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1
Airborne doppler radar: Applications, theory, and philosophy. Reston, Va: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 2006.
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Deuber-Mankowsky, Astrid, i Christoph F. E. Holzhey, red. Situiertes Wissen und regionale Epistemologie. Wien: Turia + Kant, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-07.
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Wie wird das Leben zum Objekt des Wissens? Und wie gestaltet sich das Verhältnis von Leben, Wissenschaft und Technik? Donna J. Haraway und Georges Canguilhem verstehen diese Fragen als politische Fragen und Epistemologie als eine politische Praxis. Die besondere Aktualität von Canguilhems Denken leitet sich aus der von ihm gestellten Frage her, wie sich eine Geschichte der Rationalität des Wissens vom Leben schreiben lässt. Niemand hat die politische Intention dieser Frage besser verstanden als Foucault, der in Canguilhems Nachfolge den Menschen als Lebewesen und dessen Geschichte als Teil der Geschichte der Rationalisierung des Lebens problematisierte. Haraway bezieht sich nicht explizit auf Canguilhem, schließt jedoch in ihrer Auseinandersetzung mit der amerikanischen feministischen Wissenschaftskritik, der Actor-Netzwerk-Theorie, der Philosophie des Pragmatismus und Whiteheads relationistischen Philosophie an die von ihm gestellte Frage an. In dem vorliegenden Band diskutieren namhafte PhilosophInnen, EpistemologInnen und MedienwissenschaftlerInnen aus Frankreich, Belgien und Deutschland offenliegende und verborgene Bezüge, Relationen und Differenzen zwischen dem Konzept des „situierten Wissens“ Haraways und der „regionalen Epistemologie“ Canguilhems. Es ist eine Diskussion, die zugleich interdisziplinär und international ist und damit in doppelter Weise versucht, dem Anspruch der Situiertheit und der Regionalität des Wissens gerecht zu werden.
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Doppler Space Time. Starway Scientific Press, 2000.
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Laboratory, Wave Propagation, red. Theory and application of a Radio-Acoustic Sounding System (RASS). Boulder, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Wave Propagation Laboratory, 1993.
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Hennerici, Michael G., i Stephen P. Meairs. Cerebrovascular Ultrasound: Theory, Practice and Future Developments. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2014.
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(Editor), Michael G. Hennerici, i Stephen P. Meairs (Editor), red. Cerebrovascular Ultrasound: Theory, Practice and Future Developments. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
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Magee, Patrick, i Mark Tooley. Physics in anaesthesia. Redaktorzy Antony R. Wilkes i Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0023.
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This chapter covers the basic science of physics relevant to anaesthetic practice. Equipment and measurement devices are covered elsewhere. Starting with fundamentals, atomic structure is introduced, followed by dimensions and units as used in science. Basic mechanics are then discussed, focusing on mass and density, force, pressure, energy, and power. The concept of linearity, hysteresis, and frequency response in physical systems is then introduced, using relevant examples, which are easy to understand. Laminar and turbulent fluid flow is then described, using flow measurement devices as applications of this theory. The concept of pressure and its measurement is then discussed in some detail, including partial pressure. Starting with the kinetic theory of gases, heat and temperature are described, along with the gas laws, critical temperature, sublimation, latent heat, vapour pressure and vaporization illustrated by the function of anaesthetic vaporizers, humidity, solubility, diffusion, osmosis, and osmotic pressure. Ultrasound and its medical applications are discussed in some detail, including Doppler and its use to measure flow. This is followed by an introduction to lasers and their medical uses. The final subject covered is electricity, starting with concepts of charge and current, voltage, energy, and power, and the role of magnetism. This is followed by a discussion of electrical circuits and the rules governing them, and bridge circuits used in measurement. The function of capacitors and inductors is then introduced, and alternating current and transformers are described.
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Paelinck, Bernard, Aleksandar Lazarević i Pedro Gutierrez Fajardo. Pericardial disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0049.
