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Kim Hek, Tan, Mohammad Fadzli Ramli, Iryanto, Siti Rohana Goh i Mohd Faiz M. Zaki. "Generalization of Water Pricing Model in Agriculture and Domestic Groundwater for Water Sustainability and Conservation". E3S Web of Conferences 34 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183402008.
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The water requirement greatly increased due to population growth, increased agricultural areas and industrial development, thus causing high water demand. The complex problems facing by country is water pricing is not designed optimally as a staple of human needs and on the other hand also cannot guarantee the maintenance and distribution of water effectively. The cheap water pricing caused increase of water use and unmanageable water resource. Therefore, the more optimal water pricing as an effective control of water policy is needed for the sake of ensuring water resources conservation and sustainability. This paper presents the review on problems, issues and mathematical modelling of water pricing based on agriculture and domestic groundwater for water sustainability and conservation.
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Lee, Frederick, Veena Aggarwal i James Nickum. "Urban domestic water pricing in India and China". Water Policy 18, S1 (17.10.2016): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.205.
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Despite significant differences in political and administrative structures, recent reforms in urban domestic water tariff regimes in India and China have had similar trajectories with important but sometimes nuanced differences. In both countries, there has been a devolution of operational authority to municipal governments and acceptance of greater reliance on cost recovery through user fees. Reflecting this, there is considerable variation within each country in water tariffs, with cities in more water-short areas charging more than those with relatively abundant and accessible water resources. At the same time, authority over tariff setting remains largely outside the domain of the water agencies, and is highly political. One reflection of this is the infrequent adjustment of tariffs in both countries.
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Kanakoudis, Vasilis, Anastasia Papadopoulou i Stavroula Tsitsifli. "Domestic water pricing in Greece: a spatial differentiation". Desalination and Water Treatment 54, nr 8 (4.07.2014): 2204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.933616.
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Brady, J., i N. F. Gray. "Analysis of water pricing in Ireland and recommendations towards a more efficient water sector". Water Policy 15, nr 3 (22.02.2013): 435–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.051.
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Within Ireland, both the public water supply and group water scheme (GWS) sectors are crucial entities in the provision of water supply to individuals. In this study, variances in water charges and operation are assessed via an in-depth survey of 104 GWSs in order to establish the range in both domestic and commercial charges, and also to establish the factors influencing these charges within the rural water sector. Results are compared with the commercial water charges of the 34 local authorities involved in the provision of public water and wastewater services. Devoid of regulation, tariff setting is highly decentralised with substantial variations in connection, fixed and volumetric charges across both sectors. Greater transparency is essential to establish the full cost of supply to domestic and non-domestic consumers. Findings reveal average GWS volumetric charges to be 35% lower than public supplies, resulting in communities wishing to retain ownership of their schemes as there is much greater control over water pricing. Historic underinvestment has led to an infrastructure deficit and deficiencies within the public supply sector are discussed, such as inadequate revenue collection and high unaccounted-for water. Furthermore, recommendations are made towards effective operation and pricing in light of proposed government plans to establish a national water authority.
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Lin, Xiaohu, Shengjie Fu, Liping Zhu, Shiyi Li, Haifeng Fang, Wenming Zhou i Jingcheng Xu. "Research on the Pricing of Reclaimed Water: A Case Study of a Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse Project". E3S Web of Conferences 406 (2023): 03025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340603025.
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The reclaimed water produced by sewage treatment plants can be reused for many purposes, which has gradually been paid great attention. However, its pricing mechanism has not been well established especially in China, which has brought certain restrictions on the wide application of reclaimed water. Therefore, this paper attempts to analyze the current situation of domestic reclaimed water pricing, combined with the research and analysis of reclaimed water production costs and related industry profits, and gives the recommended reclaimed water pricing. Taking the reclaimed water reuse project in Ningbo, China as an example, the cost and profit are analyzed by season. The recommended price in non-winter is 0.3833 yuan/ton, and the recommended price in winter is 0.4283 yuan/ton. This study may provide some reference for the improvement of the pricing mechanism of reclaimed water, thus contributing to the wide application of reclaimed water.
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Imad, Hafiz Usama, Muhammad Akram Akhund, Muhammad Ali, Ashfaque Ahmed Pathan i Aftab Ahmed. "Non-Volumetric Pricing is a Threat to Water Reserves". Civil Engineering Journal 5, nr 2 (26.02.2019): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091256.
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Pakistan is a country having the world largest irrigation system but despite that, it is facing several droughts and floods. The storage capacity of the country is only 30 days whereas the required standard capacity is 120 days. The major source of water for the country is surface water and in many areas, groundwater is also used in a large quantity for domestic as well as agricultural use. Pakistan has large water reservoirs but still, it is facing serious challenges in providing safe drinking water due to the mismanagement of natural water resources. The major cause behind the depletion of water resources of the country is over-use of water. The main objective of this study is to find the behavior of people by comparing volumetric and nonvolumetric water use and the price they pay for both. There is a need to compare volumetric and nonvolumetric water pricing scenarios and its impact on water conservation for the district of Hyderabad. The study was conducted through questionnaire surveys, from three administrative units of the Hyderabad namely Qasimabad, Latifabad, and City. Three types of water utilities, namely Tapped water (water supplied by WASA), groundwater and tankered water were found as major sources for domestic use. The domestic use of groundwater is found to be mostly unpaid, while people having lined water services pay an average of Rs 300 (USD 2.2) but the percentage of these people is only 60%. On the other hand, people who consume tankered water (volumetric based charging) are paying on average Rs 5000 (USD 35.7) per month. The main finding of this study is that the households which were using tanker water were more careful in optimizing the use of water as compared to those who were using tapped water. Therefore, considering the economic worth of water, if it is charged on a volumetric basis then the misuse of water can be reduced noticeably.
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Safarikas, N., N. V. Paranychianakis, O. Kotselidou i A. N. Angelakis. "Drinking water policy in the frame of the Directive 2000/60/EC with emphasis on drinking water prices". Water Supply 5, nr 6 (1.12.2005): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0070.
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The Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EC, which has been transposed into the national legislation with the Law 3199/2003 (MoEPPW, 2003), will cause substantial changes in the drinking water pricing policy and the domestic water authorities involved such as the Municipal Enterprises for Water Supply and Sewerage (DEYA). Up to date, drinking water pricing policy has been based only on the recovery of the economic cost and in some cases neither this. Therefore, domestic water is not priced taking into account its real cost. Based on data provided by 74 DEYA representing 2.10 million inh, the average water price is estimated to be 1.19 €/m3. Analysis of these data reveals a deviation of 41.67% from the real cost. The relation of consumers with the Enterprise, but also that of management and employees, should be a bidirectional relation, in order to be comprehensible by all. Thus, an agreement that will point out that the most excellent quality of water presupposes water policy which will consider sustainability and the current requirements of the Enterprise and of course the consumers should be established between them.
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Wasike, Wilson S. K., i Nick Hanley. "The Pricing of Domestic Water Services in Developing Countries: A ContingentValuationApplicationto Kenya". International Journal of Water Resources Development 14, nr 1 (marzec 1998): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900629849484.
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Kanakoudis, V., i S. Tsitsifli. "Socially fair domestic water pricing: who is going to pay for the non-revenue water?" Desalination and Water Treatment 57, nr 25 (15.07.2015): 11599–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1067169.
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Kashem, Sumaia, i M. Shahjahan Mondal. "Development of a Water-Pricing Model for Domestic Water Uses in Dhaka City Using an IWRM Framework". Water 14, nr 9 (20.04.2022): 1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091328.
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Dhaka city is experiencing high water use and rapid declination of groundwater. The current water price in the city is low and based on a uniform rate. To arrest the resource degradation along with pursuing cost recovery and promoting social equity, this paper develops a new pricing model for domestic water uses using the integrated water resources management principles. The development is accomplished through estimation of domestic water usage, evaluation of current water prices, and assessment of groundwater degradation externalities in the Tejgaon area of the city using both primary and secondary data. Two economic and two environmental externalities are incorporated. The model is based on an increasing block tariff strategy, and the estimated unit prices for the first and second blocks are respectively 5% and 75% higher than the existing price. The model has the potential to reduce the domestic water use in the city by up to 27%, increase the revenue for the Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority by up to 75%, and reduce the water bill for poor households by up to 67%. The model has a great potential for practical deployment and the concept can also be applied to other cities and water uses.
