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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Dorsal external intercostal"
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Saboisky, Julian P., Robert B. Gorman, André De Troyer, Simon C. Gandevia i Jane E. Butler. "Differential activation among five human inspiratory motoneuron pools during tidal breathing". Journal of Applied Physiology 102, nr 2 (luty 2007): 772–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00683.2006.
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Neural drive to inspiratory pump muscles is increased under many pathological conditions. This study determined for the first time how neural drive is distributed to five different human inspiratory pump muscles during tidal breathing. The discharge of single motor units ( n = 280) from five healthy subjects in the diaphragm, scalene, second parasternal intercostal, third dorsal external intercostal, and fifth dorsal external intercostal was recorded with needle electrodes. All units increased their discharge during inspiration, but 41 (15%) discharged tonically throughout expiration. Motor unit populations from each muscle differed in the timing of their activation and in the discharge rates of their motor units. Relative to the onset of inspiratory flow, the earliest recruited muscles were the diaphragm and third dorsal external intercostal (mean onset for the population after 26 and 29% of inspiratory time). The fifth dorsal external intercostal muscle was recruited later (43% of inspiratory time; P < 0.05). Compared with the other inspiratory muscles, units in the diaphragm and third dorsal external intercostal had the highest onset (7.7 and 7.1 Hz, respectively) and peak firing frequencies (12.6 and 11.9 Hz, respectively; both P < 0.05). There was a unimodal distribution of recruitment times of motor units in all muscles. Neural drive to human inspiratory pump muscles differs in timing, strength, and distribution, presumably to achieve efficient ventilation.
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Wilson, T. A., i A. De Troyer. "Respiratory effect of the intercostal muscles in the dog". Journal of Applied Physiology 75, nr 6 (1.12.1993): 2636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.6.2636.
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In a previous paper (J. Appl. Physiol. 73: 2283–2288, 1992), respiratory effect was defined as the change in airway pressure produced by active tension in a muscle with the airway closed, mechanical advantage was defined as the respiratory effect per unit mass per unit active stress, and it was shown that mechanical advantage is proportional to muscle shortening during the relaxation maneuver. Here, we report values of mechanical advantage and maximum respiratory effect of the intercostal muscles of the dog. Orientations of the intercostal muscles in the third and sixth interspaces were measured. Mechanical advantages of the muscles in these interspaces were computed by computing their shortening from these data and data in the literature on rib displacement. We found that parasternal internal intercostals and dorsal external intercostals of the upper interspace have large inspiratory mechanical advantages and that dorsal internal intercostals of the lower interspace and triangularis sterni have large expiratory mechanical advantages. Mass distributions in the two interspaces were also measured, and maximum respiratory effects of the muscles were calculated from their mass, mechanical advantage, and the value for maximum stress in skeletal muscle. Estimated maximum respiratory effects of the inspiratory and expiratory muscle groups of the entire rib cage were tested by measuring the maximum inspiratory pressures that were generated by the parasternal and external intercostals acting alone. Measured pressures, -13 cmH2O for the parasternals and -11 cmH2O for the external intercostals, agreed well with the computed values.
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De Troyer, André, Peter A. Kirkwood i Theodore A. Wilson. "Respiratory Action of the Intercostal Muscles". Physiological Reviews 85, nr 2 (kwiecień 2005): 717–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00007.2004.
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The mechanical advantages of the external and internal intercostals depend partly on the orientation of the muscle but mostly on interspace number and the position of the muscle within each interspace. Thus the external intercostals in the dorsal portion of the rostral interspaces have a large inspiratory mechanical advantage, but this advantage decreases ventrally and caudally such that in the ventral portion of the caudal interspaces, it is reversed into an expiratory mechanical advantage. The internal interosseous intercostals in the caudal interspaces also have a large expiratory mechanical advantage, but this advantage decreases cranially and, for the upper interspaces, ventrally as well. The intercartilaginous portion of the internal intercostals (the so-called parasternal intercostals), therefore, has an inspiratory mechanical advantage, whereas the triangularis sterni has a large expiratory mechanical advantage. These rostrocaudal gradients result from the nonuniform coupling between rib displacement and lung expansion, and the dorsoventral gradients result from the three-dimensional configuration of the rib cage. Such topographic differences in mechanical advantage imply that the functions of the muscles during breathing are largely determined by the topographic distributions of neural drive. The distributions of inspiratory and expiratory activity among the muscles are strikingly similar to the distributions of inspiratory and expiratory mechanical advantages, respectively. As a result, the external intercostals and the parasternal intercostals have an inspiratory function during breathing, whereas the internal interosseous intercostals and the triangularis sterni have an expiratory function.