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Echocardiography is the cornerstone for the diagnosis of pericardial disease. It is a portable technique allowing morphological and functional multimodality (M-mode, two-dimensional, Doppler, and tissue Doppler) imaging of pericardial disease. In addition, echocardiography is essential for differential diagnosis (pericardial effusion vs pleural effusion, constrictive pericarditis vs restrictive cardiomyopathy) and allows bedside guiding of pericardiocentesis. This chapter describes normal pericardial anatomy and reviews echocardiographic features of different pericardial diseases and their pathophysiology, including pericarditis, pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis, pericardial cyst, and congenital absence of pericardium.
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Smiseth, Otto A., Maurizio Galderisi i Jae K. Oh. Left ventricle: diastolic function. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0021.
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Evaluation of diastolic function by echocardiography is useful to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction by showing signs of diastolic dysfunction, and regardless of ejection fraction, echocardiography can be used to estimate left ventricular (LV) filling pressure. Diastolic dysfunction occurs in a number of cardiac diseases other than heart failure and mild diastolic dysfunction is part of the normal ageing process. The fundamental disturbances in diastolic dysfunction are slowing of myocardial relaxation, loss of restoring forces, and reduced LV chamber compliance. As a compensatory response there is elevated LV filling pressure. Slowing of relaxation and loss of restoring forces are reflected in reduction in LV early diastolic lengthening velocity (e?) by tissue Doppler. The reduced diastolic compliance is reflected in faster deceleration of early diastolic transmitral velocity by pulsed wave Doppler. Elevated LV filling pressure is reflected in a number of Doppler indices and in enlarged left atrium. This chapter reviews the physiology of diastolic function, the clinical methods and indices which are available, and how these should be applied.
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Badano, Luigi P., i Denisa Muraru. Assessment of right heart function and haemodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0011.
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Assessment of right ventricular (RV) size, function, and haemodynamics has been challenging because of its unique cavity geometry. Conventional two-dimensional assessment of RV function is often qualitative. Doppler methods involving tricuspid inflow and pulmonary artery flow velocities, which are influenced by changes in pre- and afterload conditions, may not provide robust prognostic information for clinical decision making. Recent advances in echocardiographic assessment of the RV include tissue Doppler imaging, speckle-tracking imaging, and volumetric three-dimensional imaging, but they need specific training, expensive dedicated equipment, and extensive clinical validation. However, assessment of RV function is crucial, especially in patients with signs of right-sided failure and those with congenital or mitral valve diseases. This chapter aims to address the role of the various echocardiographic modalities used to assess RV and pulmonary vascular bed function. Special emphasis has been placed on technical considerations, limitations, and pitfalls of image acquisition and analysis.
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Gonçalves, Alexandra, Pedro Marcos-Alberca, Peter Sogaard i José Luis Zamorano. Assessment of systolic function. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0008.
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This chapter describes the different modalities for assessment of systolic function by transthoracic echocardiography. Firstly, the basic principles of physiology and the determinants of left ventricular (LV) performance are considered, followed by a systematic appraisal of the methodologies for global LV systolic function assessment. Starting with M-mode echocardiography, passing through the traditional two-dimensional echocardiography evaluation to three-dimensional echocardiography approaches, main strengths and limitations are described. Power Doppler usefulness, regarding stroke volume calculations and dP/dt measurement are summarily explained, taking into consideration the usual pitfalls found in daily practice. There is a section dedicated to regional systolic function evaluation, with the recommendations for standardized LV division and differential characteristics of wall motion abnormalities. Additionally, more recent approaches with tissue Doppler imaging and strain analyses for global and regional LV function assessment are described. Finally, a section is dedicated to right ventricle systolic function which describes all modalities of evaluation.
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Moonen, Marie, Nico Van de Veire i Erwan Donal. Heart failure: risk stratification and follow-up. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0027.
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An increasing number of two- and three-dimensional echocardiographic, Doppler, and speckle imaging-derived parameters and values can be related to prognosis in heart failure with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. This chapter discusses both conventional and new indices, including their advantages and potential limitations. There is increasing evidence for the use of new indices, including three-dimensional LV ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain. The follow-up and monitoring of heart failure patients using two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography is also discussed in this chapter, including how to estimate the LV filling pressures and quantify LV reverse remodelling.