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Gupta, Rakesh, Kejia Yan, Tarlok Singh i Di Mo. "Domestic and International Drivers of the Demand for Water Resources in the Context of Water Scarcity: A Cross-Country Study". Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, nr 11 (29.10.2020): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13110255.
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Global warming, while increasing human demand for water, is reducing water availability by reducing runoff flows and the effective amount of water between seasons, making water scarcity a growing problem globally. Water management plays an important role in mitigating global warming, improving the water cycle, reducing carbon emissions, and providing clean energy, and pricing water is considered a good approach to water management. Pricing water needs to take into account all sectors and aspects of society, such as domestic water, food and agriculture, energy, transport, industry, urban provision, human health, ecosystems, and the environment, and their interrelationships through water, within the context of the fundamental human rights to water and sanitation. This requires that every stakeholder should contribute to the development of water-related policies at every stage of the water interrelationship. This study investigated the relationship between water demand across different sectors of the economy using indicators for China, Australia, Japan, and the UK. Using panel analyses, this study finds that economic growth and population expansion increases the demand for water in all aspects. These findings have significant policy implications for water management. Because water prices can have an impact on global trade and, more importantly, are a major solution to global warming, water management policies should be considered at the global level, not only at the national level.
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M., Borrego-Marín María, Expósito A. i Berbel J. "A Simplified Hydro-Economic Model of Guadalquivir River Basin for Analysis of Water-Pricing Scenarios". Water 12, nr 7 (1.07.2020): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071879.
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This study describes an economic model in the Guadalquivir river basin (Southern Spain) that considers inter-sectoral and hydrological effects of changes in water use as a response to various water-pricing policy scenarios. The main economic variables include water use, gross regional product, return flows in the river basin, and employment at sectoral and basin levels. The response of the different sectors to water pricing and of the sectoral productivity is derived from official data. The background of the model is based on previous research for the implementation of the UN System of Environmental-Economic Accounts and on the application of this framework to the Guadalquivir basin. Results based on the elicited curves illustrate that the structure of the demand function for irrigated agriculture passes from inelastic to elastic sections, while the function corresponding to the remaining economic sectors shows a continuous decreasing function with minor change in the elasticity structure of the curve. Results show that the impact of extreme measures of water pricing reduces water abstraction by up to 42% vs. the baseline scenario, with an economic reduction in regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 1%.
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Sanchez-Martinez, Teresa, i Noelina Rodriguez-Ferrero. "Ramsey Pricing for Cost Recovery Applied to Reservoir Infrastructure in Andalucía (Spain)". Water Economics and Policy 03, nr 04 (październik 2017): 1650029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500296.
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This paper proposes the Ramsey pricing methodology as a useful tool for water managers. As a case study, first we propose an alternative calculation of the annual depreciation charge for the investment in water infrastructure to that currently made by public administration, and then we apply the Ramsey contribution to the calculation of the price or regulatory tariff charged in 2009 by the Guadalquivir River Basin Authority (Andalucía, Spain) for providing water for urban supply and irrigation. According to Ramsey’s formula, its greatest effect is felt by domestic users, whose demand is relatively inelastic, compared to those whose demand is for agricultural purposes.
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Salman, Amer, Emad Al-Karablieh i Munther Haddadin. "Limits of pricing policy in curtailing household water consumption under scarcity conditions". Water Policy 10, nr 3 (1.06.2008): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2008.040.
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A key policy question in designing urban water policy and institutional reforms is: what should be the appropriate structure of water charges to ensure long-term sustainability of water service? This is because water pricing touches on equity and on the willingness of the consumer to pay, but more on its affordability. This study focuses on understanding the nature of household demand for water, and attempts to express the household demand functions. A panel of data of 10,564 complete observations on water bills, drawn from a household expenditure survey conducted in 2003, is used to estimate domestic water demand function. Price and other dummy variables were used in the analysis and the results discussed. Specifically, the household water demand and the per capita demand are analysed, taking into consideration such variables as marginal price, rate structure premium and level of household income. The results show that the estimated water demand is inelastic and so is the income elasticity. The effect of the findings on water policy making in regard to pricing is cited. Limitations of price effectiveness as a tool to curtail water consumption are highlighted.
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Layani, Ghasem, Mohammad Bakhshoodeh, Mansour Zibaei i Davide Viaggi. "Sustainable water resources management under population growth and agricultural development in the Kheirabad river basin, Iran". Bio-based and Applied Economics 10, nr 4 (31.03.2022): 305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/bae-10465.
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In this study, an integrated system dynamics model was developed for scenario analysis in sub-sectors of the Kheirabad River Basin in southwestern Iran where managing water resources is seriously challenging due to population growth and periodic drought. Afterward, the variability of water demand and supply under baseline scenario and different water demand management policies, including water conservation and water pricing, was evaluated. Findings illustrated that with increasing population and cropland area if no further demand management policies were implemented, the total water demand and withdrawal of water resources increase by more than 0.75% annually. The annual surface water availability during 2018-2030 is expected to decrease by around -1.23%. Under these circumstances, the sustainability index of the water resources system is equal to 0.703, indicating that the water system would not be able to meet the total water demand in the near future. However, the water resource sustainability index increases significantly by improving irrigation efficiency and changing crop patterns at the basin. Also, the reduction in per capita water demand and domestic water pricing under the competition structure would help to improve the sustainability index to 0.963 and 0.749, respectively.
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Amoah, Anthony. "Demand for domestic water from an innovative borehole system in rural Ghana: stated and revealed preference approaches". Water Policy 19, nr 1 (22.07.2016): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.254.
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This study investigates demand for domestic water supply from an innovative borehole system using the contingent valuation method (CVM). We further estimate demand for current service of domestic water supply in residences using the hedonic pricing method (HPM). This is achieved through a survey from rural districts of the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Interval regression and ordinary least squares (OLS) are applied to investigate the determinants of willingness-to-pay (WTP). We find that monthly WTP values are GH¢35.90 (US$11.45) and GH¢17.59 (US$5.61) in the CVM and HPM, respectively. These values constitute approximately 3–6% of household monthly income which is consistent with earlier studies. For policy purposes, the study recommends the adoption of this cost effective technology to help ease the water burden on society.
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Gupta, Shreekant, Surender Kumar i Gopal K. Sarangi. "Measuring the performance of water service providers in urban India: implications for managing water utilities". Water Policy 14, nr 3 (2.01.2012): 391–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.109.
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This study assesses the efficiency of the urban water supply system in 27 selected Indian cities. It applies data envelopment analysis (DEA) as an analytical tool to measure technical efficiency. Cities are categorized into different groups according to the management structure of their water utilities. The results show that within groups, the utilities that are managed by ‘municipal corporations (MCs) and parastatals', with a certain amount of functional autonomy, perform better in comparison to the group ‘MCs and government’ and thus, strengthen the hypothesis that functional autonomy in management leads to better performance of the water utilities. Moreover, the results also have implications for urban domestic water pricing. We find that most water utilities are operating under decreasing returns to scale (DRS), implying that water should be priced at a marginal cost of supply.
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Lasserre, F. "Alleviating water scarcity in Northern China: balancing options and policies among Chinese decision-makers". Water Science and Technology 47, nr 6 (1.03.2003): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0383.
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Water scarcity is mostly a man-made problem that increasingly affects people's lives and questions economic output in Northern China. Policy options addressing the serious water shortages in the region include conservation and water management reform, which is unpopular; grain imports and the downsizing of agriculture; derivation of Yangze water; derivation of the Amur and other international rivers. All solutions present major difficulties, whether domestic or international, for the Chinese authorities. While major decisions have not yet been taken, evidence shows major works such as water transfers from the Yangze or water pricing are not only unavoidable, but will not be enough to meet the growing demand for water in the region.
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Liu, Zhen Hua. "Discussion on Legislation of Rural Safe Drinking Water in China". Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (wrzesień 2011): 556–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.556.
