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Muggli, Mark W. "Physical Aging and Characterization of Engineering Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Modified Epoxies". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40509.
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In this work the relationship between physical properties, such as physical aging and relaxation time distributions, and chemical structure for a variety of polymeric systems were investigated. Although there is a vast amount of physical aging data for polymers, most of these studies do not attempt to correlate structure with physical aging. Therefore, a set of engineering thermoplastics was examined with the goal of relating certain of their characteristic molecular dimensions to their mechanical and volumetric physical aging attributes.Another series of polymeric materials, based on a poly(ether sulfone) backbone, and having various endgroups differing in size, was also studied to determine physical aging rates and relaxation time distributions. Furthermore, it was concluded that the density of the poly(ether sulfones) increased while the glass transition temperature decreased as the endgroup became smaller.Thermoplastic toughened epoxies were also examined to clarify the importance of covalent bonds between toughener and epoxy on physical aging, relaxation time distributions and fracture toughness. In these studies the covalently bonded tougheners differed from their non-reactive counterparts in the rates of volumetric physical aging at high temperatures for the difunctional epoxy. The solvent resistance of the reactive thermoplastic toughened tetrafunctional epoxy was higher than the non-reactive thermoplastic toughened system. The tetrafunctional epoxies with the reactive toughener also had higher toughener glass transition temperatures.Ph. D.
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Kwan, Kermit S. Jr. "The Role of Penetrant Structure on the Transport and Mechanical Properties of a Thermoset Adhesive". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30666.
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In this work the relationships between penetrant structure, its transport properties, and its effects on the mechanical properties of a polymer matrix were investigated. Although there is a vast amount of data on the diffusion of low molecular weight molecules into polymeric materials and on the mechanical properties of various polymer-penetrant systems, no attempts have been made to inter-relate the two properties with respect to the chemical structure of the diffusant. Therefore, two series of penetrants - n-alkanes and esters - were examined in this context, with the goal of correlating molecular size, shape, and chemical nature of the penetrant to its final transport and matrix mechanical properties. These correlations have been demonstrated to allow quantitative prediction of one property, given a reasonable set of data on the other parameters.
A series of n-alkanes (C6-C17) and esters (C5-C17) have been used to separate the effects of penetrant size and shape, from those due to polymer-penetrant interactions, in the diffusion through a polyamide polymeric adhesive. These effects have been taken into account in order to yield a qualitative relationship that allows for prediction of diffusivity based upon penetrant structural information. Transport properties have been analyzed using mass uptake experiments as well as an in-situ FTIR-ATR technique to provide detailed kinetic as well as thermodynamic information on this process.
The phenomenon of diffusion and its effects on the resulting dynamic mechanical response of a matrix polymeric adhesive have been studied in great detail using the method of reduced variables. The concept of a diffusion-time shift factor (log aDt) has been introduced to create doubly-reduced master curves, taking into account the effects of temperature and the variations in the polymer mechanical response due to the existence of a low molecular weight penetrant.Ph. D.
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El, Bassiri Fatima-Ezzahra. "Étude de la réaction de réduction de l'oxygène : application de la spectroscopie d'impédance à un système innovant dérivé de Ca3Co4O9+δ". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Centrale Lille Institut, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CLIL0003.
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Dans le contexte de transition énergétique vers la neutralité carbone à l’horizon 2050, les piles à combustible à oxyde solide (Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, SOFC) et l’Electrolyse à Haute Température (EHT) présentent un réel potentiel d’utilisation via l’hydrogène comme vecteur d’énergie. L’objectif de cette thèse est la compréhension des processus électrochimiques dans ces systèmes dans l'objectif d'améliorer leurs performances et leur durabilité. La technique retenue est la spectroscopie d’impédance pour l'étude de la réaction de réduction de l'oxygène. Cette réaction est complexe et fait intervenir plusieurs étapes : la diffusion de l'oxygène moléculaire, la dissociation de l'oxygène moléculaire à la surface de l'électrode, la diffusion des atomes d'oxygène ou partiellement ionisés à la surface du solide ou leur incorporation dans le solide, le transfert de charges, la diffusion des ions dans le solide... Alors que la diffusion gazeuse est un processus lent, la diffusion ionique dans le solide est rapide. L'étude fine des spectres d'impédance mesurés sur des cellules symétriques permet de définir les étapes qui limitent la réaction et d’identifier les orientations à prendre pour optimiser les systèmes. Cela suppose la mesure de données fiables. Le test de Kramers-Krönig permet de vérifier la qualité des données. A partir de ces données, il est possible de calculer la fonction de distribution des temps de relaxation caractéristiques des phénomènes impliqués au sein de la cellule mais le nombre de données étant fini, la résolution de l'équation associée à cette fonction n'est pas simple. L'objectif de cette thèse a tout d'abord été de définir une méthodologie pour le traitement rigoureux des données des spectres d'impédance mesurés sur des cellules symétriques constituées d'un électrolyte de cérine dopé au gadolinium sur lequel a été déposé une électrode modèle à base de Ca3Co4O9+δ, un matériau d'électrode innovant, étudié depuis plusieurs années à l'UCCS. Contrairement aux matériaux de l'état de l'art, les cobaltites de calcium ont l'avantage de ne pas contenir de terres rares et surtout de présenter un coefficient de dilatation du même ordre de grandeur que celui des électrolytes utilisés pour ces applications, laissant espérer des durabilités accrues. D'abord utilisé comme électrode modèle, la substitution du calcium par du strontium dans ce composé et son utilisation en composite avec la cérine ont permis d'atteindre les spécificités requises pour l'application : une résistance surfacique spécifique inférieure ou égale à 0,15 Ω.cm² à 700°C. L'étude a ensuite été étendue à la caractérisation de cellules complètes. Cette thèse a bénéficié d'un financement Région Hauts de France, Centrale Lille. Une partie des travaux a été menée dans le cadre du projet MODTESTER, un projet Eurostars Eureka financé par la BPI, et porté par la société Fiaxell, une PME Suisse, et dans le cadre du projet européen NOUVEAU qui porte sur la recherche de nouveaux matériaux d'électrodes et d’interconnecteurs durables et réutilisables pour l'électrolyse de l'eau à haute températureIn the context of energy transition towards carbon neutrality by 2050, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) and Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs) offer real potential for use via hydrogen as an energy carrier. The aim of this thesis is to understand the electrochemical processes in these systems, with a view to improving their performance and durability. The technique chosen is impedance spectroscopy to study the oxygen reduction reaction. This is a complex reaction involving several stages: diffusion of molecular oxygen, dissociation of molecular oxygen at the electrode surface, diffusion of oxygen or partially ionized atoms at the solid surface or their incorporation into the solid, charge transfer, diffusion of ions into the solid, etc. Whereas gaseous diffusion is a slow process, ionic diffusion in solids is rapid. The detailed study of impedance spectra measured on symmetrical cells enables us to define the steps that limit the reaction and identify the directions to take to optimize the systems. This requires the measurement of reliable data. The Kramers-Krönig test is used to check the quality of the data. From these data, it is possible to calculate the distribution function of the relaxation times characteristic of the phenomena involved within the cell, but as the number of data is finite, solving the equation associated with this function is not straightforward. The aim of this thesis was first to define a methodology for the rigorous processing of impedance spectra measured on symmetrical cells consisting of a gadolinium-doped ceria electrolyte on which a model electrode based on Ca3Co4O9+δ, an innovative electrode material studied for several years at UCCS, has been deposited. Unlike state-of-the-art materials, calcium cobaltites have the advantage of not containing rare earths and, above all, of presenting an expansion coefficient of the same order of magnitude as that of the electrolytes used for these applications, giving rise to the hope of increased durability. Initially used as a model electrode, the substitution of strontium for calcium in this compound and its use as a composite with ceria enabled the specific features required for the application to be achieved: a specific surface resistance of less than or equal to 0.15 Ω.cm² at 700°C. The study was then extended to the characterization of complete cells. This thesis was funded by the Hauts de France Region and Centrale Lille. Part of the work was carried out as part of the MODTESTER project, a BPI-funded Eurostars Eureka project led by Fiaxell, a Swiss SME, and as part of the European NOUVEAU project, which focuses on the search for new, sustainable and reusable electrode and interconnector materials for high-temperature water electrolysis
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Valivarthi, Mohan Varma, i Hema Chandra Babu Muthyala. "A Finite Element Time Relaxation Method". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för Informationsvetenskap, Data– och Elektroteknik (IDE), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-17728.
