Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Domestic z United States Architecture”
Kliknij ten link, aby zobaczyć inne rodzaje publikacji na ten temat: Domestic z United States Architecture.
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Sprawdź 50 najlepszych artykułów w czasopismach naukowych na temat „Domestic z United States Architecture”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Przeglądaj artykuły w czasopismach z różnych dziedzin i twórz odpowiednie bibliografie.
1
Hsiang, Solomon, Robert Kopp, Amir Jina, James Rising, Michael Delgado, Shashank Mohan, D. J. Rasmussen i in. "Estimating economic damage from climate change in the United States". Science 356, nr 6345 (29.06.2017): 1362–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4369.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Estimates of climate change damage are central to the design of climate policies. Here, we develop a flexible architecture for computing damages that integrates climate science, econometric analyses, and process models. We use this approach to construct spatially explicit, probabilistic, and empirically derived estimates of economic damage in the United States from climate change. The combined value of market and nonmarket damage across analyzed sectors—agriculture, crime, coastal storms, energy, human mortality, and labor—increases quadratically in global mean temperature, costing roughly 1.2% of gross domestic product per +1°C on average. Importantly, risk is distributed unequally across locations, generating a large transfer of value northward and westward that increases economic inequality. By the late 21st century, the poorest third of counties are projected to experience damages between 2 and 20% of county income (90% chance) under business-as-usual emissions (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5).
2
Martynov, Andrii. "Hryshchenko T. A. Zbigniew Brzezinski. International strategist in the coordinates of history. Kyiv-Nizhyn: Publisher Lysenko M. M., 2020. 341 p." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, nr 11 (2021): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2021.11.8.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The review dissects a monograph on the intellectual biography of Z. Brzezinski. The author of the monograph systematically and comparatively considered the conceptual and theoretical approaches of this American strategist against the backdrop of Cold War era and the unipolar world after the victory of the United States over the USSR. Z. Brzezinski was a great promoter and visionary of Ukraine, consistently advocated the rapprochement of the Ukrainian and Polish peoples in a united democratic Europe. In our opinion, an important place in the historiography of research on the influence of Z. Brzezinski on world history will be occupied by the study of Taras A. Hryshchenko. The author of the monograph advanced into methodological agenda seven groups of typologically different sources related to the stages of formation, development and public perception of international strategic concepts of Z. Brzezinski. Z. Brzezinski’s world outlooks and anti-communist guidelines were optimal for the development and implementation of a course in the field of US national security during the administration of President J. Carter. Particularly relevant to current international relations is the author’s rethinking the comparative aspect of the concepts of globalization and the role of the United States in this process, which belong to Z. Brzezinski and his colleagues S. Huntington and G. Kissinger. Z. Brzezinski’s strategic concepts best meet the needs of preserving the global leadership role of the United States in the complex and contradictory world of the 21st century. The conclusions of the monograph brief why the hereditary generation of intellectual successors of the tradition of analysis of international relations, founded by Z. Brzezinski, was not formed clearly enough. These reasons include the declining interest in American society in grand strategy, the excessive social impact of the information technology sector and entertainment manufacturers, and the tendency toward self-destructive hostility among the American political establishment.
3
Salomatin, Aleksey Yu, i Natalya V. Makeeva. "Ethnic and Race Problems in a Federal State (Based on the Results of the U.S. Presidential Campaign of 2020)". Civil society in Russia and abroad 1 (11.03.2021): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2221-3287-2021-1-3-7.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The United States, originally formed as a haven for immigrants of different ethnic and racial backgrounds, has felt the inefficiency of its famous «melting pot»since the beginning of the XXI century. In this ethnically-and racially-conflicted state, one of the long-standing problems was considered to be the problem of African-Americans, who after World War II dispersed outside the southern states. This problem was only partially solved, and the policy of positive discrimination in favor of blacks in recent years has become increasingly critical. At the same time, the country, in which the proportion of white citizens is sharply decreasing and the number of Spanish-speaking people and people of Asian origin is increasing, is experiencing an increasing cultural, civilizational and geographical split. During the 2020 presidential campaign, the United States faced not only an epidemic of coronavirus infection, but also unprecedented protest activity, which was a test for the outdated mechanism of this federal state. The domestic political crisis might have been averted or mitigated if the United States had had a more centralized model of federalism, which would have strengthened administrative coordination and allowed ethno-racial egoism to be contained within certain limits.
4
Lymar, Marharyta, i Iryna Tykhonenko. "The US gun policy: domestic and external dimensions". American History & Politics Scientific edition, nr 10 (2020): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2020.10.4.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The purpose of the article is to explore proliferation of firearms in the United States due to social problems (mass shootings) and public demand for increasing gun control. Primary challenges cover exploring the U.S. firearms history, which provides a key to understanding the causes of the current situation in this area; reviewing of Americans’ attitudes toward gun ownership; studying the U.S. foreign policy in the context of arms exports from Ukraine to the United States. Moreover, attention is paid to exploring the influence of the National Rifle Association (NRA) on Donald Trump’s decision on arms control and a comparative analysis of his gun policy with the policy of his predecessors. The methodological basis of the study includes a set of general and special research methods. Systematic approach is used to consider the U.S. gun policy as a complex system with the determinism of domestic and foreign policy levels. A significant role is played by descriptive-historical and chronological methods that allow to examine the evolution of the U.S. legal framework for firearms and small-arms control. The comparative method makes it possible to compare the approaches of George W. Bush’s, Barack Obama’s and Donald Trump’s administrations to the gun policy. The statistical method allows to consider the peculiarities of the U.S. exports of small arms and Ukraine’s exports of such type of weapons to the USA. The scientific novelty lies in one of the first attempts among Ukrainian authors to make a comprehensive analysis of the interdependence of internal and external aspects of firearms trafficking among the U.S. civilians. In this context, the paper examines the U.S.–Ukrainian relations. The study concludes that the U.S. gun traditions are the main stumbling block for tightening firearms legislation. On the gun issue, the U.S. domestic policy, which is heavily influenced by the NRA, determines the state’s foreign policy. At the same time, society is demanding reforms aimed at restricting the possession of firearms by the civilian population, which may increase the level of domestic security.
5
Yarygin, Grigory. "U. S. climate institutions and the intelligence community: Domestic and international collaboration". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International relations 14, nr 4 (2022): 432–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2021.404.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Climate change presents an actorless threat. The most powerful world jurisdictions are undertaking efforts to tackle this global threat multiplier. The Biden-Harris administration, returning the U. S. back to international climate politics, claims the leadership role. The author of the article examines how the administration’s climate rhetoric is backed up organizationally. The institutional architecture that powers Biden’s climate policy is put at the center of the article’s analysis. The United States intelligence community has been entrusted with a significant role in running current U. S. institutional climate recovery efforts. The article approaches the engagement of the intelligence community in climate policy from such angles as policymakers’ expectations of the intelligence community and its role and capabilities for domestic and international collaboration. The article proceeds through three stages. The first stage presents theoretical frameworks for new-institutional analysis approaches to climate policy of the United States. The second examines how the Biden-Harris administration organizes institutions in the system of climate policy. The third approaches the role and functions of the U. S. intelligence community in climate change prevention policy. The author concludes that the U. S. intelligence community possesses a strong capacity to provide for responsible decision making in regard to the climate, however, mechanisms for domestic and international climate intelligence exchange have yet to be determined.
6
Fabregat, Eduard, i Farooq A. Kperogi. "The ‘other’ in the bowels of the hegemon: US media portrayals of Guam during the United States‐North Korea tension". International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics 17, nr 2 (1.06.2021): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/macp_00043_1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This article explores how America’s mainline institutional media portrayed Guam, an unincorporated US territory in the Pacific Ocean that is home to important American military bases, in a time of heightened tensions between the United States and North Korea. Guamanians represent marginal racial ‘others’ who are nonetheless ensconced in a consequential part of the US military architecture. Using a combination of topic modelling and network analysis, our study analysed 2480 articles from 44 different mainstream newspapers in the United States between April 2017 and June 2018 in order to examine the contradictory depiction of an ‘other’ that is simultaneously foreign and domestic. Our results present evidence of a hegemonic portrayal of Guam as an intrinsic part of the US as well as a depiction of the threat to Guam as an attack on the US without acknowledging the marginality of Guam and its inhabitants in US politics.
7
Menshikova, Anna. "Foreign economic policy as a priority for ensuring US national security". Russia and America in the 21st Century, nr 5 (2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760031183-8.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Giving US foreign trade policy the importance of one of the basic elements of the modern national security strategy of the United States has objectively determined a significant coincidence of the positions of the Democratic and Republican parties on the most fundamental issues of building trade and economic ties with foreign counterparties. The fact that there is no alternative to such a bipartisan consensus is a natural reaction to the ongoing profound transformations in the world economy under the influence of the processes of formation of a new architecture of the global multipolar world order and is aimed at ensuring economic stability and the national interests of the United States. Both parties are based on the destruction of the boundaries between domestic and foreign policy while defending the interests of the country's national security and the end of the era of globalization and neoliberal economic policies.
8
Li, Zhi Gang, Dong Qing Zhu, Quan Qi, Ze Tian Fu i Jia Yong He. "Electricity, Heat and Gas Marketing Information System Based on SOA Architecture". Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (wrzesień 2013): 1119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.1119.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Power marketing in the United States, Europe, Japan and other developed countries has entered the era of intelligent and networked. Domestic power marketing system means more backward, and the marketing organization system is imperfect. With the intensified competition of market, the Tianfu Thermoelectric original marketing information systems cannot satisfy the development needs of the enterprise, which lacks of top-down overall informatization construction planning and scattered IC cards. According to the current operating status of the joint stock company and existing problems, the establishment of an integrated marketing platform with electricity, heat and gas business is built on a unified infrastructure platform in order to unify customer information, marketing basic platform capabilities and customer service platform function, centralize management of electricity, heat, gas marketing business in one of a big marketing intensive management mode including electricity, heat and gas.
9
Colom Braña, Gloria M. "Everything but the Car: The Carport as Social Space in Puerto Rican Domestic Architecture". Special Issue - Storied Spaces: Renewing Folkloristic Perspectives on Vernacular Architecture 90-91 (29.04.2021): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1076797ar.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The carport, a nondescript functional space within a majority of Puerto Rican houses, often accommodates different social practices throughout the year. Daily household activities such as laundry and childcare often take place in the carport, but it is also a site for landmark events such as birthdays, social gatherings, and Christmas parties. Designed exclusively for car storage, the carport is often used for everything but the car. In order to understand how this space came to be repurposed, this article focuses on the history of the introduction of the car and carport in Puerto Rico. The transformation of a single-use space into an all-purpose space with distinct cultural signifiers happened soon after the spread of the carport. The history of the colonial relationship between the United States and Puerto Rico is tied to the story of changes to the North American house form, particularly the most utilitarian spaces within the domestic sphere. The carport reflects the dreams and illusions of upward mobility and how that came crashing down in a seemingly economic free fall that began roughly in 2007 and has continued spiraling out of control.