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There is a serious problem of rural unsafe drinking water in china,but only it is essential for legislation to solve comprehensively.Through the analysis of the legislative background, legislative basis and legislative framework system of rural safe drinking water,the paper explores some legislative issues.Water source contaminated by industrial pollutants, agricultural pollutants, domestic pollutants, is the biggest obstacle to rural drinking water safety.Rural safe drinking water legislation have sufficiently the constitutional basis and the basic law basis. Legislative framework system is composed of drinking water source protection,rural water supply planning,project financing,operation and management mechanisms,emergency warning system, pricing system, supervision system etc. Rural safe drinking water legislation will play a significant role in solving fundamentally the problem of rural safe drinking water.
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Tanasiichuk, Alona, Liudmila Serednytska i Nataliia Dobrovolska. "INFORMATION SUPPORT OF THE MARKETING RESEARCH SYSTEM OF THE MINERAL WATER MARKET". HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 298, nr 5 Part 1 (4.10.2021): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-298-5(1)-43.
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It has been demonstrated that in the conditions of overcoming the consequences of corona crisis an important issue is the organization of business processes, which, as of the time of the study, is carried out on a mixed form. It is substantiated that enterprises should assess their capabilities and be ready to make quick business decisions in the case of reintroduction of quarantine for enterprises. It is substantiated that the organization of marketing research of commodity markets and timely provision of managers of structural units with reliable information is important for the effective conduct of business by domestic enterprises on a mixed form. In the study the sequence of information support for marketing research of the mineral water market has been developed. The dynamics of incomes and the level of demand of mineral water consumers during the period of corona crisis has been determined. As a result of the research it was concluded that the mineral water market, unlike other sectors of the economy, has favorable prospects for further development. A portrait of a mineral water consumer and his level of satisfaction with the quality of mineral water, pricing and assortment policy on the domestic market have been determined. This study will determine consumer preferences for the choice of mineral water and take into account its results by domestic production and trade enterprises. Other enterprises will be able to develop a similar sequence of information support for marketing research of the commodity market in which they carry out their business activities.
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Nord, Natasa, Yuemin Ding, Dmytro Ivanko i Harald Taxt Walnum. "DHW tank sizing considering dynamic energy prices". E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124607005.
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Due to the rapid development of the building stock in Norway, the energy use in this segment is drastically increasing. Therefore, improving the energy performance of buildings becoming an urgent problem. Among technical systems in buildings, domestic hot water (DHW) systems have still significant untapped potential for energy saving. Storage tanks enable us to change DHW demand in buildings in a more energy-efficient and cost-effective way. However, to achieve this effect, the proper sizing and operation of the storage tanks are required. The aim of this study was to define a method for the DHW tank size optimization considering dynamic electricity prices and to assess how different electricity pricing methods would influence the DHW tank size. A dynamic discretized model of the DHW tank was used as a DHW tank model. Dynamic optimization was implemented as the optimization method to find the optimal tank charging rate based on the different pricing methods. Two pricing methods were considered in this study: 1) the current method with the fixed grid fee and 2) the power extraction method with the pricing of the maximum power extraction. The results showed that the electricity pricing pattern had significant impact on the DHW charging heating rate. In the case of the extraction fee pricing method, the charging rate was more stable over the day than in the case of the fixed grid fee. This stable charging rate gave stable DHW tank temperature over the day and the highest decrease in the total cost. A general conclusion was that the extraction grid fee pricing method would promote for stable charging over the day.
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Billa, Sabastian Ande, i Zephania Nji Fogwe. "Stakeholder’s Domestic Water Harvesting Infrastructure: Resultant Conflicts and Management Strategies in the Upper Noun Valley, North West Region of Cameroon". Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International 27, nr 7 (7.07.2023): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jgeesi/2023/v27i7696.
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Many communities in developing countries face difficulties in hydrographic needs for domestic water and hence require greater investment to achieve water security. This paper examines the water infrastructure and the resultant conflicts emanating from the management of the water harvesting infrastructure put in place by the stakeholders of the water sector of the Upper Noun Valley. The study exploited secondary sources such as published and unpublished articles, reports and collected primary data. Primary data collected for this study used both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The results show that, traditional authorities, Village Development Organisations (VDOs) elites, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), confessional bodies (Churches) and the state are main community water supply stakeholders in Upper Noun Valley. Water supply infrastructure ranges from local and manual driven to sophisticated diesel and electric power driven devices that supply water to the communities in the area. Infrastructural diversity generates imbalances in water supply over space and time within the communities in the area. The situation creates water supply shortages that usher in a plethora of water conflicts between users. The conflicts are accentuated by climate change which only makes a bad situation worse. During such periods, conflicts in the form of violence amongst water carriers on few regular sources, and with grazers on streams and rivers, are most common. The study concludes that Community Water Management Conflicts (CWMC) is mostly derived from water system’s management policies by various stakeholders, the type of harvesting technology and the attitude of water users. Traditional policies (Kwifon, Fon) in the forms of beliefs and norms on water, water pricing and rationing are some strategic measures to combat water conflicts within the valley. The study recommends the need to apply a bottom up policy, the reliance on flexible technology in water harvesting, and a concerted effort in promoting an Integrated Water Management policy within the valley communities.
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Tzanakakis, V. A., A. N. Angelakis, N. V. Paranychianakis, Y. G. Dialynas i G. Tchobanoglous. "Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management of Water Resources in the Island of Crete, Greece". Water 12, nr 6 (28.05.2020): 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061538.
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Crete, located in the South Mediterranean Sea, is characterized by long coastal areas, varied terrain relief and geology, and great spatial and inter-annual variations in precipitation. Under average meteorological conditions, the island is water-sufficient (969 mm precipitation; theoretical water potential 3284 hm3; and total water use 610 hm3). Agriculture is by far the greatest user of water (78% of total water use), followed by domestic use (21%). Despite the high average water availability, water scarcity events commonly occur, particularly in the eastern-south part of the island, driven by local climatic conditions and seasonal or geographical mismatches between water availability and demand. Other critical issues in water management include the over-exploitation of groundwater, accounting for 93% of the water used in agriculture; low water use efficiencies in the farms; limited use of non-conventional water sources (effluent reuse); lack of modern frameworks of control and monitoring; and inadequate cooperation among stakeholders. These deficiencies impact adversely water use efficiency, deteriorate quality of water resources, increase competition for water and water pricing, and impair agriculture and environment. Moreover, the water-limited areas may display low adaptation potential to climate variability and face increased risks for the human-managed and natural ecosystems. The development of appropriate water governance frameworks that promote the development of integrated water management plans and allow concurrently flexibility to account for local differentiations in social-economic favors is urgently needed to achieve efficient water management and to improve the adaptation to the changing climatic conditions. Specific corrective actions may include use of alternative water sources (e.g., treated effluent and brackish water), implementation of efficient water use practices, re-formation of pricing policy, efficient control and monitoring, and investment in research and innovation to support the above actions. It is necessary to strengthen the links across stakeholders (e.g., farmers, enterprises, corporations, institutes, universities, agencies, and public authorities), along with an effective and updated governance framework to address the critical issues in water management, facilitate knowledge transfer, and promote the efficient use of non-conventional water resources.
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Raina, Aditi, Yogendra Gurung i Bhim Suwal. "Equity impacts of informal private water markets: case of Kathmandu Valley". Water Policy 22, S1 (3.09.2018): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.138.
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Abstract South Asia is a hotspot for populations and economies adversely impacted by poor water security. This is evident in the case of Nepal where it has been estimated that 20% of households have no access to a domestic water source and two-thirds of the urban households live with inadequate water supply. Therefore, many depend on private solutions, such as private wells and purchasing water from informal water markets, to meet household water needs. Within this context, this paper examines whether private water vendors provide equitable access to both poor and wealthy households, whether they practice discriminatory pricing and whether poor households face a greater financial burden in meeting their household water needs. The analysis uses primary data collected from a 1,500-household survey conducted in 2014 and uses regression analyses to derive the results. The results reveal patterns of inequity in the private water market, but seemingly not purely due to an inherent bias against poorer households. Regardless, the market does not serve the poor adequately and given the lack of alternatives that poor households have, it points to an urgent need for the government to step in to counterbalance the deficiencies of the market.
