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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Drosophila Indirect Flight Muscles"
1
Fernandes, J., i K. VijayRaghavan. "The development of indirect flight muscle innervation in Drosophila melanogaster". Development 118, nr 1 (1.05.1993): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.1.215.
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We have examined the development of innervation to the indirect flight muscles of Drosophila. During metamorphosis, the larval intersegmental nerve of the mesothorax is remodelled to innervate the dorsal longitudinal muscles and two of the dorsoventral muscles. Another modified larval nerve innervates the remaining dorsoventral muscle. The dorsal longitudinal muscles develop using modified larval muscles as templates while dorsoventral muscles develop without the use of such templates. The development of innervation to the two groups of indirect flight muscles differs in spatial and temporal patterns, which may reflect the different ways in which these muscles develop. The identification of myoblasts associated with thoracic nerves during larval life and the association of migrating myoblasts with nerves during metamorphosis indicate the existence of nerve-muscle interactions during indirect flight muscle development. In addition, the developing pattern of axonal branching suggests a role for the target muscles in respecifying neuromuscular junctions during metamorphosis.
2
DeSimone, S., C. Coelho, S. Roy, K. VijayRaghavan i K. White. "ERECT WING, the Drosophila member of a family of DNA binding proteins is required in imaginal myoblasts for flight muscle development". Development 122, nr 1 (1.01.1996): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.1.31.
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The erect wing locus of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster encodes a protein, EWG, that shares extensive homology with the P3A2 DNA binding protein of sea urchin and a recently identified mammalian transcription factor. Loss-of-function erect wing alleles result in embryonic lethality. Viable alleles of erect wing cause severe abnormalities of the indirect flight muscles. We have analyzed the spatial pattern of erect wing expression in the developing indirect flight muscles during postembryonic development. EWG is detected, 10 hours after puparium formation, in myoblasts that will form the indirect flight muscles. The early events of muscle development are normal in ewg mutants. However, a few hours after the onset of erect wing expression in myoblasts, defects are seen in the developing indirect flight muscles which subsequently degenerate. We present results that show that the normal development of the indirect flight muscles requires erect wing expression in the progenitor myoblasts themselves. Finally, we examine the role of target muscles in the arborization of motor axons by studying the developing innervation to the flight muscle in erect wing mutants. Our study demonstrates, for the first time, a role for a regulatory gene expressed in imaginal myoblasts in Drosophila.
3
Fernandes, J., M. Bate i K. Vijayraghavan. "Development of the indirect flight muscles of Drosophila". Development 113, nr 1 (1.09.1991): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.113.1.67.
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We have followed the pupal development of the indirect flight muscles (IFMs) of Drosophila melanogaster. At the onset of metamorphosis larval muscles start to histolyze, with the exception of a specific set of thoracic muscles. Myoblasts surround these persisting larval muscles and begin the formation of one group of adult indirect flight muscles, the dorsal longitudinal muscles. We show that the other group of indirect flight muscles, the dorsoventral muscles, develops simultaneously but without the use of larval templates. By morphological criteria and by patterns of specific gene expression, our experiments define events in IFM development.
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Oas, Sandy T., Anton L. Bryantsev i Richard M. Cripps. "Arrest is a regulator of fiber-specific alternative splicing in the indirect flight muscles of Drosophila". Journal of Cell Biology 206, nr 7 (22.09.2014): 895–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201405058.
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Drosophila melanogaster flight muscles are distinct from other skeletal muscles, such as jump muscles, and express several uniquely spliced muscle-associated transcripts. We sought to identify factors mediating splicing differences between the flight and jump muscle fiber types. We found that the ribonucleic acid–binding protein Arrest (Aret) is expressed in flight muscles: in founder cells, Aret accumulates in a novel intranuclear compartment that we termed the Bruno body, and after the onset of muscle differentiation, Aret disperses in the nucleus. Down-regulation of the aret gene led to ultrastructural changes and functional impairment of flight muscles, and transcripts of structural genes expressed in the flight muscles became spliced in a manner characteristic of jump muscles. Aret also potently promoted flight muscle splicing patterns when ectopically expressed in jump muscles or tissue culture cells. Genetically, aret is located downstream of exd (extradenticle), hth (homothorax), and salm (spalt major), transcription factors that control fiber identity. Our observations provide insight into a transcriptional and splicing regulatory network for muscle fiber specification.