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Popescu, Bogdan A., Shantanu P. Sengupta, Niloufar Samiei i Anca D. Mateescu. Heart valve disease (mitral valve disease): mitral stenosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0035.
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The most common cause of mitral stenosis (MS) is rheumatic fever followed by degenerative MS. Echocardiography is the key method to diagnose and evaluate MS. Echocardiographic findings are closely related to aetiology. In rheumatic disease echocardiography shows thickening of leaflet tips with restricted opening caused by commissural fusion resulting in ‘doming’ of the mitral valve in diastole. Quantitation of MS severity includes measuring mitral valve area (MVA) by planimetry (anatomical area, by two-/three-dimensional echo), or by the pressure half-time (PHT) method (functional area, by Doppler), and the mean pressure gradient. Planimetry is considered the reference method to determine MVA as it is relatively load independent. The PHT method is widely used due to its simplicity, but different factors influence the relationship between PHT and MVA. Other indices of MS severity are rarely used in clinical practice. Echocardiography also helps in the assessment of consequences of MS, and of associated valvular lesions. Exercise Doppler is recommended when there is discrepancy between the resting echocardiography findings and the clinical picture. Echocardiography is crucial in determining the timing and type of intervention in patients with MS. When considering percutaneous mitral commissurotomy (PMC) valve morphology should be comprehensively evaluated for mobility, thickness, calcifications, and subvalvular apparatus. The echo findings may determine the suitability for PMC, guide the procedure, and assess its results.
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Prout, Jeremy, Tanya Jones i Daniel Martin. Cardiovascular system. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199609956.003.0001.
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This chapter covers the assessment and investigation of perioperative cardiac risk, the principles of perioperative haemodynamic monitoring and physiological changes in cardiac comorbidity with their relevance to anaesthetic management. Perioperative cardiovascular risk includes assessment of cardiac risk factors, functional capacity and evidence-based guidelines for preassessment. Cardiovascular investigations such as cardiopulmonary exercise testing and scoring systems for cardiac risk are included. Management of the cardiac patient for non-cardiac surgery is detailed. Invasive monitoring with arterial, central venous and pulmonary artery catheters is described. Cardiac output measurement systems including dilution techniques, pulse contour analysis and Doppler are compared. The physiological changes, management and implications for anaesthesia of common cardiac comorbidity including ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease, pacemakers and pulmonary hypertension are described.
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Chong, Ji Y., i Michael P. Lerario. A Sickle Pickle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495541.003.0029.
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Sickle cell disease may result in large vessel intracranial stenoses, which cause high rates of stroke. Screening for elevated velocities on transcranial Dopplers is a good way to stratify stroke risk. Patients at high stroke risk should participate in an exchange transfusion program indefinitely to reduce the rate of subsequent stroke. Although there is a high risk of stroke in pediatric sickle cell patients, the use of IV tPA in this population is largely unstudied and not routinely recommended due to unclear safety and efficacy.
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Wells, Toby, i Simon J. Freeman. Ultrasound. Redaktor Michael Weston. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0132.
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Ultrasound is an invaluable tool in the diagnosis and management of many urological disorders. It has the advantages of not involving ionizing radiation, allowing rapid real time imaging and being relatively inexpensive. It can also be performed at the patient’s bedside if necessary. There are limitations, however, and it is best used as an adjunct to clinical assessment, often alongside other complementary imaging modalities. While many ultrasound studies are undertaken by urological surgeons, it is often performed by imaging specialists; close liaison between these two groups is essential. A brief, clinically relevant, introduction to ultrasound physics is included and the use of Doppler techniques and ultrasound contrast agents will be discussed. It is not possible to cover all the urological conditions for which ultrasound is used in one chapter, so some recommended texts are included in the reading list for further study.
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Lewington, Andrew, i Michael Weston. Imaging the urinary tract in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0210.
