driving mechanisms.
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Zhao, Ruxin, Siquan Yang, Hongquan Sun, Lei Zhou, Ming Li, Lisong Xing i Rong Tian. "Extremeness Comparison of Regional Drought Events in Yunnan Province, Southwest China: Based on Different Drought Characteristics and Joint Return Periods". Atmosphere 14, nr 7 (16.07.2023): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071153.

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Droughts frequently occur in Yunnan province, the southwest of China, which leads to crop loss, ecosystem degradation, and difficulties in drinking water for people. In order to assess and compare the extremeness for different drought events, this study quantified it by utilizing the joint return period of drought multi-characteristics. Three characteristics at the regional scale: drought duration, severity, and affected areas were obtained by a simple regional drought process methodology, and their relationship was considered based on three types of Archimedean Copulas. Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index at a six-month time scale was selected as the optimal drought index based on actual drought impact data. Results showed that drought events in Yunnan province were mostly short drought duration, low severity, and high drought-affected areas. By comparing the historical reported droughts’ loss, the return periods of drought events calculated by the combination of duration and severity and drought-affected area are much more suitable to reflect the real drought situations than those calculated by one- or two-dimensional drought characteristics, especially for extreme drought events. On average, the drought in Yunnan province was almost shown a return period of ~10 yr. The frequency of droughts in Yunnan province has gradually increased due to climate change, and droughts with ~100 yr or even larger return periods occurred in 2009–2010 and 2011–2013.
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Tian, Lu, Markus Disse i Jingshui Huang. "Drought cascades across multiple systems in Central Asia identified based on the dynamic space–time motion approach". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 27, nr 22 (15.11.2023): 4115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-4115-2023.

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Abstract. Drought is typically induced by the extreme water deficit stress that cascades through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Cascading drought events could cause severe damage in multiple systems. However, identifying cascading drought connections considering the dynamic space–time progression remains challenging, which hinders further exploring the emergent patterns of drought cascades. This study proposes a novel framework for tracking drought cascades across multiple systems by utilizing dynamic space–time motion similarities. Our investigation focuses on the four primary drought types in Central Asia from 1980 to 2007, namely precipitation (PCP), evapotranspiration (ET), runoff, and root zone soil moisture (SM), representing the four systems of atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and soil layer respectively. A total of 503 cascading drought events are identified in this study, including the 261 four-system cascading drought events. Our results show a significant prevalence of the four-system cascading drought pattern in Central Asia with high systematic drought risk, mainly when seasonal PCP droughts with high severity/intensity and sizeable spatial extent are observed. As for the temporal order in the cascading drought events, ET droughts are likely to occur earlier than runoff droughts after PCP droughts, and SM droughts are more likely to occur at last, implying the integrated driven effect of the energy-limited and water-limited phases on the drought progression in Central Asia. Our proposed framework could attain precise internal spatial trajectories within each cascading drought event and enable the capture of space–time cascading connections across diverse drought systems and associated hazards. The identification of cascading drought patterns could provide a systematic understanding of the drought evolution across multiple systems under exacerbated global warming.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Drought"

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Guinan, Patrick E. "Seasonally adjusted index for projecting agricultural drought /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3164510.

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Quiring, Steven M. "Developing a real-time agricultural drought monitoring system for Delaware". Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 2.86 Mb , 207 p, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3181867.

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Hassan, Gana Abdullahi. "Drought and drought mitigation in Yobe State, Nigeria". Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/621793.

