Gotowa bibliografia na temat „DPN NETS”

Traditionally Business Process Modeling has only focused on the control-flow perspective, thus allowing process designers to specify the constraints on the activities of the process: the order and potential concurrency of their execution, their mutual exclusivity, the possibility of being repeated, etc. However, activities are executed by different resources, manipulate data objects and are constrained by the state of such objects. This requires that the traditional notion of soundness, typically introduced for control-flow-only models, is extended so as to consider data. Intuitively, a (data-aware) process model is sound if (1) it does not contain deadlocks, (2) no more activities are enabled when the process instance is marked as completed and finally (3) there are no parts of the model that cannot be executed. Although several data-aware notations have been introduced in the literature, not all of these are given a formal semantics. In this paper, we propose a technique for checking the data-aware soundness for a specific class of such integrated models, with a simple syntax and semantics, building on Data Petri Nets (DPNs). These are Petri nets enriched with case variables, where transitions are guarded by formulas that inspect and update such variables, and are of the form variable-operator-variable or variable-operator-constant. Even though DPNs are less expressive than Petri nets where data are carried by tokens, they elegantly capture business processes operating over simple case data, allowing to model complex data-aware decisions. We show that, if a DPN is data-aware sound, the Constraint Graph is a finite-state automaton; however, a finite-state Constraint Graph does not guarantee data-aware soundness, but provides a finite structure through which this property can be checked. Finally, we investigate further properties beyond data-aware soundness, such as the problem of verifying that an actor participating in the business process can unilaterally enforce data-aware soundness by restricting the possible executions of a bounded DPN, assuming this actor to be able to control the firing of some transitions and decide the value of some of the case variables whenever these are updated.

Nest survival among eight wader species Charadrii in relation to densities of grazing livestock (0–2 livestock/day/ha) was investigated on Öland, southeastern Sweden in 2004. When analysing a pooled data set of 173 nests, nest survival was not related to densities of livestock. Only six nests were destroyed from trampling by livestock and the estimated trampling risk of nests was low. Another analysis of 122 nests produced significantly negative relationships between nest survival and initiation of incubation. Nests were depredated more often later in the season. Nest survival was not related to livestock density or to vegetation height at nests. Mayfield estimates of hatching success were 2–21% for four of the different wader species. The highest hatching success was found in Lapwing Vanellus vanellus (21%) and Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula (20%), and the lowest in Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus (2%), while Redshank Tringa totanus had intermediate hatching success (11%). This study indicates that, at current grazing management, predation has a higher relative impact on nest survival of waders breeding on coastal meadows compared to direct and indirect effects of grazing animals.

Abstrak: This study aims to determine the distribution and characteristics of stingless bee nests (Trigona sp) found in the Haluoleo University Campus Forest Area. The outer nest's characteristics are the shape of the entrance to the nest, the nest's distance from the water source, and the nest's height from the ground. The nests' internal characteristics were observed, namely the pollen and honey pots' shape and the pollen and honey pots size. The results showed that around the Haluoleo University campus forest, 11 nests of Trigona sp were located in an open area with high light intensity and not humid. There are two forms of nest entrance, namely oval and circular shapes. The honey and pollen pots are ovoid with an average diameter of 1.01 cm, the average nest distance from the water source is 186.4 m, and the average nest distance from the ground is 3.4 m. Key words: stingless bee, nest characteristic, Halu Oleo University forest, nest distribution

Swallow is a type of bird widely cultivated to produce nests. In general, swallows like places with certain temperatures as nesting habitats. Stable temperature and humidity conditions can help produce high-quality swallow nests for a better and higher price. The perfect shape and color of the nest are affected by an ideal temperature of 26-29ºC and humidity of 80-90%. The unstable temperature and humidity will reduce the quality of the swallow's nest. The stability of temperature and humidity of the room greatly affects the quality of the swallow's nest. The prototype of monitoring and controlling the temperature of swallow nests is designed to make it easier for farmers to control it regularly. The results of this study are expected to make it easier for farmers not to waste too much time taking care of the swallow's house