10
Marcos, Carlos L. "CSH Program o el American way of life. Iconos domésticos californianos de los 50". VLC arquitectura. Research Journal 8, nr 1 (30.04.2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2021.14762.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
<p class="Cuerpo">After World War II a new order emerged amongst the ruins, the devastation and the Allied triumph. The United States, more than any other country, emerged as a new world power with an optimism founded on victory as much as on its untouched territory and on its economy boosted by the military industrial complex. Architecture in the 50s could not avoid being part of the American dream. Would it be possible to find an architectural image to embody such an aspiration? In other words, would it be possible to conceive an architectural iconography tuned with technology, progress, freedom, individualism, and the familiar image for domestic architecture capable of assuming the symbolism and the characteristic optimism of the American way of life? That was the goal pursued by John Entenza, editor of the influential Arts & Architecture journal, and advocate of the Case Study House Program. The glazed box could assume much of the imagery associated with a new way of life for various reasons. Indeed, it served as an iconography for the domestic architecture of the period inspired in industrialisation or in the hybridisation of steel and the balloon-frame constructive system as a pretext diversely reinterpreted in the Case Study Houses later to become icons of a Californian modern domesticity.<em></em></p>
11
Smolaga, Lech, i Mateusz Smolaga. "Zmiana układu sił w stosunkach międzynarodowych: analiza potencjałów z perspektywą do lat 2025−2030". Sprawy Międzynarodowe 73, nr 3 (31.05.2021): 69–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/sm.2020.73.3.06.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This article focuses on the political effects of ongoing shifts in the world economy. Using various indicators, including shares in the global Gross Domestic Product, expenditures on research and development, external balance on goods and services, and military expenditures, the authors present how the positions of major powers in international relations (the United States, the European Union and its countries, Japan, China, and Russia) have changed over the last few decades. Current data and the extrapolation of trends reveal that we are witnessing significant changes in economic power across the world. This has undoubtedly exacerbated existing tensions in international politics. The text tests the hypothesis that a weakening of the major economies of the global North (the US, EU, and Japan), and related shift in the balance of power, are driving the world towards the existence of a multi-polar international system.
12
Milkoreit, Manjana. "The Paris Agreement on Climate Change—Made in USA?" Perspectives on Politics 17, nr 4 (11.06.2019): 1019–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592719000951.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The 2015 Paris Agreement established a new logic for international climate governance: the pledge-and-review system. In 2009, the same idea had been proposed in the Copenhagen Accord, but was then forcefully rejected by the negotiation community. Explaining this turnaround, I analyze the role of the United States in the international climate negotiations, using Putnam’s two-level game framework and Snidal’s k-group theory. U.S. domestic politics imposed significant constraints on the terms of the Paris Agreement, contributing to the emergence of the new treaty architecture. Until 2015, U.S. negotiators were either unable or unwilling to bring the demands of political actors at the domestic and international levels in alignment. President Obama achieved this alignment in 2015 by creating international support for a treaty without legally binding obligations that could circumvent a Congressional ratification barrier. The latter required a surprising move: the proactive engagement of China despite the structural context of hegemonic transition.
13
Pease, Donald E. "The Uncanny Return of Settler-Colonial Capitalism in Toni Morrison’s Home". boundary 2 47, nr 2 (1.05.2020): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01903659-8193233.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Toni Morrison’s 2012 novel Home is concerned primarily with the efforts undertaken by its protagonist, the black Korean War veteran Frank Money, to accommodate himself to civilian life. However, Home differs from other Korean War novels in that after Frank returns to the United States, he neither aligns his wartime experiences with the superpower rivalry nor conducts a critical meta-engagement with Cold War ideology. When Frank comes back to the United States in 1955 from a tour of duty as a combat infantryman in Chosin, Korea, he instead undergoes the unheimlich experience of becoming a fugitive within a carceral state. Morrison confronts readers with a comparably uncanny experience when she deletes from the narrative any trace of the Cold War ideology whose structures of feeling, epistemologies, and military architecture the Korean War was putatively fought to establish and that the so-called war on terror had eerily revived. When she disallowed Cold War ideology control over representations of Home’s characters, actions, and events, Morrison recast the Korean War as the Cold War’s uncanny Other that exposed readers to an ongoing settler-colonial war being waged within 1950s US domestic society.
14
Majid, Efy Azirah, Ain Nursyahirah Mohd Fadzir, Nur Alia Zaheera Mohd Faizal i Mohd Haris Abdul Rani. "A Review of Renewable Energy Laws in Malaysia: Comparing solar energy policies in Malaysia, United States, and China". Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 7, SI7 (31.08.2022): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7isi7.3818.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
There is concern over Malaysia's policy not being able to properly address issues concerning the ability to meet domestic energy demands and over the incomprehensive implementation of energy justice. Thus, an investigation to explore the policy, especially of those concerning solar energy, is conducted as part of renewable energy alternatives adopted by the country. This comparative study analyses the solar policies of three countries, namely Malaysia, the United States and China, to determine which implementation would be the most practical and efficient. Some recommendations to strengthen or improve the current solar energy policies in Malaysia will be shared as an outcome of the study. Keywords: Energy justice, Solar energy, Policies, Malaysia eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7iSI7%20(Special%20Issue).3818
15
Alwee, Razana, Siti Mariyam Hj Shamsuddin i Roselina Sallehuddin. "Economic Indicators Selection for Property Crime Rates using Grey Relational Analysis and Support Vector Regression". International Journal of Systems Applications, Engineering & Development 16 (2.01.2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91015.2022.16.1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Features selection is very important in the multivariate models because the accuracy of forecasting results produced by the model are highly dependent on these selected features. The purpose of this study is to propose grey relational analysis and support vector regression for features selection. The features are economic indicators that are used to forecast property crime rate. Grey relational analysis selects the best data series to represent each economic indicator and rank the economic indicators according to its importance to the property crime rate. Next, the support vector regression is used to select the significant economic indicators where particle swarm optimization estimates the parameters of support vector regression. In this study, we use unemployment rate, consumer price index, gross domestic product and consumer sentiment index as the economic indicators, as well as property crime rate for the United States. From our experiments, we found that the gross domestic product, unemployment rate and consumer price index are the most influential economic indicators. The proposed method is also found to produce better forecasting accuracy as compared to multiple linear regressions.
16
Ravnyushkin, A. V. "The Legal Issues of Firearms Trafficking in the United States of America". Siberian Law Review 19, nr 4 (8.01.2023): 356–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19073/2658-7602-2022-19-4-356-373.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Relevance and subject of research. The circulation of firearms as a source of increased danger is subject to legal regulation and control in the Russian Federation. The use of weapons by police officers is no exception. The norms of the Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3-FZ “About the Police” (hereinafter referred to as the Law “About the Police”) refer to the achievements of domestic administrative science as a result of the work of specialists. In systemic connection with the norms of criminal law, they regulate the conditions and limits for the use of coercive measures by police officers, including firearms. The fundamental ideas of the activities of the Russian police have successfully cooperated with the norms of international law. On the contrary, in the socalled “leading” democratic state – the United States of America, such cooperation does not look well-coordinated, which the Author substantiates when studying the origins of the right of citizens of this state to own firearms, the regulatory regulation of the circulation of weapons in the United States, the negative consequences of this regulation (based on research by American scientists and statistical data), the activities of the US police to counter armed attacks and its legal regulation. One of the US attempts to comply with international law in this area is analyzed, namely the adopted new policy of the US Customs and Border Protection on the use of force, including firearms.The purpose of the study is to determine the state of legal regulation of the circulation of civilian firearms in the United States, the use of these weapons as a coercive measure by police officers in order to identify its positive aspects, in the presence of which the decision on the possibility / impossibility of their introduction into Russian legislation. This led to the setting of the following tasks: to study the constitutional foundations of the right to own firearms by US citizens (historical aspect); to determine the current state of legal regulation of civilian circulation of firearms in the United States and its consequences; analyze the activities of the US police to counter armed attacks and its legal regulation, evaluate them and determine the prospects for their improvement; identify the provisions of American legislation that are of scientific interest, and the possibility / impossibility of their implementation in Russian legislation.The methodological basis of the study was a dialectical approach to the scientific knowledge of social relations associated with the circulation of firearms, the implementation of their state regulation, analysis and synthesis of the results obtained during the study, which made it possible to formulate and substantiate the conclusions. Among the special methods used in the study are the method of studying normative legal acts and documents, the empirical method, the method of processing and analyzing data, and their generalization. Findings. The study shows that the constitutional foundations for the right to own firearms by US citizens developed simultaneously with the emergence of statehood: first in individual states, and then in the very union of these states formed into a single US government. The existing multi-layered legal framework for regulating the circulation of firearms has created a wide range of owners with a relatively simple system of access, which negatively affects the criminal environment, in which armed attacks with mass casualties are of high importance. Cases of armed attacks and other negative illegal acts to a certain extent influenced the processes of militarization of the police, the creation and strengthening of special operations units, the adoption by the police of various types of military equipment, weapons and special means. Detailed legal regulation of the use of lethal force by the police is developing belatedly. The 2014 adoption of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Manual did not prompt other law enforcement agencies to adopt similar rules, indicating the fragmentation of U.S. law enforcement. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection Guidelines on the use of force is of particular scientific interest, and after its careful analysis, it is possible to introduce certain provisions into the legal regulation of the activities of the Russian police, especially the use of lethal force. The fundamental ideas of police activity developed in Russia can be recognized as certain guidelines for the development of the American police. The relatively small number of firearm owners in Russia and the high requirements for the circulation of firearms are a deterrent to the negative developments taking place in the United States.
17
Díez Martínez, Daniel. "Her Dream Home : Domesticity and Gender in Advertising in Arts & Architecture = El Hogar de sus Sueños: domesticidad y género en la Publicidad de Arts & Architecture". Cuaderno de Notas, nr 22 (29.07.2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20868/cn.2021.4748.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractIn the United States, with the end of World War II, a cultural and territorial model based on the suburban lifestyle took root. Women had taken an active role during the conflict, but postwar American society returned them to the background, restricting them to the care of family and home. The domestic space became again a distinctly female ecosystem. From a gender perspective this article explores how the discourse on housewives and domesticity was expressed in the specialized press, particularly in advertisements published in Arts & Architecture. It tries to show how advertising contributed to the association drawn between women and the domestic sphere, and in particular to the idea of the kitchen as an inherently feminine space. Women were mostly assigned an ornamental role as passive consumers, but occasionally they were portrayed as experts capable of instructing architects on how to design the home.ResumenEl final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial consolidó en Estados Unidos un modelo cultural y territorial basado en el estilo de vida suburbano. Aunque las mujeres habían tenido un papel activo durante el conflicto, la sociedad estadounidense de posguerra las relegó a una posición secundaria limitada a las tareas de cuidado familiar y del hogar, por lo que el espacio doméstico se convirtió en un ecosistema netamente femenino. El objetivo de este artículo consiste en estudiar cómo se estructuró este discurso en la prensa especializada utilizando los anuncios de la revista Arts & Architecture. Se muestra cómo la publicidad contribuyó a la asociación entre la mujer y el ámbito doméstico, y en particular a definir la cocina como un espacio inherentemente femenino. A las mujeres se les asignó principalmente un papel ornamental como consumidoras pasivas, aunque ocasionalmente también aparecían como expertas capaces de instruir a los arquitectos sobre cómo diseñar una casa.
