Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Divisão racial”

Orientador: Ricardo Luiz Coltro Antunes
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: O presente estudo tem por objeto o trabalho imigrante no Brasil. A tese demonstra a atual configuração polarizada da imigração no país e as principais tendências manifestadas no trabalho imigrante. Essa perspectiva lança luz sobre os espaços subterrâneos e invisibilizados desse trabalho ¿ ou mesmo longínquos, sobre as águas do mar ¿ simultaneamente apontando as contradições inerentes àqueles eleitos para aparecerem como uma imigração escolhida. Trata-se de um campo de visão que permite discutir as novas bases histórico-sociais da imigração no Brasil, sua alta representatividade de proveniência periférica e as diferentes modalidades de manifestação ¿ via circuito indocumentado, autorização de trabalho para estrangeiros, Mercosul, refúgio, visto humanitário, estudo, casamento, turismo ¿ analisadas em seu conjunto e em sua relação com o trabalho. As dinâmicas relativas à posição periférica do Brasil no mercado mundial e às particularidades de sua formação socioeconômica de base escravista são consideradas para evidenciar o lugar que a força de trabalho do imigrante ocupou nos diferentes momentos históricos do país. Para tanto, duas categorias são adotadas como premissas analíticas do fenômeno da imigração internacional: o trabalho livre e a divisão internacional do trabalho. Ao demonstrar a posição atribuída aos "braços civilizatórios" (trabalhadores imigrantes brancos europeus), problematiza-se o papel historicamente conferido a essa imigração no movimento de modernização dependente do mercado de trabalho brasileiro no passado, bem como a continuidade de suas dinâmicas e efeitos no presente. Essa incursão temporal dialoga com o contexto internacional e oferece elementos para se entender como as modalidades de entrada (imigração documentada e indocumentada) e de trabalho imigrante (com inserção nos estratos altos e naqueles mais precários do mercado de trabalho brasileiro) começam a se manifestar de forma polarizada nos anos 1970 e esse desenho bifurcado da imigração ganha força após a eclosão da crise global (2007). Foram caracterizados os traços gerais dos dois polos da imigração ¿ denominados polo da qualificação-especialização produtiva e polo dos periféricos emergenciais ¿, segundo o ideário, o tratamento legislativo, as vias de entrada no país, os principais setores de inserção no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, a divisão sexual do trabalho, o racismo, as condições de trabalho e de estruturação de vida enfrentadas pelos imigrantes. O estudo mostra como o fato da indocumentação abrange todo o espectro do trabalho imigrante ¿ mesmo aquele com perfil qualificado-especializado ¿, porém atinge sobremaneira os imigrantes representantes do que se denominou periféricos na periferia. A imigração feminina no Brasil também é analisada, bem como o desequilíbrio de gênero nos dois polos da imigração
Abstract: This study analyses the immigrant labour in Brazil. The thesis demonstrates the polarized immigration movements to Brazil and the trends concerning the immigrant labour. This analytical perspective shows the labour that is hidden in underground and invisible spaces - even those far away, over the sea waters -, pointing out the contradictions of the groups elected to appear as a chosen immigration. It allows the discussion of the new historical and social bases of immigration in Brazil, its largest representation from peripheral countries and its different forms - work permits, Mercosul, refugee, humanitarian visa, undocumented circuit, study, marriage, tourism - analysed as a whole and in its relation to labour. The dynamics related to Brazil¿s peripheral position in the world system and the particularities of its social-economic formation on slavery base are considered in order to analyse the place conferred to immigrant labour force during different moments of the country¿s history. Two categories are considered to analyse the international immigration phenomena: free labour and the international division of labour. By demonstrating the position assigned to the "civilizing arms" (European immigrants workers), this study discusses the role of this immigration for the Brazilian labour market¿s "dependent modernization" on the past, as well as its continuous dynamics and effects on the present. This temporal incursion dialogues with the international context and provides elements to understand how the polarized way of entries (documented and undocumented immigration) and immigrant labour (highest and precarious Brazilian labour market strata) emerges in the 1970s and takes force after the beginning of the global crisis (2007). The general characteristics of the two poles of immigration are characterized ¿ productive qualification-specialization pole and emergency-peripherals pole ¿, concerning the ideology, the legal treatment, the entry routes in the country, the main sectors for the insertion in the Brazilian labour Market, the sexual division of labour and and the working conditions faced by immigrants. The researches demonstrate that indocumentation regards all the categories of immigrant labour ¿ even those considered as qualified-specialized ¿, but it touches much more the here named peripherals in the periphery. Women immigration to Brazil are also analysed as well as the gender inequalities in the two poles
Doutorado
Sociologia
Doutora em Sociologia

Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 105-110).