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In our project we discuss a finite element time-relaxation method for high Reynolds number flows. The key idea consists of using local projections on polynomials defined on macro element of each pair of two elements sharing a face. We give the formulation for the scalar convection–diffusion equation and a numerical illustration.
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Pan, Ke. "A Systematic Methodology for Characterization and Prediction of Performance of Si-based Materials for Li-ion Batteries". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1578038345015173.
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Jouravleva, Svetlana. "Dielectric relaxation time spectroscopy for tissue characterisation". Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364927.
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Worsley, Richard Edward. "Time-resolved relaxation processes in quantum wells". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295867.
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Persson, Erold. "Multicast Time Distribution". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2274.
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The Swedish National Testing and Research Institute is maintaining the Swedish realization of the world time scale UTC, called UTC(SP). One area of research and development for The Swedish National Laboratory of Time and Frequency is time synchronization and how UTC(SP) can be distributed in Sweden. Dissemination of time information by SP is in Sweden mainly performed via Internet using the Network Time Protocol (NTP) as well as via a modem dial up service and a speaking clock (Fröken Ur). In addition to these services, time information from the Global Positioning System (GPS) and from the long-wave transmitter DCF77 in Germany, is also available in Sweden.
This master’s thesis considers how different available commercial communication systems could be used for multicast time distribution. DECT, Bluetooth, Mobile Telecommunication and Radio Broadcasting are different techniques that are investigated. One application of Radio Broadcasting, DARC, was found to be interesting for a more detailed study. A theoretical description of how DARC could be used for national time distribution is accomplished and a practical implementation of a test system is developed to evaluate the possibilities to use DARC for multicast time distribution.
The tests of DARC and the radio broadcast system showed that these could be interesting techniques to distribute time with an accuracy of a couple of milliseconds. This quality level is not obtained today but would be possible with some alterations of the system.
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KUMAR, VINAYAK. "ANALOG SIMULATION TIME REDUCTION BASED ON VARIABLE TOLERANCE RELAXATION". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1163019325.
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Swaminathan, Bhargav Prasanna. "Gestion prévisionnelle des réseaux actifs de distribution - relaxation convexe sous incertitude". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAT039/document.
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Les réseaux électriques subissent deux changements majeurs : le taux croissant de générateurs d’énergie distribuée (GED) intermittents et la dérégulation du système électrique. Les réseaux de distribution et leurs gestionnaires (GRD) sont plus particulièrement touchés. La planification, construction et exploitation des réseaux de la plupart des GRD doivent évoluer face à ces change- ments. Les réseaux actifs de distribution et la gestion intelligente de associée est une solution potentielle. Les GRD pourront ainsi adopter de nouveaux rôles, interagir avec de nouveaux acteurs et proposer de nouveaux services. Ils pourront aussi utiliser la flexibilité de manière optimale au travers, entre autres, d’outils intelligents pour la gestion prévisionnelle de leurs réseaux de moyenne tension (HTA). Développer ces outils est un défi, car les réseaux de distribution ont des spécificités techniques. Ces spécificités sont la présence d’éléments discrets comme les régleurs en charge et la reconfiguration, les flexibilités exogènes, la non-linéarité des calculs de répartition de charge, et l’incertitude liée aux prévisions des GED intermittents. Dans cette thèse, une analyse économique des flexibilités permet d’établir une référence commune pour une utilisation rentable et sans biais dans la gestion prévisionnelle. Des modèles linéaires des flexibilités sont développés en utilisant des reformulations mathématiques exactes. Le calcul de répartition de charge est “convexifié” à travers des reformulations. L’optimalité globale des solutions obtenues, avec ce modèle d’optimisation exact et convexe de gestion prévisionnelle, sont ainsi garanties. Les tests sur deux réseaux permettent d’en valider la performance. L’incertitude des prévisions de GED peut pourtant remettre en cause les solutions obtenues. Afin de résoudre ce problème, trois formulations différentes pour traiter cette incertitude sont développées. Leurs performances sont testées et comparées à travers des simulations. Une analyse permet d’identifier les formulations les plus adaptées pour la gestion prévisionnelle sous incertitudePower systems are faced by the rising shares of distributed renewable energy sources (DRES) and the deregulation of the electricity system. Distribution networks and their operators (DSO) are particularly at the front-line. The passive operational practives of many DSOs today have to evolve to overcome these challenges. Active Distribution Networks (ADN), and Active Network Management (ANM) have been touted as a potential solution. In this context, DSOs will streamline investment and operational decisions, creating a cost-effective framework of operations. They will evolve and take up new roles and optimally use flexibility to perform, for example, short-term op- erational planning of their networks. However, the development of such methods poses particular challenges. They are related to the presence of discrete elements (OLTCs and reconfiguration), the use of exogenous (external) flexibilities in these networks, the non-linear nature of optimal power flow (OPF) calculations, and uncertainties present in forecasts. The work leading to this thesis deals with and overcomes these challenges. First, a short-term economic analysis is done to ascertain the utilisation costs of flexibilities. This provides a common reference for different flexibilities. Then, exact linear flexibility models are developed using mathematical reformulation techniques. The OPF equations in operational planning are then convexified using reformulation techniques as well. The mixed-integer convex optimisation model thus developed, called the novel OP formulation, is exact and can guarantee globally optimal solutions. Simulations on two test networks allow us to evaluate the performance of this formulation. The uncertainty in DRES forecasts is then handled via three different formulations developed in this thesis. The best performing formulations under uncertainty are determined via comparison framework developed to test their performance
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Tsemekhman, Vadim. "Charge relaxation, current distribution, and breakdown of the quantum Hall effect /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9739.
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Beyea, Steven Donald. "Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and relaxation time mapping of concrete". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ65451.pdf.
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Ye, Yufeng 1971. "The study of long time relaxation behavior of metallocene polyethylene /". Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31081.
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The long time relaxation behavior of linear and long chain branched (LCB) metallocene polyethylene (mPE) is very important for understanding their flow properties. One linear and four LCB mPEs were studied in shear creep and recovery measurements. All the mPEs have similar molecular weight and molecular weight distribution but different levels of long chain branching. A technique was developed to eliminate the effect of non-ideal start-up at the beginning of creep experiment and the small residual stress that exists during the creep recovery period. It is found that the existence of long chain branching is responsible for the increasing of the zero shear viscosity, the steady state compliance and the longest relaxation time. The retardation and relaxation spectrums were calculated from the creep compliance. The dynamic compliance calculated using retardation spectrum is compared with that measured directly. Both are in very good agreement. These observations are compared with the molecular dynamics theory.
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Nordin, Adrian, i Simon Nylén. "Real-time Snow Simulator using Iterative-relaxation and Boundary Handling". Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-21788.