18
Lymar, Marharyta, i Iryna Tykhonenko. "AMERICAN SECURITY ASSISTANCE TO UKRAINE: MECHANISMS AND PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATIONS". American History & Politics: Scientific edition, nr 13 (2022): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2022.13.2.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The purpose of the article is to research basis, experience, and practical ways of the implementation of U.S. security (defense) assistance to Ukraine. The current study considers the institutional and legal framework for providing U.S. defense support to Ukraine; explores the preconditions for strengthening U.S. military assistance at modern stage; analyzes the possible consequences of such support for the United States; gives an overall assessment of U.S. security assistance to Ukraine since 2014. The methodological basis of the study includes a set of general and special research methods. The systematic method allowed to consider the process of providing military assistance to Ukraine by the United States as a multilevel system. First, military support to Ukraine is considered in the format of mechanisms that promote comprehensive military assistance to Ukraine. Second, it is observed as an element of foreign policy strategies of the U.S. administrations since 2014. Third, the overall impact of U.S. assistance to Ukraine is studied in the format of a security environment at the regional and global levels of international relations. The comparative method helped to compare the volumes and effectiveness of security assistance under Obama, Trump, and Biden administrations. Statistical methods were used as the basis for the objective study and allowed to consider features and scope of assistance in the period from 2014 to 2022. The scientific novelty lies in one of the first attempts among Ukrainian authors to make an overall analysis of current situation in Ukraine, – active phase of Russian aggression against our state, – given the fact that domestic scientists are just beginning to study comprehensively foreign military and defense assistance that Ukraine receives from international partners, including the United States. In this regard, the authors pay special attention to reviewing American and British sources as well as current news and analytical reports. Summing up, the authors confirm significance of American security support for effective military counteraction to Russia and restoration of Ukraine’s territorial integrity.
19
Kereselidze, Nino, Ilona Chukhua, Mariam Zviadauri i Tamar Chogovadze. "Never Waste a Crisis” Post 2019 Pandemic Regional Architecture of the Black Sea Region". Journal of Social Sciences 7, nr 2 (27.05.2022): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31578/jss.v7i2.121.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
After the Covid-19 global pandemic, the geopolitical significance of the Black Sea Region (BSR), with changing resources and distribution of power,has changed opening renewed scope of engagement to both internal and external actors. Since 2019 as the epidemiological crisis has been strengtheningnation-states, showing the weakness of international organizations, and raising doubts about the extent to which international society is fulfillingits declared values and principles of human rights and ethics, it has spread new perspectives for countries around the Black Sea.This article explores the strategic importance of the BSR for the six coastal states of Georgia, Ukraine, Russia, Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania and theirpolicies since 2019. It further explores the strategies that they are using vis-à-vis each other to assert their influence in the region. The article arguesthat the BSR, due to its strategic and transit location, being the subject of interest of several actors has been affected by an unequal distribution of thebalance of power since 2019. Russia, Turkey, the United States of America (US), NATO and the European Union (EU) member states, being particularlyactive, continue playing significant roles in the region affecting its political milieu. The interplay of these policies is reflected in coexistence as wellas confrontation among the BSR countries. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia’s power, standing out from other actors, with its aspirationswithin the region is increasing after the Covid-19 pandemic. Along with Russia, Turkey has also relative strength and a military advantage comparedto other countries in the region. Pandemic has opened up additional opportunities for Russia’s domestic and foreign engagement in its near abroadof the BSR, making it one of the principal architects of the post-crisis world order. “Never waste a good crisis” – these words attributed to WinstonChurchill are relevant for the BSR today as never before reflecting Russia’s policy that neither Russia nor other state has missed during the systemiccrisis triggered by the coronavirus pandemic in terms of rethinking their regional and global policies.Considering this constellation, the first part of this article discusses
20
Parra-Martínez, José, i John Crosse. "SFMA, MoMA and the Codification of Bay Region Architecture (1935-1953)". VLC arquitectura. Research Journal 6, nr 2 (31.10.2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2019.10939.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
<p>This paper addresses the under-recognized implications of SFMA’s early architectural exhibition program. Conceived under founding director Grace Morley, a series of pioneering events first presented Bay Area architects’ work as interdependent with the region’s rich geographical and cultural context, offering new lens through which Eastern critics prompted to re-evaluate California modernism. Among these shows, the 1949 landmark exhibition <em>Domestic Architecture of the San Francisco Bay Region</em> would epitomize the postwar discussions upon the autonomy of American modern architecture. Correspondingly, by exploring SFMA-MoMA exchanges during Elizabeth Mock’s curatorship, this essay aims to examine the conflict of perceptions and intentions between the country’s two Coasts that brought about the 1949 show as part of a well-orchestrated campaign that had begun years before Lewis Mumford’s 1947 <em>New Yorker</em> piece triggered a controversy over the existence of a “Bay Region Style.” Contrary to prevailing assumptions that this exhibition was a delayed reaction to the 1948 MoMA symposium organized by Philip Johnson to refute Mumford’s arguments, it was the consequence of an effective regionalist agenda whose success was, precisely, that many influential actors in the United States were exposed, indoctrinated and/or seduced by the so-called Bay Region School’s emphasis on social, political and ecological concerns.</p>
21
Klein, Richard. "The Delcourt House: the last house by Richard Neutra". Modern Houses, nr 64 (2021): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/64.a.7bzrgwww.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The only French building by the architect Richard Neutra (1892-1970), Delcourt house, built in Croix near Roubaix, France, is frequently forgotten in publications on his work, and is generally considered to be of little significance in the largely American career of its designer. At the end of the 1960s, Marcel Delcourt (1923-2016), a young Chief Executive Officer at the head of the mail order company Les Trois Suisses, was attracted to the American way of life. As the final work of Richard Neutra, the Delcourt residence is a fragile heritage, the result of complex and fruitful exchanges between Europe and the United States of America (USA), between architects and the client, but also between the customized design of most of the features and the use of sophisticated techniques, products that the interior finish industry was able to supply at the end of the 1960s. The edifice now stands as a repository of domestic architecture techniques.
22
Camara, Abdoulaye, Wang Feixing i Liu Xiuqin. "Energy Consumption Forecasting Using Seasonal ARIMA with Artificial Neural Networks Models". International Journal of Business and Management 11, nr 5 (18.04.2016): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n5p231.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
<p>In many areas such as financial, energy, economics, the historical data are non-stationary and contain trend and seasonal variations. The goal is to forecast the energy consumption in U.S. using two approaches, namely the statistical approach (SARIMA) and Neural Networks approach (ANN), and compare them in order to find the best model for forecasting. The energy area has an important role in the development of countries, thus, consumption planning of energy must be made accurately, despite they are governed by other factors such that population, gross domestic product (GDP), weather vagaries, storage capacity etc. This paper examines the forecasting performance for the residential energy consumption data of United States between SARIMA and ANN methodologies. The multi-layer perceptron (MLP) architecture is used in the artificial neural networks methodology. According to the obtained results, we conclude that the neural network model has slight superiority over SARIMA model and those models are not directional. </p>
23
Simkin, Al'bert, Tatyana Mozhaeva i Aleksandr Proskurin. "Developing the University’s Quality Management System". Ergodesign 2023, nr 3 (29.09.2023): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2658-4026-2023-3-247-254.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The paper considers the independent assessment fundamentals of the learning service quality at the institutional level, provided by the country’s higher educational establishments, in particular, the university’s quality management system. The work analyses the difficulties in developing and confirming the compliance of the quality management system of domestic universities, caused by introducing unilateral sanctions by the EU countries and the United States. It is proposed to resolve the identified problems by selecting and implementing national models of quality management systems in the university control system with the prospect of confirming their compliance with national authorised certification bodies. As a national model, a standard model of the universities and colleges’ quality system (ENQA & ISO 9000) is considered, which retains its relevance at present. The ISO 9000 & ENQA model has been developed and adapted to the specifics of domestic management of an educational organisation. The presence of methodological accompanying documentation for the ISO 9000 & ENQA model is noted, which allows the university to independently develop, implement and assess the quality system, conduct an audit while preparing for state accreditation. The expediency of developing the quality system of an educational organisation on the basis of the considered national model of the quality management system is substantiated.
24
Brylonek, Marek. "Great Power Competition from the perspective of the United States of America at the beginning of the third decade of 21st century". Zeszyty Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Witelona w Legnicy 3, nr 40 (30.09.2021): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.4459.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In the area of security and defense, the turn of the second and third decade of the 21st century has been characterized by intensifying competition of economic and military powers. The United States of America competes with China and the Russian Federation in various fields of the functioning of states and international relations, aimed at shaping the security architecture as well as standards, practices and spheres of influence that will enable them to exercise hegemony over the widest possible area of the globe. As predicted, the ongoing competition over the next few decades will cause tensions not only on the Washington – Beijing and Washington – Moscow lines, but also in Africa, the Arctic, Europe as well as in cyberspace and space. The renewed rivalry between the great powers has officially reoriented the US security and defense priorities towards the need to prepare the country for increasing challenges. The leadership of the US Department of Defense made it a priority to prepare its armed forces for potential confrontation with other powers. This goal was the basis of all the military reforms carried out, the concept of its functioning, the modernization processes of military equipment, as well as the directions of technological research and development efforts of the domestic arms industry. According to all forecasts and analyses, in the long-term perspective these issues will be at the center of deliberations by politicians and expert circles.
25
Sysoieva, I., O. Miklukha, N. Pozniakovska, О. Balaziuk, O. Miklukha, L. Akimova i B. Pohrishchuk. "SOCIAL INNOVATIONS IN THE EDUCATIONAL SPACE AS A DRIVER OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN SOCIETY". Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 3, nr 38 (30.06.2021): 538–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v3i38.237486.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract. The main provisions of the conceptualization of the introduction of social innovations in education and science, which constitute the internal content and is one of the main essential forms of economic development of modern society, are substantiated.
It has been studied that the leading countries in terms of the number of the most innovative companies in the world are industrialized countries, high-income countries, as the United Kingdom (not a member of the EU since 2020), Ireland, Cyprus. However, Bulgaria, Italy, Malta, Germany, Portugal, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia and the Czech Republic remain the least educated countries in recent years.
There is a need for in-depth reforms of the education system and focusing on additional research missions. and business activities.
It has been proven that one of the most important and widespread elements of the architecture of innovation infrastructure in the world, which is a supply component, is higher education institutions (HEIs), and the largest number of leading universities is in the United States and the United States. Kingdom. The role of social initiatives in increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian higher education institutions is highlighted. budget funds in the future. The normative basis for such implementation may be the EU Public Procurement Directive.
Based on a study of foreign experience in innovation, it was found that to stimulate innovation of domestic enterprises is important to improve the legislation governing issues related to innovation; improvement of innovation structure: creation of innovation centers, consulting centers, innovation banks; development of development programs and active state support of innovatively active enterprises and financial stimulation of competitiveness of Ukrainian universities and increase of motivational incentives for teachers of educational institutions.
Keywords: social sphere, innovations, innovation project, rating of world innovations, investments, sustainable development, innovations in education.
JEL Classification M41, H20, Н44, А1
Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 7; bibl.: 13.