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Drought is regarded as a natural phenomenon and its impacts accumulate slowly over a long period. It is considered to be insufficient precipitation that leads to water scarcity, as triggered by meteorological parameters, such as temperature, precipitation and humidity. However, drought mitigation has mostly been reactive, but this has been challenged by extreme events globally. Many countries and regions around the world have made efforts in mitigating drought impacts, including Nigeria. This research produced frameworks for drought amelioration and management as a planning tool for Yobe State, Nigeria. Mixed methods were employed to investigate the effects of drought; 1,040 questionnaires were administered to farmers in three regions of Yobe State (South, North and East). Some 721 were returned, representing a 69.3% return rate. Drought is pronounced in the State and has been recent over the years; it has also affected many people, with losses of ~70-80% of their harvests and livestock. Drought coping strategies have also caused environmental degradation in Yobe State. Farmers over-harvest their farms, practise deforestation and over-exploit wild animals. Several efforts to mitigate the impacts of drought by the Nigerian Government have failed, thus this research adopts a bottom-top approach to mitigate drought impacts in Yobe State. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were also conducted at government and community levels to gather farmers' and government officials' opinions on their drought experience and suggestions for mitigation measures. Farmers believed that rainfall is their main problem and officials pointed that there are no proper drought mitigation plans in Yobe State. Four validated drought mitigation and management frameworks were developed for Yobe State. The frameworks were evaluated pre-use through respondent validation. State officials and farmers believed that these frameworks will reduce the impacts of drought in Yobe State. The frameworks include social, economic, environmental impact mitigation and an Integrated Drought Mitigation and Management Framework. The proposed frameworks were designed and have advocates a paradigm shift, using both proactive and reactive measures. A new drought definition was proposed based on the findings of the study. The definition states that drought is the shortage of rainfall or water that affects people's livelihood and the environment both directly and indirectly.
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Bellamy, John Thomas. "Drought frequency and risk analysis in the Upper Green River Basin, Wyoming". Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1798480881&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Sprinkle, Jim. "Supplementation During Drought". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144719.

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Breeding failure is the most important adverse consequence to the cow herd during drought. This is due to reduced forage quality and availability, resulting in nutritional stress. This publication provides information on how to supplement cattle to meet its nutrient requirements during drought.
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Abraham, Joseph. "Assessing drought vulnerability". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196047.

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This dissertation makes valuable contributions to hazard and disaster vulnerability assessment theory and methodology. Appendix A presents results of a national survey of state drought planning processes that examined and evaluated how state processes were assessing drought impacts and vulnerabilities, and how assessments were used to mitigate risk. While impact and vulnerability assessments have been useful for reactive, short-term mitigation, most were found to have not been used to develop pro-active and/or committed, long-term mitigation programs. To be useful for developing long-term planning and mitigation, assessments must involve more social scientists, a greater emphasis on second-, third-, etc., order impacts, and examining how systems are sensitive to drought exposure, and studying adaptive capacity. Appendix B adapts a political economy/human ecology and political ecology research framework and examines how regional historical, institutional and regional development patterns in central Arizona have contributed to the production of local drought vulnerability in rural Arizona during the 20th century. The study evaluates the applicability of a research framework developed in Third World settings, and resulted in valuable insights for developing state and county policy in Arizona to mitigate social, economic, and political-institutional drivers of drought vulnerability. Appendix C compliments the assessment in Appendix B by examining local drivers of drought vulnerability and conducting a comparative drought vulnerability analysis in two rural communities in northern Gila County, Arizona. The assessment found local differences in community water system vulnerabilities were driven by differences in capacity to adapt to climate variability and population growth. Differences in adaptive capacity, in turn, were driven by differences in local management, institutional factors, and economic incentives of private and public water systems. Together, the three appendices contribute practical and theoretical contributions for assessments conducted by state and local governments, non-governmental organizations, and academic research units that seek to assess and ultimately mitigate hazard and disaster vulnerability.
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Sprinkle, Jim E. "Supplementation During Drought". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/239551.

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Singh, Kamal. "Drought, relief and rural communities : special report no. 9". Association for Rural Advancement (AFRA), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68651.