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Background Physics-based snow simulation in real time is an unexplored area, the reason being the difficulty introduced by the multitude of factors that affect the snow behaviour, such as cohesion, thermodynamics, and compression. Simulating snow in real time when considering these factors can become computationally demanding. However, the continued advancement of graphics processing units makes the exploration of real-time snow simulation attractive. Recently published research on real time physics-based snow simulation shows promising results in a parallel solution and will serve as motivation and base for this thesis. Objectives This thesis aims to improve the time-step of a previously proposed method using an iterative method and improve the snow behaviour with a particle-based boundary handling implementation. The aim consists of the following objectives. Integrate an iterative method, extend the snow behaviour with additional snow types, and implement a particle-based boundary handling method with two-way coupling. The proposed method should remain comparable to the original method in terms of snow behaviour. In order to gather results, the methods are measured in performance and used in a questionnaire to analyse the behaviour. Methods An iterative method along with a particle-based boundary handling method is implemented. The methods are both measured and compared using quantitative tests. Additionally, a questionnaire is deployed to gather qualitative results about the behaviour of the snow. Results The proposed method outperforms the original method in terms of time-step size. The proposed method is capable of increasing the time-step tenfold while decreasing the execution time by approximately eight times. Finally, the results from the questionnaire verify the perceived naturalism of the snow and its comparability to the original method. Conclusions The proposed method can perform with an increased time-step and a lower execution time compared to the original method, at the cost of time spent per frame. Lastly, the snow is perceived as natural with the boundary handling method at a significance level of 1 %.Bakgrund Fysikbaserad snösimulering i realtid är ett outforskat område, anledning till detta är mängden faktorer som påverkar snö, exempelvis sammanhållning, termodynamik och kompression. Simulering av snö i realtid som tar hänsyn till dessa faktorer kan bli beräkningsmässigt krävande, däremot har den växande utvecklingen av grafikprocessorer gjort utforskning av realtidsmetoder ytterligare attraktivt. Nyligen publicerad forskning inom fysikbaserade snösimuleringar i realtid visar lovande resultat i en parallell lösning och kommer att användas som motivering samt bas i detta examensarbete. Syfte Detta examensarbete syftar till att förbättra tidsstegen i en tidigare implementerad metod med hjälp av att använda ett iterativt tillvägagångssätt samt förbättra snöbeteendet med en partikelbaserad gränshanteringsimplementation. Syftet är uppdelat i följande mål. Integrera en iterativ metod, utöka snöbeteendet med ytterligare snötyper, och implementera en partikelbaserad gränshanteringsmetod med tvåvägskoppling. Den föreslagna metoden ska förhålla sig jämförbar med originalmetoden med avseende på snöbeteendet. Slutligen för att samla in resultat mäts metoderna i prestanda och dessutom används ett frågeformulär för att analysera beteendet. Metod En iterativ metod tillsammans med en partikelbaserad gränshanteringsmetod är implementerad. Båda metoderna mäts och jämförs med hjälp av kvantitativa tester. Dessutom distribueras ett kvalitativt frågeformulär för att samla resultat om snöns beteende. Resultat Den föreslagna metoden tillåter större tidsteg än originalmetoden. Den iterativa metoden är kapabel till att förstora tidsstegen tiofaldigt, samtidigt som den sänker exekveringstiden till en åttondel. Resultaten verifierar den uppfattade naturligheten av snön och jämförelsebarheten till originalmetoden. Slutsatser Den föreslagna metoden kan prestera med ett större tidssteg och en lägre exekveringstid jämfört med originalet i utbyte av högre tid spenderad per bildruta. Slutligen uppfattas snön som naturlig i sammankoppling med gränshanteringsmetoden vid en signifikansnivå på 1 %.
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Shiu, Kai Pong. "Study of relaxation time of mechanically aligned polystyrene thin films /". View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?PHYS%202003%20SHIU.
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Yamamoto, Takashi. "Studies on long time relaxation of multi-arm star polymers". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148862.
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Wan, Ke. "Estimation of Travel Time Distribution and Travel Time Derivatives". Thesis, Princeton University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3642164.
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Given the complexity of transportation systems, generating optimal routing decisions is a critical issue. This thesis focuses on how routing decisions can be computed by considering the distribution of travel time and associated risks. More specifically, the routing decision process is modeled in a way that explicitly considers the dependence between the travel times of different links and the risks associated with the volatility of travel time. Furthermore, the computation of this volatility allows for the development of the travel time derivative, which is a financial derivative based on travel time. It serves as a value or congestion pricing scheme based not only on the level of congestion but also its uncertainties. In addition to the introduction (Chapter 1), the literature review (Chapter 2), and the conclusion (Chapter 6), the thesis consists of two major parts:
In part one (Chapters 3 and 4), the travel time distribution for transportation links and paths, conditioned on the latest observations, is estimated to enable routing decisions based on risk. Chapter 3 sets up the basic decision framework by modeling the dependent structure between the travel time distributions for nearby links using the copula method. In Chapter 4, the framework is generalized to estimate the travel time distribution for a given path using Gaussian copula mixture models (GCMM). To explore the data from fundamental traffic conditions, a scenario-based GCMM is studied. A distribution of the path scenario representing path traffic status is first defined; then, the dependent structure between constructing links in the path is modeled as a Gaussian copula for each path scenario and the scenario-wise path travel time distribution is obtained based on this copula. The final estimates are calculated by integrating the scenario-wise path travel time distributions over the distribution of the path scenario. In a discrete setting, it is a weighted sum of these conditional travel time distributions. Different estimation methods are employed based on whether or not the path scenarios are observable: An explicit two-step maximum likelihood method is used for the GCMM based on observable path scenarios; for GCMM based on unobservable path scenarios, extended Expectation Maximum algorithms are designed to estimate the model parameters, which introduces innovative copula-based machine learning methods.
In part two (Chapter 5), travel time derivatives are introduced as financial derivatives based on road travel times—a non-tradable underlying asset. This is proposed as a more fundamental approach to value pricing. The chapter addresses (a) the motivation for introducing such derivatives (that is, the demand for hedging), (b) the potential market, and (c) the product design and pricing schemes. Pricing schemes are designed based on the travel time data captured by real time sensors, which are modeled as Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes and more generally, continuous time auto regression moving average (CARMA) models. The risk neutral pricing principle is used to generate the derivative price, with reasonably designed procedures to identify the market value of risk.
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Yu, Wing-chi Gigi. "The effect of practice distribution on the training of laryngeal muscle relaxation". Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholors Hub, 2005. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B3827940X.
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Thesis (B.Sc)--University of Hong Kong, 2005."A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Science (Speech and Hearing Sciences), The University of Hong Kong, June 30, 2005." Also available in print.
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Schumacher, Kimberly Lydia. "Femtosecond time-resolved intersubband relaxation measurements in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270439.
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Pon, Carlos (Carlos Roberto) Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Electronics. "Time warping - waveform relaxation (TW - WR) in a distributed simulation environment". Ottawa, 1995.
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Raisuddin, K. B. M. "Relaxation methods for simulating large power systems". Ohio : Ohio University, 1989. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1182457060.
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Xu, Bo. "Proton NMR relaxation investigations of particle exfoliation and distribution in polymer/clay nanocomposites". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42936.
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In the past two decades polymer/clay nanocomposites (PCNs) have emerged as promising materials that exhibit remarkably improved properties when compared to conventional composites and pristine polymers. Such improvements strongly depend on the dispersion of clay nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. In spite of great efforts expended in characterizing clay dispersion, effective, simple and quantitative techniques are still needed. This work addresses this challenge by presenting new aspects of 1H solid-state NMR for quantifying clay dispersion in PCNs filled with clay containing paramagnetic ions. Employing these 1H solid-state NMR methods, some structure-processing-deformation relationships of PCNs were derived, and basic insights into nuclear relaxation and spin diffusion in PCNs were gained as well.
Detailed models and analyses were described for 1H spin-lattice relaxation in the presence of paramagnetic clays in PCNs. Relaxation recovery was analytically correlated to clay dispersion in two ways: one is the initial relaxation recovery which is related to clay surface area, and the other is the spin-lattice relaxation time which is related to interparticle spacing. These two NMR observables were employed to quantitatively observe the evolution of clay morphology in poly(propylene)/clay (PP/MMT) nanocomposites upon equibiaxial stretching, as well as upon in situ uniaxial deformation. The initial relaxation recovery was independently utilized to determine the polymer-clay interfacial surface area and the degree of clay exfoliation. We demonstrated the capabilities of our models in quantitatively characterizing several materials, including poly(vinyl alcohol), nylon 6, poly(å-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and PP nanocomposites. These results were used to examine the dependence of clay morphology upon processing (strain ratio, strain rate, temperature), deformation (extension), component characteristics (polymer molecular weight, clay surface modification) and clay content. Effects of paramagnetic Fe3+ concentration and external magnetic field strength on 1H spin-lattice relaxation in PCNs were also investigated and discussed. In particular, low field separates the initial relaxation recovery into two stages: one related to clay content and the other related to the polymer-clay interfacial surface area. The low field was observed to enhance the paramagnetic contribution to the spin-lattice relaxation rate, increasing its sensitivity to clay morphology. In addition, measurements of long-distance spin diffusion coefficients for a variety of polymers and paramagnetic characteristics of organically modified clay were explored. Overall, the utility of NMR relaxometry in characterizing PCNs has been significantly expanded and successfully demonstrated in this dissertation.
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Parsaeian, Azita. "Fluctuations in the Relaxation of Structural Glasses". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1257449080.
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Doran, Simon John. "An exploration of the role of relaxometry in quantitative magnetic resonance imaging". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308229.
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Somani, Paritosh 1979. "Real time inventory tracking in distribution networks". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86736.
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Thesis (M.Eng. and S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-73).
by Paritosh Somani.
M.Eng.and S.B.
26
McFarr, Shawn, i Paul Friedman. "Real-Time Telemetry Data Archival and Distribution". International Foundation for Telemetering, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/611855.