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Bambawale, Malavika Jain, i Benjamin K. Sovacool. "Sheikhs on barrels: what Saudi Arabians think about energy security". Contemporary Arab Affairs 4, nr 2 (1.04.2011): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2011.569466.
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The concept of energy security as understood by a sample of Saudi Arabian residents representing different demographic and occupational characteristics is explored. Based on a review of the academic literature concerning energy security for Saudi Arabia, a working set of eight testable hypotheses, related to (1) energy trade, (2) centralization and participation in energy decisions, (3) pricing of energy products, (4) research and development in new energy technologies, (5) security of supply and domestic resource depletion, (6) affordability of energy, (7) energy efficiency, and (8) water availability, is created. These hypotheses are then compared with the results of a survey instrument completed by 298 Saudi respondents, before the article concludes with implications for policy-makers and energy analysts.
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Pardiñas, Ángel Á., Pablo Durán Gómez, Fernando Echevarría Camarero i Pablo Carrasco Ortega. "Demand–Response Control of Electric Storage Water Heaters Based on Dynamic Electricity Pricing and Comfort Optimization". Energies 16, nr 10 (15.05.2023): 4104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104104.
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Electric Storage Water Heaters (ESWH) are a widespread solution to supply domestic hot water (DHW) to dwellings and other applications. The working principle of these units makes them a great resource for peak shaving, which is particularly important due to the level of penetration renewable energies are achieving and their intermittent nature. Renewable energy deployment in the electricity market translates into large electricity price fluctuations throughout the day for individual users. The purpose of this study was to find a demand–response strategy for the activation of the heating element based on a multiobjective minimization of electricity cost and user discomfort, assuming a known DHW consumption profile. An experimentally validated numerical model was used to perform an evaluation of the potential savings with the demand–response optimized strategy compared to a thermostat-based approach. Results showed that cost savings of approximately 12% can be achieved on a yearly basis, while even improving user thermal comfort. Moreover, increasing the ESWH volume would allow (i) more aggressive demand–response strategies in terms of cost savings, and (ii) higher level of uncertainty in the DHW consumption profile, without detriment to discomfort.
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Siddiqua, Rafiya, Petra Schneider, Md Shahidul Islam, Mohammad Mojibul Hoque Mozumder, Ahmed Harun-Al-Rashid, Amany Begum i Md Mostafa Shamsuzzaman. "Impacts of COVID-19 on Market Access and Pricing of Fisheries Value Chain in the Coastal Region of Bangladesh". Water 14, nr 12 (15.06.2022): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14121924.
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The present study analyzes the market access of the biggest fish market at Chattogram coastal region of Bangladesh affected by COVID-19. The food chain was reduced locally, regionally, and globally as supply chains were disturbed and international seafood exports were halted for a certain period. For data collection several qualitative data collection tools, such as individual interviews as well as secondary document analysis were employed. To realize the overarching aim of this research the whole market system was analyzed including the supplier, wholesaler, retailer, as well as the consumer of the domestic market in the Chattogram district. The result shows that the pandemic slowed the supply and demand in the domestic fish market, and as a consequence the price of fish was distinctly reduced in the whole market system. The result highlights that the most affected stages of the supply chains are the supply quantity, the interval of the supply, and the quantity of fish sales. Furthermore, the principally affected stages of the demand chains are consumer demand and alternation in the preference of the consumer. To overcome such situation, this study recommends governmental financial support to trades to ensure the smooth flow of the supply and demand and create an alternative market system for the consumer. The pandemic and the measures to address the pandemic have created significant new challenges for market access and controlling pricing in domestic markets. Regularly engage of the policymakers are thus the prerequisite to overcome the compensation of trades and ensure food security in this sector.
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Eastcott, J. L., T. Aramaki, K. Hanaki, Z. Li i J. You. "Assessment of sustainable water management for rapidly developing urban regions in Guangzhou City, China". Water Science and Technology 48, nr 10 (1.11.2003): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0538.
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The Shawan River will be the focal point in the development of the Panyu District, the southern-most district of Guangzhou City in the Guangdong Province of South China. In this research, through the use of two scenarios, the future water quality of the Shawan River was predicted with relation to changes in the water quantity utilized to fuel industrial and domestic development. The worst-case scenario used, simulated the situation if no wastewater treatment was employed, and the best-case scenario simulated the situation if 90% of the pollution load was removed. The period of simulation was for the years 2020 and 2050. Three flowrates were used in the evaluation, those of: the 90% probability of the month of lowest flow (37.2 m3/s); and the range of flowrates within the low flow period, that is, the dry season from November to February (307 and 432 m3/s). Subsequently, two countermeasures (industrial and domestic water savings) - sustainable initiatives - were nested within the two scenarios to ascertain improvements in water quality as a direct result of reduction in water quantity used. The industrial water saving countermeasure showed the greatest improvement in water quality. For the 90% probability of lowest flow for the worst-case scenario, this countermeasure equated to a 63% decrease in BOD. For the low flow period flowrates the background concentration of pollutants was more influential than improvements imparted by the countermeasures to the future predicted water quality. It was recommended that industrial countermeasures be used that take into account water saving, water recycling, the use of brackish water for cooling, and the implementation of economic pricing initiatives. Also that inter-district governmental policy initiatives be introduced to prevent upstream pollution from influencing downstream proposals, further enhancing sustainable water management of the Shawan River.
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Morain, Almando, i Aavudai Anandhi. "Fresh Water Use in Florida: Trends and Drivers". Water 14, nr 22 (17.11.2022): 3726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14223726.
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Water quality and quantity are critical issues as the Florida’s population grows. This paper analyzed water use regionally (central, north, and south Florida) as well as in rural and urban areas in Florida from 2005 to 2015 using three indicators (total water use, agriculture water use, and per capita water use). Eight (8) water-consuming categories, such as aquaculture, livestock, irrigation, public supply, thermoelectric power, mining, industrial self-supply, and domestic self-supply, were considered for total water use. Per capita water use used public supply category and agricultural water use used aquaculture, livestock, and irrigation categories. Linear regression analysis was used to observe the relationship between population and water use. The highest water use was recorded in south Florida, while the lowest was in north Florida. Water use per capita was higher in urban areas. Irrigation water use was higher among the eight water use categories. Many drivers influencing Florida water use were identified through literature review and causal loop diagram was developed. Some (e.g., household size, land use/land cover change, urbanization, agriculture, population, income, climate change, tourism, and industry) may cause an increase in water use, while others (e.g., pricing systems, conservation methods, education, and technology) may cause a decrease in water use. Overall, this research addresses the need of understanding water use trends and the drivers affecting those trends, which are important to determine whether a water conservation plan is needed.
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Zhao, Xueting, i Randall W. Jackson. "China’s Inter-Regional Trade of Virtual Water — A Multi-Regional Input–Output Table Based Analysis". Water Economics and Policy 02, nr 02 (czerwiec 2016): 1650016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500168.
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The success of China’s economic development has brought increasing pressures on its water resources, motivating it to better understand water use characteristics and how scarce water resources are transferred among regions. Virtual water is a term used to refer to the volume of freshwater consumed for producing traded goods and services. It reflects the actual human consumption of water resources and therefore is important for water resources management. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the current inter-regional virtual water trade (VWT) structure and to assess the implications of these trade patterns for water use and water conservation strategies in China. Based on the most recently available multi-regional input–output (MRIO) data, we have developed an extended inter-regional input–output (IRIO) model for eight economic regions in China to account for virtual water flows. The findings show that water use efficiency has increased over the years, but it is still unbalanced among the regions. The total amount of VWT has increased, and the major source of the trade is domestic inter-regional trade, especially intermediate products trade. Moreover, the main direction of virtual water transfer is from water-poor inland regions to water-rich regions, which is unfavorable for water resource allocation and efficiency. Therefore, in addition to enhancing water use efficiency and encouraging water-saving production alternatives, we suggest that China’s government should also adopt a market-based water pricing system.