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Ghazi, A., S. Anant i K. Vijay Raghavan. "Apterous mediates development of direct flight muscles autonomously and indirect flight muscles through epidermal cues". Development 127, nr 24 (15.12.2000): 5309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.24.5309.
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Two physiologically distinct types of muscles, the direct and indirect flight muscles, develop from myoblasts associated with the Drosophila wing disc. We show that the direct flight muscles are specified by the expression of Apterous, a Lim homeodomain protein, in groups of myoblasts. This suggests a mechanism of cell-fate specification by labelling groups of fusion competent myoblasts, in contrast to mechanisms in the embryo, where muscle cell fate is specified by single founder myoblasts. In addition, Apterous is expressed in the developing adult epidermal muscle attachment sites. Here, it functions to regulate the expression of stripe, a gene that is an important element of early patterning of muscle fibres, from the epidermis. Our results, which may have broad implications, suggest novel mechanisms of muscle patterning in the adult, in contrast to embryonic myogenesis.
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Dahl-Halvarsson, Martin, Montse Olive, Malgorzata Pokrzywa, Katarina Ejeskär, Ruth H. Palmer, Anne Elisabeth Uv i Homa Tajsharghi. "Drosophila model of myosin myopathy rescued by overexpression of a TRIM-protein family member". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, nr 28 (26.06.2018): E6566—E6575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800727115.
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Myosin is a molecular motor indispensable for body movement and heart contractility. Apart from pure cardiomyopathy, mutations in MYH7 encoding slow/β-cardiac myosin heavy chain also cause skeletal muscle disease with or without cardiac involvement. Mutations within the α-helical rod domain of MYH7 are mainly associated with Laing distal myopathy. To investigate the mechanisms underlying the pathology of the recurrent causative MYH7 mutation (K1729del), we have developed a Drosophila melanogaster model of Laing distal myopathy by genomic engineering of the Drosophila Mhc locus. Homozygous MhcK1728del animals die during larval/pupal stages, and both homozygous and heterozygous larvae display reduced muscle function. Flies expressing only MhcK1728del in indirect flight and jump muscles, and heterozygous MhcK1728del animals, were flightless, with reduced movement and decreased lifespan. Sarcomeres of MhcK1728del mutant indirect flight muscles and larval body wall muscles were disrupted with clearly disorganized muscle filaments. Homozygous MhcK1728del larvae also demonstrated structural and functional impairments in heart muscle, which were not observed in heterozygous animals, indicating a dose-dependent effect of the mutated allele. The impaired jump and flight ability and the myopathy of indirect flight and leg muscles associated with MhcK1728del were fully suppressed by expression of Abba/Thin, an E3-ligase that is essential for maintaining sarcomere integrity. This model of Laing distal myopathy in Drosophila recapitulates certain morphological phenotypic features seen in Laing distal myopathy patients with the recurrent K1729del mutation. Our observations that Abba/Thin modulates these phenotypes suggest that manipulation of Abba/Thin activity levels may be beneficial in Laing distal myopathy.
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Cripps, R. M., K. D. Becker, M. Mardahl, W. A. Kronert, D. Hodges i S. I. Bernstein. "Transformation of Drosophila melanogaster with the wild-type myosin heavy-chain gene: rescue of mutant phenotypes and analysis of defects caused by overexpression." Journal of Cell Biology 126, nr 3 (1.08.1994): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.126.3.689.