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The Association for Rural Advancement (AFRA) has run a Drought Project since October 1992. The project's primary focus was to monitor drought conditions in the AFRA's operational area and to assist communities to access relief through providing them with relevant information and helping them to submit proposals to relief agencies. In attempting to do this, it became clear that the effects of drought on rural black communities was not a well understood phenomenon. We also found that relief strategies were informed more by economic, agricultural and meteorological criteria than social ones. This Special Report aims to contribute to the development of a more appropriate drought management strategy, especially with regard to rural communities. In attempting to make this contribution, the Report examines the factors involved in redefining drought and drought relief perspectives in relation to rural communities. However, the range of factors involved and the scarcity of useful information on them, dictate that this is merely an introduction. The complexities and implications arising from the introduction of these factors into drought management in South Africa should be explored on an on-going basis. Because of the scarcity of relevant information about the effects of drought on black rural communities in South Africa, this Report has relied on AFRA's limited monitoring of such communities. Some information was also gathered through Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods. There were also difficulties in getting information about relief schemes and their operations as most relief agencies were reluctant to release this information. As a result, almost all the relief related information in this Special Report was obtained from publications and reports of the National Consultative Forum on Drought.
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Lohani, Vinod K. "Characterization of palmer drought index as a precursor for drought mitigation". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39044.

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Coping with droughts involves two phases. In the first phase drought susceptibility of a region should be assessed for developing proper additional sources of supply which will be exploited during the course of a drought. The second phase focuses on the issuance of drought warnings and exercising mitigation measures during a drought . These kinds of information are extremely valuable to decision making authorities. In this dissertation three broad schemes i) time series modeling, ii) Markov chain analysis, and iii) dynamical systems approach are put forward for computing the drought parameters necessary for understanding the scope of the drought. These parameters include drought occurrence probabilities, duration of various drought severity classes which describe a region's drought susceptibility, and first times of arrival for non drought classes which signify times of relief for a drought-affected region. These schemes also predict drought based on given current conditions. In the time series analysis two classes of models; the fixed parameter and the time varying models are formulated. To overcome the bimodal behavior of the Pallner Drought Severity Index (PDSI), primarily due to the backtracking scheme to reset the temporary index values as the PDSI values, the models are fitted to the Z index in addition to the PDSI for the forecasting of the PDSI.
Ph. D.
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Chbouki, Nabil. "Spatio-temporal characteristics of drought as inferred from tree-ring data in Morocco". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185851.

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Long-term tree-ring series of Cedrus atlantica have been utilized to reconstruct and characterize past drought occurrences in Morocco. Based on the close relationship between tree growth and rainfall variations, the best tree-ring indicator of drought has been found to be, x₀ = μ -.75σ, with μ and σ the mean and standard deviation of the tree-ring series. In Morocco, drought is a short event lasting 1.7 years on average with 84% of the events lasting less than 2 years. The average maximum duration exceeds 4 years. It is associated with a 40% deficit about normal moisture availability which can add up to more than 125% when the anomalies persist. The average empirical recurrence interval of drought is 8 years. Long-term persistence has been characterized by the Hurst coefficient. Over the domain of study, the mean Hurst coefficient is .765. The tree-ring series show a periodic behavior with two major peaks at 22 and 66 years. Drought characteristics have been extended from the tree-ring sites to other regions such as the agricultural plains using geostatistical methods. The drought prone areas are located in central Morocco, including the Sais, the Gharb and central Middle Atlas, which experience longer, more severe and more persistent droughts. The northern latitudes experience milder and shorter drought events. The cost for spatial extension of the results was greater kriging errors which make the estimates less reliable. However, cokriging significantly improved the reliability and the quality of the estimates. A regionalization, using cluster analysis, was found to follow the natural climatic and orographic zones of north central Morocco. The tree-ring data were used to reconstruct spatial patterns of moisture anomalies for the period 1845-1974. Three atmospheric factors appear to be important: (1) the relative strength and position of the Azores High, (2) the importance and location of the local cyclogenesis centers, (3) the importance of the northeastern perturbations coming from the Mediterranean sea. The periods 1860-1890, 1925-1950 and the 1970's are associated with dry anomalies while the periods 1900-1920 and 1950-1970 are associated with wet anomalies. They exhibit a rhythmic succession with a 20-year periodicity.
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Książki na temat "Drought"

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Missouri. Geological Survey and Resource Assessment Division. Missouri drought plan. Rolla, MO: Missouri Department of Natural Resources, 2002.