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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1993 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, NevadaHigh-performance telemetry systems traditionally store prime and processed data on disk drives attached to a host computer. Bandwidth performance of host minicomputer and disk drives limit the amount of data archived to aggregate rates of a few hundred kilobytes per second. Over the years, several approaches have been used to increase performance from pre-recorded analog tape, but real-time storage still required a large host and expensive proprietary parallel disk technology. The advent of distributed architecture system networks divorced the front-end telemetry processor from direct 'DMA' connections to the host. Today's technology moves data storage to the front end for the highest performance and outward to the network for less demanding archival rates. This paper explores several schemes and implementations for increased digital data archival performance in a distributed architecture Telemetry Ground Station. It goes on to discuss the variety of industry-standard devices and media available for storage at tens of megabytes per second on Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) to slower but much less expensive optical and streaming tape drives on both the front end and network computing resources. But storage is half the task; networks serve many users requiring archived data access. The paper will also show how the sophistication of today's modern Graphical User Interface (GUI) eases data distribution for Telemetry Ground Station engineers and analysts.
27
Cheng, Siuling. "Signal reconstruction from discrete-time Wigner distribution". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41550.
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Wigner distribution is considered to be one of the most powerful tools for time-frequency analysis of rumvstationary signals. Wigner distribution is a bilinear signal transformation which provides two dimensional time-frequency characterization of one dimensional signals. Although much work has been done recently in signal analysis and applications using Wigner distribution, not many synthesis methods for Wigner distribution have been reported in the literature.
This thesis is concerned with signal synthesis from discrete-time Wigner distribution and from discrete-time pseudo-Wigner distribution and their applications in noise filtering and signal separation. Various algorithms are developed to reconstruct signals from the modified or specified Wigner distribution and pseudo-Wigner distribution which generally do not have a valid Wigner distributions or valid pseudo-Wigner distribution structures. These algorithms are successfully applied to the noise filtering and signal separation problems.
Master of Science
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Hayes, Gary Robert. "Ultrafast relaxation processes in semiconductors studied by femtosecond time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263051.
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Zybell, Sabine. "Relaxation dynamics in photoexcited semiconductor quantum wells studied by time-resolved photoluminiscence". Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-197703.
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Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Photolumineszenzdynamik von Halbleiter-Quantentöpfen (Quantum Wells), die durch Anregung von Intraband-Übergängen mittels resonanter Laserpulse im mittleren Infrarot- und Terahertz-Spektralbereich verändert wird. Diese Zweifarbenexperimente wurden mit Hilfe eines optischen Aufbaus für zeitaufgelöste Photolumineszenzspektroskopie am Großgerät Freie-Elektronen Laser FELBE am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf realisiert. Zeitlich verzögert zur gepulsten optischen Anregung über die Bandlücke wurden Intersubband- oder Intraexziton-Übergange in den Quantum Wells resonant angeregt. Die dadurch erreichte Ladungsträgerumverteilung zeigt sich in einer deutlichen Verringerung der Photolumineszenzintensität zum Zeitpunkt des zweiten Anregepulses, die im Folgenden als Photolumineszenz-Quenching bezeichnet wird.
Zunächst wird die Stärke des Photolumineszenz-Quenchings in Abhängigkeit der Polarisationsrichtung des midinfraroten Laserstrahls ausgewertet. Während die Absorption durch freie Ladungsträger für beide Polarisationsrichtungen nachweisbar ist, wird experimentell gezeigt, dass Intersubbandabsorption nur möglich ist, wenn ein Anteil der anregenden Strahlung senkrecht zur Quantum-Well-Ebene polarisiert ist.
Das Photolumineszenzsignal ist überwiegend an der energetischen Position der 1s-Exzitonresonanz unterhalb der Bandkante messbar. Die intraexzitonischen Übergangsenergien in Quantum Wells liegen typischerweise im Terahertzbereich. Unter intraexzitonischer 1s-2p Anregung erscheint auch auf dieser Energieskala ein abrupter Intensitätsverlust in der langsam abklingenden Photolumineszenztransiente. Erstmalig wurde im Photolumineszenzspektrum bei höheren Energien im Abstand der Terahertz-Photonenenergie ein zusätzliches 2s-Photolumineszenzsignal detektiert. Eine detaillierte theoretische Beschreibung dieses Problems durch unsere Kooperationspartner Koch et al. von der Phillips-Universität Marburg zeigt, dass unter intraexzitonischer 1s-2p Anregung eine effiziente Coulombstreuung zwischen den nahezu entarteten exzitonischen 2p- und 2s-Zustanden stattfindet. Während der 2p-Zustand optisch dunkel ist, kann die 2s-Population strahlend rekombinieren, was zu dem besagten 2s-Photolumineszenzsignal führt. Die Zeitkonstanten der untersuchten Ladungsträgerdynamik werden durch ein phänomenologisches Modell bestimmt, das die experimentellen Kurven sehr gut abbildet. Es wird ein Ratengleichungsmodell eingeführt, bei dem die involvierten Zustände auf optisch helle und optisch dunkle Besetzungsdichten reduziert werden.
Darüber hinaus werden mit einem modifizierten Versuchsaufbau die Terahertz-induzierten Photolumineszenzsignaturen von Magnetoexzitonen untersucht. Die Stärke des 1s-Photolumineszenz-Quenchings ändert sich dabei entsprechend der magnetoexzitonischen Übergänge, die im betrachteten Feldstärkebereich zwischen 0T und 7T liegen. Für Magnetfelder größer als 3T sind keine 2s-Photolumineszenzsignale mehr messbar, da durch das externe magnetische Feld die Entartung der 2p- und 2s-Zustände aufgehoben wird.
30
Zybell, Sabine. "Relaxation dynamics in photoexcited semiconductor quantum wells studied by time-resolved photoluminiscence". Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2015. https://hzdr.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A22319.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Photolumineszenzdynamik von Halbleiter-Quantentöpfen (Quantum Wells), die durch Anregung von Intraband-Übergängen mittels resonanter Laserpulse im mittleren Infrarot- und Terahertz-Spektralbereich verändert wird. Diese Zweifarbenexperimente wurden mit Hilfe eines optischen Aufbaus für zeitaufgelöste Photolumineszenzspektroskopie am Großgerät Freie-Elektronen Laser FELBE am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf realisiert. Zeitlich verzögert zur gepulsten optischen Anregung über die Bandlücke wurden Intersubband- oder Intraexziton-Übergange in den Quantum Wells resonant angeregt. Die dadurch erreichte Ladungsträgerumverteilung zeigt sich in einer deutlichen Verringerung der Photolumineszenzintensität zum Zeitpunkt des zweiten Anregepulses, die im Folgenden als Photolumineszenz-Quenching bezeichnet wird.
Zunächst wird die Stärke des Photolumineszenz-Quenchings in Abhängigkeit der Polarisationsrichtung des midinfraroten Laserstrahls ausgewertet. Während die Absorption durch freie Ladungsträger für beide Polarisationsrichtungen nachweisbar ist, wird experimentell gezeigt, dass Intersubbandabsorption nur möglich ist, wenn ein Anteil der anregenden Strahlung senkrecht zur Quantum-Well-Ebene polarisiert ist.
Das Photolumineszenzsignal ist überwiegend an der energetischen Position der 1s-Exzitonresonanz unterhalb der Bandkante messbar. Die intraexzitonischen Übergangsenergien in Quantum Wells liegen typischerweise im Terahertzbereich. Unter intraexzitonischer 1s-2p Anregung erscheint auch auf dieser Energieskala ein abrupter Intensitätsverlust in der langsam abklingenden Photolumineszenztransiente. Erstmalig wurde im Photolumineszenzspektrum bei höheren Energien im Abstand der Terahertz-Photonenenergie ein zusätzliches 2s-Photolumineszenzsignal detektiert. Eine detaillierte theoretische Beschreibung dieses Problems durch unsere Kooperationspartner Koch et al. von der Phillips-Universität Marburg zeigt, dass unter intraexzitonischer 1s-2p Anregung eine effiziente Coulombstreuung zwischen den nahezu entarteten exzitonischen 2p- und 2s-Zustanden stattfindet. Während der 2p-Zustand optisch dunkel ist, kann die 2s-Population strahlend rekombinieren, was zu dem besagten 2s-Photolumineszenzsignal führt. Die Zeitkonstanten der untersuchten Ladungsträgerdynamik werden durch ein phänomenologisches Modell bestimmt, das die experimentellen Kurven sehr gut abbildet. Es wird ein Ratengleichungsmodell eingeführt, bei dem die involvierten Zustände auf optisch helle und optisch dunkle Besetzungsdichten reduziert werden.