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Miller, Alan D. "Respiratory muscle control during vomiting". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68, nr 2 (1.02.1990): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y90-037.
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The changes in thoracic and abdominal pressures that generate vomiting are produced by coordinated action of the major respiratory muscles. During vomiting, the diaphragm and external intercostal (inspiratory) muscles co-contract with abdominal (expiratory) muscles in a series of bursts of activity that culminates in expulsion. Internal intercostal (expiratory) muscles contract out of phase with these muscles during retching and are inactive during expulsion. The periesophageal portion of the diaphragm relaxes during expulsion, presumably facilitating rostral movement of gastric contents. Recent studies have begun to examine to what extent medullary respiratory neurons are involved in the control of these muscles during vomiting. Bulbospinal expiratory neurons in the ventral respiratory group caudal to the obex discharge at the appropriate time during (fictive) vomiting to activate either abdominal or internal intercostal motoneurons. The pathways that drive phrenic and external intercostal motoneurons during vomiting have yet to be identified. Most bulbospinal inspiratory neurons in the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups do not have the appropriate response pattern to initiate activation of these motoneurons during (fictive) vomiting. Relaxation of the periesophageal diaphragm during vomiting could be brought about, at least in part, by reduced firing of bulbospinal inspiratory neurons.Key words: brain stem, bulbospinal respiratory neurons, vomiting center critique, diaphragm, abdominal muscles.
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Merrill, E. G., i J. Lipski. "Inputs to intercostal motoneurons from ventrolateral medullary respiratory neurons in the cat". Journal of Neurophysiology 57, nr 6 (1.06.1987): 1837–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1987.57.6.1837.
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The investigation examined the synaptic input from medullary respiratory neurons in the nucleus retroambigualis (NRA) to external (EIM) and internal (IIM) intercostal motoneurons. Antidromic mapping revealed that 112/117 (96%) tested NRA units had axons descending into thoracic spinal cord with extensive arborizations at many thoracic segments, mainly contralaterally. The conduction velocities ranged from 10 to 105 m X s-1. The descending projections did not appear to be somatotopically arranged. Cross-correlation of the spike trains of NRA inspiratory units with the discharge of external intercostal nerves (performed usually with 4 contralateral nerves) showed significant narrow peaks only in 5 out of 40 averages. Of the 25 trigger units tested for the thoracic projection in this series of experiments, 24 were antidromically activated. Intracellular recordings were made from 52 IIMs [mean membrane potential 65.3 mV, central respiratory drive potentials (CRDPs) greater than 1 mV present in 23/52] and 53 EIM (mean membrane potential 54.3 mV, CRDPs in 31/53). During the depolarizing phase of the CRDPs, synaptic noise with frequent and apparently unitary EPSPs with amplitudes in excess of 1 mV was observed. Spike-triggered averages of synaptic noise were computed for 153 pairings between 137 NRA neurons and 105 contralateral intercostal motoneurons. Only four PSPs were revealed: two monosynaptic EPSPs between expiratory NRA units and IIMs and two probably disynaptic EPSPs between inspiratory NRA units and EIMs. When advancing the microelectrode down to the motoneuron pools, frequent recordings were made from interneurons with spontaneous respiratory discharge (inspiratory or expiratory) located dorsal and medial to the motor nuclei. The interneurons could be excited following stimulation of segmental afferents. It is concluded that monosynaptic connections between respiratory NRA neurons and intercostal motoneurons are rare (connectivity no more than approximately 4%). Segmental interneurons, interposed between the majority of descending respiratory axons and intercostal motoneurons, are likely to produce large unitary EPSPs and, thus, short-term synchronization in the discharge of intercostal motoneurons as observed by others.
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Miller, A. D., S. Nonaka, S. F. Lakos i L. K. Tan. "Diaphragmatic and external intercostal muscle control during vomiting: behavior of inspiratory bulbospinal neurons". Journal of Neurophysiology 63, nr 1 (1.01.1990): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.63.1.31.