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Idaho. Dept. of Water Resources. Planning and Policy Division., red. Idaho drought plan and federal water-related drought response programs. Boise, Idaho: The Dept., 1995.

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Idaho. Dept. of Water Resources. Planning and Technical Services Division., red. Idaho drought plan with federal water-related drought response programs. Boise, Idaho: The Dept., 2001.

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Southern African Development Community. Secretariat. i Southern African Development Community. Food Security, Technical and Administrative Unit., red. Consolidated drought appeal. Gaborone, Botswana: SADC Secretariat, 1995.

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Virginia. State Water Control Board., red. Drought indicator parameters. Richmond, Va: Office of Water Resources Planning, Virginia State Water Control Board, 1990.

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Stewart, Gail. Drought. New York: Crestwood House, 1990.

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Knapp, Brian. Drought. Oxford: Heinemann, 1990.

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Knapp, Brian J. Drought. Austin, Tex: Steck-Vaughn, 1990.

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Graham, Masterton. Drought. Sutton: Severn House Paperbacks, 2015.

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Committee, Montana Drought Advisory. The Governor's report drought in Montana. Helena, Mont.]: The Committee, 2004.

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Części książek na temat "Drought"

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Passioura, J. B. "Drought and drought tolerance". W Drought Tolerance in Higher Plants: Genetical, Physiological and Molecular Biological Analysis, 1–5. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1299-6_1.

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Hollins, Suzanne, i John Dodson. "Drought". W Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards, 189–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_98.

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Begum, Mst Marzina, i Md Nurul Momen. "Drought". W The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74336-3_323-1.

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McCabe, J. Terrence, i Amy Quandt. "Drought". W The Angry Earth, 212–26. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315298917-26.

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Richards, Richard A. "Drought". W Wheat Improvement, 417–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_23.

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AbstractEstablished breeding methods for wheat in dry environments continue to make gains. It will remain the cornerstone for wheat improvement. This Chapter discusses proven methods to make additional gains. It discusses a way to benchmark yield potential in dry environments and how this can be used to determine whether unexpected agronomic or genetic factors are limiting yields. It examines opportunities, advantages and disadvantages of trait-based selection methods for dry environments, and it presents a framework by which important traits can be selected. Both high throughput and marker-based methods of selection are examined for their success and feasibility of use in breeding. It also highlights the importance of agronomic approaches in combination with breeding to continue to improve yield potential in water limited environments. Finally, the elements of success of translation from research to the delivery of new varieties is examined.
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Wilhite, D. A. "Drought". W International Perspectives on Natural Disasters: Occurrence, Mitigation, and Consequences, 147–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2851-9_7.

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Levitt, J. "Drought". W Forage Plant Physiology and Soil-Range Relationships, 57–66. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/asaspecpub5.c4.

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Jordaan, Andries. "Drought". W Routledge Handbook of Environmental Hazards and Society, 106–24. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367854584-10.

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Begum, Mst Marzina, i Md Nurul Momen. "Drought". W The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies, 332–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74319-6_323.

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Savelli, Elisa. "Drought". W Routledge Handbook of Water and Development, 263–72. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003095545-29.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Drought"

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Ng, Cia Yik, Wan Zurina Wan Jaafar, Faridah Othman, Sai Hin Lai, Yiwen Mei i Juneng Liew. "Evaluation of Drought Conditions in Peninsular Malaysia during 1989-2018 using SPI and EDDI". W International Technical Postgraduate Conference 2022. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.141.1.