Darüber hinaus werden mit einem modifizierten Versuchsaufbau die Terahertz-induzierten Photolumineszenzsignaturen von Magnetoexzitonen untersucht. Die Stärke des 1s-Photolumineszenz-Quenchings ändert sich dabei entsprechend der magnetoexzitonischen Übergänge, die im betrachteten Feldstärkebereich zwischen 0T und 7T liegen. Für Magnetfelder größer als 3T sind keine 2s-Photolumineszenzsignale mehr messbar, da durch das externe magnetische Feld die Entartung der 2p- und 2s-Zustände aufgehoben wird.
31
Zybell, Sabine. "Relaxation dynamics in photoexcited semiconductor quantum wells studied by time-resolved photoluminescence". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-187690.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Photoluminenzenzdynamik von Halbleiter-Quantentöpfen (Quantum Wells), die durch Anregung von Intraband-Übergängen mittels resonanter Laserpulse im mittleren Infrarot- und Terahertz-Spektralbereich verändert wird. Diese Zweifarbenexperimente wurden mit Hilfe eines optischen Aufbaus für zeitaufgelöste Photolumineszenzspektroskopie am Großgerät Freie-Elektronen Laser FELBE am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf realisiert. Zeitlich verzögert zur gepulsten optischen Anregung über die Bandlücke wurden Intersubband- oder Intraexziton-Übergänge in den Quantum Wells resonant angeregt.
Die dadurch erreichte Ladungsträgerumverteilung zeigt sich in einer deutlichen Verringerung der Photolumineszenzintensität zum Zeitpunkt des zweiten Anregepulses, die im Folgenden als Photolumineszenz-Quenching bezeichnet wird. Zunächst wird die Stärke des Photolumineszenz-Quenchings in Abhängigkeit der Polarisationsrichtung des midinfraroten Laserstrahls ausgewertet. Während die Absorption durch freie Ladungsträger für beide Polarisationsrichtungen nachweisbar ist, wird experimentell gezeigt, dass Intersubbandabsorption nur möglich ist, wenn ein Anteil der anregenden Strahlung senkrecht zur Quantum-Well-Ebene polarisiert ist.
Das Photolumineszenzsignal ist überwiegend an der energetischen Position der 1s-Exzitonresonanz unterhalb der Bandkante messbar. Die intraexzitonischen Übergangsenergien in Quantum Wells liegen typischerweise im Terahertzbereich. Unter intraexzitonischer 1s-2p Anregung erscheint auch auf dieser Energieskala ein abrupter Intensitätsverlust in der langsam abklingenden Photolumineszenztransiente. Erstmalig wurde im Photolumineszenzspektrum bei höheren Energien im Abstand der Terahertz-Photonenenergie ein zusätzliches 2s-Photolumineszenzsignal detektiert.
Eine detaillierte theoretische Beschreibung dieses Problems durch unsere Kooperationspartner Koch et al. von der Phillips-Universität Marburg zeigt, dass unter intraexzitonischer 1s-2p Anregung eine effziente Coulombstreuung zwischen den nahezu entarteten exzitonischen 2p- und 2s-Zuständen stattfindet. Während der 2p-Zustand optisch dunkel ist, kann die 2s-Population strahlend rekombinieren, was zu dem besagten 2s-Photolumineszenzsignal führt. Die Zeitkonstanten der untersuchten Ladungsträgerdynamik werden durch ein phänomenologisches Modell bestimmt, das die experimentellen Kurven sehr gut abbildet.
Es wird ein Ratengleichungsmodell eingeführt, bei dem die involvierten Zustände auf optisch helle und optisch dunkle Besetzungsdichten reduziert werden. Darüber hinaus werden mit einem modifizierten Versuchsaufbau die Terahertz-induzierten Photolumineszenzsignaturen von Magnetoexzitonen untersucht. Die Stärke des 1s-Photolumineszenz-Quenchings ändert sich dabei entsprechend der magnetoexzitonischen Übergänge, die im betrachteten Feldstärkebereich zwischen 0T und 7T liegen. Für Magnetfelder größer als 3T sind keine 2s-Photolumineszenzsignale mehr messbar, da durch das externe magnetische Feld die Entartung der 2p- und 2s-Zustände aufgehoben wird.
32
Chang, Yung-Yeh. "A Time-efficient Method for Accurate T1 Mapping of The Human Brain". VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2626.
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The signal resulting from the IR-FSE sequence has been thoroughly analyzed in order to improve the accuracy of quantitative T1 mapping of the human brain. Several optimized post-processing algorithms have been studied and compared in terms of their T1 mapping accuracy. The modified multipoint two-parameter fitting method was found to produce less underestimation compared to the traditional multipoint three-parameter fitting method, and therefore, to result in a smaller T1 estimation error. Two correction methods were proposed to reduce the underestimation problem which is commonly seen in IR-FSE sequences used for measuring T1, especially when a large turbo factor is used. The intra-scan linear regression method corrects the systematic error effectively but the RMSE may still increase due to the increase of uncertainty in sequences with large turbo factors. The weighted fitting model corrects not only the systematic error but also the random error and therefore the aggregate RMSE for T1 mapping can be effectively reduced. A new fitting model that uses only three different TI measurements for T1 estimation was proposed. The performance for the three-point fitting method is as good as that of the multipoint fitting method with correction in the phantom simulation. In addition, a new ordering scheme that implements the three-point fitting method is proposed; it is theoretically able to reduce the total scan time by 1/3 compared to the TESO-IRFSE sequence. The performance of the three-point fitting method on the real human brain is also evaluated, and the T1 mapping results are consistent to with the conventional IR-FSE sequence. More samples of true anatomy are needed to thoroughly evaluate the performance of the proposed techniques when applied to T1 mapping of the human brain.
33
Phillips, Paul Stewart. "Magnetic resonance line-shape and relaxation time studies of rotational diffusion in liquids". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25956.
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A new numerical analysis method, dispersion vs. absorption plots (DISPA), has been developed for ESR. This method may be used for semi-quantitative line-shape studies and is useful both as a diagnostic and analytical tool. In addition it provides a method of automatic phasing for magnetic resonance spectra. Numerous examples of its applications, both simulated and experimental are presented, with emphasis on spin-probe studies. The digital acquisition and processing methods used for these studies are also briefly discussed.
ESR and NMR relaxation time studies of the bis(dialkyl-N-carbodithioate) metal(II) class of spin-probes have been performed. The T₁,'s of ¹³C and ²H enriched nickel complex were measured by NMR. The line-widths of ⁶³Cu complex were measured by ESR and analysed by Redfield theory. The two sets of results were combined to give the principal elements of the rotational diffusion tensor for the pyrollidine derivative in toluene. This is the first time that ESR and NMR studies have been combined to measure a diffusion tensor. A general strategy for this approach is presented.
ESR data from previous work has been re-analysed in the light of the new results. The analysis shows that the commonly used assumption of isotropic diffusion is extremely misleading.Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate
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Turo, Diego. "A relaxation approach for time domain modelling of sound propagation in porous media". Thesis, University of Salford, 2011. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26948/.
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In the present study a relaxation approach to modelling sound propagation in porous media has been developed. A frequency domain model has been formulated and is shown to allow an analytical transformation of the governing equations in the time domain. The model proposed is an extension of an earlier work by Wilson at al. (1997) and is based on the use of two relaxation times. The model presented requires a set of six measurable parameters, e.g. static flow resistivity, porosity, tortuosity, thermal permeability, viscous and thermal characteristic lengths. It will be shown that the model satisfies the physically correct low and high frequency limits evaluated by Johnson et al. (1987) and therefore allows the prediction of a porous material's behaviour in a wide range of frequencies (and pulse durations when used in time domain). It will also be demonstrated that two different model formulations are necessary depending on the material shape factor values and physical reasons for this are identified. The model has been validated by performing laboratory measurements and numerical simulations in both frequency and time domains for a range of granular and fibrous porous materials. The well-known equivalent fluid model by Johnson et al. (1987), Champoux and Allard (1991) and Lafarge et al. (1997) has been formulated analytically in the time domain and its predictions are compared with those of the relaxation model and the data. In the last section of the work a nonlinear model is developed for finite amplitude sound propagation in porous media and validated using laboratory data for acoustic pulses with different durations and amplitudes.