26
Kiiver, Philipp. "German Participation in EU Decision-Making after the Lisbon Case: A Comparative View on Domestic Parliamentary Clearance Procedures". German Law Journal 10, nr 8 (1.08.2009): 1287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200001620.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
When the German Federal Constitutional Court pronounced itself on the constitutionality of the Treaty of Lisbon, its general reasoning on the character of the European Union sounded familiar. In its judgment, the Court recalls that the German Basic Law is a Europe-friendly constitution: its Preamble and its Article 23, regarding European integration, allow, and in fact prescribe, Germany's participation in the establishment of a united Europe. However, the Court also stresses the paramount position of the member states, their peoples, and their national parliaments in the institutional architecture of the EU. Already in its Maastricht Case, the Court had put an emphasis on institutional guarantees regarding the conditions under which sovereign competences may be conferred upon the EU from its constituent member states. The Lisbon Case builds upon the Maastricht doctrine, but now adds concrete instructions to the German legislature: whenever the EU institutions wish to apply certain strategic decisions under the Treaty of Lisbon, the German government may agree to them only after the two national legislative chambers, the German Federal Parliament (Bundestag) and the German Federal Council of States (Bundesrat), have given their prior approval. The national statute that regulates this must (and will) be changed accordingly before Germany may ratify the Treaty of Lisbon. The strategic decisions in question mainly concern what the Court considers to be, or at least potentially to be, de facto treaty amendment procedures by which EU institutions may dynamically expand their competences or change decision-making rules without having to resort to the regular ratification procedure for new treaties. The most prominent example is the so-called passerelle (or simplified treaty revision procedure), allowing the European Council unanimously, and with the European Parliament's assent, to introduce qualified majority voting and co-decision in areas where this does not yet apply. National parliaments are informed six months in advance and each of them may cast a binding veto, but ordinary positive ratification in all member states is not required. Also for the application of the flexibility clause, allowing for EU action to attain EU goals in the absence of a specific legal basis, the German Constitutional Court requires prior bicameral approval by the national legislature. The Court rejects the idea of future treaty amendment by tacit consent, because that would undermine the prerogatives of the national legislature and, essentially, German sovereign statehood. At the risk of sounding corny, we may therefore dub the Lisbon Case “Solange III,” after the two previous Solange Cases, and summarize it as follows: As long as (or, solange, in German) the European Union is not a federal state but comprises constituent member states, the people, through the national legislature, must consciously legitimize European integration step by step. The partially enhanced flexibility of future treaty reforms envisaged under the Treaty of Lisbon is, as far as Germany is concerned, undone. But what about the other member states? Where does the Lisbon case put Germany on the European map of parliamentary democracy? How do the ratification procedures on which the German Court insists compare with the procedures of national parliamentary oversight as they exist in the rest of the Union? The present article shall put the envisaged German procedures in a comparative perspective. But first it shall reflect on some of the main features of the judgment itself.
27
Li, Dingfeng, Malavika Suresh, Tobias Else, Sarah Brand, Oksana Hamidi, Ashleigh Westfall, Anand Vaidya i Irina Bancos. "Quality of Life and Its Determinants in Patients With Adrenal Insufficiency: A Survey Study From Three Tertiary Centers in the United States". Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (1.05.2021): A92—A93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.185.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract Context: Quality of life (QoL) is impaired in patients with chronic adrenal insufficiency (AI) despite standard glucocorticoid (GC) replacement therapy. Current evidence on the determinants of QoL is scarce and limited in very few European countries, and how it relates to AI subtypes remains underexplored. Objective: We conducted the first survey study in patients with AI in the USA to determine the correlations between clinical parameters, adverse outcomes, patient education, socioeconomic factors, and QoL in different subtypes of AI. Design, Setting and Participants: Cross-sectional survey study of 529 patients with AI between 2015 and 2020, at three tertiary centers in the USA. Intervention: Patient-centered questionnaires. Main Outcome Measures: QoL scores using Short-Form 36. Results: Of 529 participants, 223 (42.2%) had primary AI (PAI), 190 (35.9%) had secondary AI (SAI), and 116 (21.9%) had glucocorticoid induced AI (GIAI). Median age at the time of survey was 58 years (IQR: 43–68), 342 (64.8%) were women and 483 (91.3%) were Caucasians. Median duration of AI was 6 years (IQR: 3–14.5), longest in patients with PAI (11 vs 4 years in SAI and GIAI, p=0.0001). Overall, Physical Composite Summary (PCS) score was lower than the Mental Composite Summary (MCS) (38.1±12.9 vs 46.5±11.8). Across the eight dimensions, each individual decade- and sex-adjusted Z-score (using the normative data of USA population) in patients with PAI was significantly higher than that of the other two AI subtypes (all p<0.05), although all Z-scores were still below 0. In multivariate analyses, patients were more likely to report a worse PCS score (<40) if they were women (OR: 3.3, CI 95%: 1.8–6.0), had SAI or GIAI (OR: 2.5, CI 95%: 1.4–4.3), had shorter duration of AI (<6 years) (OR: 2.0, CI 95%: 1.1–3.6), were treated with >25 mg hydrocortisone equivalent daily (OR: 2.3, CI 95%: 1.2–4.6), had more comorbidities related to GC excess (OR: 2.3, CI 95%: 1.3–4.0), reported higher financial burden due to AI (OR: 2.1, CI 95%: 1.3–3.6), and reported difficulties with AI management (OR: 2.5, CI 95%: 1.2–5.2). Women (OR: 2.1, CI 95%: 1.08–4.0), shorter duration of AI (OR: 2.4, CI 95%: 1.4–4.3), higher financial burden due to AI (OR: 2.3, CI 95%: 1.3–4.0), reporting difficulties with AI management (OR: 2.6, CI 95%: 1.4–4.9), and lack of family support during adrenal crisis (OR: 9.1, CI 95%: 2.3–33.3), were predictors of a worse MCS score (<40). Conclusions: Patients with AI have substantially impaired QoL despite GC replacement therapy. Certain determinants of QoL are modifiable and achievable, such as avoiding GC over-replacement, offering detailed hands-on education in self-management, more comprehensive insurance coverage, and more robust domestic support. Our study calls for a multidimensional effort from patients, clinicians, and society to improve QoL in this vulnerable patient population.
28
Bartenev, Vladimir Igorevich. "The Gulf States’ Assistance to Egypt after the 2011 Revolution: Logic, Dynamics, Systemic Impact". Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 19, nr 4 (15.12.2019): 566–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-4-566-582.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The current decade has seen a growing role of the Gulf States (Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait and Qatar) in global aid architecture as a result of the Arab Awakening. The largest packages of assistance have been provided by this group of donors to Egypt, which followed an especially tortuous path, shaped by the factor of political Islam. This paper examines the logic, dynamics and the role of such assistance in Egypt’s tumultuous history after 2011. It consists of four sections - each depicting a particular phase of the post-revolutionary period and containing an in-depth study of the logic of and linkages between the GCC members’ donor initiatives as well as an assessment of their influence on the domestic and external policies of consecutive Egyptian administrations and the behavior of extraregional actors. The general conclusion is drawn that during each of four stages the Gulf States’ actions played a pivotal role in Egypt’s turbulent development. Contrary to a widespread belief in predominance of cultural and religious solidarity in Arab donors’ aid-giving, they mastered foreign assistance as a tool of statecraft as aptly as established donors, while often restructuring it in response to the changes on the ground and/or economic environment. An increased role of the GCC members in Egypt’s fate is explained not only by their growing ambitions and capabilities but also by an excessive cautiousness of the Western countries. In comparison with the latter group - the Arab donors, which did not demand any improvements in quality of governance from the Egyptian authorities and acted very swiftly and decisively, looked as much more reliable partners. Their growing impact forced the established donors to turn a blind eye to the defects of Egypt’s political system or economic governance in order to avoid a complete loss of influence. This interdependence between the behavior of the Western and Arab donors reveals a trend, which deserves a more scrupulous examination on a wider selection of country cases.
29
Meguro, Maiko. "Litigating climate change through international law: Obligations strategy and rights strategy". Leiden Journal of International Law 33, nr 4 (9.09.2020): 933–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156520000473.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractLitigation has presented itself as a serious means to vindicate normative commitments about climate change by forcing governments to review their policy priorities. Today, the use of such litigation is not limited to the domestic arena. International law now provides the new principal avenue for such litigation. Two litigation strategies stand out: obligations strategy and rights strategy. Obligations strategy consists of bestowing an erga omnes character to existing obligations regarding the protection of the global environment, thereby providing standing for a non-injured party before international courts. Rights strategy, on the other hand, significantly increases in practice. It consists in the invocation, before national and international courts, of remedies for environmental damages through the legal categories of human rights law.This article sheds light on the potential and limits of these litigation strategies in international law. The argument builds on the specific evolution in the legal architecture of international obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The current structure of the UNFCCC now makes it substantially impossible to bring a claim against individual states regarding their specific measures against climate change. The article, by referring to the history of drafting which produced the specific structure, questions the ability of these litigation strategies to remedy the lack of international consensus and to accommodate the technical intricacy of how to turn normative commitments into actual action for climate change.
30
Nesterov, Igor. "Accommodative monetary policy, fiscal stimulus and foreign exchange reserves within the framework of Russian national economic interests: Long-standing problems and new challenges". St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 37, nr 3 (2021): 371–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2021.301.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Ultra-accommodative monetary policy, fiscal stimulus, and, as a result, growing debt were the main features of advanced economies development in the 2010s. The pandemic crises of 2020 intensified those trends. Russian authorities had to respond to the new challenges inspired by the global economic slowdown and massive lockdowns thru adopting relaxing monetary conditions and employing fiscal impetus. However, “the new financial reality” of zero-negative interest rates and fast-growing public debt in major advanced economies highlighted the long-standing problems of international financial architecture as well as created new challenges for the Russian national economy. In the article, the author analyzes monetary, fiscal and debt risks challenging the world economy during the last decade and concludes that under current circumstances continuing accumulation of foreign exchange reserves is resulting in growing dependence of Russia economy on the monetary policy of the world’s leading central banks, creating devaluation pressures on the ruble and, consequently, increasing outside inflationary impact on the domestic economy. Ultimately financing the already inflated budget deficits of the United States, the Eurozone and Japan and thereby feeding the wave of “debt tsunami” that is looming from these economies, the Russian Federation is losing investment resources that are so vital for sustainable economic growth recovery. The main goal of the article is to prove that within the framework of the new global financial reality, the further accumulation of foreign exchange reserves preserves ruble undervaluation and ultimately undermines the sustainable development and economic growth of the Russian economy. The author suggests the key elements for national economic policy aimed to support the domestic economy may and should be ruble appreciation. The adjusted paradigm of Russian economic development based on the import substitution model is a strong argument in favor of this proposal.
31
Siegert, Drotar i Alexander. "Spatial and Temporal Variability of Throughfall among Oak and Co-occurring Non-oak Tree Species in an Upland Hardwood Forest". Geosciences 9, nr 10 (20.09.2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100405.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Canopy throughfall comprises the largest portion of net precipitation that is delivered to the forest floor. This water flux is highly variable across space and time and is influenced by species composition, canopy foliage, stand structure, and storm meteorological characteristics. In upland forests throughout the central hardwoods region of the Eastern United States, a compositional shift is occurring from oak-hickory to more mesic, shade-tolerant species such as red maple, sweetgum, and winged elm. To better understand the impacts of this shift on throughfall flux and the hydrologic budget, we monitored throughfall for one year in Northern Mississippi under the crowns of midstory and overstory oak (post oak and southern red oak) and non-oak species (hickory, red maple, and winged elm). In general, oak had more throughfall than co-occurring non-oak species in both canopy levels. In the overstory during the leaf-off canopy phase, white oak had relatively higher throughfall partitioning (standardized z-score = 0.54) compared to all other species (z-score = −0.02) (p = 0.004), while in the leaf-on canopy phase, red maple had relatively lower throughfall (z-score = −0.36) partitioning compared to all other species (z-score = 0.11). In the midstory, red maple was the only species to exhibit a difference in throughfall between canopy phases, with much lower throughfall in the leaf-off compared to the leaf-on canopy phase (z-score = −0.30 vs. 0.202, p = 0.039). Additionally, throughfall under oak crowns was less variable than under non-oak crowns. These results provide evidence that the spatial and temporal distribution of throughfall inputs under oak crowns are different than non-oak species, likely due to differences in crown architecture (i.e., depth and density). As oak dominance diminishes in these forests, it is possible that the portion of rainfall diverted to throughfall may decrease as well. The net impacts to watershed hydrology are still unknown, but these results provide one mechanism by which the distribution of water resources may be affected.
