Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Domestic Water Pricing”

The water requirement greatly increased due to population growth, increased agricultural areas and industrial development, thus causing high water demand. The complex problems facing by country is water pricing is not designed optimally as a staple of human needs and on the other hand also cannot guarantee the maintenance and distribution of water effectively. The cheap water pricing caused increase of water use and unmanageable water resource. Therefore, the more optimal water pricing as an effective control of water policy is needed for the sake of ensuring water resources conservation and sustainability. This paper presents the review on problems, issues and mathematical modelling of water pricing based on agriculture and domestic groundwater for water sustainability and conservation.

Despite significant differences in political and administrative structures, recent reforms in urban domestic water tariff regimes in India and China have had similar trajectories with important but sometimes nuanced differences. In both countries, there has been a devolution of operational authority to municipal governments and acceptance of greater reliance on cost recovery through user fees. Reflecting this, there is considerable variation within each country in water tariffs, with cities in more water-short areas charging more than those with relatively abundant and accessible water resources. At the same time, authority over tariff setting remains largely outside the domain of the water agencies, and is highly political. One reflection of this is the infrequent adjustment of tariffs in both countries.

Within Ireland, both the public water supply and group water scheme (GWS) sectors are crucial entities in the provision of water supply to individuals. In this study, variances in water charges and operation are assessed via an in-depth survey of 104 GWSs in order to establish the range in both domestic and commercial charges, and also to establish the factors influencing these charges within the rural water sector. Results are compared with the commercial water charges of the 34 local authorities involved in the provision of public water and wastewater services. Devoid of regulation, tariff setting is highly decentralised with substantial variations in connection, fixed and volumetric charges across both sectors. Greater transparency is essential to establish the full cost of supply to domestic and non-domestic consumers. Findings reveal average GWS volumetric charges to be 35% lower than public supplies, resulting in communities wishing to retain ownership of their schemes as there is much greater control over water pricing. Historic underinvestment has led to an infrastructure deficit and deficiencies within the public supply sector are discussed, such as inadequate revenue collection and high unaccounted-for water. Furthermore, recommendations are made towards effective operation and pricing in light of proposed government plans to establish a national water authority.

The reclaimed water produced by sewage treatment plants can be reused for many purposes, which has gradually been paid great attention. However, its pricing mechanism has not been well established especially in China, which has brought certain restrictions on the wide application of reclaimed water. Therefore, this paper attempts to analyze the current situation of domestic reclaimed water pricing, combined with the research and analysis of reclaimed water production costs and related industry profits, and gives the recommended reclaimed water pricing. Taking the reclaimed water reuse project in Ningbo, China as an example, the cost and profit are analyzed by season. The recommended price in non-winter is 0.3833 yuan/ton, and the recommended price in winter is 0.4283 yuan/ton. This study may provide some reference for the improvement of the pricing mechanism of reclaimed water, thus contributing to the wide application of reclaimed water.

Pakistan is a country having the world largest irrigation system but despite that, it is facing several droughts and floods. The storage capacity of the country is only 30 days whereas the required standard capacity is 120 days. The major source of water for the country is surface water and in many areas, groundwater is also used in a large quantity for domestic as well as agricultural use. Pakistan has large water reservoirs but still, it is facing serious challenges in providing safe drinking water due to the mismanagement of natural water resources. The major cause behind the depletion of water resources of the country is over-use of water. The main objective of this study is to find the behavior of people by comparing volumetric and nonvolumetric water use and the price they pay for both. There is a need to compare volumetric and nonvolumetric water pricing scenarios and its impact on water conservation for the district of Hyderabad. The study was conducted through questionnaire surveys, from three administrative units of the Hyderabad namely Qasimabad, Latifabad, and City. Three types of water utilities, namely Tapped water (water supplied by WASA), groundwater and tankered water were found as major sources for domestic use. The domestic use of groundwater is found to be mostly unpaid, while people having lined water services pay an average of Rs 300 (USD 2.2) but the percentage of these people is only 60%. On the other hand, people who consume tankered water (volumetric based charging) are paying on average Rs 5000 (USD 35.7) per month. The main finding of this study is that the households which were using tanker water were more careful in optimizing the use of water as compared to those who were using tapped water. Therefore, considering the economic worth of water, if it is charged on a volumetric basis then the misuse of water can be reduced noticeably.