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Tan, Xin. "Molecular reorientational relaxation and excited state dynamics probed by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy /". The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486474078049178.
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Northridge, Jedidiah 1976. "A federated time distribution system for online laboratories". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29384.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-82).
The iLab project began in June of 2000 with the initial goal of creating Internet accessible laboratory experiments. After the successful implementation of several distinct laboratories, the goals of the project shifted to address the design and construction of a generalized infrastructure capable of supporting a wide variety of laboratory experiments. Early experiences suggested the need for a configurable experiment scheduling system. Such a system would be particularly important in the face of expected growth: as the number of providers and consumers grew, it would become crucial to empower providers with the ability to enforce experiment usage policies, to guarantee timely lab access to clients, and to maximize resource usage whenever possible. We will explore how the present iLab infrastructure can be modified to allow for experiment scheduling. This system would be designed in keeping with two key principles: generality and architectural consistency. It would have to support disparate scheduling algorithms of varying complexity and remain faithful to the theme and priorities of the existing iLab infrastructure. Design will be based on requirements gathering and the analysis of existing remotely available experiments. Resulting changes to the iLab infrastructure will be enumerated, justified, and their ramifications discussed. This design will be implemented and considered in the same fashion. Finally, future scheduling work within the context of iLab will be described.
by Jedidiah Northridge.
S.M.
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Chen, Yiyang. "Semiparametric Bayesian model for response time distribution evaluation". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1542122266368176.
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Ansari, Meisam. "REAL-TIME CONGESTION MANAGEMENT IN MODERN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS". OpenSIUC, 2021. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1904.
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In this research, the problem of real-time congestion management in a modern distribution system with massive active elements such as electric vehicles (EVs), distributed energy resources (DERs), and demand response (DR) is investigated. A novel hierarchical operation and management framework is proposed that can take advantage of the demand side contribution to manage the real-time congestion. There are five main steps in this framework as 1) the aggregators send their demand to the microgrid operators (MGOs), 2) the MGOs send their demand to the distribution system operator (DSO), 3) the DSO detects the congestions and calls the engaged MGOs to reduce their demand, 4) the MGOs update the electricity price to motivate the aggregators to reduce the overall demand, and 5) the DSO dispatches the system according to the finalized demand. The proposed framework is validated on two modified IEEE unbalanced test systems. The results illustrate two congestion cases at t=8:45 am and t=9:30 am in the modified IEEE 13-bus test system, which needs 363kW and 286 kW load reductions, respectively, to be fully addressed. MG#1 and MG#2 are engaged to maintain the 363 kW reduction at t=8:45, and MG#3 and MG#4 are called to reduce their demands by 386 kW at t=9:30 am. The overall interactions can relieve the congested branches. The DSO’s calculations show three congestions at t=1 pm, t=3 pm, and t=9 pm on the IEEE 123-bus test system. These congestion cases can be alleviated by reducing 809 kW, 1177 kW, and 497 kW from the corresponding MGs at t=1 pm, t=3 pm, and t=9 pm, respectively. The second part of the simulation results demonstrates that the proposed real-time data estimator (RDE) can reduce the DSO’s miss-detected congestion cases due to the uncertain data. There are two miss-detected congestions in the IEEE 13-bus test system at t=1:15 pm and t=1:30 pm that can be filtered for t=1:15 pm and minored for t=1:30 pm using the RDE. The proposed RDE can also reduce the miss-detected congestions from 18 cases to four cases in the IEEE 123-bus test system. As a result, the RDE can minimize the extra costs due to the uncertain data. The overall results validate that the proposed framework can adaptively manage real-time congestions in distribution systems.
39
Kang, Doo Sun. "Real-Time Demand Estimation for Water Distribution Systems". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193614.
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The goal of a water distribution system (WDS) is to supply the desired quantity of fresh water to consumers at the appropriate time. In order to properly operate a WDS, system operators need information about the system states, such as tank water level, nodal pressure, and water quality for the system wide locations. Most water utilities now have some level of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems providing nearly real-time monitoring data. However, due to the prohibitive metering costs and lack of applications for the data, only portions of systems are monitored and the use of the SCADA data is limited. This dissertation takes a comprehensive view of real-time demand estimation in water distribution systems. The goal is to develop an optimal monitoring system plan that will collect appropriate field data to determine accurate, precise demand estimates and to understand their impact on model predictions. To achieve that goal, a methodology for real-time demand estimates and associated uncertainties using limited number of field measurements is developed. Further, system wide nodal pressure and chlorine concentration and their uncertainties are predicted using the estimated nodal demands. This dissertation is composed of three journal manuscripts that address these three key steps beginning with uncertainty evaluation, followed by demand estimation and finally optimal metering layout.The uncertainties associated with the state estimates are quantified in terms of confidence limits. To compute the uncertainties in real-time alternative schemes that reduce computational efforts while providing good statistical approximations are evaluated and verified by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The first order second moment(FOSM) method provides accurate variance estimates for pressure; however, because of its linearity assumption it has limited predictive ability for chlorine under unsteady conditions. Latin Hypercube sampling (LHS) provides good estimates of prediction uncertainty for chlorine and pressure in steady and unsteady conditions with significantly less effort.For real-time demand estimation, two recursive state estimators; tracking state estimator (TSE) based on weighted least squares (WLS) scheme and Kalman filter (KF), are applied. In addition, in order to find available field data types for demand estimation, comparative studies are performed using pipe flow rate and nodal pressure head as measurements. To reduce the number of unknowns and make the system solvable, nodes with similar user characteristics are grouped and assumed to have same demand pattern. The uncertainties in state variables are quantified in terms of confidence limits using the approximate methods (i.e., FOSM and LHS). Results show that TSE with pipe flow rates as measurements provide reliable demand estimations. Also, the model predictions computed using the estimated demands match well with the synthetically generated true values.Field measurements are critical elements to obtaining quality real-time state estimates. However, the limited number of metering locations has been a significant obstacle for the real-time studies and identifying locations to best gain information is critical. Here, an optimal meter placement (OMP) is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem and solved using a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) based on Pareto-optimal solutions. Results show that model accuracy and precision should be pursued at the same time as objectives since both measures have trade-off relationship. GA solutions were improvements over the less robust methods or designers' experienced judgment.
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Ndahimana, Joice, i Tammar Issa. "Method development : follow liquid distribution in real time". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-12813.
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Continuous development and improvement of the modern disposable diaper is crucial for the optimization of product performance. Several methods are used for evaluation and improvements to sustain high quality diapers being produced. The aim of this thesis was to develop a new test method that follows liquid distribution in real time by combining two pre-existing measurement systems. Rewet is the amount of liquid that returns to the surface of diapers when subjected to pressure. Distribution of absorption material is examined by exposing the product core to radiation. These two measurement systems don’t convey anything about the course of the liquid in the diaper when tested separately. This method development is meant to be beneficial for research and development purposes at SCA, working as a complement to the pre-existing methods being used in the laboratory. The following questions are of interest: • Can the rewet test method be performed on a baby diaper while simultaneously exposing the product core to radiation so the course of the liquid can be followed in real time? • Is the liquid distribution (wet area) affected by different product compositions e.g. SAP or thickness? By modifying the current methods, rewet can be performed inside the x-ray equipment while studying the consistency of absorption material and following the liquid behavior in the product core. The developed method was verified by testing on handmade products with different compositions. The developed method’s rewet value has proved to be equivalent to the one tested outside, showing no significant difference between the two.
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Kenny, Owen Patrick. "Theory of radar imaging using time-frequency distribution". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1992. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36211/6/36211_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.