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Droughts are constantly threatening the global water availability and food securities worldwide. This study aims to evaluate the short- and long-term (1-, 6- and 12-month) drought conditions in Peninsular Malaysia during 1989-2018 using Standardized Precipitation Index and Evaporative Demand Drought Index. Historical trends of drought conditions were analyzed using modified Mann-Kendall test. Spearman’s ρ approach was also applied to examine the spatial patterns of correlations between these drought indices. Based on the findings, Evaporative Demand Drought Index shows increasing tendency towards drier conditions in the northern half of Peninsular Malaysia, but opposite trends are observed for Standardized Precipitation Index. The time series of Evaporative Demand Drought Index are generally well-correlated to that of Standardized Precipitation Index at all three timescales for the whole study area, except for the northern region. The evidence presented suggests Evaporative Demand Drought Index is a great alternative for drought monitoring applications in Peninsular Malaysia.
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Vizina, Adam, Petr Pavlík, Irina Georgievová, Martin Hanel, Martina Peláková i Eva Melišová. "Warning information and local threshold limits in the HAMR system". W První konference PERUN. Český hydrometeorologický ústav, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59984/978-80-7653-063-8.29.

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Droughts and floods are extreme hydrological events with increasing impacts due to climate change. The PERUN project focuses on drought assessment in the Czech Republic and the innovation of the warning system by ČHMÚ. The Water Act amendment introduces the obligation to inform about drought and forecasting services. Tools are being developed for predicting the state of water resources and creating plans to address drought and water scarcity. The competent body is the Drought Commission at the regional or national level. Warning information is available on the HAMR portal along with the local threshold limits (MSL) of water sources.
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TAPARAUSKIENĖ, Laima, i Veronika LUKŠEVIČIŪTĖ. "DROUGHT OCCURRENCE UNDER LITHUANIAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS". W Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.059.

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This study provides the analysis of drought conditions of vegetation period in 1982-2014 year in two Lithuanian regions: Kaunas and Telšiai. To identify drought conditions the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was applied. SPI was calculated using the long-term precipitation record of 1982–2014 with in-situ meteorological data. Calculation step of SPI was taken 1 month considering only vegetation period (May, June, July, August, September). The purpose of investigation was to evaluate the humidity/aridity of vegetation period and find out the probability of droughts occurrence under Lithuanian climatic conditions. It was found out that according SPI results droughts occurred in 14.5 % of all months in Kaunas region and in 15.8 % in Telšiai region. Wet periods in Kaunas region occurred in 15.8 %, and in Telšiai region occurrence of wet periods was – 18.8 % from all evaluated months. According SPI evaluation near normal were 69.7 % of total months during period of investigation in Kaunas and respectively – 65.5 % in Telšiai. The probability for extremely dry period under Lithuania climatic conditions are pretty low – 3.0 % in middle Lithuania and 2.4 % in western part of Lithuania.
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Zolotokrylin, Aleksandr, Tatyana Titkova i Elena Cherenkova. "DRYNESS DYNAMICS OF THE SOUTH OF EUROPEAN RUSSIA IN THE SPRING - SUMMER PERIOD". W Land Degradation and Desertification: Problems of Sustainable Land Management and Adaptation. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1697.978-5-317-06490-7/148-152.

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Changes in the characteristics of spring-summer droughts in the south of European Russia (twelve regions) in the period 1901-2018 were studied using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and analyzed in the periods of increasing/decreasing humidifying estimated by the Aridity Index (AI). In each studied region, the trends of aridization for centrury and more are not found. In the meantime, long-term interdecadal periods of increasing and decreasing aridization are detected. They are characterized by significant variation of frequency and intensity of spring-summer droughts. Decreasing aridization in the early 20th century over most of the south of European Russia has been replaced by aridization increase in 1930s. The period of increasing humidifying of the whole investigated area from 1960s to the end of 20th century changed to the period of increasing aridization. During dry periods, frequency of drought increases in 1.5 times, while drought intensity growth is insignificant. In actual dry period, beginning with the early 21th century, spring-summer droughts have emerged earlier in eastern part of South of European Russia; however, in western part drought are observed more often.
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Yan, Y. Eugene, Yonas K. Demissie, Mark S. Wigmosta, Vince C. Tidwell, Carey W. King i Margaret A. Cook. "Potential Drought Impacts on Electricity Generation in Texas". W ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98318.