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We have transformed Drosophila melanogaster with a genomic construct containing the entire wild-type myosin heavy-chain gene, Mhc, together with approximately 9 kb of flanking DNA on each side. Three independent lines stably express myosin heavy-chain protein (MHC) at approximately wild-type levels. The MHC produced is functional since it rescues the mutant phenotypes of a number of different Mhc alleles: the amorphic allele Mhc1, the indirect flight muscle and jump muscle-specific amorphic allele Mhc10, and the hypomorphic allele Mhc2. We show that the Mhc2 mutation is due to the insertion of a transposable element in an intron of Mhc. Since a reduction in MHC in the indirect flight muscles alters the myosin/actin protein ratio and results in myofibrillar defects, we determined the effects of an increase in the effective copy number of Mhc. The presence of four copies of Mhc results in overabundance of the protein and a flightless phenotype. Electron microscopy reveals concomitant defects in the indirect flight muscles, with excess thick filaments at the periphery of the myofibrils. Further increases in copy number are lethal. These results demonstrate the usefulness and potential of the transgenic system to study myosin function in Drosophila. They also show that overexpression of wild-type protein in muscle may disrupt the function of not only the indirect flight but also other muscles of the organism.
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Fernandes, J. J., i H. Keshishian. "Nerve-muscle interactions during flight muscle development in Drosophila". Development 125, nr 9 (1.05.1998): 1769–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.9.1769.
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During Drosophila pupal metamorphosis, the motoneurons and muscles differentiate synchronously, providing an opportunity for extensive intercellular regulation during synapse formation. We examined the existence of such interactions by developmentally delaying or permanently eliminating synaptic partners during the formation of indirect flight muscles. When we experimentally delayed muscle development, we found that although adult-specific primary motoneuron branching still occurred, the higher order (synaptic) branching was suspended until the delayed muscle fibers reached a favourable developmental state. In reciprocal experiments we found that denervation caused a decrease in the myoblast pool. Furthermore, the formation of certain muscle fibers (dorsoventral muscles) was specifically blocked. Exceptions were the adult muscles that use larval muscle fibers as myoblast fusion targets (dorsal longitudinal muscles). However, when these muscles were experimentally compelled to develop without their larval precursors, they showed an absolute dependence on the motoneurons for their formation. These data show that the size of the myoblast pool and early events in fiber formation depend on the presence of the nerve, and that, conversely, peripheral arbor development and synaptogenesis is closely synchronized with the developmental state of the muscle.
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Chan, W. P., i M. H. Dickinson. "In vivo length oscillations of indirect flight muscles in the fruit fly Drosophila virilis." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, nr 12 (1.12.1996): 2767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.12.2767.
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We have used high-speed video microscopy to measure in vivo length oscillations of the indirect flight muscles of the fruit fly Drosophila virilis during tethered flight. The changes in muscle strain were measured by tracking the deformation of the thoracic exoskeleton at the origin and insertion of both the dorsal longitudinal (DLM) and the dorsal ventral (DVM) muscles. The mean peak-to-peak strain amplitudes were found to be 3.5% for the DLMs and 3.3% for the DVMs, although the strain amplitude within individual cycles ranged from 2 to 5%. These values are consistent with the small number of previous measurements of indirect flight muscle strain in other insects, but almost an order of magnitude greater than the strain amplitudes used in most biophysical studies of skinned Drosophila fibers. The results suggest that serial compliance within this sarcomere would need to relieve approximately 70% of the total strain in order for individual crossbridges to remain attached throughout a complete contraction-extension cycle.
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Anant, S., S. Roy i K. Vijay Raghavan. "Twist and Notch negatively regulate adult muscle differentiation in Drosophila". Development 125, nr 8 (15.04.1998): 1361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.8.1361.