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Imaging the urinary tract of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) may assist identifying the cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). By the nature of their illness patients on ICU will often be clinically unstable and this will restrict the choice of imaging. Ultrasound is the most commonly used non-invasive imaging technique used, and is essential for assessing renal anatomy, determining kidney size and the presence of obstruction. New developments hold much promise and there are a number of centres now using this technology. Doppler ultrasonography has become increasingly popular to assess intrarenal blood flow. CT scanning can be used with or without contrast when ultrasonography is non-diagnostic and is very useful in identifying calcification within the renal tract. However, the patient must be stable enough for transfer to the radiology department. It is important to consider the risk of iodinated contrast-induced AKI (CI-AKI) in critically-ill patients and minimize potential renal injury. Magnetic resonance imaging may be preferred where there is risk of CI-AKI, but the logistics may prove even more demanding. Renal arteriography is rarely performed, but may be required for diagnostic and interventional procedures for renal artery stenosis or sites of active haemorrhage.
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Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni i Andrew Rhodes. Obstetric emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0031.
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Pre-eclampsia 518Eclampsia 520HELLP syndrome 522Postpartum haemorrhage 524Amniotic fluid embolism 526Pre-eclampsia is a common complication of pregnancy, UK incidence is 3–5%, with a complex hereditary, immunological and environmental aetiology.Abnormal placentation is characterized by impaired myometrial spiral artery relaxation, failure of trophoblastic invasion of these arterial walls and blockage of some vessels with fibrin, platelets and lipid-laden macrophages. There is a 30–40%, reduction in placental perfusion by the uterine arcuate arteries as seen by Doppler studies at 18–24 weeks gestation. Ultimately the shrunken, calcified, and microembolized placenta typical of the disease is seen. The placental lesion is responsible for fetal growth retardation and increased risks of premature labour, abruption and fetal demise. Maternal systemic features of this condition are characterized by widespread endothelial damage, affecting the peripheral, renal, hepatic, cerebral, and pulmonary vasculatures. These manifest clinically as hypertension, proteinuria and peripheral oedema, and in severe cases as eclamptic convulsions, cerebral haemorrhage (the most common cause of death due to pre-eclampsia in the UK), pulmonary oedema, hepatic infarcts and haemorrhage, coagulopathy and renal dysfunction....
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Kallmeyer, Andrea, José Luis Zamorano, G. Locorotondo, Madalina Garbi, José Juan Gómez de Diego i Miguel Ángel García Fernández. Non-invasive haemodynamic assessment. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0005.
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The diagnostic power of two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography resides not only in its capability of providing anatomical information and of studying myocardial contractile function, but also in the possibility of performing a non-invasive haemodynamic assessment. Such non-invasive haemodynamic assessment is the subject of this chapter.2D echocardiography, colour flow imaging, and Doppler modality make this haemodynamic assessment possible, by studying the following parameters: ◆ Blood flow velocities. ◆ Transvalvular pressure gradients. ◆ Valvular areas. ◆ Stroke volume, regurgitant volume, and regurgitant fraction. ◆ Cardiac function.The application of these concepts in clinical practice will be explained through this chapter. They can be summarized in the following points: ◆ The study of valvular insufficiencies. ◆ The study of the valvular stenosis. ◆ The study of intracardiac shunts. ◆ The study of myocardial systolic and diastolic function. ◆ The estimation of intracardiac pressures.Finally, non-invasive haemodynamic study represents an alternative to invasive procedures in some clinical circumstances and it is very important in the diagnostic and therapeutic decision making. Therefore, it is necessary for the cardiologist to understand how this echocardiographic study is performed, as well as its advantages and limitations.
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Rudwaleit, Martin. Enthesitis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0054.