32
Tomuschat, Christian. "Die Zukunft des Völkerrechts". Juridica International 26 (13.11.2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/ji.2017.26.01.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The international legal order today constitutes a truly universal legal system. It has received guiding principles through the United Nations Charter: ever since this ‘Constitution for the world’ began operating, sovereign equality of states, self‑determination of peoples, and human rights have been key components of this architecture, which has reached a state of ‘conceptual unity’ belying the talk of ‘fragmentation’ of international law that so fascinated scholars in their debates only a short while ago. The great peace treaties of 1648, 1815, and 1919, as Euro‑centric instruments influenced by the interests of the dominant powers, could not bring about a peaceful world order. After World War II, it was, in particular, the inclusion of the newly independent states in the legislative processes that has conferred an unchallenged degree of legitimacy on international law. Regrettably, its effectiveness has not kept pace with its normative growth. Some islands of stability can be identified. On the positive side, one can note a growing trend to entrust the settlement of disputes to formal procedures. Yet the integration of human rights in international law – a step of moral advancement that proceeds from the simple recognition that, precisely in the interest of world peace, domains of domestic and international matters cannot be separated one from the other as neatly as postulated by the classic doctrine of international law – has placed enormous obstacles before international law. It must be expected that the demand for more justice on the part of developing nations will subject the international legal order to even greater strain in the near future. Currently, chances are low that the issue of migration from the poorer South to the ‘rich’ North can be resolved.
33
Aksenov, I. A. "Features of the application of economic sanctions against the Russian Federation". Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), nr 11 (18.11.2022): 780–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2211-02.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Today, Russia tops the list of countries against which sanctions have been imposed by the world community. At the moment, 11,579 punitive measures have been introduced against the Russian Federation and persons with citizenship. The closest "pursuer" is Iran, which has only 3,637 restrictive measures in its international portfolio, which is 68.59 % less than the leader of the list. The third and fourth lines are occupied by Syria and North Korea (2624 and 2136 sanctions respectively). Belarus closes the top fi ve with 1133 restrictions.Russia took the leading position after the decision on the Special Military Operation in Ukraine was made. Until February 22, 2022, 2,754 restrictive measures were introduced against Russia (which is 76.22 % less than the current ones) in connection with the previous events in Ukraine. For example, the United States of America has doubled this value since 2014. Statistics analyzed and collected using an online restriction tracking service. Almost all countries can be noted as aff ected by the change in the architecture of the world economy. The rejection of dollar transactions, the freezing of assets of the Central Bank of Russia, the violation of the usual supply chains, the bipolarization of the world, the open violation of international law and other facts and events have spurred all states to adjust their domestic and foreign policies.Moreover, the actual development of the problem considered in this work is completely absent from the scientifi c community due to the too short period since the introduction of the last economic restrictions.Within the framework of the article, the author reveals the features of the application of economic sanctions against the Russian Federation. The article systematizes the stages of application of sanctions against the Russian Federation.
34
Kyrchiv, Andriy. "Z. Brzezinski’s Strategic Vision of the U.S. Foreign Policy in Late 20th Century and First Two Decades of the 21st Сentury". Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, nr 44 (15.12.2021): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2021.44.23-34.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The study of the influence of Brzezinski (both - as of scientist and politician) on the formation of directions and principles of foreign policy of the United States presidential administrations for almost 50 years allows us to understand the essence of U.S. world leadership and its dynamics in the context of global security and cooperation architecture. The article considers the issue of practical use of elements of Z. Brzezinski's paradigm in the U.S. foreign policy since 1977 until now, yet it is stressed that the advisory and assistance regarding international policy issues was provided by Z.Brzezinski to the US highest level decision-makers and leaders since 1956. The impact of his consultations and recommendations on the foreign policy decisions of the presidential administrations of J. Carter, R. Reagan, G. H. W. Bush, B. Clinton and B. Obama has been analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the incorporation of Z. Brzezinski's concepts during his work on the position of National Security Adviser to President J. Carter (1977-1981) into the field of the U.S. foreign policy of that time. Special focus is made on his role in supporting of anti-communist underground movements, human rights and independence supporters and political dissidents inside the Warsaw Pact countries and USSR itself, including Poland, Baltic countries and Ukraine during the presidencies of J.Carter and R.Reagan. Some international political problems that occurred in the process of implementing the U.S. foreign policy under the presidencies of G. W. Bush Jr and D. Trump in the context of deviations from the concepts proposed by Z. Brzezinski are emphasized especially those that led to the attempts of restoring the Russian neo-empire and violation of the international laws and rules of coexistence. The potential use of the ideas and approaches from Z.Brzezinski’s scientific and political heritage by President J. Biden are considered.
35
Podolskiy, V. A. "Analysis of the Social Policy Organization in Post-Soviet Russia in the Context of International Experience". Proceedings of Southwest State University. Series: History and Law 13, nr 6 (26.01.2024): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1501-2023-13-6-222-233.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Relevance. The organization of social policy was significantly modified in Russia during the post-Soviet period, due to the transformation of the economic system. Many foreign countries at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries also changed their approaches in the field of social policy, introducing market elements following the example of the United States, as well as responding to demographic changes and economic difficulties. Studying the features and dynamics of domestic and foreign social policy is valuable for consideration of the best practices and problems, for the development of political science and for making decisions.Purpose: show how the preservation of the goals of social policy in Russia after the collapse of the USSR was ensured when its instruments were changed, compare the domestic system with foreign ones.Objectives: to show what challenges did the social policy system face in Russia and abroad, how approaches to solving problems in the social sphere have changed, show the formation and functioning of pensions, the healthcare system, unemployment protection and other social policy measures in Russia and foreign countries.Methodology. The article relies on comparative historical approach, analysis of legal documents, institutions, organizational features and statistical data. The article is based on reports from government departments and analytical companies.Results. Economic and demographic problems at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries create similar challenges for Russia and other countries, but in Russia the impact of these problems was stronger, and Russia also faced administrative challenges. In the post-Soviet period, Russia attempted to reorganize social support along the lines of insurance, but a universalist approach, which involves financing from taxes. The system of social policy in modern Russia does not fall behind foreign analogues in its architecture, scale and efficiency. Its weaknesses are a lot of duplicating benefits, outpacing rates of indexation of social payments and low financing of the healthcare system.Conclusions. Russia managed to preserve the most important achievements of the Soviet period in the field of social security, namely pensions, free education and health care.
36
Iwanowski, Z. W., i D. M. Rozental. "Venezuela: Political Confrontation and the World Community". Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 12, nr 2 (20.11.2020): 71–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2020-12-2-71-111.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The paper examines a complex web of domestic and external issues which have both provoked a systemic crisis in Venezuela and, at the same time, determined its specificity in comparison with the wave of protests sweeping across Latin America in 2019.The authors conclude that the escalation of the conflict in Venezuela was caused not only by the standoff between the legislative and the executive branches of the government, but also by the split of the whole society into proponents and opponents of ‘socialism of the 21st century’. The contradictions have led to the formation of the parallel branches of power: two presidents, two parliaments and two supreme courts (one of them in exile) which de facto coexist in the country and each claims exclusive rights and legitimacy.The authors also stress that the situation in Venezuela has obvious regional consequences. The miscalculations of the incumbent president were used in election campaigns in other Latin American countries and became one of the reasons for the defeat of left candidates, the subsequent ‘right drift’ leading to the isolation of the republic. The new political landscape has also affected the architecture of integration associations, which failed to develop a unified position toward the Bolivarian regime.Furthermore, in a current heightened state of international tensions Venezuela has turned into a theatre of international rivalry and conflict involving all the key subjects of world politics. The United States, China, Russia and the European Union compete for the energy resources of the country and pursue their own strategic interests. The inability or unwillingness of external forces to reach compromise and to bring the parties to the negotiating table can pose a threat to peace and international security.As a result, Venezuela has become one of the most turbulent countries in the region. At the same time, the repeated outbursts of protest waves are significantly different from popular uprisings in other Latin American states. In the worst-case scenario, a constantly worsening situation may result in a social explosion which threatens to make the Bolivarian Republic another hot spot of the planet.
37
Gawlak, Agata. "Szpital bez ścian. Nowe technologie w projektowaniu architektury mieszkaniowej dla seniorów przyszłości". Środowisko Mieszkaniowe, nr 38 (wrzesień 2022): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25438700sm.22.003.16103.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Artykuł prezentuje nowe spojrzenie na przestrzeń zamieszkania seniorów, którzy już w niedalekiej przyszłości będą stanowić 20% naszego społeczeństwa i nawiązuje do powstałej w USA koncepcji hospital witout walls (tłum autorki: szpitale bez ścian). Rewolucyjna na czasy swojego powstania idea przeniesienia do środowiska domowego elementów związanych z diagnostyką czy terapią może stać się jedynym skutecznym rozwiązaniem pozwalającym seniorom przyszłości na komfortowe i bezpieczne starzenie się we własnym domu (ageing in place). Zwiększone zapotrzebowanie na usługi zdrowotne generuje pilną potrzebę redefinicji dotychczasowych systemowych rozwiązań opieki medycznej i ich transpozycję do przestrzeni zamieszkania, która będzie musiała odpowiedzieć na agregację nowych potrzeb prozdrowotnych przyszłych seniorów. Nowe technologie, jako ogólnodostępne narzędzia, będą w istotny sposób wspierać te procesy. Nie bez znaczenia pozostanie fakt, iż przyszli seniorzy będą inni niż obecni, będą posiadali nowe umiejętności i kompetencje, w tym przede wszystkim cyfrowe oraz zdecydowanie inne potrzeby odnośnie do przestrzeni zamieszkania. Stąd idea mieszkania, które leczy, wywodząca się z koncepcji hospital without walls może okazać się skutecznym modelem. Hospital without walls. Designing residential architecture for future seniors This article presents a new approach to residential space of the seniors who in the nearest future will represent 20% of our society and refers to a concept conceived in the United States, called hospital without walls. A revolutionary at the time idea of transferring certain elements of diagnostics or therapy into the space of a house or apartment has a chance to become an efficient solution for the seniors to enjoy ageing in place. Increased demand for medical services urgently requires a redefinition of the current health care system and the transfer of certain functions to the residential space that has to respond to a wide range of health care needs of the future seniors. Innovative technologies and widely accessible tools can effectively support the process. The fact that the future seniors will have other skills and competencies than those that the seniors have today, especially as it comes to the use of digital devices, cannot be disregarded. The future seniors will also have different needs as regards their housing space. Thus, healing architecture deriving from the hospital without walls concept stands a chance to prove an efficient housing model.