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1. The role of dorsal and ventral respiratory group (DRG and VRG) bulbospinal inspiratory (I) neurons in the control of diaphragmatic and external intercostal (inspiratory) muscle activity during vomiting was examined by recording from these neurons during fictive vomiting in decerebrate, paralyzed cats. Fictive vomiting was defined by a characteristic series of bursts of coactivation of phrenic and abdominal muscle nerves, elicited either by electrical stimulation of abdominal vagal afferents or by emetic drugs, which would be expected to produce vomiting if the animals were not paralyzed. 2. Data were recorded from 22 DRG and 29 VRG I neurons that were antidromically activated from the fourth cervical spinal segment (C4). Only 10% (5/51) of these neurons started to fire near the beginning of phrenic discharge during fictive vomiting and thus had the appropriate discharge pattern to contribute to the initial activation of the diaphragm and coactive external intercostal muscles during vomiting. The frequency of occurrence of these Active neurons was not significantly different in the DRG (3/22) and VRG (2/29) (chi 2 test). Most remaining neurons were either totally silent (n = 7) or had only sporadic, infrequent firing (n = 16) (Silent neurons, 23/51 = 45%), or else fired near the end of phrenic discharge during fictive vomiting (End neurons, 21/51 = 41%). Two neurons were categorized as having miscellaneous (Misc) behavior. 3. No differences were found among neurons having different response patterns during fictive vomiting in regard to the following: the manner in which fictive vomiting was elicited: cell location: conduction velocity; and neuronal firing onset, rate, and pattern during respiration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Kawahara, Koichi, Yoshimi Nakazono i Yoshimi Miyamoto. "Depression of diaphragmatic and external intercostal muscle activities elicited by stimulation of midpontine dorsal tegmentum in decerebrate cats". Brain Research 491, nr 1 (lipiec 1989): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(89)90102-9.
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Ford, T. W., C. F. Meehan i P. A. Kirkwood. "Absence of synergy for monosynaptic Group I inputs between abdominal and internal intercostal motoneurons". Journal of Neurophysiology 112, nr 5 (1.09.2014): 1159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00245.2014.
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Internal intercostal and abdominal motoneurons are strongly coactivated during expiration. We investigated whether that synergy was paralleled by synergistic Group I reflex excitation. Intracellular recordings were made from motoneurons of the internal intercostal nerve of T8 in anesthetized cats, and the specificity of the monosynaptic connections from afferents in each of the two main branches of this nerve was investigated. Motoneurons were shown by antidromic excitation to innervate three muscle groups: external abdominal oblique [EO; innervated by the lateral branch (Lat)], the region of the internal intercostal muscle proximal to the branch point (IIm), and muscles innervated from the distal remainder (Dist). Strong specificity was observed, only 2 of 54 motoneurons showing excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) from both Lat and Dist. No EO motoneurons showed an EPSP from Dist, and no IIm motoneurons showed one from Lat. Expiratory Dist motoneurons fell into two groups. Those with Dist EPSPs and none from Lat ( group A) were assumed to innervate distal internal intercostal muscle. Those with Lat EPSPs ( group B) were assumed to innervate abdominal muscle (transversus abdominis or rectus abdominis). Inspiratory Dist motoneurons (assumed to innervate interchondral muscle) showed Dist EPSPs. Stimulation of dorsal ramus nerves gave EPSPs in 12 instances, 9 being in group B Dist motoneurons. The complete absence of heteronymous monosynaptic Group I reflex excitation between muscles that are synergistically activated in expiration leads us to conclude that such connections from muscle spindle afferents of the thoracic nerves have little role in controlling expiratory movements but, where present, support other motor acts.
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Connelly, C. A., i R. D. Wurster. "Spinal pathways mediating respiratory influences on sympathetic nerves". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 249, nr 1 (1.07.1985): R91—R99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1985.249.1.r91.