An overview of American education reveals a concerning pattern: when outcomes are disaggregated by race, students from certain racial minority groups often have poorer outcomes than White students. This pattern, the racial education achievement gap, can be seen in different sorts of measures from the literature, including in the low representation of minority students at elite public institutions. To address this low representation, and to keep universities racially diverse, administrators and policymakers often turn to race-based affirmative action, the explicit (and contentious) consideration of an applicant's race in admissions decisions. College-centered education intervention programs are another tool administrators and policymakers use to address the gap reflected in elite college enrollment and to keep campuses diverse. This thesis asks how do and how can appropriately designed college-based education intervention programs help to both keep racial diversity and close the racial educational achievement gap in America's colleges? To this end, chapter one lays out the motivating issues - the gap, affirmative action, and education intervention programs; chapter two contains the case study of two successful programs, focusing on the programs' designs, the participants' experiences, and the conditions that foster academic excellence in minority students; chapter three, in part using causal loop diagrams from system dynamics modelling, makes the case for appreciating education as a complex system - one with interlocking political, economic, pedagogic, and sociocultural forces - and thus urges caution in drawing conclusions from chapter two; and chapter four, drawing from the two preceding chapters, proposes three policy recommendations to improve not just the presence of minority students at selective institutions, but, more importantly, their overall academic thriving.
by Mobolaji Olatokunbo Akinpelu.
S.M. in Technology and Policy

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RESUMO A Dissertação analisa as desigualdades entre pessoas brancas e pessoas negras, de acordo com a declaração de pertencimento racial feita pelas pessoas aos Censos do IBGE, quanto ao acesso às técnicas no espaço de Salvador. Compreendendo as técnicas como um conjunto de meios instrumentais e sociais que são ponto de partida para os processos de constituição e usos do território e de produção e habitação do espaço. Além de tomar as técnicas como ponto de partida para a realização dos diversos processos de trabalho realizados pelos homens e mulheres na transformação da natureza, tornando-a cada vez mais adequada para a reprodução da vida humana, o texto identifica e analisa os processos de formação sócio-espacial e de constituição e usos do território e de produção e habitação do espaço, tendo como delimitação territorial e espacial a cidade de Salvador, e como o grupo racial branco e grupo racial negro se inserem e participam nesses processos. O texto também aborda os processos de organização do espaço em Salvador, como decorrência da forma como ocorreu a inserção do território e de sua fração na divisão territorial do trabalho. Também é identificada no texto a distribuição espacial das técnicas em áreas da cidade de Salvador e como os grupos raciais que habitam essas áreas estão presentes e acessando as técnicas. As técnicas escolhidas para análise do acesso dos grupos raciais brancos e negros foram: trabalho e respectiva renda, educação, micro computador, automóvel particular, telefonia fixa, energia elétrica e coleta de lixo.
ABSTRACT The dissertation examines inequalities between white people and black people, according to the statement made by persons belonging to racial IBGE Census, as access to the techniques in the area of Salvador. Understanding the techniques as a set of instrumental and social media that are the starting point for the process of formation and uses of land and production and housing space. Besides taking techniques as a starting point for achieving the various work processes performed by men and women in the transformation of nature by making it increasingly suitable for reproduction of human life, the text identifies and analyzes the processes of formation socio-spatial formation and uses of land and production and housing space, with the space and territorial delimitation the city of Salvador, and as the white racial group and racial group are part black and part in these processes. The text also addresses the processes of spatial organization in Salvador, as a result of how the insertion occurred in the territory of his faction and the territorial division of labor. Also identified in the text is the spatial distribution of technical areas in the city of Salvador and how the racial groups that inhabit these areas are present and accessing techniques. The techniques used to analyze the access of black and white racial groups were working and their income, education, micro computer, private vehicles, fixed telephony, electricity and garbage collection.