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Enthesitis is one of the key manifestations of spondyloarthritides (SpA) including ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis. Enthesitis can occur alone or in combination with peripheral arthritis, sacroiliitis, or spondylitis. The inflammatory process is typically located at the insertion of the enthesis or ligament to bone, often resulting in osteitis as well. Because of its anatomical and functional complexity the term 'enthesis organ' has been coined. Biomechanical stress applied to the enthesis seems to play an important role for the occurrence of enthesitis in genetically predisposed individuals. Ultrasound imaging of peripheral entheses reveals enthesis abnormalities including entheseal calcification, bony erosion, or bony proliferation. Power Doppler signals demonstrating increased vascularization of inflamed entheses at the insertional site appear to be the most characteristic finding for enthesitis, yet study results are conflicting. Enthesitis-related osteitis and enthesitis at the spine is best visualized by MRI. Enthesitis may resolve spontaneously or may run a chronic course. Standard treatment includes local steroid injections, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and physical therapy. There is little evidence for the efficacy of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in enthesitis. In contrast, anti-TNF agents have proven efficacy, and their use in treatment-resistant enthesitis is recommended in the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS)/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the management of AS and axial SpA and in the EULAR recommendations for psoriatic arthritis.
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Rudwaleit, Martin. Enthesitis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0054_update_002.
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Enthesitis is one of the key manifestations of spondyloarthritis (SpA) including ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis. Enthesitis can occur alone or in combination with peripheral arthritis, sacroiliitis, or spondylitis. The inflammatory process is typically located at the insertion of the enthesis or ligament to bone, often resulting in osteitis as well. Because of its anatomical and functional complexity the term ’enthesis organ’ has been coined. Biomechanical stress applied to the enthesis seems to play an important role for the occurrence of enthesitis in genetically predisposed individuals. Ultrasound imaging of peripheral entheses reveals enthesis abnormalities including entheseal calcification, bony erosion, or bony proliferation. Power Doppler signals demonstrating increased vascularization of inflamed entheses at the insertional site appear to be the most characteristic finding for enthesitis, yet study results are conflicting. Enthesitis-related osteitis and enthesitis at the spine is best visualized by MRI. Enthesitis may resolve spontaneously or may run a chronic course. Standard treatment includes local steroid injections, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and physical therapy. There is little evidence for the efficacy of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in enthesitis. In contrast, anti-TNF agents have proven efficacy, and their use in treatment-resistant enthesitis is recommended in the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS)/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the management of AS and axial SpA and in the EULAR recommendations for psoriatic arthritis.
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Novak, Peter. Autonomic Testing. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190889227.001.0001.
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Autonomic testing is an important addition to neurological evaluations. While there are many excellent textbooks on autonomic disorders, only a few texts focus on how to perform and interpret autonomic tests. This manual fills the gap, dealing mainly with the practical aspects of autonomic testing. In accord with the maxim that “a good picture is worth a thousand words,” signal drawings are heavily used throughout the text to explain and illuminate test results. This book has two parts. The first part describes in detail the Brigham protocol of autonomic tests, which includes cardiovascular tests (deep breathing, Valsalva maneuver, tilt tests), sudomotor assessment (quantitative sudomotor axonal reflex test and electrochemical skin conductance), and skin biopsies for assessment of epidermal and sweat gland small fibers. The cardiovascular tests use heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory parameters (respiratory rate and end tidal CO2), and cerebral blood flow velocity. All tests are graded with an updated quantitative scale for cardiovascular reflex tests and transcranial Doppler—the Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test (QASAT)—and small fiber (epidermal sensory and sweat gland) densities from skin biopsies. The second part of the book describes 100 cases covering a variety of autonomic disorders. The cases are thematically grouped into orthostatic intolerance syndromes (neurally mediated syncope, orthostatic hypotension, postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, orthostatic cerebral hypoperfusion syndrome, hypocapnic cerebral hypoperfusion, and pseudosyncope), dysautonomia in neurodegenerative disorders, small fiber neuropathies (idiopathic, secondary, inflammatory), and autonomic overactivity. The case descriptions are presented in a consistent format featuring pertinent clinical information, autonomic tests results, interpretation of testing, conclusions, and recommendations. This text is intended to be a guide for autonomic fellows, and for residents in neurology, general medicine, and other specialties, and for anyone who is interested in performing and interpreting autonomic tests.