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Twist is required in Drosophila embryogenesis for mesodermal specification and cell-fate choice. We have examined the role of Twist and Notch during adult indirect flight muscle development. Reduction in levels of Twist leads to abnormal myogenesis. Notch reduction causes a similar mutant phenotype and reduces Twist levels. Conversely, persistent expression, in myoblasts, of activated Notch causes continued twist expression and failure of differentiation as assayed by myosin expression. The gain-of-function phenotype of Notch is very similar to that seen upon persistent twist expression. These results point to a relationship between Notch function and twist regulation during indirect flight muscle development and show that decline in Twist levels is a requirement for the differentiation of these muscles, unlike the somatic muscles of the embryo.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Drosophila Indirect Flight Muscles"
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Orfanos, Zacharias. "Dynamics of sarcomere assembly in drosophila indirect flight muscles". Thesis, University of York, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533510.
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Cripps, Richard Matthew. "Genetical and biochemical studies of Drosophila indirect flight muscles". Thesis, University of York, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276490.
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Harrison, Andrew. "Suppression of indirect flight muscle mutants in Drosophila melanogaster". Thesis, University of York, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297111.
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Chakravorty, Samya. "Role of the Drosophila Melanogaster Indirect Flight Muscles in Flight and Male Courtship Song: Studies on Flightin and Mydson Light Chain - 2". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2013. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1.
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Complex behaviors using wings have facilitated the insect evolutionary success and diversification. The Drosophila indirect flight muscles (IFM) have evolved a highly ordered myofilament lattice structure and uses oscillatory contractions by pronounced stretch activation mechanism to drive the wings for high powered flight subject to natural selection. Moreover, the IFM is also utilized during small amplitude wing vibrations for species-specific male courtship song (sine and pulse), an important Drosophila mating behavior subject to sexual selection. Unlike flight, the contractile mechanism and contribution of any muscle gene in courtship song is not known. To gain insight into how separate selection regimes are manifested at the molecular level, we investigated the effect on flight and mating behaviors of mutations in two contractile proteins essential for IFM functions: an IFM-specific protein, flightin (FLN), known to be essential for structural and mechanical integrity of the IFM, and a ubiquitous muscle protein, myosin regulatory light chain (MLC2), known to enhance IFM stretch activation.
Comparison of FLN sequences across Drosophila spp., reveal a dual nature with the N-terminal region (63 aa) evolving faster (dN/dS=0.4) than the rest of the protein (dN/dS=0.08). A deletion of the N-terminal region (fln�N62) resulted in reduced IFM fiber stiffness, oscillatory work and power output leading to a decreased flight ability (flight score: 2.8±0.1 vs 4.2±0.4 for fln+ rescued control) despite a normal wing beat frequency. Interestingly, the FLN N-terminal deletion reduced myofilament lattice spacing and order suggesting that this region is required to improve IFM lattice for enhancing power output and flight performance. Moreover, fln�N62 males sing the pulse song abnormally with a longer interpulse interval (IPI, 56±2.5 vs 37±0.7 ms for fln+) and a reduced pulse duty cycle (PDC, 2.6±0.2 vs 7.3±0.2 % for fln+) resulting in a 92% reduction in their courtship success. This suggested that FLN N-terminal region fine-tunes sexually selected song parameters in D. melanogaster, possibly explaining its hypervariability under positive selection. That FLN N-terminal region is not essential but required to optimize IFM functions of both flight and song, indicate that FLN could be an evolutionary innovation for IFM-driven behaviors, possibly through its role in lattice improvement.
Mutations of the highly conserved MLC2 [N-terminal 46 aa deletion (Ext), disruption of myosin light chain kinase phosphorylations (Phos), and the two mutations put together (Dual)] are known to impair or abolish flight through severe reductions in acto-myosin contractile kinetics and magnitude of the stretch activation response. Unlike FLN, these MLC2 mutations do not show a pleitropic effect on flight and song. Flight abolished Phos and Dual mutants are capable of singing suggesting that these mutations affect song minimally compared to flight. Moreover, unlike FLN, none of these mutations affect interpulse interval, the most critical sexually selected song parameter in Drosophila. Also, in contrary to the known additive effects of Ext and Phos in the Dual mutant on flight wing beat frequency, a subtractive effect on sine song frequency is found in this study. That mutations in MLC2 are manifested differently for song and flight suggest that stretch activation plays a minimal or no role in song production.