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A Dissertação analisa as desigualdades entre pessoas brancas e pessoas negras, de acordo com a declaração de pertencimento racial feita pelas pessoas aos Censos do IBGE, quanto ao acesso às técnicas no espaço de Salvador. Compreendendo as técnicas como um conjunto de meios instrumentais e sociais que são ponto de partida para os processos de constituição e usos do território e de produção e habitação do espaço. Além de tomar as técnicas como ponto de partida para a realização dos diversos processos de trabalho realizados pelos homens e mulheres na transformação da natureza, tornando-a cada vez mais adequada para a reprodução da vida humana, o texto identifica e analisa os processos de formação sócio-espacial e de constituição e usos do território e de produção e habitação do espaço, tendo como delimitação territorial e espacial a cidade de Salvador, e como o grupo racial branco e grupo racial negro se inserem e participam nesses processos. O texto também aborda os processos de organização do espaço em Salvador, como decorrência da forma como ocorreu a inserção do território e de sua fração na divisão territorial do trabalho. Também é identificada no texto a distribuição espacial das técnicas em áreas da cidade de Salvador e como os grupos raciais que habitam essas áreas estão presentes e acessando as técnicas. As técnicas escolhidas para análise do acesso dos grupos raciais brancos e negros foram: trabalho e respectiva renda, educação, micro computador, automóvel particular, telefonia fixa, energia elétrica e coleta de lixo.
ABSTRACT The dissertation examines inequalities between white people and black people, according to the statement made by persons belonging to racial IBGE Census, as access to the techniques in the area of Salvador. Understanding the techniques as a set of instrumental and social media that are the starting point for the process of formation and uses of land and production and housing space. Besides taking techniques as a starting point for achieving the various work processes performed by men and women in the transformation of nature by making it increasingly suitable for reproduction of human life, the text identifies and analyzes the processes of formation socio-spatial formation and uses of land and production and housing space, with the space and territorial delimitation the city of Salvador, and as the white racial group and racial group are part black and part in these processes. The text also addresses the processes of spatial organization in Salvador, as a result of how the insertion occurred in the territory of his faction and the territorial division of labor. Also identified in the text is the spatial distribution of technical areas in the city of Salvador and how the racial groups that inhabit these areas are present and accessing techniques. The techniques used to analyze the access of black and white racial groups were working and their income, education, micro computer, private vehicles, fixed telephony, electricity and garbage collection.

La capacité d’une plante à réguler sa croissance racinaire est une composante importante de l’acclimatation aux stress environnementaux. A l’échelle cellulaire, cette régulation est effectuée via le contrôle de la division et de l’élongation des cellules mais les rôles respectifs de chaque processus et leurs interactions sont peu connus. Notamment, l’activité de production de cellules du méristème apical racinaire (RAM) est trop souvent négligée. Dans cette thèse, l’analyse spatiale de la croissance le long de l’apex racinaire et l’analyse temporelle des trajectoires de croissance des cellules ont été couplées pour comprendre les liens existants entre division et élongation cellulaire. Pour cela, j’ai développé un système de phénotypage de la croissance à haute résolution spatio-temporelle qui a été appliqué à l’étude de racines d’un peuplier euraméricain (Populus deltoides × Populus nigra) en réponse à différents stress (stress osmotique, impédance mécanique). Une forte variabilité du taux de croissance racinaire entre individus ainsi que des variations individuelles cycliques de la croissance ont été observées malgré des conditions environnementales contrôlées. L’utilisation de cette variabilité couplée à la quantification de l’activité du RAM a mis en évidence l’importance du taux de production de cellules pour soutenir la croissance racinaire. Ces travaux analysent une nouvelle échelle de variations spatiales et temporelles de la croissance peu prise en compte jusqu’à présent. Hautement applicable à d’autres questions scientifiques, l’analyse du devenir des cellules une fois sortie du RAM est également discutée pour des conditions de croissance non stables