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The concept of radar was developed for the estimation of the distance (range) and velocity of a target from a receiver. The distance measurement is obtained by
measuring the time taken for the transmitted signal to propagate to the target and return to the receiver. The target's velocity is determined by measuring the Doppler
induced frequency shift of the returned signal caused by the rate of change of the time- delay from the target. As researchers further developed conventional radar systems
it become apparent that additional information was contained in the backscattered signal and that this information could in fact be used to describe the shape of the target itself. It is due to the fact that a target can be considered to be a collection of individual point scatterers, each of which has its own velocity and time- delay. DelayDoppler parameter estimation of each of these point scatterers thus corresponds to a mapping of the target's range and cross range, thus producing an image of the target. Much research has been done in this area since the early radar imaging work of the 1960s. At present there are two main categories into which radar imaging falls. The
first of these is related to the case where the backscattered signal is considered to be deterministic. The second is related to the case where the backscattered signal is of a stochastic nature. In both cases the information which describes the target's scattering
function is extracted by the use of the ambiguity function, a function which correlates the backscattered signal in time and frequency with the transmitted signal. In practical situations, it is often necessary to have the transmitter and the receiver of the radar system sited at different locations. The problem in these situations is 'that a reference signal must then be present in order to calculate the ambiguity function. This causes an additional problem in that detailed phase information about the transmitted signal is then required at the receiver. It is this latter problem which has led to the investigation of radar imaging using time- frequency distributions. As will be shown in this thesis, the phase information about the transmitted signal can be extracted from the
backscattered signal using time- frequency distributions.
The principle aim of this thesis was in the development, and subsequent discussion into the theory of radar imaging, using time- frequency distributions. Consideration is
first given to the case where the target is diffuse, ie. where the backscattered signal has temporal stationarity and a spatially white power spectral density. The complementary situation is also investigated, ie. where the target is no longer diffuse, but some degree
of correlation exists between the time- frequency points. Computer simulations are presented to demonstrate the concepts and theories developed in the thesis. For the proposed radar system to be practically realisable, both the time- frequency distributions and the associated algorithms developed must be able to be implemented in a timely manner. For this reason an optical architecture is proposed. This architecture is specifically designed to obtain the required time and frequency resolution when using
laser radar imaging. The complex light amplitude distributions produced by this architecture have been computer simulated using an optical compiler.
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Lima, Maria Gabriela de Oliveira Lima Basto de. "Caracterização reológica e microstrutural de emulsões água em óleo para uso alimentar". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/13277.
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As emulsões inversas água/óleo são sistemas multifásicos complexos, constituídos por
uma fase líquida aquosa dispersa numa fase lipídica (contínua), e cristais de gordura
para estabilizar a fase dispersa. O mimetismo lipídico nestas emulsões advém da
estabilização através do controlo da cinética da cristalização das gorduras. A natureza e
a morfologia das fases formadas estão correlacionadas com as propriedades mecânicas
e reológicas destes sistemas.
Foram estudadas cinco emulsões inversas água/óleo com diferentes formulações, em
duas séries diferentes (2011 e 2013), utilizando diferentes técnicas experimentais, a saber:
espectrometria mecânica (ensaios reológicos), microscopia óptica (observação estática e
em escoamento torcional), instrumental (cor e textura) e avaliação sensorial.
Os ensaios reológicos incluíram ensaios em regime transitório (relaxação de tensões e
arranque de escoamento), ensaios em regime dinâmico (determinação do módulo de
distorção complexo) e ensaios em regime permanente (escoamento entre pratos
paralelos e escoamento Couette), para determinação experimental das funções materiais
das emulsões associadas a cada um dos ensaios referidos. A microstrutura e a
composição, o tamanho de gota e a distribuição de tamanhos de gota das emulsões
inversas foram analisadas e medidas por microscopia óptica e análise de imagem. A
visualização de escoamentos e da resposta a diferentes deformações foi efectuada
utilizando uma célula óptica de torção acoplada a um microscópio óptico e a uma câmara
digital para observação em tempo real das alterações de textura causadas por
deformações ou velocidades de deformação (escoamentos). Foi também efectuada
avaliação sensorial e instrumental (cor e textura) das diferentes composições das
emulsões inversas.
A interpretação dos resultados experimentais dos ensaios reológicos foi feita com base
no modelo de Palierne, considerando um modelo da emulsão inversa constituída por
uma fase lipídica contínua, modificada pela presença da rede de cristais lipídicos, e dois
tipos de inclusões da fase aquosa: inclusões “mais flexíveis” com uma interface lípidoágua
sem cristais lipídicos, e inclusões “menos flexíveis” onde a interface é modificada
pela rede de cristais lipídicos. O ajuste efectuado às funções materiais reológicas mostrou
que o modelo utilizado consegue descrever, com boa aproximação, os resultados
experimentais obtidos. A caracterização reológica da resposta da emulsão a diferentes
histórias da deformação (degrau de deformação, deformação sinusoidal, arranque de escoamento e escoamento permanente) foram complementadas com a observação em
tempo real, através de uma câmara digital, das alterações de textura ocorridas em cada
um dos ensaios referidos.
Foi feita uma avaliação sensorial das diferentes formulações de emulsões inversas
consideradas, utilizando um painel de provadores treinado. Através da análise de
componentes principais, verificou-se que a avaliação sensorial e a avaliação instrumental
são correlacionáveis, e que essas correlações podem ser analisadas em termos das
constantes materiais reológicas medidas experimentalmente; Rheological and microstructural characterization of water-and-oil food
emulsions
ABSTRACT:
The water-in-oil (w/o) food emulsions are complex multiphase systems, consisting of a
liquid aqueous phase dispersed in a liquid continuous lipid phase and fat crystals to
stabilize the dispersed phase. The mimicry of these lipid emulsions stabilization arises
by controlling the kinetics of crystallization of fat. The nature and morphology of the
phases formed are correlated with rheological and mechanical properties of these
systems.
Five water/oil emulsions with different formulations were studied on two different
series (2011 and 2013), using various experimental techniques, such as: mechanical
spectrometry (rheological tests); optical microscopy (torsional static and flow
observation); instrumental (colour and texture) and sensory evaluation.
The rheological measurements performed assays at transient regime (stress relaxation
and start flow), assays at dynamic regime (determination of the complex shear modulus)
and assays in steady state (flow between parallel plates and Couette flow), for
experimental determination of material functions associated with each of these tests. The
microstructure and composition, droplet size and droplet size distribution of w/o
emulsions were analyzed and measured by optical microscopy and image analysis. The
visualization of flow and response to different strains was performed using an optical
shear cell coupled to an optical microscope and a digital camera for real-time observation
of texture changes caused by deformation or strain rates (flows). Was also carried out
sensory and instrumental evaluation (colour and texture) of different compositions of
inverse emulsions.
The understanding of the experimental results of the rheological measurements was
established on Palierne model considering a inverse emulsion model comprising a
continuous lipid phase, modified by the presence of crystals lipid network, and two
kinds of aqueous phase enclosures: enclosure "more flexible "with a lipid-water interface
without lipid crystals, and enclosure "less flexible" where the interface is modified by the
lipid crystal network. The adjustment of rheological material functions showed that the
model used can describe the experimental results with close approach. The rheological
characterization of the emulsion response to different deformation history (strain step, sinusoidal deformation, start flow and continuous flow) were complemented with the
observation of texture changes occurring in each of the tests in real time using a digital
camera.
Was performed a sensory evaluation of inverse emulsions different formulations using
a trained taste panel. It was found by means of principal component analysis that the
sensory and instrumental evaluation are correlated, and these correlations can be
analysed in terms of rheological material constants experimentally measured.
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Tanonkou, Guy Aimé. "Une approche par relaxation lagrangienne pour l'optimisation d'un réseau de distribution : modèles stochastiques et fiables". Metz, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2007/Tanonkou.Guy_Aime.SMZ0708.pdf.