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Farolfi, Stefano, i Jordi Gallego-Ayala. "Domestic water access and pricing in urban areas of Mozambique: between equity and cost recovery for the provision of a vital resource". International Journal of Water Resources Development 30, nr 4 (28.04.2014): 728–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2014.907734.
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Hunt, Dexter V. L., i Zeerak Shahab. "Sustainable Water Use Practices: Understanding and Awareness of Masters Level Students". Sustainability 13, nr 19 (22.09.2021): 10499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131910499.
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Present water consumption in the UK is unsustainable, with increasing societal and environmental pressures driving water stress. Personal use of water is a significant contributor to water demand and considering the number of universities and students in the UK the water use practices therein cannot be ignored. Therefore, this paper aims to deepen the theme of water consumption in the United Kingdom from the point of view of use practices for students. The originality in this research lies in better understanding whether UK Masters level students have a basic awareness of personal water consumption and water pricing and whether they have a preferred approach to reducing their water consumption—through a behavioral change, or through adoption of technologies. Through use of a questionnaire approach applied to five cohorts (2017 to 2021) of Masters level students, the level of understanding and awareness towards their own domestic water use both now and in the future was demonstrated. Key findings suggest that Masters students underestimated their water use by 76% compared to the average UK national range and that there was an overall preference to adopt water saving technologies rather than changing user behavior (40% vs. 27%). The study concludes that it is important to approach water conservation from an SPT perspective in order to achieve meaningful change in water use practices. Qualitative and quantitative research is analyzed in light of theoretical models (i.e., Social Practice and Attitude Behavior Framework ABC) in order to make recommendations for greater societal prominence for this issue through media and education.
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Elmahdi, Amgad, i Lixiang Wang. "Water Asset Transition through Treating Water as a New Asset Class for Paradigm Shift for Climate–Water Resilience". Climate 10, nr 12 (1.12.2022): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10120191.
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Climate change is evident around the globe, which requires bold actions now to achieve UN-SDGs and Paris Agreement. The water sector is dominated by public finance and is almost subsidised. In addition, there is an increased risk perception surrounding climate investments in developing countries. Pricing climate risks is a daunting challenge for investors and the private sector, who must estimate the likelihood of various climate scenarios and their implications for physical, liability and transition risks at the firm, project, national, and regional scales. In addition, there is a building momentum to scale up global climate response. To translate this momentum into action will require significantly greater investments, investments in a different set of inclusive assets that address water security, mobilise the private sector and provides sector-based or economy-wide co-benefits to direct and indirect beneficiaries, e.g., job creation, health benefits, improved resilience and scaling knowledge and harmonise data and methodologies. Notably, climate–water finance is facing a dual challenge. It will have to both reduce the present water infrastructure financing gap and ensure that this new infrastructure/asset is low-carbon, resilient to climate change, and meets the goals of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. Therefore, there is a need for a paradigm shift in the way how water asset is defined, developed, and financed. This paper presents this novel approach concept and its content and financial structure that enable treating water as a new asset class to enable private sector investment and ensure providing water for domestic, municipal, and industrial purposes and allows municipalities to scale their water reuse, sanitation, and desalination projects in partnership with the private sector and/or governments. It is increasingly important to treat water as a new asset class, particularly as nations around the world (particularly developing countries) are set to experience an anticipated 40% shortfall in water by 2030 due to climate change, economic recovery and growth, population growth and resource competition. Investment in water could be one of the ways of tackling this deficit by treating water as a new asset class.
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Yoo, Jaehyun, i Kitae Park. "Stormwater Utility Fee Estimation Method for Individual Land Use Areas". Sustainability 14, nr 16 (17.08.2022): 10211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610211.
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In South Korea, a reasonable rate system that can be domestically applied to calculate sewage and stormwater separately from the domestic sewage fee system is needed. This study proposed a phased pricing scenario to separate sewage and stormwater in Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, and the rate changes were compared based on a simulated calculation of the stormwater utility fee. In this investigation, stormwater runoff cases from other countries and the current domestic system were analyzed. A stormwater utility fee introduction scenario was presented that considers the impervious surface area. Water and sewage usage statistics and hydrant spatial data were collected from the Incheon Metropolitan City Waterworks Authority, and the total amount of water and sewage fees from the land use area were calculated. The stormwater utility fee was calculated, and the rates of each step were compared. The total sewage fee of Bupyeong-gu during 2014 was KRW 21,685,446,578, and the phased stormwater utility fee was calculated, assuming that 40% represents the stormwater cost. The sewage fee for the residential area in phase 3 decreased by 0.77% compared to phase 1. For the commercial areas, the sewage fee decreased by 36.87%. Because the impervious surface ratio was high, the overall area contributing to the impervious surface area was small. In the industrial area, the sewage fee increased by 8.35%. In the green area, the sewage fee increased by 37.46%. The sewage fee for the apartment complexes decreased by 10.6%. Finally, the possibility of estimating the actual stormwater utility fee was confirmed.
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Chicherin, Stanislav V., Sergey V. Glukhov, Mariya V. Glukhova, Anna K. Ilicheva i Andrey V. Zhuikov. "Methodology for assessing the consequences of switching to a closed-circuit hot-water supply in dis-trict heating systems". Journal «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 11, nr 3 (2021): 480–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2021-3-480-491.
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As of 1 January 2022, the transition to a closed-circuit hot-water supply in district heating systems will begin in Russia. This work proposes a methodology for assessing the consequences of this transition. The procedure is as follows: determining specific operational consumption of district water for hot wa-ter supply with manual direct water intake when the outside temperature changes; developing the re-quired mode of closed hot-water supply; analysis of the practically possible mode of manual consump-tion in the heat supply system; determining the operational specific consumption of hot-water supply in manual hot water systems with direct water intake, including the characteristics of the heat supply source; calculating the flow rate of direct water for water circulation in manual hot water supply sys-tems; analysing the hydraulic regime before and after the transition to a closed circuit; offering recom-mendations. The method for assessing the consequences associated with the transition to a closed-circuit hot-water supply in district heating systems showed that the amount of make-up water consump-tion from a heat source is affected by a change in the actual consumption of hot-water supply and the temperature of cold and hot water. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that there is no technical possibility of an overall transition to a closed circuit. To prepare technical reports and perfor-mance charts, it is recommended to use the actual values of heat consumption for the hydraulic calcu-lations; to use the metered values and consider a significant number of manual hot-water supply sys-tems in calculating the hot-water supply consumption standard; to include the loss of heat energy on heating towel rails, domestic losses of building services systems under a four-pipe heat supply system in the distribution pricing.
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Dhungel, Kamal Raj. "Unlocking the Development of Hydropower Potential". Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 17 (28.08.2015): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v17i0.13274.
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Nepal is rich in hydropower amounted to 42 GW. But it is poor in terms of per capita electricity consumption amounted to 106 KWh which keeps Nepal in a lowest position among the countries of South Asia. Harnessing this is a must for Nepal to run to the road to prosperity. Electricity use and economic growth move in the same direction indicating an additional unit of growth requires additional multiple unit of electricity. There are a number of stakeholders of the rivers flowing inside Nepal. These rivers are being shared by four sovereign countries –originated in Tibet, enter Nepal and cross the border to flow in India and then in Bangladesh before reaching their final destiny. These rivers provide drinking water to the people of these countries. In addition, another option for the benefit to share of these rivers among the stakeholders is to develop hydropower in Nepal and export it to light the cities of the rest of countries. Nepal should prepare itself to make favorable environment-creating domestic market, reducing electricity generation cost, maintaining rule of law, creating stable policies, ending political instability, adopting appropriate pricing policies- to invite foreign direct investment needed to harness. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 17, July 2015
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Lawhon, P., i M. Schwartz. "Linking environmental and economic sustainability in establishing standards for wastewater re-use in Israel". Water Science and Technology 53, nr 9 (1.04.2006): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.262.