Regulation of root growth is a crucial capacity of plants for acclimatization to environmental stresses. At cell scale, this regulation is controlled through cell division and cell elongation but respective importance of these processes and interactions between them are still poorly known. Notably, the cell production activity of the root apical meristem (RAM) is often excluded. During this thesis, spatial analyses of growth along the root apex were coupled with temporal analyses of cell trajectories in order to decipher the links between cell division and cell elongation. This required the setup of a system for phenotyping root growth at a high spatiotemporal resolution which was applied to study the growth of roots from an euramerican poplar (Populus deltoides × Populus nigra) in response to different environmental stresses (osmotic stress or mechanical impedance). An important variability of root growth rate between individuals as well as individual cyclic variations of growth along time were observed despite tightly controlled environmental conditions. Use of this variability coupled with quantification of the RAM activity led us to a better understanding of the importance of the cell production rate for sustaining root growth. This work analyses a new spatiotemporal scale of growth variability poorly considered. Widely applicable to others scientific questioning, temporal analyses of cell fate once produced in the RAM is also discussed for non-steady growth conditions

Target of rapamycin est une large kinase conservée chez la plupart des eucaryotes. Elle est au centre d’une voie de signalisation régulant la croissance, le métabolisme en fonction de l’environnement et a été largement étudiée chez l’homme du fait de son implication dans des maladies telles que le cancer. Chez les plantes, son étude est moins avancée mais le développement d’inhibiteurs ATP compétitifs chez l’homme a offert de nouvelles possibilités pour la recherche en biologie végétale. En effet, l’utilisation d’un inhibiteur de TOR nous a permis de réaliser le criblage d’une banque de mutants ethyl méthansulfonate et de découvrir une nouvelle cible de TOR : YAK1. Cette dernière régule la croissance en inhibant la prolifération. Le criblage de mutants a également permis de découvrir des mutations dans TOR affectant sa sensibilité ou son affinité pour l’inhibiteur. Ceci offre un nouvel outil pour étudier la fonction de TOR de plantes
Target of rapamycin is a large kinase existing in most eucaryots such as plants and animals. It is at the center of a signaling pathway regulating growth and metabolism in response to environmental changes, which has been the subject of many studies in humans because of its implication in diseases like cancer. However in plants, the exploration of this pathway is less advanced but the development of ATP competitive inhibitors in humans has offered new possibilities for plant research. Indeed, the use of a TOR inhibitor has allowed us to screen an ethyl methansulfonate mutant bank and discover a new target of TOR: YAK1. The latter regulates growth by inhibiting proliferation notably through cyclin-dependant kinase inhibitors. The screen also allowed us to uncover TOR mutations which potentially affect TOR activity and/or affinity to the inhibitor. This offers a new tool for the study of TOR function in plants

L’organogenèse post-embryonnaire des racines latérales joue un rôle essentiel dans l’établissement de l’architecture du système racinaire des plantes, et donc dans leur croissance et leur performance. L’objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser le réseau de gènes régulant le développement des racines latérales et en particulier, l’organisation fonctionnelle du primordium de racine latérale, formant un nouveau méristème racinaire, chez la plante modèleArabidopsis thaliana en combinant des études de biologie des systèmes appliquées à la dynamique du transcriptome lors de la formation des racines latérales avec la caractérisation fonctionnelle de gènes candidats pour la régulation de ce phénomène d’organogenèse.La première partie de la thèse concerne l’identification des cibles de PUCHI, un facteur de transcription de type AP2/EREBP impliqué dans le contrôle de la prolifération et de la différentiation cellulaire dans le primordium de racine latérale. Le phénotype liés à la parte de fonction de PUCHI a été caractérisé en détail et à mis en évidence un rôle de ce facteur de transcription dans l'initiation des racines latérales et le développement et l'organisation des primordia. Par l’analyse de profils spatiaux et temporels d’expression de gènes, nous avons pu mettre en évidence que l’expression de gènes codant des protéines impliquées dans la biosynthèse des acides gras à très longues chaînes (VLCFA) est transitoirement activée durant la formation de la racine latérale et que cette dynamique est dépendante de PUCHI. De plus, le mutant kcs1-5, perturbé dans la biosynthèse de VLCFAs, présente un phénotype de développement des racines latérales similaire à celui de puchi-1. Par ailleurs, la perte de fonction puchi-1 augmente fortement la formation de cals continus dans des racines cultivées sur milieu inducteur riche en auxine, ce qui est cohérent avec le rôle récemment décrit des VLCFA racinaires dans la formation et l’organisation de cals distincts lorsque la racine est cultivé sur milieu inducteur de cals. L'ensemble de nos résultats démontre que PUCHI régule positivement l’expression de gènes de biosynthèse de VLCFAs lors de la formation de racines latérales et la callogenèse. Nos résultats confortent également l’hypothèse selon laquelle la formation des racines latérales et celle de cals racinaires partagent des mécanismes de régulation communs.La seconde partie de la thèse s’intéresse à l’identification de facteurs régulateurs clés dans l’organisation fonctionnelle du primordium de racine latérale et particulièrement, l’organisation d’un nouveau méristème racinaire. J’ai contribué à produire de nouvelles lignées de plantes permettant de suivre en temps réel par microscopie confocale la mise en place des identités cellulaires caractéristiques d’un méristème racinaire dans le primordium de racine latérale en développement. En utilisant un algorithme d’inférence de réseau de gènes, j’ai produit puis analysé les relations prédites de régulation entre gènes d’intérêt, afin d’identifier des gènes candidats potentiellement impliqués dans la formation du centre quiescent, un élément clé dans l’organisation du primordium et la mise en place du nouveau méristème racinaire. La caractérisation fonctionnelle de certains de ces gènes candidats a été initiée.Ces travaux de thèse ont donc contribué à mieux comprendre les mécanismes de régulation de la formation des racines latérales chez Arabidopsis thaliana