38
MHAIKEL, Kh Kh. "MODERN PROBLEMS OF ESTABLISHMENT OF REHABILITATION CENTERS. RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW AND EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES". Ukrainian Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, nr 4 (21.11.2021): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.bpsacea.2312.310821.66.791.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Problem statement. Modern experience in designing rehabilitation facilities is very small and isrepresented mainly by mobile hospitals. The complexity and multivisibility of the considered problem indicates theneed for its further in-depth study. From the given material it is possible to draw a conclusion that architecture today isredirected to fast change of processes of clearing, the technological equipment.Purpose of the article. The article aims to solve the following tasks:− to conduct a retrospective analysis, to determine the temporary stages of formation and development of medicalinstitutions with a rehabilitation function;− to analyze domestic and foreign design experience;− identify factors influencing the formation of institutions with a rehabilitation function;− to conduct a comparative analysis of modern requirements for the design and construction of rehabilitationcenters in Europe, the United States, Russia, Ukraine, Syria.Conclusion. 1. It is established that the prerequisites for the establishment of rehabilitation centers were thefollowing: The number of disabled people is currently increasing among adults in Syria and Ukraine, as well as in mostcountries around the world, which in recent years has been developing dynamically medical systems for the treatmentof disabled people.Український журнал будівництва та архітектури, № 4 (004), 2021, ISSN (Print) 2710-0367, ISSN (Online) 2710-0375 66 2. It is determined that in the foreign approach to the rehabilitation of the disabled, special conditions are createdfor post-clinical treatment in the departments of clinics, hospitals and specialized centers. The study of foreign designexperience revealed the consistent development of the concept of creating a rehabilitation environment. It is determinedthat the block system of layout of buildings of the rehabilitation center prevails in foreign experience. The originalcorridor planning system of buildings of medical institutions, including rehabilitation centers, gave way to a neutraltype of recreational space.3. Modern experience in designing rehabilitation facilities is very limited and is represented mainly by mobilehospitals, after which, if necessary, the patient is transferred or to a military hospital, obsolete for decades of operation,to a general rehabilitation center where patients are treated for injuries.4. The complexity and multidimensionality of the problem indicates the need and feasibility of its further in-depthstudy.5. From the above we can conclude that today's architecture of ZMR is reoriented to the rapid change of processingprocesses and technological equipment. When designing complex hospital care systems, there is a desire to achievetheir maximum efficiency.6. Rehabilitation centers and hospitals are filled with various elements of infrastructure. They becomemultifunctional. Obviously, there is a tendency to turn the strict walls of hospitals into comfortable ones with complexinteriors.7. The planning structure of medical buildings is also changing. The use of corridor planning systems is decliningas they have become less convenient.8. Therefore, in order to implement the rehabilitation center and for its effective functioning in Ukraine, it isnecessary: at the legislative and practical levels to create rehabilitation departments in all hospitals, where highlyspecialized and formed rehabilitation teams will work; to translate the training of rehabilitation specialists into thehealth care system, as is the case, at least in the United States and European countries. In addition, there must befinancial support for the reform from the state.
39
Abu Khattwa, Younes Ambeya, i Ahmed Jamah Ahmed Alnagrat. "The Impact of Bank Credit on Economic Growth: Libyan Bank of Commerce and Development". Vol.3, Issue 2, Dec 2022 3, nr 2 (31.12.2022): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.55862/asbjv3i2a006.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
All This paper mainly aimed to examine the role of Libyan Bank Commerce and Development in financing economic development through bank lending. In addition, a study is being conducted to identifying the extent of the interrelationship between bank credit and economic development. The major challenges encountered by the bank under study when developing plans and policies to contribute to the development process should also be identified and noted. The supervisory financial regulatory authorities in United States of America rely on the CAMELS rating system, which was developed in 1996 to assess the financial condition of a bank and identify its strengths and weaknesses based on its performance in five areas. A descriptive and quantitative analytical approach was used for the study by developing a standard model to determine the impact of bank credit affects Libyan gross domestic product. We collected data from the Libyan Bank Commerce and Development by financial ratios of the CAMEL model, bank credit and the Central Bank of Libya by gross domestic product growth. An important finding of the study is that the indicators of the Bank Commerce and Development are weak, which negatively impacts economic development. In this study, E-Views software was used to consider the normal distribution of the sample and to analysis the data. Furthermore, the study revealed that the bank credit of the Bank of Commerce and Development had a statistically significant effect on economic development. As a result, the bank shows a strong economic contribution to the development of economic sectors, especially small and medium enterprises.
40
Gorodnia, Nataliya. "THANSFORMATIONS OF THE U.S.-THAI ALLIANCE IN THE POST COLD WAR ERA". American History & Politics: Scientific edition, nr 13 (2022): 42–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2022.13.5.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This paper intends to describe and discuss major transformations in the U.S.-Thai military and political treaty alliance of 1954 and 1962 durіng the post-Cold War period. The author seeks to reveal milestones in the U.S.-Thai political relations, and the most important factors that affected their defense and security cooperation. Methodology. These transformations are studied at the background of shifts in the international environment and the U. S. foreign policy, Thai domestic developments, and regional processes in Asia Pacific. In this empirical qualitative research, the methods of critical analysis of primary and secondary sources, chronological and comparative approaches are applied. Conclusions. The research has revealed that in the new international environment of 1990s, the tasks of the U.S.-Thai treaty alliance were changed. It was reoriented towards transnational security threats, mostly drugs traffic and terrorism, humanitarian assistance in the case of natural disasters, preparations for peacekeeping operations, et cetera. 2001–2004, when Thai government supported the U.S.-led war on terror, was the most fruitful period of the U.S.-Thai cooperation during the post-Cold war period. Simultaneously, from the very end of Indochina wars Thailand attempted to evade overdependence on the United States in the security area, and sought to balance American influence. Development of close Thailand-China ties served the purpose. The special relations, established between Thailand and China, hindered the achievement of the full potential of the U.S.-Thai alliance. Besides, the U.S. and Thai governments had different perceptions on some important political issues such as human rights, the role of military in society and the governance, policy towards Myanmar, and the security issues in the South China Sea. Since 2006, the U.S.–Thai defense and security cooperation was negatively affected by political instability in Thailand and military coup of 2006. As a result, during the rebalance to East Asia since 2011, the U.S. could not rely on effective cooperation with Thailand, its treaty ally. The military coup of 2014 caused the worst crisis in the U.S.-Thai relations. Though during D. Trump administration they were improved and the new vision of the alliance was agreed upon, this crisis actualized an issue of credibility of Thailand as an ally.
41
Tiburcio, Nelson J., Scarlett L. Baker i Kristin S. Kimmell. "Criminal Justice Alcohol and Drug Screening in Practice: Using the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory to Identify Substance Use Disorder in Offenders". Social Behavior Research and Practice – Open Journal 6, nr 1 (31.12.2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/sbrpoj-6-129.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Objective The substance abuse subtle screening inventory (SASSI) has been used successfully in correctional treatment settings and correctional screening since 1988. These screenings include outpatient evaluations of offenders within community settings, as well as assessments of incarcerated individuals within federal, state, city, and county correctional facilities. One key element towards reducing recidivism and reoffending, is that individuals receive treatment for substance use disorders (SUD’s) while in the correctional system. While SUD is not the only contributing factor to criminality, it does significantly increase the likelihood of legal infraction and violations, placing these individuals at a higher risk of re-offending. Thus, identifying SUD as early as possible helps provide tailored treatment to those who need it, while simultaneously reducing the risk of future legal difficulties. Now in its fourth iteration (SASSI-4), this article discusses the SASSI screening tools’ utility with criminal offenders and serving clinical needs, and reviews a case study of a young male’s clinical evaluation while incarcerated. Results For this case study, we reviewed the SASSI-4 screening results of a 24-year-old male whom we will call "Bryon". Bryon was in his 4th week of detention at a local mid-western jail in the United States. He was arrested after turning himself in for a prior domestic violence offense committed while under the influence of alcohol and for which he had fled the state. Bryon had one prior arrest (for receiving stolen property, which he subsequently traded for drugs). The intake counselor conducting Bryon’s assessment had been meeting with him at the jail for several weeks. The court was particularly interested in determining the level of risk that Bryon would again flee the area. Conclusion This case presents us with a good example of the value of early identification of substance use disorder, and potential problems in criminal justice settings. Bryon's SASSI results clearly demonstrate a well-established pattern of substance misuse that will require relatively intensive intervention. Therefore, he may be a solid candidate for diversion into an alcohol and drug treatment program as a way of reducing the risk of future offenses.
42
Smith, Kelsey C., i Julie A. Blanchong. "Detection of lymphoproliferative disease virus in Iowa Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo): Comparison of two sections of the proviral genome". PLOS ONE 19, nr 2 (12.02.2024): e0296856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296856.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
An accurate diagnostic test is an essential aspect of successfully monitoring and managing wildlife diseases. Lymphoproliferative Disease Virus (LPDV) is an avian retrovirus that was first identified in domestic turkeys in Europe and was first reported in a Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) in the United States in 2009. It has since been found to be widely distributed throughout North America. The majority of studies have utilized bone marrow and PCR primers targeting a 413-nucleotide sequence of the gag gene of the provirus to detect infection. While prior studies have evaluated the viability of other tissues for LPDV detection (whole blood, spleen, liver, cloacal swabs) none to date have studied differences in detection rates when utilizing different genomic regions of the provirus. This study examined the effectiveness of another section of the provirus, a 335-nucleotide sequence starting in the U3 region of the LTR (Long Terminal Repeat) and extending into the Matrix of the gag region (henceforth LTR), for detecting LPDV. Bone marrow samples from hunter-harvested Wild Turkeys (n = 925) were tested for LPDV with the gag gene and a subset (n = 417) including both those testing positive and those where LPDV was not detected was re-tested with LTR. The positive percent agreement (PPA) was 97.1% (68 of 70 gag positive samples tested positive with LTR) while the negative percent agreement (NPA) was only 68.0% (236 of 347 gag negative samples tested negative with LTR). Cohen’s Kappa (κ = 0.402, Z = 10.26, p<0.0001) and the McNemar test (OR = 55.5, p<0.0001) indicated weak agreement between the two gene regions. We found that in Iowa Wild Turkeys use of the LTR region identified LPDV in many samples in which we failed to detect LPDV using the gag region and that LTR may be more appropriate for LPDV surveillance and monitoring. However, neither region of the provirus resulted in perfect detection and additional work is necessary to determine if LTR is more reliable in other geographic regions where LPDV occurs.
43
Bagdasaryan, Kniaz M. "Evolution of the Generalized Scheme of Preferences". REGIONOLOGY 30, nr 2 (30.06.2022): 278–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2413-1407.119.030.202202.278-297.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Introduction. The revision of the old U.S. rules of assigning developing country status under the law of countervailing duties in 2020 theoretically symbolizes another stage in the evolution of the Generalized Scheme of Preferences, but practically means a new form of battle for international competitiveness. There is no common criterion for determination of developing countries, either at the level of international organizations, including the World Trade Organization, or at the level of donor countries, while the list of least developed countries is determined by the United Nations, and they automatically become recipients of tariff preferences under the Generalized Scheme of Preferences. In this regard, the main idea and purpose of the study is to identify the applied aspects of the development of the international system of GSP and criteria for identifying developing countries to improve the system of tariff preferences EAEU and increase the competitiveness of goods produced in the domestic market. Materials and Methods. The paper reviews established rules within the GSP and features of the functioning of this system in the U.S., Canada, Japan, Britain and such integration groupings as the European Union, Commonwealth of Independent States and EAEU. To identify main aspects of this transformation it has been used the method of cross-country comparison, as well as methods of systematic and comparative analysis of relevant international and national legal acts and scientific papers. Results. We have revealed an international trend that is being formed by the leading economic actors to establish new rules for the functioning of the GSP and the criterion for determining the beneficiary countries. This trend will obviously affect the general rules of international trade within the framework of the World Trade Organization and to some extent will bring changes in its architecture. Discussion and Conclusion. The process of active unilateral revision of established for half a century international trade rules beyond the framework of international organizations gives to the problem a new systemic character and opens up an opportunity for future studies. It is obvious that we are on the beginning of entire international economic relations system transformation, which at the first stage will be accompanied by negative processes and will require an adequate response from the Russian state authorities, coordinating bodies of the EAEU and interested major economic agents.