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Many power plants in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) region require a large amount of water for system cooling. To improve the understanding of potential risks of electricity generation curtailment due to drought, an assessment of water availability and its potential impacts on generation during drought was performed. For this impact analysis, we identified three drought scenarios based on historical drought records and projected climate data from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory global climate model, for greenhouse gas emission scenario A2 defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The three drought scenarios are (1) 2011 drought conditions (the worst drought in history), with the current level of water use; (2) a single-year drought (2022) projected for the period of 2020–2030, with the assumed projected water use level for 2030; and (3) a multiple-year drought constructed with climate data for 1950–1957 and water demand projected for 2030. The projected drought scenario in 2022 and the historical droughts in 2011 and 1950–1957 represent two different precipitation patterns in the Texas-Gulf river basin. The hydrologic model constructed for the Texas-Gulf river basin covers most of the ERCOT region. The model incorporates climate and water use data that correspond to three drought scenarios, respectively, to estimate evapotranspiration, water yield from watersheds, stream flow and water storage in reservoirs. Using criteria based on observed (< 50% storage) and predicted (< 55% storage) reservoir data, we identified 15 low-storage reservoirs in 2011, 10 in 2022, and 20 in 1956 (the last year of the multiple-year drought). The power plants that are supported by these reservoirs would be potentially at risk of being derated for thermoelectric cooling because of a lack of water supply. These power plants are located mainly in watersheds near and between Houston and Austin, as well as surrounding Dallas.
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Evgeniev, Radoslav, Krastina Malcheva, Tania Marinova, Hristo Chervenkov i Lilia Bocheva. "ASSESSMENT OF DROUGHT IN BULGARIA IN RECENT YEARS THROUGH THE STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX". W 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023/4.1/s19.31.

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Drought is a complex weather and climate-related phenomenon with significant ecological and socioeconomic consequences. In light of the increasing severity and frequency of droughts in Europe in recent years, this study focuses on assessing the spatiotemporal evolution of drought in Bulgaria during the period 2014-2022. To achieve this, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is calculated at different time scales (1, 3, and 6 months) for both the country's territory and individual municipalities using software recommended by the World Meteorological Organization. The spatiotemporal analysis is performed in the QGIS environment, utilizing the Ordinary Kriging method for spatial interpolation and the Zonal Statistics tool to calculate selected statistical features at the municipality level. Additionally, area-averaged values are extracted from all raster layers, forming time series spanning the period 2014-2022, which are used for further statistical analysis. The study reveals several drought events, with the most significant occurrence in 2019-2020, affecting 60-80% of the country's territory during certain months. However, the considered period is characterized by normal and wet conditions. The results also show that several municipalities in the western and southeastern regions of the country are particularly vulnerable to severe and extreme droughts. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of integrating different spatial and time scales in drought monitoring and analysis.
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Ilcheva, Irena, Anna Yordanova, Lubenova Lubenova, Gergana Drumeva i Vesela Rainova. "APPROACH AND INDICATOR SYSTEM FOR ASSESSMENT THE IMPACTS OF RESERVOIRS AND PROLONGED DROUGHT IDENTIFICATION IN BULGARIA FOR WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE". W 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/3.1/s12.07.