Swallow's nest is one of the Non-Timber Forest Products which has a high selling value.We need to know how the advantages and disadvantages of swallow nest business.This study aims to describe the advantages and disadvantages of the swallow nest business in Angsau Village, Tanah Laut Regency.The data consists of primary data obtained from direct interviews with building owners and special builders of swallow nest buildings and local communities involved in swallow nest business, which understands the problem of swallow birds.Data were analyzed using the SWOT method. The results of the study are the internal factors, namely the strengths of the swallow's nest business, which are locations for building swallow nests that have a spread of white swallow populations, high selling points and easy marketing channels.TheWeakness, high production and capital costs and unclear permits.The external factor namely Opportunity from swallow's nest business, namely the price classification so that all forms of nests can be sold, high export market demand, and technological progress, as well as the availability of artificial feed.Threats of this business are high land prices and the cost of building nests, rampant nest theft rates and predatory bird attacks, volatile exchange rates, and wrong harvesting methods.Keywords: Swallow's nest; advantages; disadvantages; opportunities; threats

This study aims to determine the bee species, nest characteristics and identify the stingless bee propolis plant source from Kulisusu District, North Buton Regency. This research uses the purposive sampling method in searching nests, and the data is processed descriptively. Samples of stingless bees were taken from four hives from three sampling locations. The characteristics of the nest observed were the shape of the nest entrance, color and size (length and diameter), and the type of entrance opening. The stingless bees found belonged to the genus Tetragonula and consist of two species, Tetragonula sapiens, and Tetragonula fuscobalteata. The shape of the nest entrance varies (without funnel, short funnel, and cylindrical funnel) with black, brown, or blackish-brown color. The diameter of the nest entrance was between 3 to 5 cm with the type of opening (triangular, irregular, and oval). Nine plants were identified as sources of propolis in each nest, and two of them, Anacardium occidentale (cashews) and Schleichera oleosa (Kesambi), were found in all observed nests.

This study aims to analyze the costs and benefits required to produce swiftlet nests. Swallow's nest is a very popular health product today. This can happen because swallow's nest has many health benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiaging, anticancer, increasing immunity and accelerating wound healing. Currently, the production of swallow's nest at PT. Cefa Indonesia Sejahtera Lestari is difficult to do so that swallow nest products are expensive. To help PT. Cefa Indonesia Sejahtera Lestari overcomes the problem of the cost of processing dirty swallow's nests to finished products so that they can be handled properly using the C5.0 algorithm by classifying these problems. The results showed that the root node was obtained, namely the drying stage of the swallow's nest. If the costs required at this stage are equivalent to the existing capital, the company will benefit. Conversely, if the required cost exceeds the existing capital, the company will experience a loss.