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Israel is one of the world's leaders in agricultural re-use of wastewater, currently re-using over 60% of produced wastewater. The effects of arid climate, intensive irrigated agriculture and limited water resources make re-use necessary to conserve fresh water for domestic use. Quality standards for wastewater re-use are needed to protect public health and prevent environmental and agricultural damage. This paper examines the environmental and economic sustainability of the proposed upgrade of wastewater quality standards. A tertiary treatment standard was proposed, but has not been approved due to objections from local authorities and farmers. An upgrade will require higher treatment costs, which will be divided between farmers and local authorities through the pricing of the wastewater. Farmers oppose the upgrade because they will not be able to pay higher prices for wastewater, which they use to irrigate low-profit crops. If the price is too high, these farmers may be forced out of business and a substantial reduction in cultivated lands may result. If the price is too low, the poorer local authorities may not be able to comply with the standards, and may discharge improperly treated wastewater, causing environmental damage. A successful policy balances the needs for environmental protection with the economic realities of farmers and local authorities and may require compensation for local authorities or farmers in order to achieve maximum environmental protection.
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Bee, Elena, Alessandro Prada i Paolo Baggio. "Demand-Side Management of Air-Source Heat Pump and Photovoltaic Systems for Heating Applications in the Italian Context". Environments 5, nr 12 (6.12.2018): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments5120132.
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Matching demand profile and solar irradiance availability is necessary to meet space heating and domestic hot water needs by means of an air-source heat pump and photovoltaic system in a single-family house. Demand-side management, with smart control of the water storage set-point, is a simple but effective technique. Several studies in the literature pursue demand-side matching and self-consumption goals through system adjustments based on the model predictive control. This study proposes a rule-based control strategy, based on instantaneous photovoltaic (PV) power production, with the purpose of enhancing the self-consumption. This strategy exploits the building’s thermal capacitance as a virtual battery, and the thermal storage capacity of the system by running the heat pump to its limit when PV surplus power is available, and by eventually using an electric heater in order to reach higher temperatures. Results of annual dynamic simulations of a building and its heating system show that the proposed rule-based control strategy is able to reduce significantly the energy exchanges between the system and the grid. Despite the enlarged renewable energy share, economic analysis points out the pursuit of the self-consumption goal may lead to a diminution of the economic advantage in the Italian context (Italian weather data and the electric power pricing scheme).
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Agaton, Casper Boongaling, i Patricia Marie Caparas Guila. "Ecosystem Services Valuation of Constructed Wetland as a Nature-Based Solution to Wastewater Treatment". Earth 4, nr 1 (11.02.2023): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth4010006.
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Constructed wetlands (CWs) are nature-based solutions that utilize natural vegetation, soils, and microbes to treat domestic wastewater and industrial effluents. They are engineered treatment systems that mimic the functions of natural wetlands to capture stormwater, reduce nutrient loads, and create diverse wildlife habitats. Providing these monetary and non-monetary benefits, its implementation has grown in several applications and geographical spread. Recent studies integrate the ecosystem services of CWs in project valuation, and the critical analysis of research hotspots has not been made yet. This study employs a systematic review to analyze the literature on ecosystem services provided by CWs and how they are incorporated into the valuation of CW projects. Among the ecosystem services that have been identified are provisioning (biomass and water supply), regulating (wastewater treatment and purification, climate regulation, flood prevention, and erosion control), cultural (recreation and aesthetic, biodiversity, education, and research), and supporting (habitat formation, nutrient cycling, and hydrological cycle). In terms of valuation methods and techniques, the results identified contingent valuation, shadow pricing, cost–benefit analysis, benefits transfer, habitat evaluation procedures, replacement cost, and travel cost. The analysis results provide researchers with a concrete basis for future studies and directions for further development. This also provides policymakers and CW project planners with valuable insights on various aspects of policy support for CW adoption and project valuation.
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Otoijamun, Itohan, Moses Kigozi, Sikiru Ottan Abdulraman, Adelana Rasak Adetunji i Azikiwe Peter Onwualu. "Fostering the Sustainability of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) of Barite in Nasarawa State, Nigeria". Sustainability 13, nr 11 (24.05.2021): 5917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115917.
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The exploration and mining of Nigerian barite are primarily by artisanal and small-scale miners (ASM) whose operations are characterized by poor productivity. As a result, the quantity and quality of barites produced do not satisfy the nation’s oil sector demands and other industries that require the mineral. This situation leads to massive importation of the mineral with negative impact on the country’s drive toward increasing the contribution of solid minerals to the gross domestic product (GDP). This study reviews the existing policies and government interventions on ASM of Nigerian barite; evaluates the operations of ASM through a survey of mines in Nasarawa state, Nigeria; identifies factors that affect sustainability of the sector and proffers solutions to foster sustainability of ASM of barite in the region. The study adopted the 4Is optimization technique (Information gathering, Interpretation, Implication, and Implementation) through personal interactions with the stakeholders at the barite mining sites, and government agencies, regarding policies and interventions specific to ASM of barite. Challenges identified include: weak implementation and enforcement of mining laws; inadequate support from government and development partners; poor access to mining equipment and technology; poor infrastructure (access road, water, electricity); poor pricing of products (marketing challenges); poor remuneration of mine workers; poor mining skills; inadequate formal education; limited awareness on environmental health and safety hazards; fragility and conflict; insufficient information and data on mines and miners; security issues; lack of access to finance; lack of formalization of operations and poor legal framework for operations. The strategies suggested for fostering the sustainability of ASM of barites include: enhanced policy and legislation formulation and implementation, strengthening of institutions, formalization of ASM operations, training of miners, awareness campaign, improvement in environmental and safety of operations, empowerment and support by government and development partners for individual miners and processors and organized groups within the sector (such as Miners Association of Nigeria, Association of Miner and Processors of Barite, AMAPOB). Implementation of these strategies will lead to sustainable operations of the sector and hence improved rural livelihoods, stimulation of entrepreneurship in an environmentally responsible manner, and improvement in the contribution of the mineral sector to the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP), and hence national development.
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RA, Mandal. "Evaluating Provisioning Services in Betana Wetland Area, Belbari, Morang, Nepal". Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 3, nr 4 (2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000148.
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The ecosystem services from the wetlands offer economic opportunities for beneficiaries as well as generate revenue that in turn be used for conservation of the wetlands but the research regarding this is very limited in Nepal. Thus, this research was objectively conducted to assess the value of provisioning ecosystem services in and around Betana wetland, Nepal. The primary data were collected organizing questionnaire survey with 65 beneficiary households, key informant interviews with 11 key experts, and direct observations in January 2020; whereas the secondary data were collected from the published and unpublished documents related to the wetland. Statistically, descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to analyze the collected data so, Friedmen test, Likert scale, multi-regression analysis, correlation analysis were performed. The result showed that, there are 6 major provisioning services of the Betana wetland, namely; (a) water for irrigation, (b) fish farming, (c) water for others purpose (domestic & livestock’s), (d) fodder, (e) wild food and (f ) medicinal plants. Amongst these services, the estimated highest rank was 4.8 of the water use for irrigation. It was found that a total 1121 households were using the Betana wetland to irrigate about 219 ha of land and farming the crops like maize, rice, wheat etc. The monetary value of these crops was approximately US$ 223,958.33 based on hedonic pricing. The second highest rank was 4.52 of fish farming and its monetary value was about US$ 100,000. Especially, the farmers keep Silver Carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ), Bighead Carp ( Aristichthys nobilis ) and Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idellus ) in and around the wetland. The other services used by local people were (a) wild vegetable and mushroom (about 723 households); (b) livestock farming (it’s worth approximately US $ 137,766; (c) grass and fodder (which monetary value worth about US $ 3,571.16). Statically, the correlation was evaluated between willingness to pay for the services and social variables. It revealed that the age group of the respondents showed the highest correlation between these services with R 2 (0.725) and followed by the household income having R 2 value 0.678 at 95% confidence level (P=0.022). This research, therefore, concluded that the provisional ecological services of the Betana wetland are useful source to uplift the economic condition of beneficiaries and hence this will be an important insight for the policy makers and authorities working in wetland conservation.
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Pashchenko, O. V., О. В. Zharikova i O. V. Faychuk. "Improving the competitiveness of dairy products of Ukrainian producers in accordance with European standards". Bioeconomics and Agrarian Business 11, nr 1 (29.05.2020): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/bioeconomy2020.01.076.