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Drought indicator systems help decision-makers to understand how and where the drought occurred and to take measures from the Drought Management Plans. The main goal in the Water Framework Directive (WFD) is the achievement �good ecological status�, but the Article 4.6 allows temporary deterioration of the status, occurred as a result of so called �prolonged drought�. Reduction of natural water resources such as rivers, lakes, aquifers, is associated with the reduction in available water resources for water supply, environment, etc. (so called �socio � economic� drought). The severity of the �prolonged drought� is related to its duration, specificities of the river basin, reservoir management and impacts. The research is related to the system of drought indicators developed in NIMH (http://hydro.bg: Standardized Runoff Index, SRI; Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI; Soil Moisture Index, SMI) and its improvement at River Basin level. A new approach for integrated analysis of the indices of the NIMH system, the indicators used by the Ministry of Environment and Water (MoEW) - inflow and levels of reservoirs, groundwater, etc., has been developed. Thus, from the first months, the so-called hot spots and critical areas are identified - reservoirs, watersheds and river basins for which drought indicators identify drought and/or whose regulatory capabilities have declining potential and are at risk in the event of prolonged drought. Emphasis is placed on those hot spots where the precipitation deficit takes place in the reservoir watersheds. A system of criteria and drought indicators to identify �prolonged droughts� have been experimentally applied. A joint analysis of the SRI, SPI, SMI maps (http://hydro.bg), the developed maps for inflow and volume of complex and significant reservoirs from Annex 1 of the Water Act, etc., was performed. For assessment of the indicators for the reservoir inflow a scale of inflow used by the MoEW is proposed. For the indicator available volume, experiments with the Percent from reservoir capacity, Standardized Status Index, etc., were conducted. Drought periods in Bulgaria are analyzed, especially prolonged drought 2019 � 2020. The approach supports the operational application of the NIMH drought indicator system in the practice of the MoEW and the Drought Management Plans realization.
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Slifko, Paul D. "Drought Preparedness". W World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40856(200)460.

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Chen, Yuanyuan, Li Sun, Kai Liu i Zhiyuan Pei. "Drought monitoring using MODIS derived perpendicular drought indexes". W 2019 8th International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics (Agro-Geoinformatics). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/agro-geoinformatics.2019.8820606.

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Chilikova-Lubomirova, Mila. "EXAMINATION OF URBAN AREAS DROUGHT VULNERABILITY. A TETEVEN TOWN CASE STUDY". W 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s20.022.

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Climate and weather play significant role in the urban areas function. They impact on the social and economy life, on the environment and infrastructure, on the biodiversity. That`s why the occurrence of extreme or untypical events is a challenge. Droughts are part of these processes. They are prolonged events that can lead to serious harmful impacts. For this purpose of importance is the becoming of reliable knowledge about such behaviour that can serve as a base for the selection of appropriate prevention and mitigation measures. This is possible by the implementation of recent scientific studies in the area that refer best to local specifics. In help of professionals and decision makers in the area this paper focuses on the droughts phenomena in urban areas. It observes the problem as a part of the climateenvironmental nexus. In this context the droughts vulnerability is examined in an integrated way, considering the main aspects and scientific approaches for droughts diagnostics. To illustrate the process in the material are summarized the results of a droughts study for one Bulgarian town � Teteven, situated in the northern slopes of the central Balkan in the Beli Vit river valley. For this reason it is implemented an integrated set of drought indicators that can ensure in parallel the detecting of meteorological and hydrological droughts and to serve for droughts vulnerability evaluation.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Drought"

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Basani, Marcello, Raúl Muñoz Castillo, Giulia Carscasci i Jihoon Lee. Piloting Drought Management Participatory Modeling-Based Approaches in Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, styczeń 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005500.