44
Musoma, Albert Lusiola. "Military Diplomacy Strategies Applied by AMISOM in Restoration of Peace and Security in the Horn of Africa". African Journal of Empirical Research 2, nr 1 (11.02.2021): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.51867/ajer.v2i1.5.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Somalia has a long history of internally inspired terror mainly arising from the threat of terrorism that has threatened both domestic and international interests and has drawn increased military efforts from both African continent partners and China and the United States. The aim to investigate the strategies applied by AMISOM in military diplomacy in the Horn of Africa. The study adopted an exploratory and mixed methods research design. Mixed methods approach allows for investigation of a broader and complex research problem enabling the researcher to utilize more than one approach, both quantitative and qualitative approach of data collection. The study target population entailed AMISOM staff who relevant respondents provided sufficient information to answer the research questions. Currently, AMISOM has 22,000 military troops, 234 police officers and 81 civilians. Moreover, the study equally targeted the Somali civilian population since they were important stakeholders in providing information on the effectiveness of military diplomacy in the country. Thus, the target population comprised 22,315 AMISOM staff and civilian contingent. Out of these, the study sampled 100. Primary data was collected from study respondents by means of a research questionnaire and an interview schedule. The data analysis process involved both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Content analysis was mainly used to analyse the qualitative data and which would be reported normatively. Quantitative research findings were analysed and reported using descriptive statistics, tables, graphs, charts and inferential statistics in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v23). Moreover, the data analysis was structured objectively to address each of the study research questions. This study suffices to demonstrate that AMISOM involvement in Somalia as an act of military diplomacy occasioned by the need to foster peace and regional stability on the horn of Africa region. The study demonstrated AMISOM employs different military diplomacy strategies although at different capacities. From the foregoing, the study points to the need for restructuring of AMISOM’s peace and security architecture to bring out focus and responsiveness to the dynamic nature of the conflict and the enemy. The study recommends the need for further exploration into military diplomacy in Africa, especially given the dearth in empirical literature that is mainly from the West. Following this exploration of the role of military diplomacy in restoring peace and security in the horn of Africa, this study points to research gaps on the influence of civilian component in military diplomacy efforts on peace and security. Further there is need to understand the psychological effects in AMISOM troops participating in military diplomacy efforts in Somalia.
45
Baymuratov, Mykhaylo O., i Boris Ia Kofman. "INTERNATIONAL MUNICIPAL LAW AS A FIELD OF INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC LAW: ON THE QUESTION OF THE FORMATION OF THE INDUSTRY". Bulletin of Alfred Nobel University Series "Law" 2, nr 3 (grudzień 2021): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32342/2709-6408-2021-2-3-1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The article is devoted to the scientific and theoretical substantiation of the position on the formation of international municipal law as a field of modern international public law. In domestic jurisprudence, the topic is being studied for the first time. The authors connect the emergence of international municipal law with the processes of constitutionalization of international public law and the internationalization of the constitutional legal order of states. These processes were accompanied by the growth of international recognition of the institution of local self-government. First of all, through its international legal regulation and contextualization of topical aspects of the activities of local governments, taking into account their international activities. In particular, through the development and adoption of a number of international multilateral treaties and the preparation at the United Nations level of the draft World Charter of Local Self-Government. In the context of the internationalization of the constitutional legal order of countries in the field of urban law, significant processes of borrowing international legal standards of local selfgovernment by state constitutional law are indicated. Based on the analysis of international practice, a conclusion is made about the compliance of Ukrainian legislation with international standards. At the same time, recommendations are given for its improvement, in particular, for financing local governments, budgetary decentralization, limiting the competence of local state administrations, etc. The formation and development of the architecture of modern public international law, its institutional and structural system is usually associated with its sectoral construction, which is based on the definition of the subject of legal regulation and method of legal regulation. The emergence of a new subject of legal regulation in public international law, as an independent and autonomous legal system, is based on the actualization, emergence, activation, contextualization of cooperation in a new field of interstate cooperation, which in practice is determined by the emergence of a new object of international law. In this case, the methods of international legal regulation in public international law remain constant – either imperative or dispositive. However, today in the formation of new branches of public international law plays an important role trend that emerged during the formation of a new form of globalization – legal, which has such a nomenclature – the constitutionalization of public international law and the internationalization of constitutional order. In general, the national legislation of Ukraine meets world standards, but some legislative norms should be improved. First of all, this concerns the financing of the local state administrations, limiting the competence of local state administrations to the level of control functions and mediation between the local governments, the executive branch and the President. In addition, it makes sense to provide a mechanism for the implementation of the international legal standards for the subjects of Ukrainian local self-government.
46
Poghosyan, Benyamin. "U.S. Foreign Policy under President Trump: The Middle East, Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea Regions". Analytical Bulletin 14 (1.11.2022): 17–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.56673/18294502-22.14-17.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The current phase in international relations can be best characterized by one word – transition. The Post-Cold War order is rapidly disappearing, creating strategic ambiguity for all actors. The U.S. hegemony is over or close to over despite the fact that militarily Washington will be safely far out of reach for several decades to come. However, the growing national debt, the looming crisis in the Social Security and Medicare systems, uncontrolled migration, growing populism and partisan fighting does not bode well for the future of U.S. dominance. At the same time, no nation, be it China, Russia, India or Brazil, has the necessary resources or will to compete for the new world hegemony. The absence of a world hegemon means that no state has the power to enforce the implementation of key international rules and norms. Regardless how one perceives the international principles – as balanced or biased – the rule-based order at least provides a minimal level of stability since the actors involved on the international stage have a clear understanding what may and may not be done. However, since the late 2000s the situation has changed. We are increasingly facing an international security architecture where key actors may easily break the norms and rules, and this will eventually bring us to a situation upon which no rules can be based. The election of President Trump sent shock waves through the United States’ political establishment and surprised international relations pundits worldwide. Despite the apparent growth of the right-wing populist movements in different parts of the world, the culmination of which was presumably the BREXIT referendum held in June 2016, few if any could imagine that a real estate developer and reality TV star had any chance of defeating one of the most respected representatives of the US political establishment. The November 2016 elections had widespread implications on both American domestic and foreign policies. President Trump’s decision to denounce globalism created a situation where the so-called “vertical globalism” (Western-led efforts to spread a liberal international order all over the world through the promotion of democracy and a market economy) might be transformed into a “horizontal globalism” based on regional integration models covering vast territories of Europe and Asia, Africa and Latin America. In this paper we will analyze President Trump’s foreign policy in several key geographical areas and its implications. However, in order to better understand the significant changes in U.S. foreign policy ushered in by President Trump and make predictions for future developments, it is worth starting with an examination of Trump’s foreign policy perceptions as well as of the ongoing debates within the foreign policy establishment itself.
47
Makhotina, Nataliya V., i Elena B. Artemyeva. "LITERATURE OF RUSSIAN DIASPORA IN LIBRARY SPECIAL STORES". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, nr 40 (2020): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/40/29.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The issue of the creative heritage of writers of the Russian abroad has been studied by many domestic and foreign scientists, but the problem of their works existence in the library special collections is not studied enough. The work objective is to present the specificity of acquisition of major Russian (Soviet) library with publications of authors-immigrants, to reveal general and specific principles of collection formation and preservation inherent for special depositories based on the analysis of documents storing in the Center for Contemporary Documentation, the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI). The methodological basis is a set of principles and approaches of historical, cultural and bibliologic nature. After the October Revolution a large number of creative intelligentsia left Russia (philosophers, writers, artists). The first wave of Russian emigration that began in 1918 was a mass and lengthy process. Among the famous writers there emigrated: I. Bunin, I. Shmelev, A. Averchenko, K. Balmont, Z. Gippius, B. Zaitsev, A. Kuprin, A. Remizov, I. Severyanin, A. Tolstoy, Teffi, Sasha Chrernyi, M. Tsvetaeva, M. Aldanov, G. Adamovich, G. Ivanov, V. Khodasevich. At the end of the World War II, the second wave of emigration began, which was no longer as mass as the first. Most of the writers and poets emigrated to Germany and the United States. The most famous among the representatives of the second wave are poets: I. Elagin, D. Klenovski, V. Yurasov, V. Morshen, V. Chinnov. The third wave of emigration started in “Khrushchev ottepel” time. A. Solzhenitsyn’s works were prohibited for publication, сriminal cases were brought against Y. Daniel and A. Sinyavsky, I. Brodsky was convicted for slothfulness, exiled to remote places. Later, V. Aksenov, V. Voinovich, V. Maksimov and others were forced to leave the USSR. Writes-emigrants stayed a great number of works created and published off the frames of Soviet census, which allow preserving historical facts for future generations The literature of the Russian emigration has always occupied a significant place in the libraries' stocks of special storage. The Russian abroad literature divides into three periods corresponding to three waves in the history of Russian emigration: 1918 – early 1940s – the first wave; mid 1940– 1950s – the second wave; late 1960s – early 1980s – the third wave. The collection of literature of the Russian Diaspora of the Russian State Library contains works of the authors of all waves of emigration. In total, over 700 thousand of documents are stored here. In the library of the Russian Academy of Sciences, works of Russian writers and scientists published after 1917 are stores in the reading room of the Russian Diaspora collection. There are significant collections in the Russian National Library – white guard newspapers and journals of the Civil war, literature of foreign centers of the Russian emigration of the 1920–1930s, as well as some works of writers of the emigration first wave. These specific library departments formed and preserved a huge literature collection of the Russian Diaspora of the XX century. Thanks to them, scientists, researchers and intellectuals had the opportunity to get acquainted with the literature of emigrant writers.
48
Rooney-Latham, S., i C. L. Blomquist. "First Report of Root and Stem Rot Caused by Phytophthora tentaculata on Mimulus aurantiacus in North America". Plant Disease 98, nr 7 (lipiec 2014): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-13-1002-pdn.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Sticky monkey flower plant, Mimulus aurantiacus (Phrymaceae), is a small, perennial shrub that is widely distributed throughout California, especially in coastal and disturbed habitats. It is also found in native plantings in parks and landscapes. In October 2012, nearly all the M. aurantiacus plants grown in a Monterey County, CA nursery for a restoration project were stunted and had dull, yellowish leaves. Roots and stem collars had necrotic, sunken lesions with few feeder roots. Thirty percent of the plants had died. Samples of diseased plants were sent to the CDFA-PPDC Lab and tested positive for Phytophthora sp. using the Agdia ELISA Phytophthora kit (Agdia, Elkhart, IN). A Phytophthora sp. was consistently isolated from the tissue on corn meal agar-PARP (CMA-PARP) (2). Sporangia were spherical to ovoid, papillate to bipapillate and 17 to 42.5 (avg. 27.5) × 12 to 35 (avg. 22.9) μm, with a length/breadth ratio of 1.2:1. Chlamydospores, which were spherical, terminal to intercalary, thin walled and 27.5 to 40 μm, and hyphal swellings formed on CMA-PARP. Spherical oospores, 25 to 36 μm, with primarily paragynous antheridia formed readily on V8 juice agar. rDNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the isolates (GenBank KF667505), amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4, were 100% identical to Phytophthora tentaculata (CBS 552.96, GenBank AF266775) by a BLAST query (1,3). To assess pathogenicity, exposed root crowns of three 3.78-liter potted M. aurantiacus plants were inoculated with 20 ml of zoospore suspension (2 × 104 ml−1). Plants were maintained in a 23°C growth chamber with a 12-h photoperiod and watered daily. Sterile water was applied to the exposed crowns of three control plants. At 2 weeks, all inoculated plants were wilted with chlorotic foliage. After 3 weeks, the cortical tissue of the crowns and roots was discolored and sloughing and P. tentaculata was recovered on CMA-PARP. P. tentaculata did not grow from the asymptomatic control plants. Inoculations were repeated with similar results. P. tentaculata is a homothallic species in Phytophthora clade 1 that causes crown, root, and stalk rot of nursery plants in Europe and China (1,4). A USDA PERAL analysis lists it as one of the top 5 Phytophthora species of concern to the United States (4). Genera infected with P. tentaculata include Apium, Aucklandia, Chicorium, Chrysanthemum, Delphinium, Gerbera, Lavandula, Santolina, Origanum, and Verbena (4). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. tentaculata in North America. The source of inoculum of P. tentaculata in California remains unknown. The nursery used seed and cuttings of M. aurantiacus from nearby native areas for propagation, and P. tentaculata was not found in neighboring plant hosts or by baiting soil and water at the nursery. All infected M. aurantiacus material was destroyed. The presence of P. tentaculata in California nurseries could have serious economic impacts on the nursery industry and environmental impacts on susceptible native hosts, if spread into the wildlands. References: (1) D. E. L. Cooke et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 30:17, 2000. (2) S. N. Jeffers and S. B. Martin. Plant Dis. 70:1038, 1986. (3) H. Krober and R. Z. Marwitz. Pflanzenkrankh. Pflanzenschutz 100:250, 1993. (4) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS). Phytophthora species in the Environment and Nursery Settings New Pest Response Guidelines, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Emergency and Domestic Programs-Emergency Management, Riverdale, MD, 2010.