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These scientists point out that the market situation in Ukraine is favorable for the dairy industry functioning and the country has the appropriate prerequisites for its development: favorable climate, large areas of agricultural land, soil fertility, historical experience in farming, qualified staff and significant dairy market capacity. However, the authors reveal the presence of significant problems in the development of Ukrainian dairy subcomplex enterprises which requires further research in the industry development in the current conditions. The aim of the paper is to analyze and assess the main factors of raw milk competitiveness in accordance with the European quality requirements on the dairy complex of Ukraine, as well as analyze the problems of its development and ways to solve them. Currently, dairy enterprises production in Ukraine meet the high quality standards of the EU only partially. Therefore, the main task for Ukrainian producers is to ensure the high quality of both raw milk and the processed products. In addition, antibiotics and palm oil, pesticides, plant substitutes, milk substitution with water, etc. must be excluded from dairy products. According to the statistics, the total consumption fund in Ukraine, including exports and imports, is 9.33 million tons of milk. If we divide this figure by 42 million people of Ukraine, we get 221 kg of milk per capita. But if we divide the real figures - 6.68 million tons - by the real figure for the Ukrainian population - 36 million people - we will see that the consumption level is much lower - 185 kg per capita. Milk production decreased by almost 3.6% in Ukraine during the year. This drop was the most noticeable in cream and butter production, so it is not surprising that this niche was quickly filled by the importers. But what impedes Ukrainian milk industry development in the domestic market and its entering the foreign market? The only reason is low level of milk production. In Ukraine, the volumes in 2019 fell below 10 million tons for the first time. These data are confirmed by the recently published "Forecast of milk production in Ukraine by 2030: methods and calculations" submitted by Olha Kozak, a researcher at the Department of Economics of Agricultural Production and International Integration of the National Research Center "Institute of Agrarian Economics". According to the expert, the internal shortage of the product in 2019 was indicated primarily by the growth of the purchase price for raw milk, which for the last three months of 2019 was almost in line with the world prices or 10-15% higher than in the previous year. In October 2019, the price reached the maximum in hryvnia for the period of Ukraine's independence. Some experts in this field claim that our milk is more expensive than in Belgium, and this is nonsense. The experts predict a record decline in raw materials for 2020. In 2020, these processes will only intensify, causing structural changes in all components of the dairy food system. The situation will also be complicated by the abolition of the Second Grade milk since January 1, 2020, which is provided by the new DSTU "3662: 2018" Raw cow's milk. Specifications". This implies that processing companies will not receive about 1 million tons of second-grade milk. Dairy food producers are embarrassed as they can not compete with the UE plants in terms of prices. Recently, which was attended by Vadym Chagarovsky, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Dairy Enterprises Union spoke at the Forum Dairy Business 2019 held in Kyiv. The expert claimed that it is necessary to work out a special development strategy for the period until 2025 in order to save the industry. The document will provide for a change in marketing strategies and, in particular, the definition of target export markets. Currently, Ukraine has implemented a system of food safety and quality control focused on the ultimate result. That is, individual product samples are selected for analysis by the controller. In case of positive results, the good quality of products is confirmed and the whole batch is subject to sale [1]. However, this approach does not guarantee complete safety and absolute product quality. 19 million tons of milk were produced by Ukrainian enterprises and about 5 tons were produced by the population20 years ago. According to these indicators, we were among the top ten world milk producers and, despite the problems with its quality, milk was suitable for processing. Therefore, development of dairy farming in Ukraine requires, above all, operating with real numbers. This is the only way the government can see the real state of this sector. And, by the way, the biggest error is in the amount of milk supplied by the population. The identification of cattle kept in small private farms could settle this problem and provide tracking real numbers and exercising effective control. Thus, the main problems of the milk market in Ukraine are insufficient milk supply and, above all, its low competitiveness and quality. According to some experts, the competitiveness of milk depends on its quality by 80%. At present, raw milk producers are not responsible for the microbiological and hygienic indicators of the EU countries. Since 2004, the quality of milk supplied to processing plants in Ukraine is regulated by the requirements of DSTU 3662-97 "whole cow's milk". Procurement requirements. In 2007, this standard was changed and a additional Extra grade was introduced. In the EU, the main document which sets requirements for food quality and safety is the Regulation (EU) № 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 defining specific rules for the hygiene of foodstuffs. The growing demands on dairy products quality has been an important trend in milk production: in July 2018 DSTU 3662: 2015 "Raw cow's milk. Specifications" was adopted. According to the document, there are three types of milk on the market: "extra", "higher" and "first". However, it was decided afterwards to leave the "second" grade until early 2020 to give farmers time to modernize production [6]. Over the next two years, it will be approved for processing into animal feed, casein, etc. Milk price has not only to reimburse the costs of its production, but to stimulate the growth of its production and contribute to increasing the profitability of its production as well. In addition, raw milk prices include the costs of milk processing enterprises, which cannot increase the price for milk and dairy products due to low solvency of consumers. More than that, the price increase may lead to a reduction in consumption. Increasing the competitiveness of raw milk producers is an important direction in the development of dairy industry enterprises in Ukraine. To achieve this aim they need to develop a set of measures aimed at increasing the productivity of cows, gradual increasing the livestock, especially in agricultural enterprises, increasing milk production and improving its quality characteristics through highly efficient technologies on an innovative basis, taking into account world experience. For this purpose the following steps must be taken: to restore and reconstruct the existing large livestock farms and complexes; increase the efficiency of selection work; to improve the conditions of the animals farming, milking and raw milk cooling system; set up modern large dairy complexes with highly productive animals and a well-established system of raw milk quality assurance; to consolidate raw milk producers with milk processing enterprises which will contribute to pricing policy regulation; to provide effective state support for producers; to introduce resource saving technologies into production in order to reduce resource costs and improve milk quality; to create a new technical and technological base that will meet the modern requirements for milk production; to learn from the experience of other countries; to improve the quality of milk by combating counterfeiting. Thus, the сurrent problems of raw milk producers competitiveness increase are challenging and relevant, and government measures aimed to meet high standards of dairy products safety and quality are the rule for the world's leading producers.
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Xu, Zhihua, Chuwei Wang, Shuqin Li i Jingzhu Shan. "Residents' acceptability and response to the water-pricing policy to reduce marine pollution caused by domestic sewage". Frontiers in Marine Science 10 (30.01.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1105837.
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Domestic sewage has huge negative impacts on the marine environment. This paper discusses whether residents can accept the water-pricing policy that collects funds to improve sewage treatment technologies to reduce marine pollutants by raising water prices. First, the contingent valuation method is used to elicit residents’ acceptability of a water-price increase. Second, the contingent behavior method is applied to observe residents’ responses to the pricing policy. The results show that residents can accept an increase of 0.90 CNY/m3 in water price on average in Qingdao, China. We also find that people with low income show low acceptability of the water-pricing policy. Additionally, the water price plays a positive role in promoting residents’ willingness to reduce water use. The information transmission will encourage people to adopt water-saving behavior and strengthen the impact of the water-pricing policy on water-saving behavior. This paper provides important implications to establish a water-pricing policy to reduce the negative impacts of domestic sewage on the marine environment.
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Ruiters, Cornelius, i Joe Amadi-Echendu. "Water use pricing and financing of water infrastructure systems in South Africa". Infrastructure Asset Management, 15.05.2023, 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jinam.21.00015.
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The water infrastructure value chain is hierarchical in South Africa, i.e. national, provincial and local government, based on administrative and political boundaries. Differential water use pricing recognises neither the full replacement nor full recovery costs. The mean water use charge for all the Water Management Areas (water basins or catchments) was US$0.185/m3 (SD = ±0.09), agriculture (irrigation) <US$0.002/m3, forestry <US$0.001/m3 ([Formula: see text] = 0.0006; SD = ±0.0004), and 0.0553 US$/m3 (SD = ±0.066) for domestic and industrial. The mean year-on-year increases for water use was >20%. The mean annual bulk treated water use tariff was US$0.315/m3 (SD = ±0.242) and increases varied significantly, i.e. 14.33% (SD = ±20.57). The national mean domestic water use tariffs varied from US$0.238/m3 (SD = ±0.310) to US$0.988/m3 (SD = ±0.450) for the pre-determined water use blocks and increased between 13.6% (SD = ±7.7) to 16.9% (SD = ±0.4). Rural municipalities charged ca. 10% below the equivalent water use tariffs than urban areas. Commercial and industrial water use tariffs were higher than the domestic water use tariffs in the lower blocks and in line in the higher water use blocks, i.e. ca. 178.68% (SD = ±256.99). The water use multipliers varied substantially between 3 and 15, i.e. from raw water to municipal retail.