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Chile's unique geography and climatic zones, including the arid Atacama desert in the north and the cold, humid Patagonian zone in the south, represents a challenges for water resource management. Droughts, and particularly mega-droughts, have become more frequent and intense, affecting not only the north but also central regions like the Maipo basin basin, located in the Metropolitan Region. To address these issues, this project aims to develop a Drought Management Plan (DMP) for the Maipo basin, and to support analysis of drought conditions, including characterization of spatial coverage, intensity, and duration, a Drought Management module has been implemented in WaterALLOC, combining the Hydro-BID and MODSIM modeling systems. This case study focuses on the Maipo river basin in Chile, using the Drought Management module in WaterALLOC to simulate response stages for mitigating drought impacts. The study highlights the importance of integrated tools and modeling systems for enhanced water resources planning and decision-making in drought-prone regions. Finally, a capacity training program aimed at strengthening the technical capacities of local stakeholders in water resources management was implemented.
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Ortiz, Raphaëlle, Anamaría Núñez, Corinne Cathala, Ana R. Rios i Mauro Nalesso. Water in the Time of Drought II: Lessons from Droughts around the World. Redaktorzy Raul Muñoz, Alfred Grunwaldt i Claudia Calderón. Inter-American Development Bank, lipiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003425.

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This technical note is an update to the previous "Water in the Time of Drought: Lessons from Five Droughts Around the World", published in 2018. It explores drought situations and policies in Spain (including the Canary Islands), Chile, Mexico, the dry corridor between Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador, Brazil, and South Africa. Each of these countries has recently dealt with droughts and/or developed long-term solutions to manage them. HydroBID, a tool developed by the IDB, will be presented through relevant case studies. After defining drought experiences and institutional frameworks in each country, the brief will explore the successes and challenges of national drought and water management policies. Best practices and lessons learned will be extracted from each case study to help policymakers better prepare for droughts.
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Sevanto, Sanna. Phloem transport under drought. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), kwiecień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1781354.

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Narvaez, Liliana, Sally Janzen, Caitlyn Eberle i Zita Sebesvari. Technical Report: Taiwan drought. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/ujzw5639.

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During the 2020-2021 typhoon season, for the first time in 56 years, no typhoon made landfall on Taiwan, leading to one of the worst droughts in the island’s history. As reservoirs fell below 5% capacity, more than one million households and businesses had to ration water. This water rationing was not without controversy, especially for the island’s most water-intensive industries: rice farming and semiconductor manufacturing. Taiwan’s case exemplifies the challenges of water stress and related risk across value chains that could emerge as a result. It also shows stark choices that governments and authorities may have to face in rationing water resources. Water management in a changing climate is incredibly important to ensure the life, health and prosperity of people and ecosystems on our planet.This technical background report for the 2021/2022 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the Taiwan drought through a forensic analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.
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Yang, Wen. Drought Analysis under Climate Change by Application of Drought Indices and Copulas. Portland State University Library, styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.716.

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Cathala, Corinne, Anamaría Núñez i Ana R. Rios. Water in the Time of Drought: Lessons from Five Droughts around the World. Inter-American Development Bank, sierpień 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001279.

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Núñez, Anamaría, Corinne Cathala i Ana R. Rios. Water in the Time of Drought: Lessons from Five Droughts around the World. Inter-American Development Bank, sierpień 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008515.

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This policy brief examines these crises, explores successes and pitfalls in the response mechanisms, and extracts valuable lessons to assist decision makers in dealing with droughts, providing practical guidance in terms of urban planning and management. It will do so through a three-pronged approach: First, it describes the situation each utility and region faced while tackling the drought, as well as the measures they implemented to respond to that dire situation. Second, it will present some recommendations and lessons learned to build climate resilience in the future. Lastly, it will show how droughts may often be catalysts for new strategic measures and innovation that address water stress over the long term.
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Van Dee, Kevin, i Ralph Sandeen. Drought Tolerant Corn Strip Trial. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-926.

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Hooker, Reece. Special Report: Cities in drought. Monash University, czerwiec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/ccd0-61be.

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Ehren Moler, Ehren Moler. Does successive exposure of conifer seedlings to drought prepare them for subsequent extreme drought? Experiment, sierpień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/21281.

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