The results in this study suggest that the conserved regions of FLN and MLC2 are essential to support underlying IFM contractile structure and function necessary for flight, whereas the fast evolving FLN N-terminal region optimizes IFM's biological performance in flight and species-specific song possibly under positive selection regime.
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Sevdali, Maria. "Drosophila indirect flight muscles as a model system for the study of human thin filament myopathies". Thesis, University of York, 2009. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21058/.
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Human thin filament myopathies are a group of skeletal muscle diseases caused by mutations in thin filament protein genes. Over 170 mutations within the human skeletal Cl-actin gene, ACTA1, cause congenital actin myopathies (CAM). These are dominant, often lethal mutations resulting in death at birth or shortly after. Several mutations have been identified in the genes encoding for Troponin I and Troponin T proteins, which cause arthrogryposis. The aim of this work was to see if the Drosophila Indirect Flight Muscles can be used as a genetic model system, with which to study the ACTA1 and arthrogryposis disorders and understand their aetiology. Six different mutations in the Drosophila Act88F gene, GI5R, I136M, DI54N, VI63L, VI63M and D292V, homologous to the human CAM actin mutations were transgenically expressed in Drosophila Indirect Flight Muscles (lFM) as wild type heterozygotes. All the mutants were dominant and with some myofibrillar defects similar to those seen in humans. Certain mutations resulted in intranuclear rods, similar to those found in humans and split Z-discs. The mutations varied in severity and matched that of the human mutations. An extra copy of wild type actin rescued the phenotype of all the heterozygote mutants, suggesting that upregulation of expression of the wild type actin gene might be a future prospect for therapy. Atypically, flies heterozygous for the R372H Act88F mutation complete normal IFM myogenesis and young flies can fly, but later become flightless and by day 7 show the Drosophila equivalent of the human nemaline phenotype. Electron microscopy revealed progressive loss of muscle structure. From the ultrastructure, the phenotypic requirement for muscle usage and the known α-actinin binding sites on the actin monomer, the R372H mutation is proposed to reduce the strength of F-actin/α-actinin binding, leading to muscle damage during use and breakdown of muscle structure. Binding studies confirmed a I3-fold reduction in u-actinin binding for R372H actin. The GAL4/UAS system was employed for the study of arthrogryposis mutations. The wild-type TnT and TnI IFM isoforms were transgenically expressed to rescue the TnT and TnI IFM nulls, respectively. Only the TnI null was rescued. The TnI arthrogryposis mutants were transgenically expressed and resulted in hypercontracted muscles.
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Franco-Cea, Omar Ari. "The role of microtubular motors and other cytoskeletal proteins in the development of Drosophila melanogaster indirect flight muscles". Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444303.
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Winckler, Fernanda Fernandez. "Estudo ultra-estrutural e citoquímico da relação entre o desenvolvimento da musculatura do vôo e a demanda por vôo dos componentes de colônias de abelhas eussociais /". Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100544.