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"Book Reviews". Journal of Economic Literature 53, nr 4 (1.12.2015): 1040–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.53.4.1017.r13.
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Peter Debaere of Darden Business School, University of Virginia reviews “Water Pricing Experiences and Innovations”, by Ariel Dinar, Victor Pochat, and Jose Albiac-Murillo. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Twenty-two papers examine water pricing experiences in various countries from 2000 to 2015. Papers discuss water pricing in Australia—unbundled politics, accounting, and water pricing; water pricing in Brazil—successes, failures, and new approaches; water pricing in Canada—recent developments; water pricing in Chile—decentralization and market reforms; water pricing in China— the impact of socioeconomic development; water pricing in Colombia—the transition from bankruptcy to full-cost recovery; water pricing in France—moving toward more incentives to conserve water; water pricing experiences in India—emerging issues; water pricing in Israel—various waters, various neighbors; water pricing in Italy—beyond full-cost recovery; water pricing in Mexico—pricing structures and implications; water pricing in the Netherlands; New Zealand water pricing; water pricing—the case of South Africa; water pricing in Spain—following the footsteps of somber climate change projections; introducing new mechanisms into water pricing reforms in China; how to integrate social objectives into water pricing; sustainable water rate design at the Western Municipal Water District—the art of revenue recovery, water use efficiency, and customer equity; pricing urban water services in the developing world—the case of Guayaquil, Ecuador; the price for domestic water supply—an innovative method developed for the Tucano aquifer in the state of Bahia, Brazil; pricing for reclaimed water in Valencia, Spain—externalities and cost recovery; and pricing municipal water and wastewater services in developing countries—whether utilities are making progress toward sustainability. Dinar is a professor of environmental economics and policy with the School of Public Policy at the University of California, Riverside. Pochat is a professor at the National University of Litoral. Albiac-Murillo is a researcher at the Agrifood Research and Technology Center and a professor at the University of Zaragoza.”
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Wasimi, SA, i S. Hassa. "Social considerations in domestic water pricing: A case study of Perth, Western Australia". Australian Journal of Water Resources 15, nr 2 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.7158/w11-854.2012.15.2.
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"The Role of Enhanced Shale Oil & Gas Recovery in the Us & Development & Pricing of Significant Potential Shale Production in Other Countries Such As South America, Canada, & Europe/Asia2018/2019". Petroleum and Chemical Industry International 2, nr 3 (17.05.2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.33140/pcii.02.03.2.
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The Role of Science in Developing Enhanced Oil & Gas Resources, Being Environmentally Sound, & Protecting Water Use • Global transformation with fossil fuel as primary source which have an effect on GDP, export/import changes, and global effects on pricing • History of evolution of oil and gas production in the United States • Global development: European Community, India, China, Brazil, Chile, Argentina and Mexico all have proven reserves • All time high extraction of tight natural gas and oil being environmentally sound and protecting domestic water supplies • Hydraulic fracking below potable water supplies • Drilling Diagrams – Vertical and Horizontal, Proper Casing Record pace of pipeline construction to supply refineries & terminal ports Pronounced effect on GDP • Natural gas treatment, delivery, from source to energy deficient countries exported as LNG • Cost subsidies and economic pricing of oil and gas extraction, hydro power, coal, nuclear, wind, and solar. Cost of power by region • There are no “Dry Holes” and more attributes of highly advanced geological technology
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Chipfupa, U., i E. Wale. "Smallholder willingness to pay and preferences in the way irrigation water should be managed: a choice experiment application in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa". Water SA 45, nr 3 July (31.07.2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2019.v45.i3.6735.
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Efficient and sustainable utilization of irrigation water is the key to realizing the objective of enhancing agricultural productivity and commercializing smallholder irrigation farming. Valuing and recognizing the scarcity of irrigation water is essential for its sustainable use. Using cross-sectional data from 328 smallholders in and around Makhathini and Ndumo-B irrigation schemes in KwaZulu-Natal Province, the study aimed to assess smallholder farmers’ preferences for the way irrigation water resources should be managed and their willingness to pay for irrigation water. This was done employing a choice experiment method. The results suggest the need for irrigation water pricing to reflect irrigation intensity. They also show that improving agricultural production and productivity, with market access can enhance farmers’ willingness and ability to pay for irrigation water. The need to consider multiple uses of irrigation water for sustainable utilization of water resources is evident, while supporting women smallholders will have a positive impact on their willingness to pay for irrigation water. The paper recommends a shift towards on-farm volumetric water pricing in the irrigation schemes. The schemes should also have clearly defined boundaries and enforceable rules on collective use of water. The design of irrigation infrastructure should integrate other uses of irrigation water such as domestic and livestock purposes. Consequently, there is a need for further research to ensure that irrigation water prices reflect the marginal value of irrigation water use. Policies should address factors that inherently result in gender differences in terms of access to productive resources which negatively affect sustainable water utilization.
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"Multi Reservoir Water Price and Allocation Model". International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, nr 1 (10.11.2019): 2220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.a4789.119119.
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Many water planning, researches have been done but water pricing has not been considered as the prime factor. Cost allocation is required whenever a project deals with multi-purpose groups. An optimization model which is accommodating the water allocation and water price must be developed in Indonesia. The new linear optimization model is developed to present a method for the determination of equitable impact fees and optimal water allocation for single reservoir. The proposed method is demonstrated on a river system with 4 major reservoirs. Each reservoir system serves 5 uses (irrigation, hydroelectric and flood control, industrial and domestic need). Using optimization with the cost of the reservoir and its facilities as targets and the objective function is maximization of total net benefit of user income, water allocation as x variable and water price as the y variable will produce the optimal result. The result is the optimal water allocation with a minimal water price which is present on 3 simulation analysis. The result of the model is in a graphic and table presentation, which can be used easily to determine the water allocation and water price per m3 in all reservoir systems
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Simonenko, Lesia, Valentyna Yakobchuk i Olena Vlasenko. "National model of state price regulation: a microeconomic approach". Scientific Journal of Yuriy Fedkovich Chernivtsi National University. Economics, nr 829 (5.04.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/ecovis/2020-829-4.
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In the system of national public administration, the practices of regulating economic processes in general and prices in particular are approved. Consumers are also "in favour of" such actions by the state, as they associate them with consumer support. Government Resolution №341 of 22.04.2020 “On Measures to Stabilize Prices for Goods…” introduced state regulation of prices by declaring changes in retail prices for goods of “social significance”. This list contains goods where markets are different in their competitive nature, so it is not possible to regulate them by the same method. The necessity of price regulation measures, even for a limited list of goods, is the subject of this article. In case of perfect competition, firms that produce, for example, buckwheat, granulated sugar, wheat flour accept the market price, hence government regulation will lead to a deficit / surplus. Activities of producers of pasta of domestic production (vermicelli from premium wheat flour), pasteurized milk with fat content of 2.5 percent (in the film), rye-wheat bread, belong to the monopolistic competition. Typically, their activities are self-sustaining (break-even), hence administrative price decrease will lead to a reduction in production with all associated consequences. Markets of chicken eggs of category C1, poultry (chicken carcass), still mineral water, butter with fat content of 72.5 percent, in microeconomics are "oligopolies", which suggests interdependence in pricing. Therefore, producers themselves "disapprove" state intervention that violates competitive conditions. Natural gas and electricity markets are monopolized. The tool to reduce prices is to expand the number of market operators. To this end, an alternative to state regulation of prices is further development of a competitive environment and entrepreneurship