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) 2000/60/EC, which has been transposed into the national legislation with the Law 3199/2003 (MoEPPW, 2003), will cause substantial changes in the drinking water pricing policy and the domestic water authorities involved such as the Municipal Enterprises for Water Supply and Sewerage (DEYA). Up to date, drinking water pricing policy has been based only on the recovery of the economic cost and in some cases neither this. Therefore, domestic water is not priced taking into account its real cost. Based on data provided by 74 DEYA representing 2.10 million inh, the average water price is estimated to be 1.19 €/m3. Analysis of these data reveals a deviation of 41.67% from the real cost. The relation of consumers with the Enterprise, but also that of management and employees, should be a bidirectional relation, in order to be comprehensible by all. Thus, an agreement that will point out that the most excellent quality of water presupposes water policy which will consider sustainability and the current requirements of the Enterprise and of course the consumers should be established between them.

Dhaka city is experiencing high water use and rapid declination of groundwater. The current water price in the city is low and based on a uniform rate. To arrest the resource degradation along with pursuing cost recovery and promoting social equity, this paper develops a new pricing model for domestic water uses using the integrated water resources management principles. The development is accomplished through estimation of domestic water usage, evaluation of current water prices, and assessment of groundwater degradation externalities in the Tejgaon area of the city using both primary and secondary data. Two economic and two environmental externalities are incorporated. The model is based on an increasing block tariff strategy, and the estimated unit prices for the first and second blocks are respectively 5% and 75% higher than the existing price. The model has the potential to reduce the domestic water use in the city by up to 27%, increase the revenue for the Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority by up to 75%, and reduce the water bill for poor households by up to 67%. The model has a great potential for practical deployment and the concept can also be applied to other cities and water uses.

Durante décadas, os tarifários dos serviços de águas foram definidos sem um enquadramento comum, originando-se uma grande diversidade de estruturas e valores dos tarifários, muitas vezes sem fundamentação económica. No sentido de colmatar essa falha está em curso em Portugal uma modificação estrutural das políticas tarifárias dos serviços de águas, da qual os tarifários aplicados aos utilizadores não domésticos, tema da presente tese de mestrado, não podem ser excluídos, constatando-se, no entanto, que os mesmos não têm sido particularizados nos estudos existentes, o que torna mais premente a análise que se pretende realizar. No presente trabalho analisam-se as políticas tarifárias dos serviços de águas, com enfoque nos aspetos relativos aos utilizadores não domésticos e na diferenciação face aos domésticos, e procede-se à caracterização dos tarifários do serviço de abastecimento aplicados a estes utilizadores no território de Portugal continental em 2007 e em 2011. Constatou-se que a conformidade com as orientações do regulador relativas à estrutura dos tarifários não teve uma evolução muito significativa face a 2007. Verifica-se uma grande disparidade nos tarifários aplicáveis às diferentes categorias de utilizadores não domésticos e a existência de uma diferenciação significativa face aos tarifários definidos para os utilizadores domésticos. Foi possível aferir que existe alguma relação entre o nível de encargos suportados pelos utilizadores não domésticos e o modelo de gestão, o número de clientes, a densidade populacional e com a localização geográfica e parece não existir uma relação, que se possa considerar evidente, com a ideologia política prevalecente em cada município. Por fim, propõe-se um contributo para uma futura evolução das políticas tarifárias aplicáveis a estes utilizadores.
For decades water services tariffs were defined without a common framework, which led to a great diversity of tariff structures and values, in many cases without any economic basis. In order to fill this gap and in accordance with the European law, is underway in Portugal a structural modification of tariff policies for the water services, from which the tariffs applied to non-domestic users, subject of this thesis, cannot be excluded, although they have not been particularly focused in existing studies which makes the analysis to be achieved more relevant. This paper presents a review of the pricing policies for the water services, focusing on aspects relating to non-domestic users and tariff differentiation towards domestic users, and proceeds to the characterization of water supply tariffs applied to these users in mainland Portugal in 2007 and 2011. We found that compliance with the guidelines of the regulator regarding the tariff structure has not evolved significantly since 2007. There is a wide disparity in tariff applicable to different categories of non-domestic users and it can be noticed a significant difference compared to the tariff set for domestic users. It was possible to determine that there is some kind of relation between the level of charges supported by non-domestic users and the management model, the number of costumers, the population density and the geographical location, and it seems to be no marked relation to the political ideology prevailing on each municipality. Finally, we propose a contribution to the future development of pricing policies applicable to these users.

Abstract There is an array of financing instruments and approaches available from public, domestic, private, and blended financial sources to achieve water security and green growth, including green bonds and green loans to construct green-grey hybrid infrastructure, debt-for-nature swaps that enable countries to swap debt for initiating water security projects, payments for watershed services schemes that prevent floods, market-based instruments, such as seasonal water pricing, encouraging water conservation, public–private partnerships that involve local governments cooperating with local private sector actors on local water security projects, biodiversity offset schemes that protect water resources and related biodiversity, and water quality trading schemes that reduce or control water pollution.