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Orientador: Carminda da Cruz-LandimBanca: Ana Maria Costa Leonardo
Banca: Flávio Henrique Caetano
Banca: Zilá Luz Paulino Simões
Banca: José Eduardo Serrão
Resumo: Apini e Meliponini são tribos compostas por espécies de abelhas classificadas como eussociais avançadas e, portanto, apresentam divisão de trabalho reprodutivo entre as castas femininas e complexas adaptações comportamentais, adquiridas durante a evolução pelas operárias, para desempenhar as tarefas relativas à manutenção da colônia. A capacidade de voar dos adultos destes insetos está intrinsecamente ligada à maioria de suas atividades como o vôo nupcial para o acasalamento no caso das rainhas e machos e a exploração de novo habitat, fontes de alimentos e estabelecimento de novos ninhos no caso das operárias. Tanto em Apis mellifera, quanto em Scaptotrigona postica, o vôo é realizado por músculos denominados músculos indiretos do vôo por não apresentarem ligação direta com as asas. A contração desses músculos produz mudanças de volume no tórax e indiretamente, o movimento das asas. O objetivo deste projeto foi realizar medidas das fibras desse músculo em cada indivíduo e em cada fase da vida, aplicando aos resultados teste estatístico apropriado para verificar possíveis diferenças de desenvolvimento que possam ser relacionadas à função muscular e comparar a ultraestrutura e citoquímica da musculatura do vôo das castas femininas (rainhas e operárias) e machos em diferentes fases da vida, tendo em vista as diferenças comportamentais e fisiológicas entre as classes de indivíduos das duas espécies. O exame da musculatura do vôo, tanto com microscopia de luz como com microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão, mostrou que o arranjo e a morfologia dos feixes musculares e das fibras que os compõe são similares nas duas espécies, no entanto os feixes musculares de Apis mellifera são formados por número maior de fibras. Medições das larguras das fibras mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significante entre as fases da vida... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Apini and Meliponini are tribes composed of species of advanced eusocial bees and therefore present division of reproductive labor between females and complex behavioral adaptations, acquired during the evolution by workers, to attend the responsibilities for the maintenance of the colony. The ability of adults to fly is intrinsically linked to most of their activities as the nuptial flight for mating in the case of queens and males and exploitation of new habitat, sources of food and establishment of new nests in the case of workers. Both in Apis mellifera, as in Scaptotrigona postica, the flight is accomplished by muscles called indirect flight muscles by not make a direct connection with the wings. The contraction of muscles produces changes in volume in the torax and indirectly, movement of the wings. The objective of this project was to perform measurements of muscle fibers from every individual in every stage of life, applying the appropriate statistical test to results in order determine possible differences in development that may be related to muscle function. Alsoo compare the ultra-structure of and cytochemistry of workers, queens and males flight muscle at different stages of life, with the behavioral and physiological differences between the classes of individuals of the two species. The examination of the muscles of the flight, both with light microscopy, and with scanning and transmission electron microscopy, showed that the arrangement and morphology of the muscle fibers bundles arrangement is similar in the two species, however the muscle bundles of Apis mellifera are formed by larger number of musclefibres. Measurements of the width of the fibers showed statistically significant differences between the life phases of the colonies components and between species. Similarly the ultra-structural examination showed that workers of both species emerge with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Winckler, Fernanda Fernandez [UNESP]. "Estudo ultra-estrutural e citoquímico da relação entre o desenvolvimento da musculatura do vôo e a demanda por vôo dos componentes de colônias de abelhas eussociais". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100544.
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Apini e Meliponini são tribos compostas por espécies de abelhas classificadas como eussociais avançadas e, portanto, apresentam divisão de trabalho reprodutivo entre as castas femininas e complexas adaptações comportamentais, adquiridas durante a evolução pelas operárias, para desempenhar as tarefas relativas à manutenção da colônia. A capacidade de voar dos adultos destes insetos está intrinsecamente ligada à maioria de suas atividades como o vôo nupcial para o acasalamento no caso das rainhas e machos e a exploração de novo habitat, fontes de alimentos e estabelecimento de novos ninhos no caso das operárias. Tanto em Apis mellifera, quanto em Scaptotrigona postica, o vôo é realizado por músculos denominados músculos indiretos do vôo por não apresentarem ligação direta com as asas. A contração desses músculos produz mudanças de volume no tórax e indiretamente, o movimento das asas. O objetivo deste projeto foi realizar medidas das fibras desse músculo em cada indivíduo e em cada fase da vida, aplicando aos resultados teste estatístico apropriado para verificar possíveis diferenças de desenvolvimento que possam ser relacionadas à função muscular e comparar a ultraestrutura e citoquímica da musculatura do vôo das castas femininas (rainhas e operárias) e machos em diferentes fases da vida, tendo em vista as diferenças comportamentais e fisiológicas entre as classes de indivíduos das duas espécies. O exame da musculatura do vôo, tanto com microscopia de luz como com microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão, mostrou que o arranjo e a morfologia dos feixes musculares e das fibras que os compõe são similares nas duas espécies, no entanto os feixes musculares de Apis mellifera são formados por número maior de fibras. Medições das larguras das fibras mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significante entre as fases da vida...