Abstrak. Orangutan sumatera (Pongo abelii) merupakan spesies langka yang dilindungi dan telah dimasukkan oleh International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) ke dalam kategori satwa yang berstatus krisis atau “critically endangered”. Berbagai kegiatan manusia yang menyebabkan luasan habitat orangutan terus berkurang, seperti pembalakan liar dan perambahan hutan. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan upaya untuk mempertahankan keberlangsungan hidup orangutan sumatera (Pongo abelii) khususnya di Kawasan Ekosistem Leuser (KEL) melalui penyediaan informasi mengenai karakteristik sarang orangutan sebagai acuan dalam rangka konservasi orangutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis karakteristik pohon sarang orangutan sumatera (Pongo abelii) di Stasiun Penelitian Soraya. Penelitian menggunakan metode transek pada tiga transek dengan panjang 1 km dan lebar (50 m ke kanan dan 50 m ke kiri). Jumlah sarang yang ditemukan adalah sebanyak 27 sarang dengan jenis pohon yang mendominasi sebagai sarang orangutan adalah pohon Streblus elongatus dan Syzigium spp. dengan jumlah masing-masing 4 pohon (15%). Rata-rata tinggi pohon sarang dari permukaan tanah adalah 17,47 m, dan tinggi sarang antara 15,25 m, tinggi pohon sarang dengan tinggi sarang memiliki hubungan yang kuat. Rata-rata diameter pohon sarang yaitu 13,37 - 35,17 cm. Semakin besar berat badan orangutan tersebut maka semakin besar pula diameter yang dipilih orangutan sebagai pohon sarang. Karakteristik sarang berdasarkan kelas sarang yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah pada kelas C (sarang sudah lama dan sebagian daun sudah layu dan hilang serta terlihat lubang-lubang kecil) yaitu sebanyak 18 sarang, sedangkan posisi yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah posisi 3 (sarang berada pada ujung atau pucuk pohon utama) dengan jumlah sebanyak 13 sarang.Characteristics of Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii) Nest at the Soraya Research Station, Leuser EcosystemAbstract. Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) is a rare species that is protected and has been included by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) in the category of critically endangered animals. Various human activities that cause the orangutan habitat area continues to decrease, such as illegal logging and forest encroachment. Therefore it is necessary to make efforts to maintain the survival of sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) especially in the Leuser Ecosystem (KEL) by providing information on the characteristics of orangutan nests as a reference in the conservation of orangutans. This study aims to identify and analyze the characteristics of the Sumatran orangutan nest tree (Pongo abelii) at the Soraya Research Station. The study used a transect method on three transects with a length of 1 km and width (50 m to the right and 50 m to the left). The number of nests found was as many as 27 nests with tree species that dominated as orangutan nests were Streblus elongatus and Syzigium spp. with a total of 4 trees (15%) each. The average height of the nest tree from the ground surface is 17,47 m, and the nest height is 15,25 m, the height of the nest tree with the height of the nest has a strong relationship. The average diameter of the nest tree is 13,37-35,17 cm. The greater the weight of the orangutan, the greater the diameter the orangutan chooses as a nest tree. The characteristics of nests based on the nest class most commonly found are in class C (nests are old and some leaves have withered and disappeared and there are small holes visible) as many as 18 nests, while the position most commonly found is position 3 (nest is at the end or the main tree shoots) with a total of 13 nests.

This study aims to examine the characteristics and environmental factors of turtles' preferences in making their natural nests. The method used is the descriptive quantitative method. The results showed that there were two types of turtles found during the observation, namely the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). Measurements and observations of the characteristics of the 14 nesting points showed that the diameter and depth of the green turtle's nest were larger than those of the hawksbill turtle. Both types of turtles have a preference for nesting areas on sloping beaches with temperatures of 28-30ºC and humidity of 76-89%, as well as being around vegetation in the form of sea pine (Casuarina equisetifolia), sea oyster (Gynura sp), sea pandanus (Pandanus odorifer), sea kangkung (Ipomea peltate) and sea hibiscus (Thespesia populnea). In conclusion, temperature, humidity and types of vegetation around the nest determine the turtle's preference in making natural nests for laying eggs.
 Keywords: Nest Characteristics, Conservation, Turtle, Habitat Preference

Edible bird nest is a high-value export commodity. The industry of edible bird nests encounters various challenges regarding food safety demands for consumers, especially related to the quality of edible bird nests and compliance of nitrite below 30 ppm for the export commodity to China. The purpose of this paper is to obtain information on nitrate content in edible bird nests, the impact of nitrite on consumers and mechanism of nitrite, nitrification processes and mechanisms of nitrification in nature, types of nitrifying bacteria, the nitrification process, and the role of nitrifying bacteria in the edible bird nests, and also nitrite testing methods. This paper shows the nitrite content in edible bird nests at various levels. Nitrite is toxic and dangerous. Nitrite can cause methemoglobinemia, impaired oxygen flow, and difficulty breathing. Hygiene conditions and the environment of the swallow’s house can affect the amount of nitrite in the edible bird nest. Alteration in nitrite can occur through changes in nitrogen in the air to nitrite. Nitrite forming in edible bird nests is a natural process of shift nitrogen in the swallow's house environment and influenced by nitrite-producing bacteria were found in swallow's houses and converting nitrate to nitrite. Nitrification bacteria are bacteria that important role in increasing organic content and the availability of nutrients in the soil by providing nitrate. There are a few bacteria nitrification find in nature and edible bird nests such as Nitrosomonas Sp, Nitrobacter Sp, Nitrospina Sp, Nitrosococcus Sp, Nitrocystis Sp, and Bradyrhizobium japonicum.