49
Zhao, Suisheng. "A State-Led Nationalism: The Patriotic Education Campaign in Post-Tiananmen China". Communist and Post-Communist Studies 31, nr 3 (1.09.1998): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(98)00009-9.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The decline of Communism after the end of the post-Cold War has seen the rise of nationalism in many parts of the former Communist world. In countries such as the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, nationalism was pursued largely from the bottom up as ethnic and separatist movements. Some observers also take this bottom-up approach to find the major cause of Chinese nationalism and believe that “the nationalist wave in China is a spontaneous public reaction to a series of international events, not a government propaganda.” (Zhang, M. (1997) The new thinking of Sino–US relations. Journal of Contemporary China, 6(14), 117–123). They see Chinese nationalism as “a belated response to the talk of containing China among journalists and politicians” in the United States and “a public protest against the mistreatment from the US in the last several years.” (Li, H. (1997) China talks back: anti-Americanism or nationalism? Journal of Contemporary China, 6(14), 153–160). This position concurs with the authors of nationalistic books in China, such as The China That Can Say No: Political and Sentimental Choice in the Post-Cold War Era (Song, Q., Zhang Z., Qiao B. (1996) Zhongguo Keyi Shuo Bu (The China That Can Say No). Zhonghua Gongshang Lianhe Chubanshe. Beijing), which called upon Chinese political elites to say no to the US, and argue that the rise of nationalism was not a result of the official propaganda but a reflection of the state of mind of a new generation of Chinese intelligentsia in response to the foreign pressures in the post-Cold War era. Indeed, Chinese nationalism was mainly reactive sentiments to foreign suppressions in modern history, and this new wave of nationalist sentiment also harbored a sense of wounded national pride and an anti-foreign (particularly the US and Japan) resentment. Many Chinese intellectuals gave voice to a rising nationalistic discourse in the 1990s (Zhao, S. (1997) Chinese intellectuals' quest for national greatness and nationalistic writing in the 1990s. The China Quarterly, 152, 725–745). However, Chinese nationalism in the 1990s was also constructed and enacted from the top by the Communist state. There were no major military threats to China's security after the end of the Cold War. Instead, the internal legitimacy crisis became a grave concern of the Chinese Communist regime because of the rapid decay of Communist ideology. In response, the Communist regime substituted performance legitimacy provided by surging economic development and nationalist legitimacy provided by invocation of the distinctive characteristics of Chinese culture in place of Marxist–Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. As one of the most important maneuvers to enact Chinese nationalism, the Communist government launched an extensive propaganda campaign of patriotic education after the Tiananmen Incident in 1989. The patriotic education campaign was well-engineered and appealed to nationalism in the name of patriotism to ensure loyalty in a population that was otherwise subject to many domestic discontents. The Communist regime, striving to maintain authoritarian control while Communist ideology was becoming obsolete in the post-Cold War era, warned of the existence of hostile international forces in the world perpetuating imperialist insult to Chinese pride. The patriotic education campaign was a state-led nationalist movement, which redefined the legitimacy of the post-Tiananmen leadership in a way that would permit the Communist Party's rule to continue on the basis of a non-Communist ideology. Patriotism was thus used to bolster CCP power in a country that was portrayed as besieged and embattled. The dependence on patriotism to build support for the government and the patriotic education campaign by the Communist propagandists were directly responsible for the nationalistic sentiment of the Chinese people in the mid-1990s. This paper focuses on the Communist state as the architect of nationalism in China and seeks to understand the rise of Chinese nationalism by examining the patriotic education campaign. It begins with an analysis of how nationalism took the place of the official ideology as the coalescing force in the post-Tiananmen years. It then goes on to examine the process, contents, methods and effectiveness of the patriotic education campaign. The conclusion offers a perspective on the instrumental aspect of state-led nationalism.
50
Torbus, Tomasz. "„Król się ślini na myśl o Gdańsku…” – cztery odsłony walki o symbole między miastem a władzą zwierzchnią z zamkiem krzyżackim w tle". Porta Aurea, nr 19 (22.12.2020): 231–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/porta.2020.19.12.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
I draw the historical background with the question of how the city has for centuries been communicating with visual signs with its so different external sovereigns. After general remarks, I focus on the ruler’s relationship with the city during the Teutonic Knights’ era, as the example serving the Teutonic castle in Gdansk, from the beginning of its construction to the story of its demolition.
The Teutonic castle was built, according to the message of Wigand of Marburg, during the time of Grand Master Dietrich von Altenburg around 1340. Unlike the dating, its form disappears in the darkness of history. Archaeologists have proven the existence of a castle complex consisting of the main castle and two baileys on the site of the former castle of the Pomeranian dynasty of Samborids. The convent house: a square with sides of about 53 m, had four residential wings grouped around the courtyard, three towers at the corners, and a high guard tower.
The article then deals with the castle as a kind of a protagonist of the drama in the war for symbols, developing in four scenes. The first took place after the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, when the town paid homage to Polish King Władysław Jagiello, but in the autumn of 1410 it returned to the rule of the Teutonic Order. In the following months, the city authorities reacted negatively to the attempt of the Grand Master Henry von Plauen to raise taxes. Mayors and members of the City Council: Konrad Letzkau, Arnold Hecht, and Bartholomew (Bartholomäus) Gross, were invited to the Teutonic Knights’ Castle in spring 1411 under the pretext of negotiations, and there they were murdered in unclear circumstances. The town responded by burying both mayors, and probably Gross as well, in the ambulatory of St Mary’s Church, (possibly) in St Hedwig’s Chapel belonging to the Letzkau family. The tombstone (nowadays destructed after the fire of 1734), which preserved anti–Teutonic sentiments, became an attraction for visitors, and was excluded from the normal burial practice of St Mary’s Church in the early modern times.
Another part of our dispute occurred in 1453, when the Gdansk delegates complained at the Reich’s conciliatory assembly in Vienna about the Gdansk Commander forbidding to continue the construction of the tower of St John’s Church. On this basis, Olaf Asendorf constructed a theory on the general prohibition of building high towers in the Teutonic state, the so-called turmverbote. However, we have no proof that such a ban existed in any form, and apart from two other messages from Elbląg and Kaliningrad, former Königsberg, we cannot trace this kind of regulation in the written sources. On the other hand, none of the towers dominating the panorama of Gdansk was built before 1457. It was only after the transition to Polish sovereignty that the construction of the towers of St John’s Church, St Catherine’s Church, St Mary’s Church, and the Town Hall tower continued. The case from 1453 fits the hypothesis of fighting with the Order with the use of the city’s symbol, but this is rather a hysterical reaction of the economically and politically weakened corporation, which tries to enforce the city’s obedience by prohibiting the further construction of the tower of St John’s Church.
The events of the Thirteen Years’ War (1454–1466): Gdansk was to throw off the yoke of the Teutonic Knights’ power and voluntarily surrender to the power of the Polish monarchy together with the guarantee of maximum privileges, are the backdrop to the next stage of our battle with the use of symbols. Most probably in February 1454, a decision was made to demolish the fortress, which could potentially become the seat of the new ruler, thus threatening the autonomy of the city. During the negotiations between the Gdansk envoys and Casimir IV Jagiello in February and March 1454 in Cracow, the delegates secretly sent the following letter to the City Council: ‘ Those of the seats [castles of the Teutonic knights] that were demolished are to remain destroyed, but we are not [allowed] to continue the demolition of these castles without consulting or informing the Lord King and the Estates. Hence, good friends, if you have not destroyed them, we advise you in all your power that you are to dismantle them the sooner the better, before we are back home, because the Lord King is “drooling” at the thought of Gdansk’. In the original hern conynge henget de lunge sere up Danczik is an idiomatic Lower German term, literally meaning King hangs his lung [to occupy the castle], so he cares a lot about it. This is what happened. Just like in Elbląg, Toruń and Bartoszyce and partly in Królewiec, the municipal authorities thoroughly demolished the Teutonic Castle.
As early as in 1857, August Lobegott Randt noted, without mentioning the source, that when the star vaults over the main hall of the Artus Manor were unfastened in 1478–1481, pillars from the Teutonic Castle were used; this theory was taken up by almost all later literature. A whole range of other relics in various places in Gdansk made of sandstone or granite, together with the latest finding in St Mary’s Church from 2020, are now connected with the Castle. This theory fits perfectly with the considerations of political iconography. In the Artus Court, the first monumental building completed after the Grand Permit of 1457, architectural details from the former seat of the supreme authority are placed, since it is where the elites of the new republic meet.
Together with the demolition of the Castle, the knowledge of its silhouette was lost. Only indirectly does the image give us a fascinating iconographic message, which for me is the fourth episode of the ‘battle with the use of images’. In the painting ‘The Ship of the Church’ from the Artus Manor, destroyed in 1945: a representation of a ship armed with cannons symbolizing the community of Gdansk, in one corner rather a small depiction of a castle can be seen. It shows the main tower, the evidence of which was proven by the 2002 archaeological researches. Its unusual spire evokes obvious associations with the Flemish–Brabantine belfry towers: free–standing towers or towers inscribed in town halls or cloth halls being symbols of urban self–government. What is the function of the representation of the Teutonic castle in the painting? Who was its author and fundator? According to Adam Labuda’s interpretation, it is the pendant to the painting ‘Siege of Malbork’, lost in 1945 – of almost identical dimensions, stylistically similar – and seems to be the work of the same painter. Together with the latter, it conveys the story of the battle for the gained independence of Gdansk, a powerful and rich city, united in religion and under the sceptre of the King. It is possible that the paintings were executed in connection with the would–be visit to the city of Jan Olbracht in 1501, or another entry of Alexander I in 1504. But what remains a puzzle is the function of a Teutonic castle with a Flemish helmet in the painting. Was it only related to the possible Dutch origin of the artist, or was it a political message, wishful thinking of the founders: an allusion to Gdansk as an independent city?
The article on its first level interprets a non–existent building which has become the protagonist, the pretext, and the background of the multi–act drama of ‘the battle with the use of images’. More generally, it states the entanglement of Gdansk art and architecture in politics as a characteristic feature of this metropolis through all epochs. Yet above all, I would like to thank Małgorzata Omilanowska, the one to whom we dedicate this volume, because without her initiative I would never have started teaching in this fascinating city and thus researching its art history.