Post-embryonic lateral root organogenesis plays an essential role in defining plant root system architecture, and therefore plant growth and fitness. The aim of the thesis is to elucidate the gene regulatory network regulating lateral root development and de novo root meristem formation during root branching in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana by combining a system-biology based analysis of lateral root primordium transcritome dynamics with the functional characterization of genes possibly involved in regulating lateral root organogenesis.The first part of the thesis deals with the identification the target genes of PUCHI, an AP2/EREBP transcription factor that is involved in controlling cell proliferation and differentiation during lateral root formation. We showed that loss of PUCHI function leads to defects lateral root initiation and primordium growth and organisation. We found that several genes coding for proteins of the very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthesis machinery are transiently induced in a PUCHI-dependent manner during lateral root development. Moreover, a mutant perturbed in VLCFA biosynthesis (kcs1-5) displays similar lateral root development defects as does puchi-1. In addition, puchi-1 loss of function mutant roots show enhanced and continuous callus formation in auxin-rich callus induction medium, consistent with the recently reported role of VLCFAs in organizing separated callus proliferation on this inductive growing medium. Thus, our results show that PUCHI positively regulates the expression of VLCFA biosynthesis genes during lateral root development, and further support the hypothesis that lateral root and callus formation share common genetic regulatory mechanisms.A second part of the thesis specifically addresses the issue of identifying key regulators of root meristem organization in the developing lateral root primordium. Material enabling the tracking of meristem cell identity establishment in developing primordia with live confocal microscopy was generated. A gene network inference was run to predict potential regulatory relationships between genes of interest during the time course of lateral root development. It identified potential regulators of quiescent center formation, a key step in functional organization of the lateral root primordia into a new root apical meristem. The characterization of some of these candidate genes was initiated.Altogether, this work participated in deciphering the genetic regulation of lateral root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Tese de Doutoramento em Relações Internacionais
O objetivo deste trabalho de Investigação consiste em esclarecer quais as verdadeiras razões subjacentes ao alargamento da NATO. Argumentamos que a teoria predominante da expansão da Aliança, com base na convicção que o alargamento promove a segurança e a estabilidade na área Euro-Atlântica, a democratização dos candidatos a membros e que a referida expansão aumenta a eficácia e coesão da Aliança, é uma teoria menos ajustada e que existem outras razões que melhor explicam este fenómeno. Em termos metodológicos, o alargamento foi considerado numa perspetiva neorrealística recorrendo a uma abordagem de métodos mistos, a qual envolvia um questionário, entrevistas semiestruturadas, análise da literatura e de estudos de caso. Amostras por conveniência e amostras por julgamento foram selecionadas para a recolha de dados. A análise quantitativa e qualitativa dos dados levou à formulação de uma nova teoria para a expansão da NATO, a qual explica o fenómeno em termos neorrealistas: o alargamento era fundamental para a concretização de determinados objetivos políticos dos Estados Unidos que teve e tem por base a visão continuada sobre a Rússia como ameaça e inimigo principal, e representa a opção racional dos estados que vêem na Aliança a possibilidade de usufruírem de capacidades em matéria de defesa dos Aliados mais fortes. Esta tese demonstra que o alargamento não tornou a Europa mais segura, pelo contrário, tem criado novas linhas de divisão e alienado a Rússia, a qual como resposta tem destabilizado os países vizinhos. Além disso, a pesquisa comprova que não existe qualquer relação causal entre a adesão de novos membros e a sua democratização e que os melhoramentos na eficácia e coesão da Aliança permanecem ilusórios. A pesquisa também identifica possíveis consequências de uma política contínua de porta aberta, tais como, maiores dificuldades em obter consensos, uma maior ineficácia e o risco de um confronto aberto com a Rússia em caso de adesão da Geórgia e da Ucrânia. Finalmente, sugerimos que o alargamento deve parar e que a NATO e a Rússia se devem concentrar na construção de uma nova arquitetura de segurança sustentável para a Europa.