Apini and Meliponini are tribes composed of species of advanced eusocial bees and therefore present division of reproductive labor between females and complex behavioral adaptations, acquired during the evolution by workers, to attend the responsibilities for the maintenance of the colony. The ability of adults to fly is intrinsically linked to most of their activities as the nuptial flight for mating in the case of queens and males and exploitation of new habitat, sources of food and establishment of new nests in the case of workers. Both in Apis mellifera, as in Scaptotrigona postica, the flight is accomplished by muscles called indirect flight muscles by not make a direct connection with the wings. The contraction of muscles produces changes in volume in the torax and indirectly, movement of the wings. The objective of this project was to perform measurements of muscle fibers from every individual in every stage of life, applying the appropriate statistical test to results in order determine possible differences in development that may be related to muscle function. Alsoo compare the ultra-structure of and cytochemistry of workers, queens and males flight muscle at different stages of life, with the behavioral and physiological differences between the classes of individuals of the two species. The examination of the muscles of the flight, both with light microscopy, and with scanning and transmission electron microscopy, showed that the arrangement and morphology of the muscle fibers bundles arrangement is similar in the two species, however the muscle bundles of Apis mellifera are formed by larger number of musclefibres. Measurements of the width of the fibers showed statistically significant differences between the life phases of the colonies components and between species. Similarly the ultra-structural examination showed that workers of both species emerge with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Maity, Chaitali. "Determining the role of a candidate gene in Drososphila muscle development". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1145459719.
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Firdaus, Hena. "Genetics of Drosophila Indirect Flight Muscles : Unraveling the Roles of Genes Involved in Muscle Development and Function". Thesis, 2010. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4114.
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Myofibrillogenesis is a complex process involving assembly of many structural proteins in an orchestrated spatio-temporal manner to form a highly ordered contractile sarcomeric unit. Mutations in the proteins involved in muscle contraction and function lead to myopathic conditions in human. Hence, understanding the etiology of these diseases and genes involved may help in accurate diagnosis, prognosis and exploration of possible therapeutics.
Molecular players and signaling pathways of myogenesis are highly conserved across phyla, enabling us to exploit indirect flight muscles (IFM) of Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study muscle development and function. IFM is the only fibrillar muscle which has considerable functional similarity to vertebrate cardiac muscles. It also enables the analyses of all stages of muscle development from its earliest stages of fusion of the imaginal myoblasts to fully differentiated muscle with its assembled contractile apparatus. Perturbance of developmental process in IFM leads to flightless flies with dysfunctional muscle. High throughput mutant screens, designed to isolate flightless flies have led to the identification of large number of genetic loci which are involved in muscle patterning and myofibrillogenesis, thus giving useful insights into the structural and functional aspects of fibre formation.
One such classical mutant, flightless H (fliH), isolated during mutagenesis screen leads to IFM degeneration after fibres are formed normally. This interesting phenomenon is designated as muscle hypercontraction and is comparable to hypertrophic cardiomyopathies in humans. The muscle hypercontraction phenotype in this mutant was found to be temperature dependent and development of the process initiated at later stages of pupation. Cellular events associated with the IFM hypercontraction were followed up through development using this mutant. Further, interaction of fliH allele with other genetic backgrounds gave valuable insights on mechanisms of causation of muscle hypercontraction. Genetics played a pivotal role in identifying the mutant locus. The mutation was genetically mapped to the regulatory region of the wupA gene which was confirmed by sequencing data. The wupA gene codes for Troponin I (TnI), an inhibitory component of the troponin-tropomyosin complex of thin filaments. The mutation leads to reduced level of TnI transcript and hence reduced amount of protein, as a consequence, troponin complex formation is impeded leading to uninhibited acto-myosin interactions, thus causing muscle fibre breakdown. Our study reveals that fliH is a unique allele which confers temperature sensitive muscle phenotype. This is the first mutation found in the regulatory region of any structural gene which is temperature dependant and leads to muscle hypercontraction. This study also emphasizes that stoichiometry of structural proteins is important for proper functioning of muscle.