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The location of spinal pathways mediating the respiratory modulation of sympathetic nerve activity was determined. Left inferior cardiac sympathetic, phrenic, and external intercostal (T1) nerve activities were recorded in 16 alpha-chloralose-anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed cats. Baroreceptor reflex activation of sympathetic activity was tested by bilateral carotid occlusion. Eight cats received C6-C7 level ventral spinal cord hemisections followed by cumulative lesions leading to total spinal cord transection. Eight other cats received C6-C7 level dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) lesions followed by dorsal spinal cord hemisection and subsequent spinal cord transection. The respiratory modulation of sympathetic activity was quantitatively assessed using respiration-triggered computer summation of sympathetic activity. Ventral hemisection had no significant effect on the respiratory modulation of sympathetic activity or bilateral carotid occlusion responses. In contrast, bilateral DLF lesions eliminated both the respiratory modulation and bilateral carotid occlusion responses. Unilateral disruption of DLF pathways ipsilateral to the recorded sympathetic nerve indicated spinal level decussations. Thus bilaterally descending DLF pathways with spinal level decussations mediate the respiratory modulation of sympathetic activity.
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DiMarco, A. F., K. E. Kowalski, G. Supinski i J. R. Romaniuk. "Mechanism of expiratory muscle activation during lower thoracic spinal cord stimulation". Journal of Applied Physiology 92, nr 6 (1.06.2002): 2341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01231.2001.
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Lower thoracic spinal cord stimulation (SCS) may be a useful method to restore an effective cough mechanism. In dogs, two groups of studies were performed to evaluate the mechanism of the expiratory muscle activation during stimulation at the T9-T10 level, which results in the greatest changes in airway pressure. In one group, expiratory muscle activation was monitored by evoked muscle compound action potentials (CAPs) from the internal intercostal muscles in the 10th, 11th, and 12th interspaces and from portions of the external oblique innervated by the L1 and L2 motor roots. SCS, applied with single shocks, resulted in short-latency CAPs at T10 but not at more caudal levels. SCS resulted in long-latency CAPs at each of the more caudal caudal recording sites. Bilateral dorsal column sectioning, just below the T11 spinal cord level, did not affect the short-latency CAPs but abolished the long-latency CAPs and also resulted in a fall in airway pressure generation. In the second group, sequential spinal root sectioning was performed to assess their individual mechanical contribution to pressure generation. Section of the ventral roots from T8 through T10 resulted in negligible changes, whereas section of more caudal roots resulted in a progressive reduction in pressure generation. We conclude that 1) SCS at the T9-T10 level results in direct activation of spinal cord roots within two to three segments of the stimulating electrode and activation of more distal roots via spinal cord pathways, and 2) pathway activation of motor roots makes a substantial contribution to pressure generation.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Dorsal external intercostal"
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Saboisky, Julian Peter Clinical School Prince of Wales Hospital Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Neural drive to human respiratory muscles". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Clinical School - Prince of Wales Hospital, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/42792.
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This thesis addresses the organisation of drive to human upper airway and inspiratory pump muscles. The characterisation of single motor unit activity is important as the discharge frequency or timing of discharge of each motor unit directly reflects the output of single motoneurones. Thus, the firing properties of a population of motor units is indicative of the neural drive to the motoneurone pool. The experiments presented in Chapter 2 measured the recruitment time of five inspiratory pump muscles (diaphragm, scalene, second parasternal intercostal, and third and fifth dorsal external intercostal muscles) during normal quiet breathing and quantified the timing and magnitude of drive reaching each muscle. Chapter 3 examined the EMG activity of a major upper airway muscle (the genioglossus). The single motor units of the genioglossus display activity that can be grouped into six types based on its association or lack of association with respiration. The types of activity are termed: Inspiratory Phasic, Inspiratory Tonic, Expiratory Phasic, Expiratory Tonic, Tonic, and Tonic Other. A new method is presented in Chapter 4 to illustrate large amounts of data from single motor units recorded from respiratory muscles in a concise manner. This single figure displays for each motor unit, the recruitment time and firing frequency, the peak discharge frequency and its time, and the derecruitment time and its frequency. This method, termed the time-and-frequency plot, is used to demonstrate differences in behaviour between populations of diaphragm (Chapter 2) and genioglossus (Chapter 3) motoneurones. In Chapter 5, genioglossus activity during quiet breathing is compared between a group of patients with severe OSA and healthy control subjects. The distribution of central drive is identical between the OSA and control subjects with the same proportion of the six types of motor unit activity in both groups. However, there are alterations in the onset time of Inspiratory Phasic and Inspiratory Tonic motor units in OSA subjects and their peak discharge rates are also altered. Single motor unit action potentials in OSA subjects showed an increased area. This suggests the presence of neurogenic changes and may provide a pathophysiological explanation for the increased multiunit electromyographic activity reported in OSA subjects during wakefulness.