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Cette thèse présente les problèmes de conception d'un réseau de distribution stochastique. La première partie présente des modèles de conception du réseau de distribution soumis à des demandes aléatoires et des délais d'approvisionnement aléatoires des fournisseurs. Les modèles sont robustes et intègrent simultanément les décisions stratégiques (localisation des centres de distribution (DCs) et sélection des fournisseurs) et les décisions opérationnelles (gestion des stocks) dans un seul modèle d'optimisation. L'intégration de ces deux décisions entraîne une optimisation globale du réseau via un problème d'optimisation combinatoire NP difficile. Pour résoudre le problème, nous proposons une heuristique basée sur la technique de relaxation lagrangienne. Nous développons une méthode appelée ASGM (Armijo Subgradient Method) pour résoudre le problème dual résultant de la relaxation. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous présentons deux problèmes de conception des réseaux de distribution stochastique avec des sites non fiables. Les décisions doivent être prises sous les conditions de disponibilité des sites (DCs et fournisseurs). L'objectif est de minimiser le coût total moyen du réseau de distribution tout en déterminant l'ensemble des stratégies optimales et robustes permettant la meilleure réaffectation des clients (resp. Les DCs) aux DCs (resp. Aux fournisseurs). Nous proposons une méthode d’optimisation Monte Carlo combinée avec une heuristique basée sur la relaxation lagrangienne. Dans cette thèse, les résultats numériques obtenus montrent des bornes lagrangiennes très serrées et des gaps de dualité qui ne dépassent pas 1% pour certaines instances du problèmeThis thesis deals with the development of models and heuristic algorithms for stochastic distribution network design problems. In the first part, the core decision problem lies in optimally designing a distribution network by finding the optimal distribution centers (DCs) location and the best supplier that would replenish the DCs. The first objective of this project is to join strategics decisions (location of DCs and supplier selection) and operational decision (inventory) in the same optimization model. The goal is to minimize the total fixed location cost, transportation cost, working-inventory cost. The problem is difficult to solve since it integrates all these decisions at the same time with non linear cost function to optimize. We provide an efficient technique which reduces system complexity. The second part of this thesis deals with the design of a distribution network where decisions must be made in the presence of uncertainty. Once the facilities have been constructed in the network, one or more of them may from time to time become unavailable because of some risks. To cope with this uncertain environment, we develop strategic decisions that take into account possible scenarios and strategies need to react when risk events occur. A two-period stochastic programming model is proposed. The goal is to minimize the total first stage cost plus the expected value of the random second stage cost taken trough all scenarios. As solution technique, we propose a Monte Carlo optimization approach combining the sample average approximation scheme and an efficient heuristic based on Lagrangian relaxation to generate efficient solutions and determine tight lower bounds
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Tanonkou, Guy Aimé Xie Xiaolan Benyoucef Lyes. "Une approche par relaxation lagrangienne pour l'optimisation d'un réseau de distribution modèles stochastiques et fiables /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2007/Tanonkou.Guy_Aime.SMZ0708.pdf.
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Singh, Manish K. "Optimal Operation of Water and Power Distribution Networks". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86860.
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Under the envisioned smart city paradigm, there is an increasing demand for the coordinated operation of our infrastructure networks. In this context, this thesis puts forth a comprehensive toolbox for the optimization of electric power and water distribution networks. On the analytical front, the toolbox consists of novel mixed-integer (non)-linear program (MINLP) formulations; convex relaxations with optimality guarantees; and the powerful technique of McCormick linearization. On the application side, the developed tools support the operation of each of the infrastructure networks independently, but also towards their joint operation. Starting with water distribution networks, the main difficulty in solving any (optimal-) water flow problem stems from a piecewise quadratic pressure drop law. To efficiently handle these constraints, we have first formulated a novel MINLP, and then proposed a relaxation of the pressure drop constraints to yield a mixed-integer second-order cone program. Further, a novel penalty term is appended to the cost that guarantees optimality and exactness under pre-defined network conditions. This contribution can be used to solve the WF problem; the OWF task of minimizing the pumping cost satisfying operational constraints; and the task of scheduling the operation of tanks to maximize the water service time in an area experiencing electric power outage. Regarding electric power systems, a novel MILP formulation for distribution restoration using binary indicator vectors on graph properties alongside exact McCormick linearization is proposed. This can be used to minimize the restoration time of an electric system under critical operational constraints, and to enable a coordinated response with the water utilities during outages.Master of Science
The advent of smart cities has promoted research towards interdependent operation of utilities such as water and power systems. While power system analysis is significantly developed due to decades of focused research, water networks have been relying on relatively less sophisticated tools. In this context, this thesis develops Advanced efficient computational tools for the analysis and optimization for water distribution networks. Given the consumer demands, an optimal water flow (OWF) problem for minimizing the pump operation cost is formulated. Developing a rigorous analytical framework, the proposed formulation provides significant computational improvements without compromising on the accuracy. Explicit network conditions are provided that guarantee the optimality and feasibility of the obtained OWF solution. The developed formulation is next used to solve two practical problems: the water flow problem, that solves the complex physical equations yielding nodal pressures and pipeline flows given the demands/injections; and an OWF problem that finds the best operational strategy for water utilities during power outages. The latter helps the water utility to maximize their service time during power outages, and helps power utilities better plan their restoration strategy. While the increased instrumentation and automation has enabled power utilities to better manage restoration during outages, finding an optimal strategy remains a difficult problem. The operational and coordination requirements for the upcoming distributed resources and microgrids further complicate the problem. This thesis develops a computationally fast and reasonably accurate power distribution restoration scheme enabling optimal coordination of different generators with optimal islanding. Numerical tests are conducted on benchmark water and power networks to corroborate the claims of the developed formulations.
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Shah, Falak Dipak. "Time-dependent behavior of pretensioned stainless steel bars used for structural rehabilitation and retrofitting". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53063.
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The objective of this study is to characterize the long-term behavior of an austenitic-ferritic stainless steel-based pretensioned system for strengthening reinforced concrete bridge pier caps in shear. Stress relaxation experiments were conducted on UNS S32101 stainless steel bars subjected to various initial stresses and temperatures within the low homologous temperature (LHT) regime. Data from these experiments were used to develop a viscoplastic constitutive model to describe the long-term time- and temperature-dependent behavior of the stainless steel bars. This mechanics-based approach is integrated with an analytical method based on strut-and-tie analysis to compute the shear strength of reinforced concrete pier caps strengthened with this external pretensioned system.
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Ji, Ming Chao. "Molecular relaxation dynamics of Anthracene cations studied in an electrostatic storage ring". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10051.
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Les molécules hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) sont à l'heure actuelle considérées comme probablement responsables des bandes d'émission infrarouge non identifiées du milieu interstellaire (MIS). La dynamique de refroidissement des molécules HAP est essentielle pour estimer leur photo-stabilité, leur durée de vie et les distributions de taille dans le MIS. Au cours des dernières années, les expériences s'appuyant sur le stockage électrostatique d'ions moléculaires ou d'agrégats sont devenus des outils puissants pour étudier leur refroidissement dans une large gamme de temps allant de la microseconde à quelques secondes. En général, l'étude des courbes de déclin associées aux processus de dissociation dans le cas des cations ou bien de détachement d'électrons dans le cas des anions fournit des informations sur l'évolution de l'énergie interne des ions stockés. Dans ce travail de thèse, le refroidissement de cations d'anthracène a été étudié dans un anneau de stockage électrostatique compact, le Mini-Ring, jusqu'à 8 ms. Les courbes de déclin spontané provenant de la dissociation par émission de fragment C2H2 ou H neutres montrent trois régions distinctives. Ces trois régions indiquent différents régimes de refroidissement en fonction du temps de stockage, la dissociation domine pour les temps inférieurs à 1 ms, l'effet de l'émission radiative entre alors en compétition avec la dissociation puis domine au-delà de 3 msThe polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules have been considered as possible carrier of the unidentified infrared emission bands from the interstellar medium (ISM) for about thirty years. The cooling dynamics of the PAH molecules which is essential to estimate their photostability and therefore their lifetime and size distributions in the ISM, has attracted numerous theoretical and experimental studies. In recent years, electrostatic storage devices (ESD) became powerful tool to investigate the cooling regime of molecules and clusters in a large time range from microseconds to seconds. Generally speaking, the decay of the emitted neutral yields due to dissociation of molecular cations or electron detachment of anions in such experiments carries information on the internal energy of the stored molecular ions. In this thesis work, the cooling regimes of anthracene cations are studied by following the time evolution of the internal energy distribution (IED) of the stored anthracene cations. A spontaneous neutral yield curve obtained from the stored molecular ions as a function of the storage time shows three distinguishable regions. The three regions indicate different cooling regimes at corresponding storage time range, i.e., the dissociation mechanism of the molecule dominates at storage time t < 1 ms, quenching of the dissociation by radiative cooling processes occurs during 1 < t < 3 ms and radiative cooling governs at t > 3 ms
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Pandit, Rajib K. "Local Fluctuations in the Relaxation Rate in Glassy Systems". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1542389277929449.
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Sabesan, Vaidhyanathan. "Detection and Frequency Estimation of Nonlinear Systems using Step Relaxation Technique". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1505203318448279.
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Gilbert, Valérie. "The effect of time-scale truncation and data errors on the linear relaxation spectrum". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1995. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/MQ37298.pdf.
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