Apart from mutations in sarcomeric genes, perturbations in calcium signaling also affect muscle functioning and lead to development of cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Hence, the role of calcineurin β-subunit (canB2), a calcium dependant protein phosphatase, in muscle was analyzed. Studies involving overexpression of canB2 in IFM showed that it leads to muscle hypercontraction. In addition, characterization of one of the new allele generated for the present study confirmed presence of muscle tearing and sarcomeric structure abnormality. canB2 alleles genetically interact with other hypercontracting alleles and enhance the hypercontraction phenotype. Overall, present study will help us to understand how genetic predisposition can enhance or suppress muscle hypercontraction.
In a reverse genetics approach, role of muscle LIM protein, Beadex (Bx) in IFM was analyzed, as point mutations and loss of function alleles of LIM genes are associated with cardiomyopathies in humans. Immuno-histochemistry showed that Bx is expressed in myoblasts associated with wing imaginal disc which gives rise to IFM. Expression is also seen in developing IFM and in the neurons innervating the IFM. However, unlike the other known LIM proteins in Drosophila, Bx was not adhered to muscle fibre and showed predominant cytosolic localization. Targeted knockout and over-expression in muscles showed fibre rupturing and Z-disc deformities. Our results suggest that Bx may be involved in mechano-sensory stress signaling pathway like the other LIM proteins in humans and proper maintenance of the sarcomeric structure.
Thus, present study elucidates the role of three loci namely: wupA, canB2 and Bx in proper muscle development and function. All the three loci code for proteins having orthologues in higher vertebrates and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathies and/or skeletal myopathies in humans. Overall, such studies involving analyses of genes implicated in muscle development and function will help in exploring disease pathways which may help in derivation of new therapeutic strategies.
Książki na temat "Drosophila Indirect Flight Muscles"
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Garcia, Christian Joel. The Regulation of Mitochondrial Complex I Biogenesis in Drosophila Flight Muscles. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2020.
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Nature's versatile engine: Insect flight muscle inside and out. Georgetown, Tex: Landes Bioscience/Eurekah.com, 2006.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Drosophila Indirect Flight Muscles"
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Dubey, Madhavi, Kumari Pragati Nanda i Hena Firdaus. "Cryodissection and Tissue Preparation of Drosophila Thorax for Indirect Flight Muscle Imaging". W Springer Protocols Handbooks, 65–76. New York, NY: Springer US, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9756-5_6.
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Heppner, John B., D. G. Boucias, J. C. Pendland, Andrei Sourakov, Timothy Ebert, Roger Downer, Kun Yan Zhu i in. "Indirect Flight Muscles". W Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1924. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1519.
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Yamakawa, Mineo, Jeffrey Warmke, Scott Falkenthal i David Maughan. "Frequency Analysis of Skinned Indirect Flight Muscle From a Myosin Light Chain 2 Deficient Mutant of Drosophila Melanogaster with a Reduced Wing Beat Frequency". W Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 455–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6003-2_38.
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Vigoreaux, Jim O., Jeffrey R. Moore i David W. Maughan. "Role of the Elastic Protein Projectin in Stretch Activation and Work Output of Drosophila Flight Muscles". W Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 237–50. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4267-4_14.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Drosophila Indirect Flight Muscles"
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Loya, Amy K., i Douglas M. Swank. "Comparative proteomics of Drosophila indirect flight muscle and tergal depressor of the trochanter to determine expression of troponin isoforms". W 2015 41st Annual Northeast Biomedical Engineering Conference (NEBEC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nebec.2015.7117175.
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