This research work aims at clarifying what are the real reasons behind NATO enlargement. I argue that the prevailing theory of Alliance expansion, based on the conviction that enlargement promotes security and stability in the Euro-Atlantic area, that it elicits democratisation of the aspiring members and that it enhances Alliance’s effectiveness and cohesion is inaccurate, and that other reasons better explain the phenomenon. In methodological terms, enlargement was looked at through a neorealist lens and a mixed method approach was used, encompassing a survey, semi-structured interviews, literature review and case studies analysis. Convenience and judgmental samples were selected for data collection. The quantitative and qualitative data analysis led to the formulation of a new theory of NATO expansion, that explains the phenomenon in neorealist terms: Enlargement was instrumental in achieving specific US’s domestic political objectives, it was and is based on the continuous vision of Russia as threat and main enemy, and represents the rational choice of states that see in the Alliance the possibility to free-ride on defence provisions of stronger Allies. The thesis demonstrates that enlargement has not rendered Europe more secure, but has instead drawn new dividing lines and alienated Russia who, as countermeasure, has destabilised its near abroad. Furthermore, the research proves that there is no causal relationship between membership and democratisation, and that enhancements in Alliance’s effectiveness and cohesion remain elusive. The research also identifies possible consequences of a continuous open door policy, to include difficulties in reaching consensus, increased ineffectiveness, and the risk of open confrontation with Russia in case of membership of Georgia or Ukraine. Finally, I suggest that enlargement should stop and that NATO and Russia should together focus on building a new, sustainable security architecture for Europe.
N/A

Le calcul géométrique en modélisation et en CAO nécessite la résolution approchée, et néanmoins certifiée, de systèmes polynomiaux. Nous introduisons de nouveaux algorithmes de sous-division afin de résoudre ce problème fondamental, calculant des développements en fractions continues des coordonnées des solutions. Au delà des exemples concrets, nous fournissons des estimations de la complexité en bits et des bornes dans le modèle de RAM réelle. La difficulté principale de toute méthode de résolution consiste en les points singuliers isolés. Nous utilisons les systèmes locaux inverses et des calculs numériques certifiés afin d'obtenir un critère de certification pour traiter les solutions singulières. Ce faisant, nous sommes en mesure de vérifier l'existence et l'unicité des singularités d'une structure de multiplicité donnée. Nous traitons deux principales applications géométriques. La première: l'approximation des ensembles semi-algébriques plans, apparaît fréquemment dans la résolution de contraintes géométriques. Nous présentons un algorithme efficace pour identifier les composants connexes et pour calculer des approximations polygonales et isotopiques à l'ensemble exact. Dans un deuxième temps, nous présentons un cadre algébrique afin de calculer des diagrammes de Voronoi. Celui-ci sera applicable à tout type de diagramme dans lequel la distance à partir d'un site peut être exprimé par une fonction polynomiale à deux variables (anisotrope, diagramme de puissance etc). Si cela n'est pas possible (par exemple diagramme de Apollonius, VD des ellipses etc), nous étendons la théorie aux distances implicitement données.

Depuis l'apparition des premiers ordinateurs, l'arithmetique flottante a enormement evolue. La norme ieee 754 a permis de fixer les caracteristiques de l'arithmetique des ordinateurs modernes, mais les scientifiques perdent de plus en plus vite le controle de la validite de leurs calculs. Malgre l'enorme travail associe a la definition des operations, la validation des calculs ne peut toujours pas etre assuree de facon certaine par l'arithmetique implantee sur les ordinateurs. Je presente dans la premiere partie de cette etude deux prolongements qui visent a augmenter la marge de validite des operations: un nouveau mode d'arrondi pour les fonctions trigonometriques et un codage efficace des intervalles accessible facilement a l'utilisateur. L'arithmetique en-ligne permet de gerer efficacement les problemes de precision, mais les operateurs elementaires utilises sont peu adaptes aux architectures modernes de 32 ou 64 bits. L'implantation efficace d'un operateur en-ligne ne peut que passer par la description d'un circuit de bas niveau. Les prediffuses actifs, terme francais utilise pour field programmable gate array, sont des composants speciaux programmables au niveau des portes logiques. Ils permettent d'abaisser les couts de production en evitant de fabriquer un prototype. Nous avons implante grace a ces technologies les operateurs simples de calcul en-ligne: addition, normalisation, etc le noyau arithmetique de calcul en-ligne (nacel) decrit dans ce memoire permet d'implanter les operations arithmetiques usuelles telles que la multiplication, la division, l'extraction de racine carree et les fonctions elementaires trigonometriques et hyperboliques par une approximation polynomiale. Les architectures a flots de donnees sont insensibles aux difficultes sur lesquelles butent les concepteurs des ordinateurs modernes: temps d'acces a la memoire, latence de communication, occupation partielle du pipeline d'instructions. Je decris dans ce document une petite unite de calcul en-ligne (puce). Par une gestion adaptee des etiquettes inspiree pour le controle des donnees de celle utilisee par la manchester data flow machine. Puce reproduit le comportement complet d'une machine a flot de donnees. Elle comprend de plus les operations en-ligne de calcul scientifique. Nous presentons les resultats de simulations sur des calculs divers pour une ou plusieurs unites fonctionnelles

Text in English with summaries in English and Afrikaans
Bibliography: leaves 89-108
Democracy in South Africa came at a price. The apartheid era did not accommodate or incorporate democratic and constitutional principles. The year 1996 saw a democratic Constitution being adopted, having been certified by the Constitutional Court. The Bill of Rights in the Constitution guarantees the rights and freedoms of all South Africans. The apartheid era ensured that the rights which are enjoyed today were reserved for only a portion of the South African population. This study emphasises the importance of the Constitution and the role and responsibility of every citizen to defend it. In defending the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of all South Africans are defended. The Bill of Rights promotes social development for all South Africans, as opposed to disparate social development under the divisive apartheid era. The Constitution is a powerful enabler for democracy and social cohesion and unity. This study depended on secondary sources which are vital to keeping historical facts alive and truthful. Desktop research is qualitative and, while less expensive, produces acceptable results and findings.
Demokrasie in Suid-Afrika het met 'n prys gekom. Die apartheidsera het nie demokratiese en grondwetlike beginsels geakkommodeer of opgeneem nie. In 1996 word 'n demokratiese Grondwet aanvaar, wat deur die Grondwet Hof gesertifiseer was. Die Handves van Menseregte in die Grondwet waarborg die regte en vryhede van alle Suid-Afrikaners. Die apartheidsera het verseker dat die regte wat vandag geniet word, slegs vir 'n gedeelte van die Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking gereserveer is. Hierdie studie beklemtoon die belangrikheid van die Grondwet en die rol en verantwoordelikheid van elke burger om dit te verdedig. Deur die Grondwet te verdedig word die regte en vryhede van alle Suid-Afrikaners verdedig. Die Handves van Menseregte bevorder sosiale ontwikkeling vir alle Suid-Afrikaners, in teenstelling met uiteenlopende sosiale ontwikkeling onder die verdelende apartheidsera. Die Grondwet is 'n kragtige instaatsteller vir demokrasie, sosiale samehorigheid en eenheid. Hierdie studie was afhanklik van sekondêre bronne wat noodsaaklik is om historiese feite lewendig en waaragtig te hou. Desktop-navorsing (boek) is kwalitatief en hoewel dit goedkoper is, lewer dit aanvaarbare resultate en bevindings op.
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)